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The Need for Integrated Flood Management Approach from Social, Economic and Environmental Perspectives: the Case of Upper Awash River Basin

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The Need for Integrated Flood Management Approach from Social, Economic and Environmental Perspectives: the Case of Upper Awash River Basin Vol. 12(3), pp. 57-70, July-September, 2020 DOI: 10.5897/IJWREE2020.0935 Article Number: DB9FA9064725 ISSN 2141-6613 Copyright©2020 International Journal of Water Resources and Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/IJWREE Environmental Engineering Full Length Research Paper The need for integrated flood management approach from social, economic and environmental perspectives: The case of Upper Awash River Basin Addisalem Bitew Mitiku*, Berhanu Woldyohanes, Sharew Anteneh Mekonnen, Kirubeal Mekonnen and Abel Tadesse Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation, Ethiopia. Received 9 June, 2020; Accepted 3 August, 2020 Flooding has been a critical problem in our globe causing huge damage on human lives as well as socio-economic and environmental assets. The upper Awash river basin in Ethiopia, which is the target of this study, is one such region that is affected by recurrent flooding. Thus, there is a need to develop appropriate and sustainable management mechanisms to mitigate flood impacts. An integrated flood management approach which accounts for social and stakeholder involvement, as well as environmental and economic condition of a basin; in addition to technical flood mitigation options (such as structural and/or non-structural measures) can be an alternative. This study emphasized on the need to consider socio-economic-environmental aspects of a basin while proposing IFM options considering the upper Awash river basin, Ethiopia. It employed structured and semi-structured interviews, field observations, and community and government official consultations to investigate the socio-economic and environmental situations of UARB with the underlying objective of examining existing flood impacts in the basin. The study formulated the basin current socio-economic and environmental baselines. It also pin-pointed the concerned stakeholders in UARB, that shall be addressed and consulted during planning and developing of IFM mechanisms. Ultimately, the results from the interviews and the surveys were used as an essential input to develop flood risk maps within the context of integrated flood management options. Key words: Awash River Basin, flood impacts, socio-economic baseline, environmental baseline, integrated flood management approach, flood risk map. INTRODUCTION Flooding is one of the many disasters that has caused from 1995 to 2015 in the world. This contributes to 56% tremendous damages in human lives and social and of total affected people by weathered-related disasters. environmental assets. Recent report of the United Nation, The report also states that there were 3062 flood UN (2015), reveals that flood affected 2.3 billion people disasters in those years that shares 47% of all *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License 58 Int. J. Water Res. Environ. Eng. Figure 1. Location map of upper Awash River basin. geophysical hazards that occurred in our globe. Flood affected by recurrent flood. In the basin, flooding has events are becoming severe and flood frequency has been a critical problem causing thousands of people been increasing, resulting to distraction of agricultural being affected and triggering huge economical losses. areas and food supply sectors and leads to malnutrition Flood events of high significance were recorded in problems (UN, 2015). Sebeta Hawas, Wolmera and Egeria woredas (that is, an Flood events have been rising due to an expansion of administrative boundary making up zone) in September human-induced land-use interventions (Chawla and 2017, Liben Chukuala and Bora woredas in the years Mujumdar, 2015; James and Lecce, 2013; Roggeret al., 2014, 2016, and 2017, at Fentale in 2012, 2015, and 2017; Verburg et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2018) and climate 2017, and in 2019 at Ilu and Sebeta Hawasa woredas. change (Didovetsa et al., 2019; Hettiarachchi et al., 2018; Particularly, in the aforementioned woredas of upper IPCC, 2007; Maghsood et al., 2019; Sen, 2018). Awash basin, flooding has led thousands of households Urbanization and industrialization, which are among the to displace from their home and caused for loss of main factors, have played a major role on globe’s climate thousands of livestock. It also provoked huge economic change. The urbanization usually leads to unprecedented loss and environmental impacts. Infrastructures, health deforestation and land use and land type changes. These and educational institutions deteriorate from year to year; result in decline of land perviousness