DOCSLIB.ORG

Myiasis in Domestic Cats: a Global Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Myiasis in Domestic Cats: a Global Review Pezzi et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:372 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3618-1 Parasites & Vectors REVIEW Open Access Myiasis in domestic cats: a global review Marco Pezzi1*, Teresa Bonacci2, Marilena Leis1, Elisabetta Mamolini1, Maria Gabriella Marchetti1, Stjepan Krčmar3, Milvia Chicca1, Carlo Nicola Francesco Del Zingaro4, Michel J. Faucheux5 and Chiara Scapoli1 Abstract Myiasis is an infestation caused by larvae of Diptera in humans and other vertebrates. In domestic cats, Felis silvestris catus L. (Carnivora: Felidae), four dipteran families have been reported as agents of obligatory and facultative myiasis: Oestridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and Muscidae. Among agents of obligatory myiasis, the most frequent genus is Cuterebra Clark (Oestridae) and the most frequent species is Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Calliphoridae). Among the agents of facultative myiasis, the most frequent species is Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Calliphoridae). A survey of myiasis in cats reported in literature shows that the cases are distributed worldwide and linked to the geographical range of the dipteran species. Factors favouring the occurrence of myiasis in cats are prowling in infested areas, poor hygiene conditions due to diseases and/or neglect, and wounds inficted during territorial or reproductive competi- tion. The aim of the review is to provide an extended survey of literature on myiasis in cats, as general information and possible development of guidelines for veterinarians, entomologists and other researchers interested in the feld. Keywords: Domestic cat, Calliphoridae, Literature review, Muscidae, Myiasis, Oestridae, Sarcophagidae Background formulated “as the infestation of live human and verte- Diseases caused by insect larvae invading the body of brate animals with dipterous larvae, which, at least for animals were initially named “scolechiasis” [1] without a certain period, feed on the host’s dead or living tissue, any distinction of insect species, from the historical term liquid body-substances, or ingested food”. Te key crite- “scolex” indicating a larva. In 1840, Reverend Frederick rion to defne myiasis is therefore the fact that the dip- W. Hope introduced a new name for this type of disease teran larva must complete its normal development or a based on the insect order of larvae infesting the human part of it in a vertebrate body [5]. body: “myiasis” for Diptera, “chantariasis” for Coleoptera Myiasis can be classifed based on host-parasite rela- and “scholechiasis” for Lepidoptera [2]. Later, Profes- tionships, that is whether the dipteran species cause sor Walter S. Patton extended the term “myiasis”, defn- obligatory or facultative myiasis. Te species causing ing it as “the condition or conditions, resulting from the obligatory myiasis require a living host for their develop- invasion of tissues and organs of man and other animals ment, while those causing facultative only occasionally by all stages of the Diptera” [3]. According to this state- lay eggs or larvae on living hosts and usually develop on ment, myiasis is not only caused by larvae but also by all decaying matter. Facultative myiasis can be classifed as dipteran life stages. In his monography “Te fies that primary, secondary and tertiary, based on the ability of cause myiasis in man”, Professor Maurice T. James criti- the species to initiate the myiasis (primary) or to super- cized the defnition of Patton as “unnecessary” and “con- impose to pre-existing myiasis (secondary and tertiary). fusing”, “since … it is the larva that is the active stage in Myiasis can also be classifed based on anatomical locali- relation to myiasis” [4]. Te current and widely accepted zation of the larva (or larvae) in the host, either external defnition of myiasis is that by Professor Fritz K. Zumpt, or internal: auricular, cutaneous, gastrointestinal, oph- thalmic, oral and urogenital [6–8]. Besides these types, myiasis involving structures of the nervous system will *Correspondence: [email protected] be considered as “neurological” in this review and those 1 Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, involving structures of the respiratory system will be con- Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article sidered as “respiratory”. © The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/ publi cdoma in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Pezzi et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:372 Page 2 of 14 Tis review summarizes the worldwide reported cases Table 1 Genera and species of Diptera involved in myiasis in of myiasis in domestic cats (hereafter cats), Felis silves- cats tris catus L. (Carnivora: Felidae), the dipteran species Family Genus/Species Obligatory/ involved and their ecological and biological features. Te Facultative parasitological, epidemiological and risk factors will also Oestridae Cuterebra sp. O be examined in detail, in order to provide information Cuterebra