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Radio and Satellite Tracking and Detecting Systems for Maritime Applications

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Radio and Satellite Tracking and Detecting Systems for Maritime Applications by Ivan Skoryk (21345503) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Doctor of Technology degree in Information Technology in the Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Accounting and Informatics, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa April, 2014 Supervisor: Prof. Dimov Stojče Ilčev Co-supervisor: Prof. Oludayo Olugbara 1 DECLARATION I, Ivan Skoryk declare that this dissertation is a representation of my own work both in conception and execution. This work has not been submitted in any form for another degree at any university or institution of higher learning. All information cited from published or unpublished works have been acknowledged. ___________________ _____________________ Student Name Date Approved for final submission ___________________ _______________________ Supervisor Date 2 Abstract The work described in this thesis summarizes the author’s contributions to the design, development and testing of embedded solutions for maritime Radio and Satellite tracking and detecting systems. In order to provide reliable tracking and detecting facilities of ships have to be integrated Convectional Maritime Radio Communications (CMRC) and Maritime Mobile Satellite Communications (MMSC) systems. On the other hand, Global Mobile Satellite Communications (GMSC) as a part of Global Communication Satellite Systems (GCSS) has to be integrated with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) of the US GPS or Russian GLONASS systems. The proposed local maritime Radio VHF Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) systems and devices, such as Radio Automatic Identification System (R-AIS) or VHF Data Link (VDL), Radio Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (RADS-B) and GNSS Augmentation VDL-Broadcast (GAVDL-B) are introduced. The new technology deigns of global Satellite CNS maritime equipment and systems, such as Global Ship Tracking (GST) as enhanced Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT), Satellite AIS (S-AIS), Satellite Data Link (SDL), Satellite Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (SADS-B) and GNSS Augmentation SDL (GASDL) are discussed and benefits of these new technologies and solution for improved Ship Traffic Control (STC) and Management (STM) are explored. The regional maritime CNS solutions via Stratospheric Communication Platforms (SCP), tracking of ships at sea via Space Synthetic Aperture Radar (SSAR) or Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR)and Ground Synthetic Aperture Radar (GSAR) are described. The special tracking systems for collision avoidance with enhanced safety and security at sea including solutions of captured ships by pirates through aids of the MMSC, SCP and Radars are introduced and the testing methodologies employed to qualify embedded hardware for this environment are presented. During the voyage of the ship in good weather conditions and when navigation devices on the bridge are in order, then can be used very well AIS, LRIT, anti-collision Radar and other on-board equipment. However, at very bad weather conditions sometimes surveillance Radar and Radio HF Transceiver cannot work, but may work only GPS Receiver and L/C-band Satellite Transceiver, while Radio VHF Transceiver will have extremely reduced coverage, what is not enough for safe navigation and collision avoidance. Therefore, during those critical circumstances, when the safety of navigations very important, it will be not necessary to ask "Where am I", but "Where are nearby ships around me"? At this point, it should be needed the newest techniques and equipment for enhanced STC and STM, such as GST, S- AIS, SDL, SADS-B and GASDL. Terrorists exploit surprise in successful pirate actions worldwide and security forces are generally unaware of the source of these attacks at sea. In today’s information age, terror threats may originate with transnational organizations or exploit the territory of failed, weak or neutral states. Thus, countering piracy by eliminating the terrorists on land is the best solution, however, it might not be feasible and even though it’s successful could require many years. In the thesis, the general overview of Radio and Mobile Satellite Systems (MSS) for ship communication and tracking systems is conducted as well, including the space platform and orbital mechanics, horizon and geographic satellite coordinates and classification of spacecraft by Geostationary Earth Orbits (GEO) and Non-GEO orbits. 3 Acknowledgements I would like in particular to thank my supervisor, who is Prof. Dimov Stojče Ilčev, for providing me with the amazing opportunity to be a part of the Research Group in Space Science and for his continual mentoring me throughout the past two years of my studying, who also always has been available to answer to all my never-ending questions and who's wealth of ability and knowledge is unmatched by anyone I have met before. Research Group in Space Science is truly a unique and growing place, and I am honoured to have a part in its research and activities. I must also thank my Co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Oludayo Olugbara and the other IT Department members with challenging assignments and allowing me to work in their laboratory, otherwise my research and studying would have been almost impossible. The entire DUT staffs always have been extremely helpful, but in particular I would like to thank Prof. Sibusiso Moyo and Prof. Gerhard Prinsloo for continual support and facilitation. I cannot thank enough all of my friends who contributed into my past few years an amazing experience and helped me maintain my moral state, dreams and expectations, those who accompanied me on my outdoor adventures, which is so far away from home and those who provided me a help and reliable path into my future research world and to take new horizons of contemporary science. I also would like to thank my previous supervisor, who is PhD Shirokov Igor Borisovish, for mentoring me during my bachelor and master studies and giving me inestimable practical and theoretical knowledge and skills at the Sevastopol National Technical University in Ukraine, either for helping to transit me into a new city, which is Durban in Republic of South Africa. Finally, I am indebted to my parents and younger sister for their unconditional support and encouraging me in all my ventures and for the values they bestowed upon me. 4 Preface This research is providing unique practical and theoretical solutions for tracking of ships and detecting of them via radio and space applications. The thesis is prepared in order to form a bridge between potential researchers and current needs in the field of maritime transportation in designing more cost effective and reliable tracking and detecting systems for ships. In the thesis are included tracking or telemetry systems as radio and satellite networks and equipment, which are able to provide Position, Speed and Velocity (PSV) and to follow up the mobile objects at sea, on the ground and in the air. In fact, this issue can also get attribute detecting, but it is for mobile applications only. The thesis also includes detecting systems for providing just position of mobile and fixed objects using images via satellites, airships and aircraft. However, it is obvious, that detecting system cannot provide velocity and time of detected objects. The new augmented GPS or GLONASS networks for maritime Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) solutions are providing enhanced tracking and detecting concepts for modern transportation systems and their fleets at sea, on land and in the air. This thesis consists of 7 chapters on the following particular subjects: Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION gives a short background to the development of Radio and Space systems, overview, concepts and applications of GMSC for maritime tracking and detecting networks and applications. Chapter 2: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES introduce the main scope and overview of this thesis for current and new radio and space tracking and detecting systems, which are principal tasks to provide enhanced safety and security in navigation of ships at open oceans, in sea passages, costal waters, approaching to the anchorages and inside of seaports. Here is introduced basic concepts of GEO and Non-GEO satellite and other systems as well. Chapter 3: TEORETHICAL FRAMEWORK discusses the fundamental principles of the space platforms and orbital parameters, laws of satellite motions, new types of launching systems, satellite orbits and geometric relations, spacecraft configuration, payload structure and type of satellite orbits. Chapter 4: RADIO TRACKING AND DETECTING SYSTEMS provides research and introduction of current and new proposed radio solutions for tracking and detecting of ships and other mobiles. Chapter 5: SPACE TRACKING AND DETECTING SYSTEMS presents all current and new proposed solutions for modern tracking and detecting systems via satellites, airships and aircrafts. Chapter 6: EXPERIMENTAL FRAMEWORK describes design and practical approaches of proposals for enhanced radio and space tracking and detecting solutions. Chapter 7: ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSION comments adequate software and concludes solution concepts of radio and space tracking and detecting systems. 5 Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................
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