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Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection by Jack E Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection by Jack E. Rechcigl and Nancy A. Rechcigl Ann Arbor Press Chelsea, Michigan LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton New York © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Insect pest management: techniques for environmental protection / [edited] by Jack E. Rechcigl and Nancy A. Rechcigl. p. cm. (Agriculture & environment series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-478-2 (alk. paper) 1. Insect pests -- Biological control. I. Rechcigl, Jack E. II. Rechcigl. Nancy A. III. Series.. SB933.3.I53 1999 632′ .9517—dc21 99-40543 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 1-56670-478- 2/00/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-478-2 Library of Congress Card Number 99-40543 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Agriculture and Environment Series Jack E. Rechcigl Editor-in-Chief Agriculture is an essential part of our economy on which we all depend for food, feed and fiber. With increased agricultural productivity in this country as well as abroad, the general public has taken agriculture for granted while voicing their concern and dismay over possible adverse effects of agriculture on the environment. The public debate that has ensued on the subject has been brought about, in part, by the indiscriminate use of agricultural chemicals and, in part, by disinformation, based largely on anecdotal evidence. At the national level recommendations have been made for increased research in this area by such bodies as the Office of Technology Assessment, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government. Specific issues identified for attention include contamination of surface and groundwater by natural and chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sediment, the continued abuse of fragile and nutrient poor soils, and suitable disposal of industrial and agricultural waste. Although a number of publications have appeared recently on specific environ- mental effects of some agricultural practices, no attempt has been made to approach the subject systematically and comprehensively. The aim of this series is to fill the gap by providing the synthesis and critical analysis of the state of the art in different areas of agriculture bearing on environment and of environment on agriculture. Efforts will also be made to review research in progress and to comment on per- spectives for the future. From time to time methodological treatises as well as compendia of important data in handbook form will also be included. The emphasis throughout the series will be on comprehensiveness, comparative aspects, alternative approaches, innovation, and worldwide orientation. Specific topics will be selected by the Editor-in-Chief with the council of an international advisory board. Imaginative and timely suggestions for the inclusion in the series from individual scientists will be given serious consideration. PUBLISHED TITLES Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control Soil Amendments and Environmental Quality Soil Amendments: Impacts on Biotic Systems FORTHCOMING TITLES Environmentally Sound Approaches to Insect Pest Management To our parents and our family for their love and support. © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Dedication To our parents and our family for their love and support. © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Preface Insect pest management has always been and will continue to be a constant challenge to agricultural producers and researchers alike. As insect resistance to commonly used pesticides builds and the removal of more toxic pesticides from the market continues, controlling insect infestations will become increasingly more difficult. Growers are constantly faced with the dilemma of producing a high quality, pest-free crop within economical means, without endangering the environment and the workers’ safety. While the environmental concerns are in order, we have to, at the same time, guard against extreme points of view by zealous advocates, since, as the matters now stand, the traditional cultural practices are here to stay, and the use of chemical pesticides, in the foreseeable future, will remain playing an important role in pest management. The purpose of this book is to present a balanced overview of environmentally safe and ecologically sound approaches applied to commonly used practices in insect pest management. The use of various biological agents and other physiological approaches, as well as of biotechnological techniques, is the subject of a separate publication and will therefore not be covered in this volume. The first part of the book examines specific ecological measures which could be taken to prevent or lessen insect pest infestations of crops. The next section covers a variety of environmentally acceptable physical control measures to prevent insect pests from entering greenhouses and infesting specific plants. Judicious use of chemical pesticides forms the third section which encompasses a choice of recom- mended formulations and applications of preferable insecticides, including those that could be targeted against the destructive pests, without harming beneficial insects and the surrounding environment. The fourth section presents a detailed account of various agronomic and other cultural practices, which have proven to be effective against insect pests, yet which are considered environmentally sound, as well as other potential measures that could, with suitable modifications, be made environ- mentally acceptable. A separate chapter is devoted to integrated pest management based on the current state-of-the-art. Section five deals with biological control of insects, including biological control by Bti. The last section of the book is devoted to regulatory and legislative aspects, covering both the inspection and quarantine of plant materials, and the other regulations relating to insecticide control. Each chapter has been written by an expert in the respective field. This publi- cation should be a useful source of information to students and professionals in the field of entomology, agronomy, horticulture, ecology, and environmental sciences, as well as to agricultural practitioners, extension workers and industrial chemists, and last but not least, to all persons concerned with regulatory and legislative matters. The editors wish to thank the individual contributors for the time and effort they put into the preparation of their chapters. In addition, special thanks are due to the Ann Arbor Press and CRC Press Staff and Editorial Board. Jack E. Rechcigl Nancy A. Rechcigl © 2000 by CRC Press LLC The Editors Jack E. Rechcigl is a Professor of Soil and Environ- mental Sciences at the University of Florida and is located at the Research and Education Center in Ona, FL. He received his B.S. degree (1982) in Agriculture from the University of Delaware, Newark, DE and his M.S. (1983) and Ph.D. (1986) degrees in Soil Science from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer- sity, Blacksburg, VA. He joined the faculty of the Uni- versity of Florida in 1986 as Assistant Professor, in 1991 was promoted to Associate Professor, and in 1996 attained Full Professorship. In 1999, he was named a University of Florida Research Foundation Professor. Dr. Rechcigl has authored over 200 publications, including contributions to books, monographs, and articles in periodicals in the fields of soil fertility, environmental quality, and water pollution. His research has been supported by research grants totaling over $3 million from both private sources and government agencies. Dr. Rechcigl has been a frequent speaker at national and international workshops and conferences and has consulted in various countries,
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