horripilum O and suitable guidelines for veterinarians, entomologists Dermatobia hominis O and other researchers interested in the feld. Oestrus ovis O Calliphoridae Cochliomyia hominivorax O Bibliographic methods Chrysomya bezziana O More than 7000 published references were examined Cordylobia anthropophaga O for this study. Te initial set of publications on myia- Lucilia sericata F sis in cats were obtained by PubMed indexed literature Calliphora vicina F and the search was extended through web engines. Te Phormia regina F search had no time and language limits. For each publica- Lucilia sp. F tion obtained via web or interlibrary services or by direct Lucilia eximia F contacts with the authors, the reference list was checked Lucilia ampullacea F for further cases of myiasis in cats. Publications not spe- Lucilia caesar F cifcally reporting myiasis on cats in their titles were also Lucilia coeruleiviridis F investigated, examining the abstracts or the entire pub- Sarcophagidae Sarcophaga sp. F lication for useful information. All publications report- Sarcophaga tibialis F ing myiasis on cats were classifed according to infesting Sarcophaga argyrostoma F taxon, type of myiasis, number of cases, sex, age and Wohlfahrtia sp. O country. Te literature data were then described accord- Wohlfahrtia vigil O ing to the Diptera family and to the genera or species Wohlfahrtia magnifca O agents of obligatory and facultative myiasis. Muscidae Musca domestica F Abbreviations: O, obligatory; F, facultative Literature data Te frst cases of myiasis in cats reported in scientifc are therefore reported according to the dipteran family journals appeared around the end of the 19th century in involved. the USA [9, 10]. A case of cutaneous myiasis in a foot of a cat from Texas, due to a fghting wound in which numer- ous “screw-worms” developed, was reported in a letter by Oestridae Professor G. W. Curtis to the distinguished entomologist, Te Oestridae is a large dipteran family in which all spe- Professor Herbert Osborn, dated 15 December 1888; the cies are obligate parasites of wild and domestic animals agent involved was presumably Cochliomyia sp. (Diptera: and of humans. It is divided into four subfamilies: Cuter- Calliphoridae) [10]. ebrinae (New World skin bot fies), Oestrinae (nose bot A case of myiasis in a cat from Iowa by Cuterebra sp. fies), Gasterophilinae (stomach bot fies) and Hypo- was later reported by Osborn in 1892 [11], but the origi- dermatinae (Old World skin bot fies) [6, 7]. Te cases nal work could not be retrieved. A case of “warble” fy on of myiasis in cats reported as caused by species of the the belly of a cat from North Carolina was described in Oestridae are indicated in Table 2, almost all belonging the extracts from correspondence of the journal “Insect to the Cuterebrinae and Oestrinae. Within the subfam- Life”; the editors suggested it could be due to a species ily Cuterebrinae, species of the genus Cuterebra and Der- of the genus Cuterebra [9]. Another two cases of myiasis matobia hominis Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, a species of the (“bots”) were reported in the same journal in the notes monotypic Dermatobia, both from the New World [6, from correspondents, the frst one in the eye and back of 12] have been reported as agents of myiasis in cats. a cat in New York State and the second one in the neck of Te species of genus Cuterebra exhibit a marked host a kitten in Missouri; in both cases no identifcation of the specifty: some species preferentially attack rodents such agents was provided [9]. From 1894 onwards, the cases as voles, Microtus spp., woodrats, Neotoma spp., and deer of myiasis in cats were described as caused by species of mice, Peromyscus spp. (Cricetidae), and lagomorphs such the families Oestridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and as hares, Lepus spp., and cottontail rabbits, Sylvilagus Muscidae (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). Te cases of myiasis spp. (Leporidae) [7]. Tey may also develop in atypical Pezzi et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:372 Page 3 of 14 Table 2 Cases of myiasis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diptera: Calyptratae)
    Systematic Entomology (2020), DOI: 10.1111/syen.12443 Protein-encoding ultraconserved elements provide a new phylogenomic perspective of Oestroidea flies (Diptera: Calyptratae) ELIANA BUENAVENTURA1,2 , MICHAEL W. LLOYD2,3,JUAN MANUEL PERILLALÓPEZ4, VANESSA L. GONZÁLEZ2, ARIANNA THOMAS-CABIANCA5 andTORSTEN DIKOW2 1Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany, 2National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, U.S.A., 3The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, U.S.A., 4Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, U.S.A. and 5Department of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain Abstract. The diverse superfamily Oestroidea with more than 15 000 known species includes among others blow flies, flesh flies, bot flies and the diverse tachinid flies. Oestroidea exhibit strikingly divergent morphological and ecological traits, but even with a variety of data sources and inferences there is no consensus on the relationships