OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 48 NO. 1 WINTER 1998

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ 1998 President Carmel "Bud" Tackett. 906 Charleston Pike, lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614)-772-5431. Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 1998 Vice-President Jeb Bowen, 1982 Velma Avenue, Columbus, BACK ISSUES OH 43211, (419)-585-2571. Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 1998 Executive Secretary Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street. Ash­ Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $37.50 add $4.50 P-H land, OH 44805, (419)-289-8313. Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Recording Secretary Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H Greenville, OH 45331. (513)-548-0325. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Treasurer Gary Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43064, (614)-873-5471. Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1998 Immediate Past President Steven J. Parker, 1859 Frank erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614)-653-6642. business office for prices and availability. ASO CHAPTERS BUSINESS MANAGER Aboriginal Explorers Club Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thorneville Road, Rushville, OH President: Dick Getz, 10949 Millersburg Rd SW, Massillon, OH 43150, (614) 536-7855 or 1-800-736-7815. Alum Creek Chapter President: Craig Alward, 62 Belle Ave., Delaware, OH TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1998 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43801, President: Clarence K. Thomas, 291 Harrison Ave., Buffalo, NY (614)-297-2641. Blue Jacket Chapter 1998 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, President: Jim Bartlett, 6044 East Rt. 36, Cable, OH 1-330-723-7122. Chippewa Valley Chapter 1998 William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Avenue, Columbus, OH 43224, President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH (614)-262-9615. Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1998 Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Road, Patriot, OH 45658, President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH (513)-281-8827. Dividing Ridges Chapter 2000 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, Strongsville, President: John Mocic, Box 170, RD#1, Valley Drive, OH 44136, (216)-238-1799. Dilles Bottom, OH 2000 Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Road, Norton, OH 44203 Flint Ridge Chapter (216)-753-7081. President: Samuel Bush, 2500 Condit Dr., Pataskala, OH 2000 Walt Sperry, 6910 Range Line Road, Mt. Vernon, OH 43050, Fort Salem Chapter (614)-393-2314. President: Lamont Baudendistel, 310 Water St., Bethel, OH 2000 Russell Strunk, 1608 Clough Pike, Batavia, OH 45103, Fulton Creek Chapter (513J-732-1400. President: Don Mathys, 23000 St. Rt. 47, West Mansfield, OH Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Randy Hancock, 1202 St. Rt. 302, Ashland, OH REGIONAL COLLABORATORS King Beaver Chapter David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 President: Richard McConnell, RD#8, Box 41, New Castle, PA Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 Kyger Creek Chapter Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH President: Ruth A. Warden, 350 Watson Grove Rd., Cheshire, OH William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH Lake County Chapter James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH Columbus, OH 43210 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH Miamiville Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Raymond Lovins, P.O. Box 86, Miamiville, OH Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Mound City Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Painted Post Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 President: Brian Zack, 511 Pershing, Salem, OH Plum Run Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Christopher Darin, Morning Glory Farm, 37086 Eagleton Rd,. should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Lisbon, OH changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Sandusky Bay Chapter ness Manager. President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash |1U Sandusky Valley Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Terri Hesson, 12440 St. CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Seneca Arrow Hunters Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Don Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Six River Valley Chapter President: Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH Standing Stone Chapter President: Ben Burcham, 3811 S. County Line Rd., Johnstown, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E ToNUMBERm Hornbrook, 4665 Carmont Ave., SW, Navarre, OH 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE

