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Plant Pest Management Plant Pest Management January 2004 Prepared By Reeves Petroff Pesticide Education Specialist Montana Pesticide Education & Safety Program Preface This manual provides basic information about the correct identification and management of insects, weeds and plant diseases. Chemical trade names have been used for purposes of simplification, however, no endorsement of specific products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products or equipment that is not mentioned. Introduction Classification of Living Organisms Why do many people use complicated, hard to pronounce names when speaking about familiar weeds and insects? Common names such as thistle and beetle, are successfully used in casual communication, and convey an immediate idea of what a particular weed or insect looks like. Scientists avoid using common names because these names are often not specific to a particular species. For example, the term “gopher” is commonly used to describe ground squirrels that are not “gophers” at all! Since the single most important step in controlling a pest is to identify the cause of the problem, misidentification wastes time and waste money through the use of inappropriate and ineffective remedies. In the 1750's scientist Carl Linnaeus suggested a method of naming things that could be used by scientists all over the world to uniquely describe an organism. He introduced binomial nomenclature, which means two names, both in Latin. For example, Homo sapien (humans) or Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed.) According to tradition, these names must be in Latin or at least “Latinized;” both are written in italics or underlined and the first name (genus) is always capitalized and the second name (species) is generally never capitalized. The process of ordering organisms into groups is usually based on common characteristics and relationships. Most factors used in classification are structural but biochemical factors (DNA) are also being used. It is important to know why certain pests are placed into groups based on certain features. For example, some insecticides only work on certain groups of insects. An insecticide that control insects with chewing mouthparts (grasshoppers) may not control insects with piercing or sucking mouthparts (aphids). All the living things are divided into a series of sets and subsets depending on how closely they are related. Kingdoms All living things are first divided into 5 kingdoms - plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and bacteria. Phylum and Divisions All organisms within a kingdom are then divided into groups based on common characteristics. The animal kingdom is subdivided into phyla (pl.), or phylum (s.), while most botanists divide the plant kingdom into divisions. Class Phyla (and divisions) are very broad classifications that are further broken down into smaller units called classes. The division of flowering plants contains two classes; the monocots and the dicots. Within the phylum Arthropoda, there is the class Insecta or insects. The class Arachnida contains the spiders, mites, ticks and scorpions. Orders Classes are further subdivided into Orders. While Orders are used in taxonomy, they are not always used in weed identification manuals. Families Orders are then divided into families. For example, within the order Lepidoptera (the butterflies) there are about 90 families. The order Coleoptera (beetles) contains the weevil family (Curculionidae). Many weeds are in the sunflower family (Compositae or Asteraceae). Species or Scientific Name The species name is composed of two Latin names: the genus (genera pl.) which describes a group of closely related or ecologically similar species, and a specific name (technically called a specific epithet) that further identifies the species. Pests and Pest Management A pest can be defined as any organism that causes economic or aesthetic damage to humans or their property. Examples include exotic weeds that displace native vegetation, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) that carry the deadly hantavirus, and gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) that defoliate oaks (Quercus spp). Pests can be classified as key pests, occasional pests or secondary pests. Key Pests Occasional Pests Secondary Pests Cause major damage on a regular Become intolerable on an irregular Occur as a result of actions taken basis. basis. Often as a result of climate to control a key pest. environmental influences, or Example: human activity. Example: An 80% infestation of leafy Spurge Cheatgrass establishment in areas can reduce livestock carrying Example: that have been sprayed for spotted capacity by 100%. Dry conditions can cause seed bugs knapweed. to move from rangeland to areas of Grasshoppers consume up 25% of higher moisture like lawns, flower Ticks and fleas that plague people the available forage in the western beds, swimming pools and houses. after their natural hosts have been United States annually. eliminated. Pest management practices are often described according to the approaches used to deal with a pest problem. These approaches include: Prevention – Prevention is action that is taken to thwart the occurrence of a significant pest problem. This approach may include either chemical or non-chemical methods. Planting weed- and disease-free seed and growing varieties of plants that resist diseases, insects or weeds is just one method of prevention. Other control options include using cultural methods to prevent weedy plants from seeding or choosing planting and harvesting times that minimize pest problems. Other prevention methods include exclusion which is the act of preventing pests from entering a target area. Exclusion includes the use of fences to prevent weed-seed- carrying wild or domestic animals from entering non-weed infested areas. Suppression – Common pest control methods suppress pest populations but usually do not eliminate them. These methods reduce pest numbers below an economic injury threshold or to a tolerable level. Suppression sometimes lowers pest numbers so that natural enemies are able to maintain control. Suppression is the goal 2 of most pesticide applications used to manage weeds, insects and diseases. Post emergence application of herbicides to reduce emerging weed populations is regarded as suppression. Spraying mature spotted knapweed plants with 2,4-D may not kill the mature plants but it will limit seed production and possibly kill younger more susceptible plants. Eradication - When a pest problem must be totally eliminated from a designated area, the approach is termed eradication. If a new pest such as the Mediterranean fruit fly is detected in a fruit growing area, regulatory agencies may implement widespread actions to totally eliminate the pest problem before it becomes established to a point that it can no longer be eradicated. Over larger areas, eradication is a radical approach to a pest problem and can be very expensive and often has limited success. In general, eradication does not work towards the elimination of an established pest population that is spread over a large area. Which pest control strategy you choose depends on the nature of the pest, the environment of the pest, and economic considerations. Combining prevention and suppression techniques usually enhances a pest management program. However, objectives might differ for the same pest in different situations. Eradication of spotted knapweed in most of western Montana is not feasible where eradication in parts of eastern Montana where the weed is not prevalent is justifiable. Establishing A Pest Management Program There are many ways to manage pests. Whenever possible, it is best to combine several methods into an integrated pest management program. Pest management practices include: Biological Control - Biological control generally includes the manipulation of one biological organism to control another pest organism. Most insect pests are attacked by bacterial, fungal or viral pathogens. Specific weeds may be controlled by insects with specialized feeding habits. When a non-native pest is found in a given area, it may be assumed that the biological organisms that regulated its population in its native environment are lacking. In such a situation, the classical approach of biological control is employed to (1) determine the pest's native home, (2) locate beneficial organisms that naturally control the pest organism in its native area, and (3) if feasible, import, multiply, release and establish the beneficial organisms in the problem area to facilitate biological regulation of the pest problem. If successful, the importation and establishment of the beneficial organisms will result in a long-term reduction of the pest problem and repeated releases of the beneficial organisms will not be required. When existing or already-introduced beneficial biological organisms are mass-reared and released periodically to supplement the naturally occurring or classically-introduced biological agents, the approach is called augmentation. The mass-rearing rearing of yellow-winged knapweed rootmoth (Agapeta zoegana) and the knapweed root weevil (Cyphocleonus achates) in cages prior to release is an example of augmentative biological weed control. Pest populations can also be maintained by a number of native, naturally-occurring predators, parasites and diseases. If such forces were not in effect, we would be overrun by pests. The balance of pest populations and their natural enemies can be significantly influenced by cultural practices and the use of chemicals. Populations of natural enemies
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