among major Oestroidea lineages. Phylogenomic inferences derived from targeted enrichment of ultraconserved elements or UCEs have emerged as a promising method for resolving difficult phylogenetic problems at varying timescales. To reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among families of Oestroidea, we obtained UCE loci exclusively derived from the transcribed portion of the genome, making them suitable for larger and more integrative phylogenomic studies using other genomic and transcriptomic resources. We analysed datasets containing 37–2077 UCE loci from 98 representatives of all oestroid families (except Ulurumyiidae and Mystacinobiidae) and seven calyptrate outgroups, with a total concatenated aligned length between 10 and 550 Mb. About 35% of the sampled taxa consisted of museum specimens (2–92 years old), of which 85% resulted in successful UCE enrichment.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Stomach Bot Flies in the Light of Mitogenomics
    Evolutionary history of stomach bot flies in the light of mitogenomics Yan, Liping; Pape, Thomas; Elgar, Mark A.; Gao, Yunyun; Zhang, Dong Published in: Systematic Entomology DOI: 10.1111/syen.12356 Publication date: 2019 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Yan, L., Pape, T., Elgar, M. A., Gao, Y., & Zhang, D. (2019). Evolutionary history of stomach bot flies in the light of mitogenomics. Systematic Entomology, 44(4), 797-809. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12356 Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 Systematic Entomology (2019), 44, 797–809 DOI: 10.1111/syen.12356 Evolutionary history of stomach bot flies in the light of mitogenomics LIPING YAN1, THOMAS PAPE2 , MARK A. ELGAR3, YUNYUN GAO1 andDONG ZHANG1 1School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China, 2Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and 3School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Abstract. Stomach bot flies (Calyptratae: Oestridae, Gasterophilinae) are obligate endoparasitoids of Proboscidea (i.e. elephants), Rhinocerotidae (i.e. rhinos) and Equidae (i.e. horses and zebras, etc.), with their larvae developing in the digestive tract of hosts with very strong host specificity. They represent an extremely unusual diver- sity among dipteran, or even insect parasites in general, and therefore provide sig- nificant insights into the evolution of parasitism. The phylogeny of stomach botflies was reconstructed
    [Show full text]
  • Bot Fly (Cuterebrid) Prevalence and Intensity in Southern Illinois Peromyscus Species and a Comparison to the Literature
    Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science received 7/30/14 (2015) Volume 108, pp. 1-3 accepted 1/26/15 Bot Fly (Cuterebrid) Prevalence and Intensity in Southern Illinois Peromyscus Species and a Comparison to the Literature Stephanie J Hayes, Eric J Holzmueller1, and Clayton K Nielsen Department of Forestry, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901 1corresponding author (email: [email protected]) ABSTRACT Cuterebrid are parasitic organisms on small mammals in North America. While infections are believed to be common, little has been published regarding the population dynamics of these insects. This study was conducted on the impact of a cuterbrid species on Peromy- scus spp. in upland hardwood forests in southern Illinois. Data were recorded and compiled to determine the species of cuterebrid pres- ent, the prevalence and intensity of infection, and possible causes for such a high infection rate. Infected individuals were trapped during late summer for three weeks. The species of cuterebrid was determined to be Cuterebra fontinella due to the seasonality of infection (late summer), location of infection (inguinal or genital region) within the host, and the species of host (Peromyscus spp.). Intensity was within the range of historical averages; however, prevalence was greater in this study than in previous similar studies. Though the exact cause is unknown, it is possible that an abnormally wet summer caused an increase in egg survivability before the peak infection season, leading to an increase in infection rates later in the year. Key words: central hardwood region, Cuterebra fontinella, Peromyscus, parasitic organism INTRODUCTION of Nature Environmental Center (UTM: for the presence of cuterebrid larvae and Bot flies are a group of parasitic insects 16S 308552, 4167338) in Jackson County the intensity of infection within the host.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of the Bot Fly Cuterebra Emasculator (Diptera: Cuterebridae) in South Carolina1