Thanks to Gary Kapusta (our new treasurer) for bringing our financial Radiocarbon Dating the Seaman's Fort Earthworks of statements up to date in such a short time and also a big thank you Northcentral Ohio to Mrs. Kapusta for her assistance. Tom Perrine resigned from the by David M. Stothers, Andrew M. Schneider, George B. DeMuth...5 treasurer's position due to his employment relocation. Thanks Tom Winter Solstice Alignments at Marietta for the service you gave to the A.S.O. We wish you the best but by William F. Romain 17 don't drop that membership just because you moved to Oklahoma! The board is discussing ways for the society to raise additional rev­ Another Clovis-Like Fluted Point from Ohio enue. Our January, 1998 meeting cost $2,129.01 for hall rental, (2) by John R. White 18 video screens, security and awards. There was not a charge for the minisession room. We could try a 50/50 drawing and a raffle of sev­ The Cumberland Point eral artifacts or display frames should these items be donated. by Lawrence N. Tully 19 There may possibly be a table charge for members who are selling An Adena Lithic Procurement Site in Kentucky items from their display. One of the objectives of the A.S.O is to pro­ mote archaeology by bringing members together for communication byJ.A. Georgiady, Ric Matchette 20 and camaraderie therefore there should not be a charge for display The Stephan Birdstones 22 only. A table charge would allow members to become more aware of the space used and perhaps create an appreciation for allocation. Spineback Gorgets byRickWaibel 23 I am pleased that our membership is growing approximately 6 to Scenes From The Meeting of The Archaeological 7% per year but our limited space has created safety concerns and Society of Ohio January 18, 1998 financial matters are becoming more time consuming. New laws by Elaine Holzapfel 24 governing archaeological resources are very complex. We are now fortunate to have a new member who has agreed to give the society The Pennycuff Collection: Evidence of Early Sites in Shelby County, Ohio free legal advice. I want to emphasize advice, not representation. by Elaine Holzapfel 26 The society generates a small amount of income from endowment funds which allows only the dividends to be used for general Flint and Stone Artifacts from a Muskingum County Site expenses. A monetary contribution is a true testament of the givers' by Tom McCollister 28 love of archaeology as well as showing appreciation for the A.S.O. Birdpoints and its goals. Words cannot express how thankful we are for your by Chester Larson 29 support. By continuing your financial contributions and with proper Two Transitional Sites in Ashland Co. management we are assured a future of growth and accomplish­ by Jeff Zemrock 30 ment. I strongly believe we need the services of a financial advisor to assist us with prudent financial investment information. Give your Two Engraved Trapezoidal Pendants board of directors one more year and I think you will see these two byWaltSperry 32 areas of my concern (legal and financial) professionally addressed. Three Clovis Year Your past generosity to the Ohio Archaeology Society has helped us by Terry Bohm 33 evolve into one of the largest archaeological organizations in North America. Our nationally known publication "Ohio Archaeologist" is ASO 1998 Candidate Profiles 34 respected by both experts and amateurs of historic and prehistoric artifacts. Scenes From The Sixth Annual Native American Artifact Exhibit Mary and I will continue to enjoy for many years the friendships by Brian DaRe 36 made through the society. We have been invited into many mem­ bers' homes, campouts and picnics. If the average citizen of our An Interview with Dr. B.K. Swartz, Jr. great country were only half as friendly and courteous as the by Elaine Holzapfel 38 majority of our members, it would truly be a more giving and enjoy­ Two Ft. Ancient Pieces able country to live in. by Kelly Campbell 40 Dr. Jeb Bowen will become your new president in May, 1998.1 have A Glacial Kame Gorget known him since 1986 and we have developed a great and lasting by Sam Speck 41 friendship. Jeb is one of the most knowledgeable and respected archaeologists in Ohio. I am sure Jeb will do you proud. I have been honored to have served as your president. Carmel "Bud" Tackett President

ERRATA Vol. 47 No. 4 issue of the Archaeologist. Welling 1964-1966: Postscript By Olaf H. Prufer and Sara E. Pedde Line 31 in center column on page 4 should read "location of 47 fluted points". Vol. 47 No. 4 issue of the Archaeologist. A Fortuitous Fluted Point Find By Robert N. Converse The fluted point shown on page 22 was found by Jerry Lee Garman in 1958 and not Lewis Garman - they are not related. Our apologies to both gentlemen.

Front Cover: Two Notched Ovate Bannerstones from Ohio. Probably more ceremonial than functional, these rare atlatl weights may have served as symbols for successful hunting.

3 Scenes From Seaman's Fort Excavation A - Students standing on Northern Earthworks. B - Outline of Structure 1 in "Habitation Area". C - Outline of Structure 2 in "Habitation Area". D - Bisection trench through Northern Earthworks. E - Bisection trench through Northern Earthworks. (Note Former Humus Zone).

4 RADIOCARBON DATING THE SEAMAN'S FORT EARTHWORKS OF NORTHCENTRAL OHIO by David M. Stothers Andrew M. Schneider George B. DeMuth Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program, University of Toledo Firelands Archaeological Research Center and Sandusky Bay Chapter of Archaeological Society of Ohio

