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Myiasis in Domestic Cats: a Global Review

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Pezzi et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:372 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3618-1 Parasites & Vectors REVIEW Open Access Myiasis in domestic cats: a global review Marco Pezzi1*, Teresa Bonacci2, Marilena Leis1, Elisabetta Mamolini1, Maria Gabriella Marchetti1, Stjepan Krčmar3, Milvia Chicca1, Carlo Nicola Francesco Del Zingaro4, Michel J. Faucheux5 and Chiara Scapoli1 Abstract Myiasis is an infestation caused by larvae of Diptera in humans and other vertebrates. In domestic cats, Felis silvestris catus L. (Carnivora: Felidae), four dipteran families have been reported as agents of obligatory and facultative myiasis: Oestridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and Muscidae. Among agents of obligatory myiasis, the most frequent genus is Cuterebra Clark (Oestridae) and the most frequent species is Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Calliphoridae). Among the agents of facultative myiasis, the most frequent species is Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Calliphoridae). A survey of myiasis in cats reported in literature shows that the cases are distributed worldwide and linked to the geographical range of the dipteran species. Factors favouring the occurrence of myiasis in cats are prowling in infested areas, poor hygiene conditions due to diseases and/or neglect, and wounds inficted during territorial or reproductive competi- tion. The aim of the review is to provide an extended survey of literature on myiasis in cats, as general information and possible development of guidelines for veterinarians, entomologists and other researchers interested in the feld. Keywords: Domestic cat, Calliphoridae, Literature review, Muscidae, Myiasis, Oestridae, Sarcophagidae Background formulated “as the infestation of live human and verte- Diseases caused by insect larvae invading the body of brate animals with dipterous larvae, which, at least for animals were initially named “scolechiasis” [1] without a certain period, feed on the host’s dead or living tissue, any distinction of insect species, from the historical term liquid body-substances, or ingested food”. Te key crite- “scolex” indicating a larva. In 1840, Reverend Frederick rion to defne myiasis is therefore the fact that the dip- W. Hope introduced a new name for this type of disease teran larva must complete its normal development or a based on the insect order of larvae infesting the human part of it in a vertebrate body [5]. body: “myiasis” for Diptera, “chantariasis” for Coleoptera Myiasis can be classifed based on host-parasite rela- and “scholechiasis” for Lepidoptera [2]. Later, Profes- tionships, that is whether the dipteran species cause sor Walter S. Patton extended the term “myiasis”, defn- obligatory or facultative myiasis. Te species causing ing it as “the condition or conditions, resulting from the obligatory myiasis require a living host for their develop- invasion of tissues and organs of man and other animals ment, while those causing facultative only occasionally by all stages of the Diptera” [3]. According to this state- lay eggs or larvae on living hosts and usually develop on ment, myiasis is not only caused by larvae but also by all decaying matter. Facultative myiasis can be classifed as dipteran life stages. In his monography “Te fies that primary, secondary and tertiary, based on the ability of cause myiasis in man”, Professor Maurice T. James criti- the species to initiate the myiasis (primary) or to super- cized the defnition of Patton as “unnecessary” and “con- impose to pre-existing myiasis (secondary and tertiary). fusing”, “since … it is the larva that is the active stage in Myiasis can also be classifed based on anatomical locali- relation to myiasis” [4]. Te current and widely accepted zation of the larva (or larvae) in the host, either external defnition of myiasis is that by Professor Fritz K. Zumpt, or internal: auricular, cutaneous, gastrointestinal, oph- thalmic, oral and urogenital [6–8]. Besides these types, myiasis involving structures of the nervous system will *Correspondence: [email protected] be considered as “neurological” in this review and those 1 Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, involving structures of the respiratory system will be con- Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article sidered as “respiratory”. © The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/ publi cdoma in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Pezzi et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:372 