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The Cathedral and the Bazaar Eric Steven Raymond Thyrsus Enterprises [
The Cathedral and the Bazaar Eric Steven Raymond Thyrsus Enterprises [http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/] <[email protected]> This is version 3.0 Copyright © 2000 Eric S. Raymond Copyright Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the Open Publication License, version 2.0. $Date: 2002/08/02 09:02:14 $ Revision History Revision1.57 11September2000 esr New major section “How Many Eyeballs Tame Complexity”. Revision1.52 28August2000 esr MATLAB is a reinforcing parallel to Emacs. Corbatoó & Vyssotsky got it in 1965. Revision1.51 24August2000 esr First DocBook version. Minor updates to Fall 2000 on the time-sensitive material. Revision1.49 5May2000 esr Added the HBS note on deadlines and scheduling. Revision1.51 31August1999 esr This the version that O’Reilly printed in the first edition of the book. Revision1.45 8August1999 esr Added the endnotes on the Snafu Principle, (pre)historical examples of bazaar development, and originality in the bazaar. Revision 1.44 29 July 1999 esr Added the “On Management and the Maginot Line” section, some insights about the usefulness of bazaars for exploring design space, and substantially improved the Epilog. Revision1.40 20Nov1998 esr Added a correction of Brooks based on the Halloween Documents. Revision 1.39 28 July 1998 esr I removed Paul Eggert’s ’graph on GPL vs. bazaar in response to cogent aguments from RMS on Revision1.31 February101998 esr Added “Epilog: Netscape Embraces the Bazaar!” Revision1.29 February91998 esr Changed “free software” to “open source”. Revision1.27 18November1997 esr Added the Perl Conference anecdote. Revision 1.20 7 July 1997 esr Added the bibliography. -
Email Issues
EMAIL ISSUES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - TABLE OF CONTENTS NEW POLICY WITH RESPECT TO EMAIL ADDRESSES A NECESSARY EMAIL SETTING WHY OUR EMAILS POSSIBLY ARRIVED LATE OR NOT AT ALL STOP USING YAHOO, NETZERO, AND JUNO EMAIL PROVIDERS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - NEW POLICY WITH RESPECT TO EMAIL ADDRESSES: There are two important issues here. FIRST, members must not supply CFIC with their company email addresses. That is, companies that they work for. (If you own the company, that's different.) All email on a company's server can be read by any supervisor. All it takes is one pro vaccine activist to get hold of our mobilization alerts to throw a monkey wrench in all of our efforts. Thus, do not supply me with a company email address. We can help you get an alternative to that if necesary. SECONDLY, CFIC needs members' email addresses to supply important information to mobilize parents to do things that advances our goal to enact our legislative reforms of the exemptions from vaccination. That has always been CFIC's sole agenda. CFIC has been able to keep the membership fee to zero because we don't communicate via snail mail. But people change their addresses frequently and forget to update CFIC. When this happens over the years, that member is essentually blind and deaf to us, and is no longer of any value to the coalition---your fellow parents. Therefore, it warrants me to require that members supply CFIC with their most permanent email account. That means the email address of the company in which you are paying a monthly fee for internet access, be it broadband or dialup service. -
Florida Library Directory with Statistics, 2000. INSTITUTION Florida Dept
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 446 777 IR 057 922 AUTHOR Taylor-Furbee, Sondra, Comp.; Kellenberger, Betsy, Comp. TITLE Florida Library Directory with Statistics, 2000. INSTITUTION Florida Dept. of State, Tallahassee. Div. of Library and Information Services. PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 268p.; For the 1999 directory, see ED 437 953. AVAILABLE FROM For full text: http://librarydata.dos.state.fl.us. PUB TYPE Numerical/Quantitative Data (110) Reference Materials Directories /Catalogs (132) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Academic Libraries; Elementary Secondary Education; Higher Education; Institutional Libraries; Library Associations; *Library Statistics; *Public Libraries; School Libraries; Special Libraries IDENTIFIERS Florida ABSTRACT This document contains directory and statistical information about libraries in Florida organized in the following sections: (1) "Florida Division of Library and Information Services (DLIS) Library Organizations, Councils, and Associations," including the State Library Council, Library Services & Technology Act Advisory Council, Florida Library Literacy Advisory Council, Florida Library Network Council, DLIS staff directory, DLIS statistics, Florida Library Information Network, library associations, graduate library schools, networks and multitype library cooperatives, and Florida State documents depositories; (2) "Directory of Libraries," including public libraries, academic libraries, special libraries, institutional libraries, and school library media supervisors; (3) "Public Library Data," including a narrative statistical summary and selected historical data; (4) "Public Library Data Table," including access to library service (outlets, square feet, Sunday hours), library staff, librarian salaries, income, expenses, expenses by category, collection, circulation and borrowers, visits/reference/interlibrary loan, programs, and electronic access; (5) "Personnel Index"; and (6) "County Index." (MES) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. -