Introduction 1967:150-159, 1975:358, pers. comm. side of the site where the horizon depths Controlled investigation at the Seaman's 1989, 1992), but the information obtained are more shallow due to the gradient. Fort site (33ER85) began during the exca­ through their work was limited in scope and Across the rest of the site, poorly-drained vation season of 1988, and continues data recovery. Little more could be inferred Bennington Silt Loam soil (Redmond et al. today. Under the professional direction of from these investigations other than the 1971) characterizes the upper 15 cm of soil Dr. David M. Stothers and field supervision fact that there was an Early Woodland which consists of a dark grayish-brown fri­ of Dr. David M. Stothers and George B. component present at the site (Vietzen able mantle. From 15 to 30 cm, the soil is a DeMuth, co-operative excavation by the 1945, 1976; Shane 1967). It must also be light grayish-brown friable acidic silt-clay- Sandusky Bay Chapter of the Archaeolog­ stated that, while Seaman's Fort is located loam with yellowish-brown mottling. From ical Society of Ohio, the Firelands Archaeo­ on private property, the site has not been 30 to 81 cm, the soils are grayish-brown logical Research Center, and the Western exempt from non-professional activities of and yellowish-brown firm, medium acidic Lake Erie Archaeological Research Pro­ earlier 'artifact collectors'. silt clay loam. From 81 to 152 cm, the limit gram based at The University of Toledo, Beginning in 1988 however, scientifically of excavation, the soils are a yellowish- has been undertaken. controlled investigations were initiated. The brown firm silty clay loam with grayish- The Seaman's Fort site is situated on a research design of this co-operative investi­ brown mottling. blufftop near the confluence of the west gation had two primary objectives. The first The upper layer of soil, which varied in branch of the Huron River and Hunt Creek objective was to investigate the site in an depth across the site, consisted of the pre­ in Erie County, Ohio (DeMuth 1990, 1991; effort to obtain more information about its sent humus zone and scattered occupa­ Stothers 1993; Stothers and Abel 1993). cultural history. The second objective was tional debris. This layer was designated The site area is characterized by a "hog­ to investigate the defensive earthworks in Layer No. 1 and was hand-troweled and back" formation on the southeast limits and an attempt to establish their cultural origin. screened through 1/4 inch hardware cloth a restricted "bottleneck" access at the to collect deposited cultural remains. At northwest, while the northeast and south­ Excavation Methodology interface, between the organically rich dark west limits of the site area are character­ A datum point was established in the black-brown soils of Layer No. 1 and the ized by high gradient drop-offs of center of the upland plateau, from which all culturally sterile light buff-tan colored sub­ approximately 25 meters (Figure 1). Three measurements and elevations were taken. soils, dark organic stains or features were parallel, linear earthwork embankments Two additional datum points were estab­ revealed, which were subsequently were constructed across both of the lished at the northern and southern assigned numbers and mapped on a floor- access ways at the northwest and south­ extremities of the site, creating a base line. plan. These features were then cross-sec­ east limits of the site (Stothers and Abel Subsequently, a transit survey was con­ tioned to determine their shape and 1993). Today, the forested site, which has ducted to obtain a detailed topographic dimensions. The contents of the features never been plowed, is essentially undis­ map. The Western Lake Erie Archaeolog­ were screened through 3/16 or 1/8 inch turbed with the exception of minimal pre­ ical Research Program based at the Uni­ hardware cloth depending on the density of vious investigation. versity of Toledo compiled computer each feature. The soil contents of those Since 1988, an abundance of cultural generated maps to maintain orderly control features containing rich organic deposits material and valuable information con­ over excavation progress and the relative were completely removed and taken to the cerning the site has accumulated (DeMuth locations of features. laboratory to be water screened. Flotation 1990, 1991; Stothers 1993; Stothers and In the primary stages of investigation, Dr. samples were taken from features in order Abel 1993, 1997; Stothers and Schneider Stierman and Mark Zakrzewski of the Uni­ to obtain paleobotanical remains which 1997). While the majority of the cultural versity of Toledo Geology Department con­ may have been present. material represents that of the Early Wood­ ducted a magnetometer survey of the site. Wood charcoal samples were collected land time period, limited and scattered cul­ The geophysical survey was able to locate and sealed in aluminum foil packets, tural materials from other time periods, possible aboriginal features from the sur­ labeled according to unit and feature desig­ including one biface representing the face based on the differentiation of in-situ nations, and subsequently taken to the lab­ Gainey phase Paleolndian time period soils and anthropogenic features recog­ oratory where they were dried. Later, under (Stothers 1996), one pit feature repre­ nized by magnetic field anomalies controlled conditions they were hand- senting the Late Archaic Firelands phase (Zakrzewski 1993). These magnetic anom­ picked under high magnification to extract (Stothers and Abel 1993), three features alies (features) were then plotted on a grid paleo-botanical materials or other residues which may be attributed to the Early Late system which corresponded to that of the which were not clearly identifiable as wood Woodland Green Creek phase, and one excavation. The purpose of the magne­ charcoal. These samples were weighed feature which is clearly associated with the tometer research was not specifically to and sealed in labeled aluminum foil packets Late Woodland Wolf phase of the San­ locate each feature at the site, but rather to for future analysis. dusky tradition, was also discovered. use as a basis for locating high concentra­ During field recovery all cultural remains tions of features, thus indicating areas of extracted from features were placed in History of Excavation more intense occupation at the site. bags or boxes and numbered according to Limited excavation has occurred at the The soil stratigraphy was found to be exact provenience of unit, level, and fea­ site by previous investigators (Vietzen fairly uniform across the site, with excep­ ture. These were then transported to the 1945:33-35,53, 1976:37,54-55; Shane tions near the drop-off at the southwest laboratory where they were cleaned, cata-