and increase the schools in the basin often started late because of the amount of sunlight reflected back from the earth’s flooding and health centers are not functional in the rainy surfaces. As a result, the atmosphere warms up; lots of season of the country. water evaporates from seas, oceans, as well as from any However, unlike most types of disasters like volcanoes water resources located on the earth. This creates a and earthquakes, flood is preventable and manageable feedback loop between global climate change and through proper implementation of integrated flood extreme hydrological events (that is, flooding and management approach and thus environmental friendly drought). Consequently, our globe receives high rainfall and sustainable measures and strategies can be intensity which leads to disastrous flood events yearly. achieved. During the last centuries, flooding has also been one of An integrated flood management approach deals with the severe national disasters of Ethiopia (EM-DAT, integrated rather than fragmented approach (Grabs et al., 2019). It has been anticipated in the areas of a river side 2007; Topalovic and Markovic, 2018; WMO, 2017, 2009). as well as in areas with low water percolation capacity; The traditional approach which is flood prevention mainly often seen in southern, north-eastern, and eastern part of through structural measures that separate the river from the country (NDRMC, 2016). Upper Awash river basin flood plain is replaced by an integrated approach in order (Figure 1) is one of the country’s basins which has been to maximize the net benefits of flood plains and minimize Mitiku et al. 59 the loss of life. An integrated flood management bounded in the west by the Abbay river basin, in the southwest by approach opens for different stakeholders to actively the Omo-Gibe and Rift Valley lakes basin, and in southeast by participate in solving flooding problem and achieving Wabishebele. The major tributaries include Kebena, Great and Little Akaki, Mojo, Holeta, Alito, Teji, Gilo and Kelina rivers. optimal solutions. Thus, it takes into account social, The basin has a bi-modal precipitation pattern with double peak economic and environmental perspectives of both the rainy season. The main rainy season covers from June to flood and possible flood management measures. WMO September and the second minor rainfall occurs from March to (2006a) also states that government ministries and April. It receives annual rainfall ranging from about 2200 to 400 agencies, government disaster management institutions, mm.The basin is dominantly covered with undulating plain sharing 41.2% and followed by flat (24.3%) and rolling (18.9%) plains. flood-prone communities, scientific institutes or Annual cropland is the dominant land cover of the study area and organizations, registered non-governmental organizations, contributes about 71% of the watershed while grassland and voluntary organizations, and private sectors are some of moderate and spare forest covers a total of 0.8 and 10.2% of the the possible stakeholders that shall be taken into account watershed respectively. while planning and developing flood management options. Various studies have been performed confirming and supporting IFM approach to attain sustainable METHODOLOGY solutions for alleviating adverse impacts of flooding As proposed by WMO (2006a), different stakeholders shall be (Ballesteros-Cánovas et al., 2013; Brears, 2015; considered in order to develop integrated flood management Zlatanovaa et al., 2014). mechanisms. Consequently, concerned stakeholders of upper Considering socio-environmental-economic studies Awash basin were selected which include government offices flood- while planning and developing IFM mechanisms is very prone communities, scientific institutions or organizations such as vital as they enhance to choose appropriate flood school and health institutions, and non-governmental organizations/ mitigation options. Documents which are jointly prepared private sectors (“The need of integrated flood management approach”). The study uses both primary and secondary data to by WMO, APFM and GWP also clearly stated the need of formulate the current baseline conditions of upper Awash basin. environmental, economic, and social aspects in IFM Structured and semi-structured interviews were also used in order process (WMO, 2006a, b, 2007). Structural and/or non- to collect information. Depending on the level of involvement, the structural flood mitigation measures possibly induce aforementioned stakeholders have been communicated, consulted, modification in socio-environment-economic situations of and interviewed. Formal meeting and discussion with woredas’ and kebeles’ (that is, administrative boundary making up woreda) the basin resulting either in benefit and/or drawback. officials have been performed. Woreda’s
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