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An Integrated Approach for the Improvement of Flood Control and Drainage Schemes in the Coastal Belt of Bangladesh

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An Integrated Approach for the Improvement of Flood Control and Drainage Schemes in the Coastal Belt of Bangladesh AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE SCHEMES IN THE COASTAL BELT OF BANGLADESH An Integrated Approach for the Improvement of Flood Control and Drainage Schemes in the Coastal Belt of Bangladesh DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Academic Board of Wageningen University and the Academic Board of the International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering for the Degree of DOCTOR to be defended in public on Tuesday, 17 September 2002 at 15:00 h in Delft, The Netherlands by Md. Liakath Ali born in Comilla, Bangladesh This dissertation has been approved by the promoters: Prof. dr. ir. E. Schultz, IHE Delft/ Wageningen University, The Netherlands Prof. dr. A. Nishat, The World Conservation Union, Dhaka, Bangladesh Members of the Awarding Committee: Prof. dr. ir. R. A. Feddes, Wageningen University, The Netherlands Prof. B. Petry, IHE Delft, The Netherlands Prof. ir. R. Brouwer, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Dr. F. X. Suryadi, WL | Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands Contents V CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement IX Summary XI 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study 2 1.3 Structure of the Thesis 2 2 Historical Background 5 2.1 Ancient Period 5 2.2 Medieval Period 6 2.3 Colonial Period 7 2.4 Modern Period 7 2.4.1 Flood Control and Drainage 8 2.4.2 Development of Flood Control and Drainage Schemes 11 2.4.3 Early Implementation Project 13 2.4.4 Delta Development Project 13 2.4.5 Land Reclamation Project 15 2.4.6 National Water Plan 16 2.4.7 System Rehabilitation Project 16 2.4.8 Flood Action Plan 17 2.4.9 Dhaka Integrated Flood Protection Project 17 2.4.10 National Water Policy 18 2.4.11 National Water Management Plan 20 3 Water Resources and Land Use Pattern in Bangladesh 21 3.1 Economy and Land Use of Bangladesh 21 3.2 Coastal Condition of Bangladesh 22 3.2.1 Land and Water Use 23 3.2.2 Needs of the Coastal Polders 23 3.3 Hydrology 24 3.3.1 Climate and Rainfall 24 3.3.2 Rivers Systems in Bangladesh 24 3.3.3 Cyclones and Storm Surges 27 3.4 Water Management Schemes in Bangladesh 28 3.4.1 Land Utilization under Different Water Use Practices 29 3.5 FCD Schemes and Irrigation Systems 32 3.6 Types of Flood Control and Drainage Schemes in Bangladesh 33 3.7 System Elements of the FCD Schemes 34 3.8 Design Criteria and Characteristics of the FCD Schemes 36 4 Literature Review on Relevant South East Asian Countries 39 4.1 Land and Water Development 39 4.2 Water Management and Lowland Development 40 4.2.1 Indonesia 42 4.2.2 Thailand 45 4.2.3 Vietnam 46 4.2.4 Malaysia 48 4.3 Important Issues of Land and Water Development in the South East 49 Asia Region VI An Integrated Approach for the Improvement of FCD Schemes 5 Performance Analysis of the FCD Activities in Bangladesh 51 5.1 General 51 5.2 Agriculture 51 5.2.1 Land Ownership and Stakeholders Diversity 51 5.2.2 Land Use Practices 52 5.2.3 Source and Use of Water 53 5.3 Impacts on Agriculture 53 5.3.1 Cropped Areas and Choice of Crops 54 5.3.2 Crop Yields and Crop Production Inputs 55 5.4 Impacts of Coastal Embankment Projects 55 5.5 Fisheries Situation 56 5.6 Water Management 57 5.6.1 Water Management Conflicts 58 5.7 Environmental Impacts 59 5.8 Government and Users Involvement in Operation and Maintenance 61 5.8.1 Operation and Maintenance Funding and Cost Recovery 62 5.8.2 Institutions and Responsibilities 63 6 Case Study: Polder 43/2A 65 6.1 Present Conditions in Polder 43/2A 65 6.1.1 General 65 6.1.2 Physical Conditions of the Area 66 6.1.3 Present Status of Operation and Maintenance 67 6.1.4 Hydro Meteorological Data 68 6.1.5 Surface Water 70 6.1.6 Ground Water 72 6.1.7 Road Networks 73 6.2 Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Management (IPSWAM) 74 6.2.1 Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Management 74 Approach 6.2.2 Institutional Framework 75 6.2.3 Financial Management and Cost Sharing 75 6.2.4 Training 76 6.2.5 Monitoring and Evaluation of Operation and Maintenance 76 6.3 Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Management in Polder 76 43/2A 6.3.1 Field Observations and Data Collection 76 6.3.2 Problems 77 6.3.3 Possible Measures to Solve