5 logued, and sorted. Certain assemblages cranium exhibited several cutmarks (Sciulli feature was 38 cm in diameter, 110 cm in (e.g. faunal and floral) which comprised a 1993). The cutmarks may be interpreted as length, and was pointed. This feature was portion of these extracted materials were either the result of violent injury or mor­ recognized 16 cm below present day sur­ sent to other research institutions and spe­ tuary treatment. The second feature con­ face of the earthwork, and was outlined by cialists for analyses. All cultural materials tained the partial remains of a male aged a thin layer of charcoal with sterile soils have previously been, and continue to be, 25 to 30 years (Sciulli 1993). The burial within. The point of the feature was encap­ analyzed, tabulated, and photographed co­ lacked a skull, and the post-cranial sulated by charcoal and contained what operatively by researchers at the University skeleton was disarticulated. However, the was identified as preserved Black Cherry of Toledo and the Firelands Archaeological feature also contained two completely wood (Prunus serotina). This post had clearly been consumed by fire while Research Center. articulated hands and two completely articulated feet. While it is not known embedded in an upright position on the inner, downslope side of the earthwork. Recent Site Investigation whether the articulated hands and feet are Nine years of investigation at Seaman's those of the disarticulated male, the articu­ The middle earthwork, Earthwork No. 2 Fort have yielded a large cultural assem­ lated hands and feet nonetheless offer evi­ (Figure 1), is oriented 44° east of magnetic blage. The assemblage will be discussed in dence for dismemberment. north. The length was recorded as 34 two sections, one addressing the habitation meters with an average width of 8.7 meters area and the other addressing investigation The Earthwork Structures and an average height of 0.4 meters from of the earthworks. At this time, only a pre­ In accordance with the research objec­ the original humus zone. The profile of liminary summary of these results will be tives discussed above, an investigation of Earthwork No. 2 (Figure 6) was somewhat provided, as field investigation and labora­ the earthworks at Seaman's Fort needed to more complex than Earthwork No. 3. The tory analyses continue. A forthcoming site be addressed in order to determine their upper layer of this earthwork was com­ report will address, in detail, the information cultural origin. The more extensive earth­ posed of dark organically rich soil which derived from these excavations. works, which limit access to the bluff-top varied in depth from 8 to 16 cm. This site location from the northwest (Figure 1), humus layer was underlain by a zone of Habitation Area were chosen for investigation before the buff-tan re-deposited sterile soil, appar­ Excavations in the central area of the smaller earthworks at the southeast portion ently derived from the ditch between plateau located (Figure 2) an activity area. of the site. A trench measuring one meter in Earthwork No. 3 and Earthwork No. 2 (the Four habitation structures, as well as one width and forty-five meters in length, which former of which disclosed leaching stains other small ovoid structure of unknown bisected all three earthworks (Figure 1), in its upper 10 cm), resulting from the function, have been identified (Figure 3). was excavated by students from the Uni­ organic humus zone which lay immediately Three structures have average diameters of versity of Toledo Archaeological Research above. Underlying the stained zone was ca. 5 meters, one has a diameter of ca. 3 Program and members of the Sandusky more of the same re-deposited sterile soil meters, while the fifth structure of unknown Bay Chapter of the Archaeological Society approximately 18 to 20 cm in thickness, function is not completely excavated to of Ohio (Figure 5). The objective of the which was itself underlain by a dark black- date. Two of the larger structures are char­ trench bisecting the earthwork embank­ brown organic former humus layer (Figure acterized by shallow trenches stretching ments and intervening ditches was to SB). This old humus zone was found at a from an internal fire hearth to the exterior obtain stratigraphic profiles of soil horizons, depth of 38 to 40 cm below the present house wall, presumably having operated in as well as search for features and/or cul­ surface of Earthwork No. 2 and averaged 4 the fashion of a modem flue. All of these tural inclusions. cm in thickness. Poorly defined re­ house structures have been an Early The outermost earthwork, Earthwork No. deposited sterile soil lenses (much the Woodland Leimbach phase temporal 3 (Figure 1), is oriented 45° east of mag­ same in shape and dimension to those in provenience based upon associated diag­ netic north. The dimensions of the earth­ Earthwork No. 3), suggested to represent nostic cultural material and radiocarbon work were measured at five meter intervals 'basket loading', were also observed in the dates from associated features (Stothers across its length of 31.4 meters. The trench floor and walls. and Abel 1993). average width was recorded as 9.6 meters Also present within Earthwork No. 2 was One hundred and ninety cultural pit and and the average height was recorded as a carboniferous midden lens, and two post lens features have been located, graphed, 0.7 meters from the original surface. The molds (Figure 6). The midden lens (desig­ and excavated from this central habitation profile of the earthwork (Figure 6) as seen nated Area E/Feature 2) began at a point 20 area (Figure 3). Most of these have been from the trench indicated no noticeable cm east of the west wall of Area E at a attributed to the Early Woodland Leimbach humus horizon predating the earthwork depth of 30 cm below the present-day phase, based on associated ceramic and construction. This earthwork was capped earthwork surface. This lens terminated at a lithic cultural material, as well as several by a modern organic humus zone, con­ point 107 cm to the east of its starting point radiocarbon dates (Stothers and Abel sisting of forest leaf mold overlying a humif- at a depth of 40 cm below present day sur­ 1993). Analysis of the faunal assemblage erous grey-black organic layer which face and was approximately one meter in by Dr. Orrin Shane of the Science Museum averaged 12 to 15 cm in thickness, and width (north to south). This midden feature of Minnesota is nearly completed. Two pre­ which developed after earthwork construc­ varied from 1 to 15 cm in thickness while liminary observations regarding the faunal tion was complete. The earthwork itself averaging 10 cm. assemblage involve the complete absence was composed primarily of redeposited The contents of Area E/Feature 2 were of any fish or small rodent remains, and an buff-tan sterile soils suggested to have cleaned, sorted, catalogued, and analyzed overwhelming presence of white-tailed deer been derived from the associated ditch (see Tables 1-4 for artifact tabulations). It (Shane 1998: Personal Communication). located parallel to and along its outside contained faunal material including deer Two Early Woodland burial features, (northwest) edge. Poorly defined rede­ and elk, 2.57kg of fire-cracked rock, lithic each containing one individual, were posited sterile soil lenses (average: 30-40 debitage, one biface fragment fashioned of recovered within the habitation area of the cm in diameter and 8-10 cm in depth) were Upper Mercer, one mid-section of a drill bit site (Figure 3), and subsequently sent to observable in some of the excavated areas fashioned of Upper Mercer-cream variant, Dr. Paul Sciulli of the Ohio State University of the trench floor as it was excavated, and and two Early Woodland Leimbach Cord- for analyses. The first burial feature are suggested to represent individual marked type vessels. A collected wood (W3N2/F.3) contained the nearly complete 'basket loads' of redeposited earth. Earth­ charcoal sample from this feature was pre­ skeleton of a female aged 30 to 35 years. work No. 3 did reveal one post mold (des­ pared and sent to Beta Analytic in Miami, Interestingly, analyses revealed that the ignated Area G/Feature 9; Figure ). This Florida. The raw uncalibrated radiometric

