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Gouws, Jacques J. (2019) the Impact of Asymmetric Warfare On INTERNATIONAL APPLIED MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY SYMPOSIUM (IAMPS) 2019 “THE STRENGTH OF AN ARMY IS NOT IN ITS WEAPONS, ITS STRENGTH IS IN ITS PEOPLE” SARAJEVO, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA MAY 6 – 10, 2019 THE IMPACT OF ASYMMETRIC WARFARE ON SOLDIERS JACQUES J. GOUWS, D.PHIL., C.PSYCH., MMM1 ABSTRACT The term, Asymmetric warfare was first used in its current application around 1995 when the USA Department of Defense (DoD) expressed a growing recognition of the potential for asymmetric threats to the United States in a post-Cold War security environment. The DoD’s basic point of departure was that, since the global distribution of power had become asymmetric (i.e., no one country could engage the USA in combat), it followed naturally that asymmetric strategies would be required to counter the threat posed to specifically the USA by weaker opponents that will engage in asymmetric war activities. Following the 9/11 attacks on the USA, the term asymmetric war became a catch-all description for any and all individual and collective attempts designed to circumvent or undermine a country’s military strength through the exploitation of the targeted military’s weaknesses by employing methods that differ significantly from the expected method of operations during armed conflict with the targeted military. The list of what comprises asymmetric warfare now includes all actions ranging from terrorism to the use of weapons of mass destruction, to information and cyber warfare, etc. These are deemed to comprise unconventional tactics, means and methods of launching attacks on the USA and/or its allies. Against this background, the role of Military Psychology is broadly discussed with specific attention to the psycho-social mass impact of such actions on a country’s soldiers and its population. Note: The views expressed in this paper are those of the presenter, unless otherwise indicated in the quoted sources. 1 Jacques J. Gouws, D.Phil., C.Psych. Human & System Interface Inc. 137 Westmount Road, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 5J3, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. Lt. Col. (Rt.) Dr. Gouws, C. Psych., MMM, is a former South African Air Force officer and retired military psychologist. Dr. Gouws both researched and gained extensive firsthand experience of the resourcefulness required from soldiers and their commanders when faced by the insurmountable obstacles posed by the stress of being deployed in combat zones (complicated by the pressures from the international political arena, the reactions of the civilian population to the casualties of battle, as well as the strain placed on society in general) during long term sustained military operations. He consults and lectures on the psychological effects and impact of war, and also provided specialised trauma treatment to military, veterans, and first line responders (e.g., police, firefighters, etc.). THE IMPACT OF ASYMMETRIC WARFARE ON SOLDIERS INTERNATIONAL APPLIED MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY SYMPOSIUM (IAMPS) 2019 MAY 8, 2019 INTRODUCTION The world has always been at war, this at least for as long as human history had been around. There was always one group or another fighting another group, whether for access to resources, territory, jealousy, or just plain “for the hell of it”. Whether they fought with bare hands, sticks, rocks, crudely moulded knives, spears, or even today with chemical, biological, nuclear, and other weapons of mass destruction, leaders’ goal has always been to muster the support from their followers and convince them of the necessity to annihilate the identified opposition - simply described as “the enemy”. The annihilation of the enemy through the means of war, has been labelled in a multitude of ways, ranging from conventional to unconventional to revolutionary warfare. Asymmetric warfare is not new, if anything, it is just a new title for the same old thing: how to wage war against a more powerful opposition with limited means, or the inverse: the means by which a more powerful opponent circumvents the tactics employed by a smaller opponent. Regardless of the terminology, war remains an ugly human endeavour that is perpetrated by the few in power on the many with no power, based on an authoritarian belief of own superiority that at best is warped and at its worst is brutally malevolent in its motives towards others who are depicted as inferior. That said, there should be no misunderstanding that real enemies do exist and that they are very dangerous to each other and the world. These identified real enemies indeed also possess the malevolent qualities attributed to them. The malevolent qualities over time become more entrenched by the negative images created of the enemy, and the enemy’s actions taken in its own defence. Ironically, opposing enemy sides hold the same belief systems about each other and so, as the conflict between them escalates, each more and more closely fit the negative descriptions they had