In the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico
Case 3:11-cv-02271-GAG-BJM Document 467 Filed 04/03/13 Page 1 of 10 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO W HOLDING COMPANY, INC., et al., Plaintiffs, v. CHARTIS INSURANCE COMPANY OF PUERTO RICO, Defendant; FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION, as receiver of Westernbank Puerto Rico, Plaintiff-Intervenor, Civil No. 11-2271 (GAG/BJM) v. FRANK STIPES GARCIA, et al., Cross-Claim Defendants, CHARTIS INSURANCE COMPANY OF PUERTO RICO, Previously-Joined Defendant, and MARLENE CRUZ CABALLERO, et al., Additional Defendants. ORDER GOVERNING DISCOVERY OF ELECTRONICALLY STORED INFORMATION FROM FDIC-R I. Preamble and Definitions For the reasons stated in the accompanying opinion, the parties to this action are hereby ordered to comply with the following as a default protocol for obtaining certain electronically stored information (“ESI”) from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in its capacity as receiver of Westernbank Puerto Rico (“FDIC-R”). FDIC-R and any other party may privately Case 3:11-cv-02271-GAG-BJM Document 467 Filed 04/03/13 Page 2 of 10 W Holding Co. v. Chartis Ins. Co. of P.R. (FDIC v. Stipes Garcia) Page 2 Civil No. 11-2271 (GAG/BJM) — Order Governing Discovery of ESI from FDIC-R agree to alter these terms as permitted by Fed. R. Civ. P. 29(b). In the absence of agreement, however, this order will control until it is amended or vacated by the court. The following terms are given special meanings: Native File means ESI in the electronic format of the application in which such ESI is normally created, viewed, and/or modified. -
The Cathedral and the Bazaar
The Cathedral and the Bazaar Linux is subversive. Who would have thought even five years ago (1991) that a world- class operating system could coalesce as if by magic out of part-time hacking by several thousand developers scattered all over the planet, connected only by the tenuous strands of the Internet? Certainly not I. By the time Linux swam onto my radar screen in early 1993, I had already been involved in Unix and open-source development for ten years. I was one of the first GNU contributors in the mid-1980s. I had released a good deal of open-source software onto the net, developing or co-developing several programs (nethack, Emacs's VC and GUD modes, xlife, and others) that are still in wide use today. I thought I knew how it was done. Linux overturned much of what I thought I knew. I had been preaching the Unix gospel of small tools, rapid prototyping and evolutionary programming for years. But I also believed there was a certain critical complexity above which a more centralized, a priori approach was required. I believed that the most important software (operating systems and really large tools like the Emacs programming editor) needed to be built like cathedrals, carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation, with no beta to be released before its time. Linus Torvalds's style of development—release early and often, delegate everything you can, be open to the point of promiscuity—came as a surprise. No quiet, reverent cathedral-building here—rather, the Linux community seemed to resemble a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches (aptly symbolized by the Linux archive sites, who'd take submissions from anyone) out of which a coherent and stable system could seemingly emerge only by a succession of miracles. -
EDUCATION; Board 04 PROJECT TEAMS (TEACHER EDUCATION at AKRON for MATH- MEDICAL; SOCIAL SCIENCES EMATICS and SCIENCE)