6 date from this sample is 2060±90 years day surface, while its thickness varied from ceramics of the Early Woodland Leimbach B.P. (Beta-53685), or 110±90 B .C. 5 to 10 cm. This grey-black carboniferous phase), included as part of its matrix. A postmold (designated Area F/Feature midden lens clearly lay stratigraphically Discovered in this area immediately 4) encountered within the bisect trench, within and between underlying and over­ under Earthwork No. 1 was a feature desig­ began at a depth of 12 cm below the pre­ lying re-deposited 'basket loads' of buff- nated as Area B/Feature 1 (Figure 6). This sent surface of Earthwork No. 2 and tan sterile soils derived from the ditch along feature was found to have originated at or extended downward through the previous the north side of Earthwork No. 1. There below the old humus layer. This feature humus zone terminating 66 cm below pre­ was approximately 5 cm of re-deposited was 45 cm in diameter. It began at a depth sent day surface (Figure 4). The postmold sterile clay soils above the dark organic of 40 cm below the surface of Earthwork was 22 cm in diameter and was tapered cultural refuse lens and 13 cm of re­ No. 1 and continued to 79 cm where it ter­ with a rounded end. A second postmold deposited sterile clay soil below the lens. minated with a basin shaped bottom. This was encountered in Area E and was desig­ The lens sloped downward and to the feature contained 0.45kg fire-cracked rock, nated Feature 3. It was 8 cm in diameter south for a distance of 80 cm, coming to faunal remains predominantly represented and terminated at a depth of 77 cm below rest on top of the old humus layer while by deer, lithic debris (Table 3), one biface present day surface. The bottom portion of continuing a distance of 1.45 meters south­ fragment fashioned of Upper Mercer chert this post mold was completely carbonized, ward to its termination. (Table 2), and Early Woodland ceramic and its end was pointed in shape. As was Feature 1 of Area A contained faunal material (Table 1). Analysis of the ceramics the case with the post in Earthwork No. 3, remains and bone tools which were mostly indicates the presence of sherds repre­ this post also had been consumed by fire represented by deer and elk (Table 4). senting two vessels of the Leimbach Cord- while embedded in an upright position near Lithic artifacts (Table 2) included 12 Early marked type and two vessels of the the crest of the earthwork. Woodland whole or fragmented Leimbach Leimbach Plain type (Table 1) (Stothers and The innermost earthwork, designated phase stemmed bifaces, 1 ovate leaf- Abel 1993). Wood charcoal from Area Earthwork No. 1 (Figure 1), is oriented at shaped biface of Upper Mercer chert, one B/Feature 1 was prepared and sent to Beta 35° east of magnetic north. The length of notched projectile point base representa­ Analytic. An uncalibrated date of 2240±90 the earthwork is 36 meters, while the tive of the Meadowood cluster (Justice years B.P. (Beta-52342) or 290±90 B.C. average width is 9.4 meters and the 1987:170-172) fashioned of Upper Mercer was obtained. average height is 0.4 meters from the orig­ chert (Figure 8A-H). Lithic debitage was A second feature, designated as inal humus zone. The profile Earthwork No. also present within the feature (Table 3). W8N6/Feature 6 (Figure 6), was discovered 1 is the most complex of the three earth­ Analysis of the ceramics (Table 1) from this 5 meters further east of Area B/Feature 1. works in its structural composition (Figure feature indicates the presence of sherds At this point, the new humus zone was 12 6). It was capped by a modern grey-black representing 5 vessels of the Leimbach to 15 cm thick followed by 18 to 20 cm of humus zone which varied in depth between Cordmarked variety (Figure 81), 11 vessels light brown soils laden with Early Woodland 10 to 15 cm. This humus zone was under­ of the Leimbach Plain variety (Stothers and cultural debris. This is followed by the old lain by a layer of re-deposited buff-tan Abel 1993), and 4 vessels representing the humus layer which is 4 cm in thickness, sterile soil, presumably derived from the Leimbach Thick variety (Figure 8J). Wood and is underlain by sterile soil. Feature 6 ditch between