Page 2 of 14 Tis review summarizes the worldwide reported cases Table 1 Genera and species of Diptera involved in myiasis in of myiasis in domestic cats (hereafter cats), Felis silves- cats tris catus L. (Carnivora: Felidae), the dipteran species Family Genus/Species Obligatory/ involved and their ecological and biological features. Te Facultative parasitological, epidemiological and risk factors will also Oestridae Cuterebra sp. O be examined in detail, in order to provide information Cuterebra horripilum O and suitable guidelines for veterinarians, entomologists Dermatobia hominis O and other researchers interested in the feld. Oestrus ovis O Calliphoridae Cochliomyia hominivorax O Bibliographic methods Chrysomya bezziana O More than 7000 published references were examined Cordylobia anthropophaga O for this study. Te initial set of publications on myia- Lucilia sericata F sis in cats were obtained by PubMed indexed literature Calliphora vicina F and the search was extended through web engines. Te Phormia regina F search had no time and language limits. For each publica- Lucilia sp. F tion obtained via web or interlibrary services or by direct Lucilia eximia F contacts with the authors, the reference list was checked Lucilia ampullacea F for further cases of myiasis in cats. Publications not spe- Lucilia caesar F cifcally reporting myiasis on cats in their titles were also Lucilia coeruleiviridis F investigated, examining the abstracts or the entire pub- Sarcophagidae Sarcophaga sp. F lication for useful information. All publications report- Sarcophaga tibialis F ing myiasis on cats were classifed according to infesting Sarcophaga argyrostoma F taxon, type of myiasis, number of cases, sex, age and Wohlfahrtia sp. O country. Te literature data were then described accord- Wohlfahrtia vigil O ing to the Diptera family and to the genera or species Wohlfahrtia magnifca O agents of obligatory and facultative myiasis. Muscidae Musca domestica F Abbreviations: O, obligatory; F, facultative Literature data Te frst cases of myiasis in cats reported in scientifc are therefore reported according to the dipteran family journals appeared around the end of the 19th century in involved. the USA [9, 10]. A case of cutaneous myiasis in a foot of a cat from Texas, due to a fghting wound in which numer- ous “screw-worms” developed, was reported in a letter by Oestridae Professor G. W. Curtis to the distinguished entomologist, Te Oestridae is a large dipteran family in which all spe- Professor Herbert Osborn, dated 15 December 1888; the cies are obligate parasites of wild and domestic animals agent involved was presumably Cochliomyia sp. (Diptera: and of humans. It is divided into four subfamilies: Cuter- Calliphoridae) [10]. ebrinae (New World skin bot fies), Oestrinae (nose bot A case of myiasis in a cat from Iowa by Cuterebra sp. fies), Gasterophilinae (stomach bot fies) and Hypo- was later reported by Osborn in 1892 [11], but the origi- dermatinae (Old World skin bot fies) [6, 7]. Te cases nal work could not be retrieved. A case of “warble” fy on of myiasis in cats reported as caused by species of the the belly of a cat from North Carolina was described in Oestridae are indicated in Table 2, almost all belonging the extracts from correspondence of the journal “Insect to the Cuterebrinae and Oestrinae. Within the subfam- Life”; the editors suggested it could be due to a species ily Cuterebrinae, species of the genus Cuterebra and Der- of the genus Cuterebra [9]. Another two cases of myiasis matobia hominis Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, a species of the (“bots”) were reported in the same journal in the notes monotypic Dermatobia, both from the New World [6, from correspondents, the frst one in the eye and back of 12] have been reported as agents of myiasis in cats. a cat in New York State and the second one in the neck of Te species of genus Cuterebra exhibit a marked host a kitten in Missouri; in both cases no identifcation of the specifty: some species preferentially attack rodents such agents was provided [9]. From 1894 onwards, the cases as voles, Microtus spp., woodrats, Neotoma spp., and deer of myiasis in cats were described as caused by species of mice, Peromyscus spp. (Cricetidae), and lagomorphs such the families Oestridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and as hares, Lepus spp., and cottontail rabbits, Sylvilagus Muscidae (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). Te cases of myiasis spp. (Leporidae) [7]. Tey may also develop in atypical Pezzi et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:372 Page 3 of 14 Table 2 Cases of myiasis
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