Program Abstracts A-7. relatively low SAT-Math scores. Such accommodations, while upholding academic POSTER SESSION standards and admissions policies, would include frank and early advising of at-risk students and early and continuous remedial assistance. BIOLOGICAL; EDUCATION; Board 04 PROJECT TEAMS (TEACHER EDUCATION AT AKRON FOR MATH- MEDICAL; SOCIAL SCIENCES EMATICS AND SCIENCE). Annabelle Foos1, [email protected]. Katharine Owens2, [email protected]. David McConnell1, [email protected]. Sandy 9:00 -10:00 AM Coyner2, [email protected]. Francis Broadway2, [email protected]. The University of Akron, department of Geology, College of Education, Akron TOLERTON & HOOD HALL OF SCIENCE OH 44325-4101. Project TEAMS addressed the need at The University of Akron forfocused dialogue Board 01 DEVELOPMENT OF A WEB-SITE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES. on national standardsfor science and mathematics teaching, science and mathemat- Frederick J. Kluth, [email protected]. 1060 DeLeone Dr., Kent OH 44240-2026. ics content course development, and incorporation of inquiry-based methods in The value of the Internet has been widely touted with demands made for computer undergraduate science and mathematics courses. Faculty from institutions of higher equipment for the classroom. Much emphasis has been placed on the development education in the local area, science and mathematics teachers from grades 6-12 of physical infrastructure for the classroom with less on the content to be presented. schools, and UA faculty members came together for focused discussions on these The purpose of this paper is to focus on the development of content. The hypothesis topics. Initially, a series of "brown bag" luncheon seminars were held. -
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. -
Advanced Computer Network (22520) for the Academic Year 20…
A Laboratory Manual For Advanced Computer Network (22520) Semester –V Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (Autonomous) (ISO 9001 : 2015) (lSO/IEC 27001 : 2013) , (Autonomous) (ISO 9001 : 2008) (lSO/IEC 27001 : 2005) 4th Floor, Government Polytechnic Building, 49, Kherwadi, Bandra ( East ), Mumbai 400051. (Printed on June, 2019) MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Certificate This is to certify that Mr. / Ms:……………………………………………………………........ Roll No. ............................, of Fifth Semester of Diploma in………………………………......................... of Institute.............………………………………………………………… (Code:……….......) has completed the term work satisfactorily in course . Advanced Computer Network (22520) for the academic year 20…. To 20…… as Prescribed in curriculum. Place:…………………… Date: …………………….. Enrollment No:………………………………… Exam. Seat No:………………………………... Subject Teacher Head of Department Principal Sr. CO CO CO CO CO No. Practical Outcome a. b. c. d e. Capture ICMPv4 packets generated by utility programs and 1. √ tabulate all the captured parameters using Wireshark. 2. Configure IPv6 network using any network simulator √ 3. Configure IP routing with RIP using relevant software √ 4. Configure IP routing with OSPF using relevant software √ Configure User Datagram Protocol(UDP) Part-1 using 5. √ relevant software Configure User Datagram Protocol(UDP) Part-II using 6. √ relevant software Configure Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) using relevant 7. √ software Configure Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP ) 8. √ using relevant software Configure Domain Name Server (DNS) using relevant 9. √ software a. Configure File Transfer Protocol (FTP) using relevant √ software 10. b. Configure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) using relevant software a. Use Telnet to Login a remote machine 11. √ b. Connect remote machine using Secure Shell(SSH) 12. Configure SMTP, POP3 and IMAP using relevant software √ Sr. -
Before the Web There Was Gopher
Before the Web There Was Gopher Philip L. Frana Charles Babbage Institute The World Wide Web, universally well known today, was preceded by an efficient software tool that was fondly named Gopher. The Internet Gopher, much like the Web, enabled users to obtain information quickly and easily. Why, then, did it disappear but the Web did not? Gopher faded into obscurity for two main reasons: hypertext and commerce. Before the Web there was Gopher, a nearly anymore, despite the efforts of a handful of defunct Internet application protocol and asso- individuals to revitalize the protocol. Why did ciated client and server software.1 In the early Gopher fail? Many Gopher aficionados have a 1990s, Gopher burrowed a crucial path ready answer: pretty pictures. For them, the through a perceived bottleneck on the Web won and Gopher lost because the Web Information Superhighway. Internet Gopher could display vibrant images of, for example, passed away as a technological and social phe- hand-woven Turkish rugs, animated glyphs of nomenon quickly: Its inventors released mice stuffing email into virtual mailboxes, and Gopher in 1991. Within three years, the World blinking advertising banners. Clearly, the Wide Web had bypassed it. Most people who “Gopher faithful”—as they are often called— surf the Web today have no idea what Gopher are right about the importance of pictures. is, but in the 1990s it helped usher in a new age People get serious when money is at stake, and of user-friendly access to a rapidly growing uni- in the early 1990s lots of people came to accept verse of online information. -