the Problems 77 6.3.4 Proposed Interventions 78 6.3.5 Water Management Options and Strategies 79 6.4 Evaluation of Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Management 79 6.4.1 General Observations 79 6.4.2 Present Trend 81 6.4.3 Polder 43/2A 81 7 Present Practices and Environmental Conditions of Polder 43/2A 85 7.1 Agriculture Practices 85 7.1.1 Land Utilisation and Crops of the Area 85 7.1.2 Present Cropping Pattern and Cropping Calendar 85 7.1.3 Inputs Used 86 7.1.4 Crop Damage 87 Contents VII 7.1.5 Critical Moments for Agricultural Practices 88 7.1.6 Practices for Different Rice Crops 88 7.2 Fishery Practices 89 7.2.1 Fisheries in Polder 43/2A 89 7.2.2 Capture Fisheries 90 7.2.3 Culture Fisheries 91 7.2.4 Fish Pass 93 7.2.5 Fishing Community 94 7.3 Social Conditions of Polder 43/2A 94 7.3.1 Demography 95 7.3.2 Livelihood 95 7.3.3 Credit System 98 7.3.4 Power Structure 99 7.3.5 Social Conflicts 99 7.3.6 Cooperation and Initiatives 100 7.3.7 Gender Aspects 100 7.4 Description of the Existing Environment 101 7.4.1 Natural Physical Environment 101 7.4.2 Natural Biological Environment 102 7.4.3 Socio-economic Environment 103 8 Water Management Approach for the FCD Schemes 105 8.1 General 105 8.2 Institutional Framework 106 8.3 Planning Framework 107 8.4 Considerations for the Water Management Approach 110 8.4.1 River Zonation 110 8.4.2 Hydro-topographical Categories 112 8.4.3 Soil Types 113 8.4.4 Water Management Systems 114 8.5 Water Management Requirements 114 8.6 Water Management Strategy and Land Suitability Zoning 116 9 Model Development and Application 121 9.1 General 121 9.2 Model for the System 122 9.2.1 Water Management Components 122 9.2.2 Open Water Flow Modelling 122 9.2.3 Geographical Information System (GIS) 124 9.3 Land Suitability Zoning with GIS and GAS 125 9.4 Model Application in the Polder 43/2A Area 127 9.4.1 Hydrodynamic Simulation 127 9.4.2 Results 130 9.4.3 Risk Considerations 134 9.4.4 IDRISI Modelling 135 9.5 Field Measurements 140 10 Environmental Impact Assessment of the Water Management Strategy 145 10.1 Social Impact Assessment 145 10.1.1 Stakeholders in Polder 43/2A 145 10.1.2 Social Impact Assessment of the Water Management Strategy 145 10.1.3 Assessment of Impact on the Livelihoods of the Stakeholders 146 10.2 Environmental Situation and Impacts 146 VIII An Integrated Approach for the Improvement of FCD Schemes 10.2.1 Scoping and Area of Influence 147 10.2.2 Impact Prediction and Assessment 147 10.2.3 Environmental Management Plan 149 10.2.4 Impacts of the Proposed Water Management Strategy on 149 Coastal Polders 10.3 Agricultural Cost and Benefits Assessment of Polder 43/2A 149 10.3.1 Before and after the Reclamation 149 10.3.2 Present and Future Condition 152 11 Evaluation 155 11.1 General 155 11.2 Evaluation Related to Pilot Polder 43/2A 157 References 161 Appendixes A Typical Cross Sections of the Different Types of Coastal Embankments 173 B Stakeholder Participation, Institutional Arrangements and Cost Recovery 175 Attempts in Bangladesh C Results of Soil Salinity Analysis in Samples from 0 - 0.10 m-surface for 181 Different Places in Polder 43/2A D Summarized Information about the DUFLOW Package 183 E Summarized Information about the GIS Model and Errors 189 F Land Suitability Maps for Present and Potential Conditions under the 195 Proposed Water Management Strategy G Abbreviations and Acronyms 199 H Glossary of Terms 201 I List of Symbols 203 Samenvatting 205 Curriculum vitae 219 Acknowledgement IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research work for this thesis was carried out at the International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE), Delft, The Netherlands. I would like to express my gratitude to the Institute to enable me to do this research. I would like to thank all those who supported me during this study. In the first place my promoters Prof. Dr. Ir. Bart Schultz and Prof. Dr. Ir. Ainun Nishat for their guidance and granting me freedom for my own ideas. Especially with Prof. Schultz I spent some time almost every Wednesday during this study period when I was in The Netherlands. Thanks to him for his guidance even in Bangladesh and in the field. I like to thanks Prof. Nishat for his support in my research especially in Bangladesh. Also my thanks to Ir. J. Luijendijk of IHE who provided me support at the beginning of my study. Furthermore, I would like to thank all the staff members of the Land and Water Development Core for their help and encouragement.
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