    Distribution of the Bot Fly Cuterebra emasculator (Diptera: Cuterebridae) in South Carolina1 Frank Slansky and Bill Hilton Jr.2 Department of Entomology & Nematology, Bldg. 970 Natural Area Drive, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 20(2): 83–91 (April 2003) ABSTRACT Larvae of the bot fly Cuterebra emasculator Fitch infest tree squirrels and chipmunks from the Atlantic Ocean to just west of the Missis- sippi River and from southern Canada to the Gulf Coast of the United States. Whether the species is present in all states and provinces in this region is not well documented. Because there are few published records of C. emasculator in South Carolina, we gathered data on its occurrence in each county by obtaining reports of bot fly-infested squirrels from wildlife rehabilitators, veterinarians, wildlife biologists, county extension agents, hunters, and other wildlife- oriented people. The results indicate that C. emasculator infests squirrels, especially the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin), throughout the state. In South Carolina there apparently are no bot fly-free refugia (at the scale of counties) where squirrels might escape from Cuterebra parasites. KEY WORDS bot fly, Cuterebra emasculator, Cuterebridae, Diptera, dis- tribution, parasite/host association, rodent, Sciurus, squirrel There is strong ecological interest in determining whether populations of po- tential host species avoid parasites by colonizing areas lacking these natural enemies (Grenfell & Gulland 1995, Clayton & Moore 1997, Hassell 2000, Poulin et al. 2000). Such “allopatric escape” might occur especially when the interacting organisms show considerable taxonomic divergence, such as mammalian hosts and their arthropod parasites, particularly those that live independent of a host during part of their life cycle (Arlian & Vyszenski-Moher 1987, Marshall 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • The Blowflies of California
    BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY VOLUME 4,NO. 1 THE BLOWFLIES OF CALIFORNIA (Diptera: Calliphoridae) BY MAURICE T. JAMES (Department of Zo'dlogy, State College of Washington, Pullman) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1955 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY Editors: E. G. Linsley, S. B. Freeborn, R. L. Usinger Volume 4, No. 1, pp. 1-34, plates 1-2, 1 figure in text Submitted by Editors, January 13, 1955 Issued October 28, 1955 Price, 50 cents UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON. ENGLAND PRINTED BY OFFSET IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA THE BLOWFLIES OF CALIFORNIA (Diptera: Calliphoridae) by Maurice T. James Identification of the blowflies of North America Blowflies are important from a medical and has been made much easier and more secure in veterinary standpoint. Some are obligatory or recent years by the publication of the monograph facultative parasites on man or on domestic or of that family by Hall (1948). However, there other useful animals. In our area, the primary exists ti0 regional treatment that covers any screwworm, Callitroga hominivorax (Coquerel), definite part of the United States. Hall's mono- 'is the only obligatory parasite that invades graph gives only general information about the living tissue, although larvae of Pmtocalliphora, geographical distribution of most of the species. represented in the Califdrnia fauna by seven These considerations, together with the fact that known species, feed on the blood of nesting Hall had obviously examined an insufficient birds, often with fatal results. Of the facultative amount of material from the western states, parasites, Callitroga macellaria (Fabricius), makes a review of the California species partic- Phaenicia sericata (Meigen), and Phormia regina ularly desirable.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Analysis of the Fox Squirrel Sciurus Niger
    ELGIUM B NATIVE ORGANISMS IN ORGANISMS NATIVE - OF NON OF Risk analysis of the fox squirrel Sciurus niger Updated version, May 2015 ISK ANALYSIS REPORT REPORT ANALYSIS ISK R Risk analysis report of non-native organisms in Belgium Risk analysis of the fox squirrel Sciurus niger Evelyne Baiwy(1), Vinciane Schockert(1) & Etienne Branquart(2) (1) Unité de Recherches zoogéographiques, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège (2) Cellule interdépartementale sur les Espèces invasives, Service Public de Wallonie Adopted in date of: 11th March 2013, updated in May 2015 Reviewed by : Sandro Bertolino (University of Turin) & Céline Prévot (DEMNA) Produced by: Unité de Recherches zoogéographiques, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège Commissioned by: Service Public de Wallonie Contact person: [email protected] & [email protected] This report should be cited as: “Baiwy, E.,Schockert, V. & Branquart, E. (2015) Risk analysis of the Fox squirrel, Sciurus niger, Risk analysis report of non-native organisms in Belgium. Cellule interdépartementale sur les Espèces invasives (CiEi), DGO3, SPW / Editions, updated version, 34 pages”. Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 1 Rationale and scope of the Belgian risk analysis scheme ..................................................................... 2 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Terry Whitworth 3707 96Th ST E, Tacoma, WA 98446