The Cathedral and the Bazaar
The Cathedral and the Bazaar Eric Steven Raymond cf text and copyright at: www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings Abstract I anatomize a successful open-source project, fetchmail, that was run as a deliberate test of some surprising theories about so=ware engineering suggested by the history of Linux. I dis- cuss these theories in terms of two fundamentally di:erent development styles, the “cathedral” model of most of the com- mercial world versus the “bazaar” model of the Linux world. I show that these models derive from opposing assumptions about the nature of the so=ware-debugging task. I then make a sustained argument from the Linux experience for the proposi- tion that “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow”, suggest productive analogies with other self-correcting systems of self- ish agents, and conclude with some exploration of the implica- tions of this insight for the future of so=ware. 1 The Cathedral and the Bazaar Linux is subversive. Who would have thought even five years ago (1991) that a world-class operating system could coalesce as if by magic out of part-time hacking by several thousand developers scat- tered all over the planet, connected only by the tenuous strands of the Internet? Certainly not I. By the time Linux swam onto my radar screen in early 1993, I had already been involved in Unix and open-source development for ten years. I was one of the first gnu contributors in the mid-1980s. I had released a good deal of open-source so=- ware onto the net, developing or co-developing several programs (nethack, Emacs’s vc and gud modes, xlife, and others) that are still in wide use today. -
Browsing the Internet Worksheet Synopsis
CLASS : 4 SUBJECT : COMPUTER SCIENCE TOPIC : BROWSING THE INTERNET WORKSHEET SYNOPSIS: The World Wide Web (WWW) is a huge collection of pages. The World Wide Web is popularly known as the Web. Moving from one website to another is known as net surfing or web browsing. A hyperlink is a highlighted text or graphic image on a web page that we can click to jump to another location. A website that provides the facility of searching for information on various topics are known as search engines. For example - Google, Bing, Yahoo Search etc. The first search engine was named Archie. Veronica and Jughead are the search tools. These three are well-known comic characters. There are many tips to make our search effective on the Internet. We must spell the words correctly. We should know what we are looking for and be specific. Use double quotation marks around search words. This will tell the search engine that the words in quotes must be searched exactly as they are typed, and in the same order. We can put a plus sign (+) instead of AND and a a minus sign (-) instead of OR. I. Fill in the blanks: a) ___________ is a highlighted word or graphic image. b) The first page of a website is called the _______ page. c) The WWW stands for _________ __________ _________. d) The WWW is popularly known as the _________. e) ________ , _________ and _________ are popular search engines. f) ________ was the first search engine. II. State whether the following statements are True or False: a) We can spell the search words incorrectly. -
Global and Cultural Studies
Wright State University CORE Scholar Books Authored by Wright State Faculty/Staff 2017 Global and Cultural Studies Ronald G. Helms Ph.D. Wright State University - Main Campus, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/books Part of the Education Commons Repository Citation Helms , R. G. (2017). Global and Cultural Studies. Arlington, TX: Franklin Publishing Company. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books Authored by Wright State Faculty/Staff by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Global and Cultural Studies Ronald G. Helms, Ph.D. 1 Global and Cultural Studies Ronald G. Helms, Ph.D. Global and Cultural Studies 2 Ronald G. Helms, Ph.D. Published by Franklin Publishing Company 2723 Steamboat Cir, Arlington, TX 76006 Copyright © by Dr. Ronald G. Helms 2017 The Author Ronald G. Helms is a full professor of Social Studies Education and Global Studies, a national auditor for NCSS_National Council For Accreditation Of Teacher Education Program Reviews, a former member of National Council For Accreditation Of Teacher Education Board of Examiners, National Board for Professional Teacher Standards facilitator, the Principal Investigator at Wright State University for the NBPTS institute; Helms is the recipient of 45+ grants including a $916,000.00 Teaching American History Grant from the U. S. Department of Education (co-author and/or consultant to six Teaching American History Grants. Helms is active with OCSS and NCSS for the past 49 years, and currently is serving on the NCSS Teacher of the Year Committee and the NCSS/NCATE Program Review Committee.