Earthwork No. 1 and Earth­ charcoal from this feature was prepared was 105 cm in diameter and began at a work No. 2, which was high in clay content, and submitted to Beta Analytic for which depth of 15 cm, just below the modern and varied from 20 to 25 cm in depth. The an uncalibrated date of 2150±80 years B.P. grey-black humus zone. This pit feature soil layer rested upon a former grey-brown (Beta-52341) or 200±80 B.C. was obtained. continued to a depth of 95 cm below the humus zone which varied between 2 and 4 The first of the three postmolds in Earth­ present day surface and had a flat bottom cm in thickness. This former humus zone work No. 1 (Figure 6), designated Area with slightly out-sloping sides. Feature 6 extended horizontally beyond the inner- A/P.M. A-1 (Figure 7A), was 13 cm in diam­ contained faunal remains, lithic debitage edge of Earthwork No. 3 to merge with the eter, ended 65 cm below present day sur­ (Table 3), 1045 kg of fire-craked rock, and modern humus zone which forms the sur­ face, and was characterized by a pointed ceramic material (Table 1). Analysis of the face of the site south of Earthwork No. 3. end. The second postmold, designated ceramic material represents two vessels of This grey-black humus zone overlies sterile Area A/P.M. A-2, was 17 cm in diameter, a thin ware (8 mm thick), typical of the rapid buff-tan subsoils which underlay the site ended 55 cm below present day surface, reduction in ceramic wall (body) thickness (Redmond et al. 1971:96-97). and was pointed. The third post mold, des­ which characterizes and distinguishes Late Woodland wares from earlier ceramic The excavated area in this earthwork ignated Area A/Feature 10, was 10 cm in wares in northern Ohio. These vessels also was expanded due to the discovery of a diameter. It ended 50 cm below present- display fine-corded fabric impressions large, internal cultural refuse midden day surface and was also pointed. None of characterized by tightly spaced vertical, (Figure 6). An additional unit measuring 3 these posts showed any signs of having parallel cord impressions, attributes which meters by 4 meters was extended east been burned. characterize Early Late Woodland Green from the profile trench in Area A to define The disposition and interpretation of the Creek ware of the Sandusky tradition the midden's extent and content (Figure 1). following two features within Earthwork No. located in northcentral Ohio. In addition, Also discovered within this unit were three 1 are important in establishing when in pre­ sherds representing one vessel of the Early postmolds. As with the other two earth­ history the earthwork structure was con­ Woodland Leimbach Cordmarked type and works, 'basket loads' of re-deposited structed. As documented in stratigraphic two vessels of the Leimbach Plain type sterile soil, probably derived from the ditch soil profiles of the walls of Trench 1, the (Table 1), redeposited Leimbach phase located parallel to and along the north side modern humus layer continued toward the material from earlier occupation of the site, of this earthen embankment, were evident. interior of the site gradually sloping down­ were present in the feature. Wood charcoal The cultural refuse lens (designated Area wards. The old humus layer maintained a from this feature was prepared and sent to A/Feature 1; Figure 6) started at a point 30 somewhat level posture, also continuing Beta Analytic for dating. An uncalibrated cm east of the west wall of the profile south towards the interior of the site until date of 1300±60 years B.P. (Beta-52341) or trench, measured 2.25 meters in width the modern and former humus zones 650±60 A.D. was obtained. On the basis of (east to west), and measured 3.75 meters merged some 1.5 meters to the south of the ceramics and the date, it is therefore in length (north to south). Area A/Feature 1 Earthwork No. 1. Between these two suggested that an intrusive early Late began at a depth of 17 cm on the western humus layers was a layer of light colored Woodland feature was dug into an Early edge and continued east sloping down­ gravel laden soils with cultural debris (fire Woodland occupation area, thus ward to a depth of 40 cm below present cracked rock, faunal remains, and