    Terry Whitworth 3707 96th ST E, Tacoma, WA 98446 Washington State University E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Published in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington Vol. 108 (3), 2006, pp 689–725 Websites blowflies.net and birdblowfly.com KEYS TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF BLOW FLIES (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) OF AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO UPDATES AND EDITS AS OF SPRING 2017 Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................... 5 Separating families ....................................................................................................... 10 Key to subfamilies and genera of Calliphoridae ........................................................... 13 See Table 1 for page number for each species Table 1. Species in order they are discussed and comparison of names used in the current paper with names used by Hall (1948). Whitworth (2006) Hall (1948) Page Number Calliphorinae (18 species) .......................................................................................... 16 Bellardia bayeri Onesia townsendi ................................................... 18 Bellardia vulgaris Onesia bisetosa .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dating Pupae of the Blow Fly Calliphora Vicina Robineau
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Dating Pupae of the Blow Fly Calliphora vicina Robineau–Desvoidy 1830 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) for Post Mortem Interval—Estimation: Validation of Molecular Age Markers Barbara K. Zajac *, Jens Amendt, Marcel A. Verhoff and Richard Zehner Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; [email protected] (J.A.); [email protected] (M.A.V.); [email protected] (R.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-163-865-3366 Received: 31 December 2017; Accepted: 5 March 2018; Published: 9 March 2018 Abstract: Determining the age of juvenile blow flies is one of the key tasks of forensic entomology when providing evidence for the minimum post mortem interval. While the age determination of blow fly larvae is well established using morphological parameters, the current study focuses on molecular methods for estimating the age of blow flies during the metamorphosis in the pupal stage, which lasts about half the total juvenile development. It has already been demonstrated in several studies that the intraspecific variance in expression of so far used genes in blow flies is often too high to assign a certain expression level to a distinct age, leading to an inaccurate prediction. To overcome this problem, we previously identified new markers, which show a very sharp age dependent expression course during pupal development of the forensically-important blow fly Calliphora vicina Robineau–Desvoidy 1830 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) by analyzing massive parallel sequencing (MPS) generated transcriptome data. We initially designed and validated two quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for each of 15 defined pupal ages representing a daily progress during the total pupal development if grown at 17 ◦C.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Effects of Temperature on Larval Calliphora Vomitoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Consumption
    Evaluating the effects of temperature on larval Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) consumption Kadeja Evans and Kaleigh Aaron Edited by Steven J. Richardson Abstract: Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are responsible for more cases of myiasis than any other arthropods. Several species of blowfly, including Cochliomyia hominivorax and Cocholiomya macellaria, parasitize living organisms by feeding on healthy tissues. Medical professionals have taken advantage of myiatic flies, Lucillia sericata, through debridement or maggot therapy in patients with necrotic tissue. This experiment analyzes how temperature influences blue bottle fly, Calliphora vomitoria. consumption of beef liver. After rearing an egg mass into first larval instars, ten maggots were placed into four containers making a total of forty maggots. One container was exposed to a range of temperatures between 18°C and 25°C at varying intervals. The remaining three containers were placed into homemade incubators at constant temperatures of 21°C, 27°C and 33°C respectively. Beef liver was placed into each container and weighed after each group pupation. The mass of liver consumed and the time until pupation was recorded. Three trials revealed that as temperature increased, the average rate of consumption per larva also increased. The larval group maintained at 33°C had the highest consumption with the shortest feeding duration, while the group at 21°C had lower liver consumption in the longest feeding period. Research in this experiment was conducted to understand the optimal temperature at which larval consumption is maximized whether in clinical instances for debridement or in myiasis cases. Keywords: Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphoridae, myiasis, consumption, debridement As an organism begins to decompose, target open wounds or necrotic tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Paquette Chelsey Msc 2020.Pdf
