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Towards a Better Understanding of Paleoindian Native American Settlement in Southern Ohio: a Multi- Scalar Approach

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Towards a Better Understanding of Paleoindian Native American Settlement in Southern Ohio: a Multi- Scalar Approach Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2018 TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF PALEOINDIAN NATIVE AMERICAN SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN OHIO: A MULTI- SCALAR APPROACH Matthew P Purtill Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Purtill, Matthew P, "TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF PALEOINDIAN NATIVE AMERICAN SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN OHIO: A MULTI-SCALAR APPROACH" (2018). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 7232. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/7232 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF PALEOINDIAN NATIVE AMERICAN SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN OHIO: A MULTI-SCALAR APPROACH Matthew P. Purtill Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts & Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology & Geography J. Steven Kite1, Ph.D., Chair Trevor Harris1, Ph.D Jamison Conley1, Ph.D. James Thompson2, Ph.D. Mark Seeman3, Ph.D. 1 Department of Geology & Geography, West Virginia University 2 Division of Plant & Soil Sciences, West Virginia University 3 Department of Anthropology, Kent State University Morgantown, West Virginia 2018 Keywords: GIS and statistical modeling, Paleoindian archaeology, geomorphology, aeolian sedimentology, Sandy Springs archaeological site, upper Ohio River Valley Copyright 2018, Matthew P. Purtill ABSTRACT TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF PALEOINDIAN NATIVE AMERICAN SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN OHIO: A MULTI-SCALAR APPROACH Matthew P. Purtill Despite Ohio’s prominent role in the historical trajectory of archaeological research into the Native American Paleoindian period (13.5 to 11.4 ka years ago), it has been over 30 years since the last attempt to model Paleoindian land-use behavior at a resolution that includes the southern half of the state. This dissertation revisited Paleoindian adaptation and land-use behavior in southern Ohio and by association the eastern United States. Research was accomplished through a study of Paleoindian occupation at two distinct resolutions in southern Ohio: (i) regional; and, (ii) local, or site-level. The regional level was explored through a GIS and statistical modeling approach of known Paleoindian site locations against randomly selected environmental information to evaluate current theories of Paleoindian land-use behavior. Significant patterns were further explored through comparison of similarly generated trends for later archaeological sites dated to the Early Archaic (~11-8.5 ka) and Late Archaic (~6-2.7 ka) periods. A binary logistical regression test was calculated with significant variables to assess the relative strength of individual variables in explaining Paleoindian site location. The second, site-level component of this dissertation involved archaeological, geomorphological, and geochronological investigation of the Sandy Springs archaeological site and surrounding landscape. Research focused on landform reconstruction with special emphasis on aeolian sand dune formation histories. Furthermore, proxy paleoenvironmental indicators are documented through investigation of sediments at Sandy Springs. Research focused on potential explanations for site function during the Paleoindian period and directly tested the statement that saline springs were a primary reason for Paleoindian occupation. Study results indicate that Paleoindians did not practice a uniform land-use strategy in the upper Ohio Valley but instead adapted strategies to fit local conditions. A potentially distinct Paleoindian land-use strategy is identified for the Interior Low Plateaus province of Ohio. This strategy may reflect strengthening post-11 ka interaction for groups occupying the Cumberland, Tennessee, and upper Ohio drainages. This strategy also may indicate a preference for prairie environments. The combined modeling of Paleoindian, Early Archaic, and Late Archaic site distributions provides a method to assess the impact of collector bias on archaeological interpretations. Study results suggest that collector bias is not restricted to Paleoindian assemblages alone. Cross-temporal approaches provide a means to mitigate the influence of such bias in future studies. Sandy Springs represents one of the largest Paleoindian sites in the upper Ohio River Valley and study results increased our understanding of its geomorphological and archaeological history. The previous claim of saline springs at Sandy Springs was tested through electrical conductivity and pH analysis. Results failed to support the idea that Sandy Springs possessed water salinity at levels that would have acted as a draw for game animals and the Paleoindian hunters who pursued them. Alternative explanations were forwarded to explain Paleoindian occupancy at Sandy Springs including the presence of a rare xeric ecosystem and location along an early trail system connecting the Cumberland, Tennessee, and Ohio river valleys. Geomorphological and geochronological research indicates that Sandy Springs is located on a late Quaternary landscape shaped by aeolian-alluvial processes which may have deposited sediments that presently cover archaeological deposits including Paleoindian components. Geomorphological analysis demonstrates that upper Ohio Valley Pleistocene landforms are commonly capped by Holocene aeolian sediments. Finally, research also suggests that paleoclimate, including the well- documented 8.2 and 4.2 ka events, may have played a significant role in shaping landscapes in the upper Ohio Valley throughout the late Pleistocene and the Holocene. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. iv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 Dissertation and Chapter Organization ..................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 2. GIS MODELING OF REGIONAL PALEOINDIAN LAND-USE BEHAVIOR IN SOUTHERN OHIO: A CROSS-REGIONAL AND CROSS-TEMPORAL APPROACH .......................... 5 Chapter 2. Introduction and Summary of Findings ................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2. Journal Article Manuscript ...................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2. Journal Article Supplemental Information ............................................................................ 32 S1. Variables used in GIS and statistical modeling ............................................................................ 32 S1.1 Variable Definitions and Maps ................................................................................................... 32 S1.2 Data results of statistical testing for Comprehensive, Cross-regional, and Cross-temporal GIS models ................................................................................................................................................. 39 S1.3 Data results for the Binary Logistic Regression test ................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 3. RECONSIDERING THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF SALINE SPRINGS IN THE PALEOINDIAN OCCUPATION OF SANDY SPRINGS, ADAMS COUNTY, OHIO ........................... 49 Chapter 3. Introduction and Summary of Findings ................................................................................. 49 Chapter 3. Manuscript of Published Journal Article ............................................................................... 50 Chapter 3. Non-journal Article Supplemental Information .................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4. MIDWESTERN SAND DUNES, GEOARCHAEOLOGY, AND LIDAR: GEOMORPHIC LANDFORM ANALYSIS OF THE SANDY SPRINGS PALEOINDIAN SITE IN THE UPPER OHIO RIVER VALLEY........................................................................................................................................ 86 Chapter 4. Introduction and Summary of Findings ................................................................................. 86 Chapter 4. Journal Article Manuscript .................................................................................................... 87 Chapter 4. Journal Article Supplementary Material ............................................................................. 113 S1. Additional
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