given each other in the first place. Whether these original descriptions had reflected actual reality or had involved a significant degree of distortion, is irrelevant to the conflict, this simply because of a belief by both sides that “the enemy is depicted as the enemy is”. The enemy is described, depicted, and characterised by the negative connotations derived from stereotypes of the enemy culture, in the choice of language conveying the stereotypes, and most importantly, scapegoating the enemy for all that went wrong, regardless of whose fault it may be. It must always be remembered that the ultimate act of war is the killing of the enemy. No matter how indirect the method, how complex the chain of command, how intricate the team cooperation necessary to launch a particular weapon, how many of the enemy are killed at once, or what the casualties are, in the final analysis the act of killing is PAGE 2 OF 17 THE IMPACT OF ASYMMETRIC WARFARE ON SOLDIERS INTERNATIONAL APPLIED MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY SYMPOSIUM (IAMPS) 2019 MAY 8, 2019 perpetrated by a single person on another. It is against this background that one must attempt to understand the complexity of the impact of asymmetric warfare on soldiers on all sides of the conflict. War as a violent and destructive activity of organised groups must be understood in light of the group properties of the respective antagonists involved in conflict. While the conflict between antagonist groups had grown out of their negative interaction with each other, the onset and the course of the conflict cannot be adequately predicted from the characteristics of the individual members, nor from the groups’ own internal properties. Hence, the saying: It is easier to start a war than to end it.2 Acts of war, in the final analysis, are based on the anecdotal and stereotypical perceptions created by words that create images that form the basis of what would later become the supposedly valid and legal reasons for engaging in acts of war. This is a very important and serious factor to always keep in mind as one listens to the news, reviews political rhetoric, and most importantly, interprets what supposedly intelligent and mature world leaders are saying about other countries and their peoples. Such “wars of words” can rapidly lead to “wars of swords” with now, more than ever before, the potential to destroy the very fabric of modern civilisation. Unfortunately, from a psychological perspective this all-important factor in warfare is often overlooked and seldom if ever addressed by military psychologists. Yet it is this very aspect that affects individual soldiers most in what mostly politicians and some military commentators refer to as “asymmetric warfare”. ASYMMETRIC WARFARE 101 As soon as I attested in the permanent force as a pupil pilot in the South African Air Force, I was taught about the different types of war, and in particular the types of war in which South Africa was involved at the time. I learned about the differences between wars of insurgency and counterinsurgency, conventional and unconventional war, attritional warfare, manoeuvre warfare, and revolutionary warfare. There are as many types of war as books written about the subject and everyone who theorises about war has an opinion to offer, myself not excluded. If one were to define types of warfare, one could certainly come up with many more names than already mentioned above: civil war, guerrilla war, war of independence, religious wars, succession war, ethnic conflict war, people’s war, limited 2 Marquez G. G. (1967). One Hundred Years of Solitude. Harper Perennial Modern Classics; Reprint edition (February 21, 2006). Author’s Comment: A character in this novel, the rebel leader Aureliano Buendia, after 32 attempts at seizing power violently, finally expresses this life lesson after agreeing to give peace a chance. PAGE 3 OF 17 THE IMPACT OF ASYMMETRIC WARFARE ON SOLDIERS INTERNATIONAL APPLIED MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY SYMPOSIUM (IAMPS) 2019 MAY 8, 2019 war, proxy war, preemptive war, preventive war, defensive war, and of course total war and world war. And then there is psychological war, cyber war, hybrid war, nuclear war, chemical war, biological war, irregular war, and the multitude of other names that people come up with. In each instance I was left with more questions than answers as to me, warfare, regardless of its execution, entails one thing only: winning over the adversary by any means. In this context Asymmetric Warfare is but another perspective of war operations, rather than a definition that addresses a complex world with complex security demands. Given and the degree to which identified types of war are intertwined, someone had to come up with a more generic label to subsume all of the various types of warfare. This is well explained in the following quote from an article by Colonel M. R. Sudhir, then the Commanding Officer of an Engineer Regiment in the Indian Armed Forces: The definition of ‘asymmetric warfare’ is best borrowed from the US from where the term has originated.
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