    DÉTERMINANTS INDIVIDUELS ET ENVIRONNEMENTAUX DU PARASITISME CHEZ LE TAMIA RAYÉ (TAMIAS STRIATUS) par Chelsey Paquette Mémoire présenté au Département de biologie en vue de l’obtention du grade de maître ès sciences (M.Sc) FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, avril 2020 Le 15 avril 2020 le jury a accepté le mémoire de Madame Chelsey Paquette dans sa version finale Membres du jury Professeur Dany Garant Directeur de recherche Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke Professeur Patrick Bergeron Codirecteur de recherche Département de Biologie, Bishop’s University Professeure Jade Savage Codirectrice de recherche Département de Biologie, Bishop’s University Professeure Fanie Pelletier Évaluatrice interne Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke Professeur Marco Festa-Bianchet Président-rapporteur Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke SOMMAIRE Les parasites peuvent infecter presque tous les organismes vivants et ils peuvent avoir un impact important sur leurs hôtes et sur leur dynamique de population. Cependant, la sévérité de ces impacts peut varier et dépendre de l'hôte, du parasite et de leur environnement commun. Pour mieux comprendre la complexité des interactions hôte-parasite, il est essentiel d’évaluer les déterminants individuels, populationnels et environnementaux du parasitisme. La prévalence de l'infestation peut varier au fil du temps en fonction de caractéristiques populationnelles telles que la densité et la démographie, ainsi que des caractéristiques environnementales telles que les conditions météorologiques et la disponibilité de la nourriture. Cependant, au sein d'une population hôte, le nombre de parasites par individu peut aussi varier en raison de différences individuelles en physiologie, morphologie et/ou comportement. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d'intégrer les caractéristiques de la population, des individus et de l'environnement dans les études sur les interactions hôte-parasite.
    [Show full text]
  • The Outside Story You’Ll Often Find Yourself in Botfly Larvae Season
    The catch with squirrel hunting in September is that The Outside Story you’ll often find yourself in botfly larvae season. These fat white grubs live in boils that protrude from a squirrel’s skin. (The technical name for the boil is a warble – isn’t it interesting how that one word can sound lovely when applied to a bird’s song and disgusting when applied to a pustule?) There are some 30 botfly species in the U.S. and each has a preferred host. The tree squirrel botfly is called Cuterebra emasculator – the story behind that name is that the entomologist who coined it suspected the larvae ate testes. They don’t, but the name stuck. Squirrel botflies have a year-long, four-stage lifecycle. The adults, which are relatively large flies that look sort of like small bumble bees, emerge in late spring or early summer and mate. Females lay their tiny eggs on twigs or leaves and larvae develop within the eggs. (Note that this is different than a lot of parasitic flies that lay eggs directly on a host, like the horse stomach botflies that horse owners might be familiar with.) When a squirrel comes by, the larvae detect the animal’s body heat or CO2 from within the egg, then emerge from a door in the egg shell and try to latch on. If they’re successful, they’ll look for an orifice or wound through which to enter the host’s body, at which point they’ll take up residence beneath the hide. They consume lymph fluid (not blood) and grow, Don’t Let the Botflies molting twice.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Commercial Use Only
    Journal Journal of Entomological of Entomological and andAcarological Acarological Research Research 2017; 2012; volume volume 49:6823 44:e ENTOMOLOGY First case of traumatic myiasis caused by Calliphora vicina in a crested porcupine Hystrix cristata L. in Italy D. Scaravelli,1 C. Senini,1 T. Bonacci2 1Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DiMEVET), University of Bologna; 2Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy Sarcophagidae and Muscidae are the main responsible of traumat- Abstract ic myiasis in humans and animals (Zumpt, 1965; Hall & Wall, 1995; Hall, 1997; Hall & Farkas, 2000; Sinha, 2012). Coversely, Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) it is a facultative some Muscidae are active predators of economically important ectoparasite responsible for traumatic myiasis in humans and warm- pests (Bonsignore, 2016). blooded vertebrates in the world. In this work one case of traumatic Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 has an almost myasis caused by C. vicina (Diptera Calliphoirdae) is reported for worldwide distribution; it mainly favours shady situations and the first time in a vulnerable crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata urban habitats, where itonly is often the dominant species on human Linnaeus, 1758). A total of 30 larvae located in the posterior-dorsal corpses (Smith, 1986; Bonacci, et al., 2009). Calliphora vicina it area of the animal were removed from inside the lesion and either is known like facultative ectoparasites of many species of wild preserved in ethanol or reared to the adult stage. This report shows animals and humans (Dehlaes et al., 2001; Sales et al., 2003; the great ability of C. vicina to use many organic matter for the food Knotek et aluse., 2004; Salvetti et al., 2012; Araghi et al., 2015).
    [Show full text]