7 accounting for the Early Woodland data regarding the defensive function of the Site in Erie County, Ohio. Ohio Journal of ceramics within Feature 6. earthworks are outlined in a paper presen­ Science 90(2):27. The most recent excavations at the tation at the 1997 meeting of the Ohio 1991 The Seaman Fort Site (33ER85): A Sixth Archaeological Council (Stothers and Century B.C. Early Woodland Base Seaman's Fort site, during the fall of 1996, Camp in the Huron River Valley of North involved the horizontal stripping of 150 Schneider 1997) and will be published in Central Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science square meters on Earthwork No. 3. During the proceedings from the conference. 91(2):53. this process, 68 postmolds were identified Justice, Noel D. on the top and on the interior edge of the Acknowledgments 1987- Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the earthwork. The postmolds suggest that The cooperative efforts, aid and support Midcontinental and Eastern United some type of structure existed above the of several individuals, organizations and States: A Modem Survey and Reference. earthworks. When this structure was con­ institutions have made this article possible. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, structed, and whether or not it represented The information which forms the basis of Indiana. a 'traditional' palisade or some primitive this article has been preserved for posterity Redmond, CE., TJF Hole, C.H. Innis, and M. version, have yet to be determined. through the coordinated efforts of the San­ Wachtman. 1971- Soil Survey, Erie County. United States dusky Bay Chapter of the Archaeological Department of Agriculture and Ohio Summary Society of Ohio, The University of Toledo's Department of Natural Resources. A total of four habitation structures, as Archaeological Research Program, The Sciulli, Paul. well as one other small ovoid structure of University of Toledo's Geology Department, 1993- An Analysis of Skeletal Remains from the unknown function, have been discovered the Firelands Archaeological Research Seaman's Fort site, Erie County, Ohio. (Stothers and Abel 1993) at the Seaman's Center, and concerned citizens. Unpublished Manuscript, on file Univer­ Fort site. All of these structures have been The authors are indebted to Mr. John P. sity of Toledo Laboratory of Archaeology. attributed to the Early Woodland Leimbach Seaman, of Monroeville, Ohio, who has gra­ Shane, Orrin C. III. 1967- The Leimbach Phase and its Position in phase based upon associated diagnostic ciously allowed these organizations to Eastern North American Prehistory. cultural material. The cultural assemblage undertake continued excavations and Ph.D. Dissertation on file, Case Institute from the site is immense, and primarily research, as well as host the 1996 and 1997 of Technology. composed of Early Woodland Leimbach ASO summer picnic, at this extremely 1975- Appendix: Ohio Radiocarbon Chronology, phase artifacts. Lithic debitage, faunal and important archaeological site. Mr. Seaman's in Studies in Ohio Archaeology, Revised floral material, in addition to the ceramics continued support and contribution as a Edition, edited by O.H. Prufer and D.H. and other refuse/debris support a habita­ long-standing patron and supporter of the McKenzie, pp. 357-368. Kent State Uni­ tion related function for the Seaman's Fort preservation of northcentral Ohio's prehis­ versity Press. site. Based upon data resulting from faunal toric heritage is greatly appreciated. Stothers, David M. 1979- Cult of the Dead Thirty Centuries Ago: The analyses, specifically involving antler The funding to underwrite the cost of growth and thin-sectioning of whitetailed Birthplace of the Adena-Hopewell Phe­ radiocarbon dating features of importance nomena. Ohio Archaeologist 29(2): 14- deer dentition, an August to January occu­ at the Seaman's Fort site was made pos­ 16. pation is indicated (Shane 1998: Personal sible through research grants made avail­ 1993- Current Research: Great Lakes: Ohio and Communication). As such it is suggested able by the following: The Archaeological Michigan. American Antiquity 58(3):576. that the occupation of the Seaman's Fort Society of Ohio, The Science Museum of 1996- Resource Procurement and Band Territo­ site, at least as far as the habitation area Minnesota, The University of Toledo's ries: A Model for Lower Great Lakes and structures are concerned, represents a Archaeological Research Program, and the Paleolndian and Early Archaic Settlement fall to winter occupation. Sandusky Bay Chapter of the Archaeolog­ Systems. Archaeology of Eastern North America 24. Based on radiocarbon dates from recov­ ical Society of Ohio. Stothers, David M. and Timothy J. Abel. ered charcoal samples associated with The excavation crew which labored to 1993- Late Archaic and Early Woodland Culture sealed features at the base, within, and excavate the trench across the earthwork History of the Western Lake Erie intruding from the top surface of the earth­ structures at the Seaman's Fort site was Drainage. Archaeology of Eastern North work structures, we have clearly established composed of dedicated members of the America 21:25-110. a chronology for the construction of the Sandusky Bay chapter of the Archaeolog­ 1997- Early Woodland Prehistory (1000-1 B.C.) in northwestern set of earthworks (establishing ical Society of Ohio and students from the the Western Lake Erie Drainage Basin. points in time immediately prior to their ini­ University of Toledo. Gratitude is extended Paper Presented at the Fifth Annual Con­ tial construction process, during the time to Craig Stower for his initial topographic ference of the Ohio Archaeological span of construction, and post-dating the mapping of the earthworks with laser Council, May 9-10,1997. Chillicothe. construction duration). Consequently, it is transit, William Young for preparation of Stothers, David M. and William Rutter. argued that the earthworks at the Seaman's Figure 2 from field graphs and notes, 1978- Pipe Creek Chert: Newly Discovered Abo­ riginal Quarry Source. Ohio Archaeolo­ Fort site were constructed during the Early James Haas for the identification of wood gist 28(3):13. Woodland time period. Excavations also charcoal related to Feature 9, Area G in Stothers, David M. and Andrew M. Schneider. disclosed several postmolds situated on the Earthwork No. 3, Jason M. Koralewski, 1997- The Earthwork Defended Seaman's Fort tops of the earthworks which may possibly Timothy J. Abel, and Elizabeth A. Mather Site (33ER85): Implications for Competi­ have formed a palisade-like structure along for their photographic assistance, and Tim­ tion, Conflict, and Warfare During the these earthworks. Evidence suggests that at othy J. Abel for aid in producing the com­ Early Woodland Time Period. Paper Pre­ some point in prehistory, part of this struc­ puter generated site map (Figure 1). In sented at the Fifth Annual Conference of ture was burnt. addition, Dave Betschman and William the Ohio Archaeological Council, May 9- Young, both U. T. Regional Preservation 10,1997. Chillicothe. While there Is data to suggest a defen­ Vietzen, R. C. sive function for the earthworks at Officers, are both thanked for their aid in 1945 The Immortal Eries. Wilmot Printing Com­ Seaman's Fort, the data, as well as the promoting the finalization of this report. pany, Elyria, Ohio. argument, are beyond the scope of this To all of the individuals and organizations 1974 Shakin' the Bushes. White Horse Pub­ paper. The information contained herein, who have made this research investigation lishers, Elyria, Ohio. represents a preliminary summary of the such a success, the authors extend their Zakrzewski, M.F. cultural assemblage as well as an outline of sincere thanks and appreciation. 1993 The Application of Magnetic Surveys as a the data supporting an Early Woodland cul­ Prospecting Method for the Preliminary tural affiliation for the northwest earthworks. Assessment of Prehistoric Archaeological REFERENCES CITED Sites in Northern Ohio. Masters of Sci­ The mutually enhansive and supportive DeMuth, George B. ence in Geology, University of Toledo. 1990 The Seaman Fort Site: An Early Woodland

