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Using Sedimentology to Address the Marine Or Continental Origin of the Permian Hutchinson Salt Member of Kansas

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Using Sedimentology to Address the Marine Or Continental Origin of the Permian Hutchinson Salt Member of Kansas Sedimentology (2019) doi: 10.1111/sed.12665 Using sedimentology to address the marine or continental origin of the Permian Hutchinson Salt Member of Kansas ANNA SOFIA ANDESKIE and KATHLEEN C. BENISON Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-6300, USA (E-mail: [email protected]) Associate Editor – Hairuo Qing ABSTRACT The Permian Hutchinson Salt Member of the Wellington Formation of the Sumner Group of Kansas (USA) has multiple scientific and industrial uses. Although this member is highly utilized, there has not been a sedimentologi- cal study on these rocks in over 50 years, and no study has investigated the full thickness of this member. Past publications have inferred a marine ori- gin as the depositional environment. Here, this marine interpretation is chal- lenged. The goals of this study are to fully document sedimentological and stratigraphic characteristics of the Permian Hutchinson Salt Member in the Atomic Energy Commission Test Hole 2 core from Rice County, Kansas. This study documents colour, mineralogy, sedimentary textures, sedimentary structures, diagenetic features and stratigraphic contacts in core slab and thin sections. The Hutchinson Salt Member is composed of five lithologies: bedded halite, siliciclastic mudstone, displacive halite, bedded gypsum/ anhydrite and displacive gypsum/anhydrite. These lithologies formed in shallow surface brines and mudflats that underwent periods of flooding, evapoconcentration and desiccation. Of note are the paucity of carbonates, lack of marine-diagnostic fossils, absence of characteristic marine minerals and lithofacies, and the stratigraphic context of the Hutchinson with associ- ated continental deposits. The Hutchinson Salt Member was most likely deposited in an arid continental setting. This new interpretation offers a refined view of Pangaea during the middle Permian time. Keywords Bedded halite, continental, evaporites, Hutchinson Salt, Kansas, Permian. INTRODUCTION to remaining questions about its depositional origin. The Hutchinson Salt Member was ini- The 110 m thick Permian Hutchinson Salt Mem- tially proposed as a marine deposit in the 1960s ber of Kansas has multiple significant industrial (Tasch, 1960; Dellwig, 1963, 1968; Jones, 1965). uses, ranging from mined salt, solution-mined Since these initial studies in the 1960s, evapor- storage caverns for liquid petroleum gas, com- ite sedimentology has made great strides in sci- mercial underground storage for humidity-sensi- entific understanding through the concept of tive items and marker beds for petroleum comparative sedimentology (i.e. Lowenstein & studies (Schulmeister et al., 2019). This salt has Hardie, 1985). In addition, the challenge of dis- also been used to determine Permian seawater tinguishing among marine, marginal marine and composition (Holser, 1966; Claypool et al., 1980; continental evaporite deposits has been Horita et al., 1991; Lowenstein et al., 2005); addressed by Hardie (1984) and Smoot & Lowen- however, this interpretation is controversial due stein (1991). This new knowledge needs to be © 2019 The Authors. Sedimentology © 2019 International Association of Sedimentologists 1 2 A. S. Andeskie and K. C. Benison applied to the Hutchinson Salt to evaluate the to bacteria and wood fragments, the presence of depositional history of this well-known evapor- a single ostracod valve and a red-coloured ite deposit. polygonal-structured object, which was tenta- Halite deposits can contain specific proxies for tively described as either a fragment of a brack- past environments, past climate and past life. For ish water bryozoan or a fragment of a marine example, Schubel & Lowenstein (1997) used com- coral, were noted. Based on this evidence, Tasch parative sedimentology to develop criteria to (1960) construed that the shale was from a recognize ancient shallow-perennial-saline-lake nearby open sea and that the salt was likely halites. Lowenstein et al. (1999) determined from a saline inland basin surrounded by palaeoclimatic history of Death Valley for the past swamps. However, there are potential problems 200 kyr from a core of halite and siliciclastics. with the interpretations of this study. Ostracods Fluid inclusions in halite have yielded past sur- are known from both marine and continental face water and air temperatures (Roberts & Spen- waters. The single ostracod fragment could have cer, 1995; Benison & Goldstein, 1999), as well as been carried by wind into the system. Therefore, past atmospheric composition (Blamey et al., Tasch’s (1960) observation of a single ostracod 2016). In addition, micro-organisms and organic fragment