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Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation Military Cooperation: Past and Future Military Past Cooperation: Alliances, and International Multinational Operations, MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS, ALLIANCES, AND INTERNATIONAL MILITARY COOPERATION PAST AND FUTURE Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the Partnership for Peace Consortium’s Military History Working Group Edited by Center of Military History Robert S. Rush United States Army United States and William W. Epley PfP Consortium of Defense Academies PIN : 082789–000 and Security Studies Institutes MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS, ALLIANCES, AND INTERNATIONAL MILITARY COOPERATION PAST AND FUTURE Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the Partnership for Peace Consortium’s Military History Working Group Vienna, Austria 4–8 April 2005 Edited by Robert S. Rush and William W. Epley CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY UNITED STATES ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2006 CMH Pub 70–101–1 First Printing Publisher’s Foreword The U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH) is pleased to publish the proceedings from the fifth annual international workshop held in Vienna, Austria, by the Partnership for Peace Consortium’s Military History Working Group (MHWG), 4–8 April 2005. The workshop was titled “Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation: Past and Fu- ture,” and its papers represent the official military history scholarship from eleven countries. Military cooperation and alliances have always been an important aspect of the study of military history, and the MHWG seminars reflect the strong scholarly cooperation among the group’s members. Annually for the past five years, representatives of the most prominent military history offices have gathered in these seminars to examine and discuss some particularly significant aspects of military history. In 2005 the participants focused on alliances and military cooperation, a topic of vital importance in an increasingly complex international environment. Examining historical antecedents in a cooperative forum, such as that offered by the MHWG seminars, will lead to a better un- derstanding of these challenges. Particular recognition and thanks go to workshop host General Raimund Schittenhelm, commandant of the Austrian National Defense Academy; and cochairs Erwin A. Schmidl, Austrian National Defense Academy, and Ronald G. Haycock, Royal Military College of Canada. As a participant in this seminar and a long-time supporter of the working group, CMH was extraordinarily pleased both with the intellectual depth and diversity of the papers presented and with the teamwork and camaraderie that emerged within the seminar over the several days of its duration. We truly hope that this example will be an inspiration for many productive historical enterprises in the future. Mutual understanding is the first step toward friend- ship among our many partners around the globe. Jeffrey J. Clarke Chief of Military History United States Army June 2006 iii Workshop Host’s Foreword It is with particular pleasure that I am able to present this compendium of papers presented in the course of the fifth workshop organized by the Partner- ship for Peace Consortium’s Military History Working Group. In 1995 Austria joined both the European Union and the NATO Partnership for Peace program, and has been active in both fields. The National Defense Academy has participated in many forums in the Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes because, in the “globalized” envi- ronment of today, international cooperation more than ever is key to success. And what better form of international academic cooperation can we think of than to have scholars, officers, and historians of countries that were enemies not so long ago come together jointly to examine our common past? The topic of this conference holds particular importance today. Unfortu- nately, the end of the Cold War in 1989–1991 failed to bring universal peace. On the contrary, crises and conflicts have erupted all over the globe, and the international community has had to assist many times to end wars, to stabilize countries, and to implement conditions that could serve as a basis for peace in the future. In our fast-moving times, past experience and lessons are quickly forgot- ten, and there are tendencies to reinvent the wheel. Examining the outcome of earlier operations, therefore, is not just of interest for armchair strategists or for historians; it also provides many vital tools for planning and executing future missions. It is my pleasure and privilege to invite you to read this volume of papers presented at the workshop in Vienna. General Raimund Schittenhelm Commandant, Austrian National Defense Academy Vienna March 2006 Contents Page Summary of Proceedings .............................................................................. 3 Part One—From the Seventeenth Century to the Great War The Carpathian-Danubian Principalities’ Military Alliances in the Seventeenth Century, Sergiu Iosipescu ................................................ 13 A Study of Sovereign States in Coalition Warfare: The Confederate States of America—A Lesson in Principle over Practicality, Robert S. Rush ...................................................................................... 21 The Relations Between the German Imperial Navy and the K.u.K. Austro-Hungarian Navy, 1871–1914, Rüdiger Schiel .......................... 29 The Alliance Proving Grounds: Canada in the Anglo-Boer War and the Great War, Ronald G. Haycock ............................................................ 39 The Dual Alliance and Austria-Hungary’s Balkan Policy, Ferenc Pollmann .................................................................................. 47 The International Expedition in China, 1900–1901: The Concept of a Sole Command, Emmanuelle Braud .................................................... 53 Part Two—The Inter-War Years, World War II, and the Cold War In the Shadow of the Great Allies: Romanian-Italian Relations, 1919– 1927, Petre Otu .................................................................................... 61 Munich 1938: A Failure To Honor Treaty Obligations, Thomas S. C. Garrett ............................................................................ 69 Bulgaria’s Preordained Choice in 1941 and 1944, Anatoliy Prokopiev .............................................................................. 77 ii Page From Isolation to Intervention: Anglo-Canadian Defense Relations from the Canadian Perspective, 1935–1939, B. J. C. McKercher ............................................................................... 85 Soviet Impact on the Czechoslovak Armed Forces, Mikhail Stefanski .................................................................................. 93 From Commands to Coordination: Defense Industry Cooperation within the Member-States of the Warsaw Pact, 1956–1965, Pál Germuska ..................................................................................... 101 The German-Japanese Naval Alliance in World War II: Genesis and Extent of a Challenge to Anglo-Saxon Predominance at Sea, Johannes Berthold Sander-Nagashima .............................................. 109 Part Three—The Cold War Hungary’s Role at the Birth of the Warsaw Pact, Tamás Nagy ........................................................................................ 119 The Contribution of the Hellenic Navy to NATO’s Geostrategy, Andreas Toussas ................................................................................ 125 The Fourth Republic and the Korean War: A French Contribution to the Cold War, 1950–1954, Olivier Lahaie ............................................... 131 Cooperation Beyond the Iron Curtain: The Relations Between Romania and the United States During the 1960s and 1970s, Carmen Rijnoveanu ............................................................................ 139 Security Through Flexibility? The Federal Republic of Germany and the Change of NATO Strategy in the 1960s, Dieter Krüger ..................................................................................... 147 Canadian NATO Mutual Aid and the Reinvigoration of the Hyde Park Agreement: A Multilateral Program in the Interest of Bilateral De- fense Trade, Michael A. Hennessy ..................................................... 157 Austria as a Theater of Operations in the Strategic Plans of the Warsaw Pact, János Jakus ................................................................................ 167 iii Page Part Four—International Cooperation in Peace Operations Military Partnership of Russia with CIS Member-Countries, 1991–2004, Oleg Belosludtsev ........................................................... 181 Participation of the Russian Military Contingent in the Peacekeeping Operation in Kosovo: Experience Gained and Lessons Learned, Mikhail Georgievich Lyoshin ............................................................. 187 Boots on the Ground: Thoughts on the Future of the Canadian Forces, Andrew Leslie ..................................................................................... 195 Reorganization of the Gendarmerie in Macedonia: An Example of European Military Cooperation, 1904–1914, Yann Galera ....................................................................................... 209 Glossary .................................................................................................... 215 Selected Bibliography ............................................................................... 217 Contributors .............................................................................................
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