provides no diagnostic evidence for compounds have been documented in fluid inclu- depositional environment. In addition, the tenta- sions in halite (Lowenstein et al., 2011). The tive recognition of one partial fossil as either a Hutchison Salt Member most likely contains such bryozoan or marine coral, is not strong evidence proxies for a critical time in Earth history. It also of a marine setting. The wood fragments has implications for Permian palaeogeography. observed by Tasch (1960) would have originated However, the depositional conditions which pro- in a continental or marginal marine setting, but vide the foundation for studies of past environ- could have been transported into a shallow mar- ments, past climate and past life are not yet fully ine environment. In summary, none of these fos- understood for the Hutchinson Salt. sil identifications are diagnostic of depositional The goals of this study are to complete environment. detailed sedimentological and stratigraphic anal- Dellwig published two papers (Dellwig, 1963, yses of the Permian Hutchinson Salt Member in 1968) that were a part of a larger study that the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Test Hole included the most detailed sedimentological 2 core from Rice County, Kansas. This study description completed on the Hutchinson Salt documents colour, mineralogy, sedimentary tex- until now. This author observed samples from tures, sedimentary structures, diagenetic features salt mine walls, which represent only part of the and bedding contacts on a variety of scales member, and identified the dominant lithologies including core slab, thick section and thin sec- as randomly oriented hoppers (cumulates), bot- tion. These observations are used to interpret tom-growth halite, clay and anhydrite (Dellwig, the depositional environment and diagenetic 1963, 1968). Mudcracks, ripple marks, red salt history. This study of physical features, along and polygonal shapes were also observed. From with mineralogical and geochemical characteris- these sedimentary observations, Dellwig (1963) tics, can be used to re-evaluate and test the interpreted the depositional setting as a shallow standing depositional environment interpreta- brine with periodic subaerial exposure and occa- tion of the Hutchinson Salt Member. sional addition of brine to the basin. Dellwig (1968) completed chemical analysis on the red salt and noted that it is composed of 23% ferric BACKGROUND iron. This red colouration was considered to be ferric iron precipitated by microbial action due Although the Hutchinson Salt is a well-known to bacteria and other organic forms present in stratigraphic unit, few sedimentological studies the red halite. There were no potassium miner- of it have been completed. The only sedimento- als identified throughout the entire Hutchinson logical or palaeontological descriptions were Salt (Dellwig, 1963, 1968). published in the 1960s (Tasch, 1960; Dellwig, Jones (1965) completed a sedimentological 1963, 1968; Jones, 1965). study of the Hutchinson Salt on the 94Á7 m thick Tasch (1960) observed parts of the Hutchinson Hutchinson Naval Air Station core. This core Salt in mine wall samples. In this study, large was drilled in May, 1958 in Reno County, Kan- blocks of mine salt were dissolved and the resid- sas. Jones (1965) reported possible remains of ual shale was examined for fossils. In addition blue-green algae, Permophorus-like pelecypods, © 2019 The Authors. Sedimentology © 2019 International Association of Sedimentologists, Sedimentology Hutchinson Salt of Kansas: marine or continental? 3 and siliceous foraminifera (Serpulopsis), and Zeller, 1968; Watney et al., 1988; West et al., claimed a restricted marine environment. How- 2010). Directly below the Sumner Group lies the ever, this marine depositional environment inter- 104 m thick Wolfcampian Chase Group. The pretation is sceptical because these suspected contact of the Chase Group and Sumner Group fossils, major ion ratios, bromide concentration, defines the Wolfcampian–Leonardian boundary and sulphur and oxygen isotopes can be found (West et al., 2010). The Chase Group is com- in a range of marine and continental settings. posed of the Wreford Limestone, Matfield Shale, Since the 1960s, multiple studies have Barneston Limestone, Doyle Shale, Winfield accepted the tentative marine interpretation for Limestone, Odell Shale and Nolans Limestone the Hutchinson Salt and have used geochemical (West et al., 2010). The Chase Group is domi- analyses to evaluate Permian seawater composi- nated by grey fossiliferous shale, non-fossilifer- tion. Fluid inclusions in the Hutchinson Salt ous shale and grey/yellow limestone. The Chase – – – – contain Cl Na Mg K SO4 brines (note that ele- Group rocks were likely deposited in alternating ments are listed by abundance; Horita et al., marine and continental environments (Miller 1991; Lowenstein
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