8 665-

Fig. 1 (Stothers) Site overview with excavation units delineated.

9 Fig. 2 Field views of Habitation Area excavations: A-Looking West; B-Looking North; C-Structure 3 outlined (see Figure 3) looking northwest; D-Looking West. \sA

Seaman's Fort Site (33ER85) Late Woodland Feature Habitation Area f*1 Postmold B Hearth Feature LiJ Early Woodland Feature Archaic Feature

Adapted from Stothers and Abel 1993 Fig. 3 Site map of excavations in Habitation Area.

10 B

Fig. 4 Artifact assemblage from Habitation Area (W2N1/F.5): A-Ceramic Strainer (2-views) and pea-gravel recovered from within strainer; B-Leimbach Cordmarked vessel and riveted lug handle; C-Bone tool assemblage; D-Leimbach Plain and Leimbach Cordmarked vessels.

11 p-+- m I . itOP

- •• > ^' • i •

t*L>

F/g. 5 Field views of Earthwork Area excavations: A-N4W4 looking west; B-Earthwork No. 2 profile (Abel pointing to original humus zone) looking east; C-Bisect trench through earthworks looking southeast.

33ER85 NORTHERN EARTHWORK PROFILES

Earthwork No. 1 Area A/F.A1 Area A/F. 10 Area A/F.A2

20O±80 B.C. (Beta-52340) 290±90 B.C. (Beta-52342) A.D. 650±60 (Beta-52341)

Earthwork No. 2 Area FVF.4 Area E/F.3_

110±90 B.C. (Beta-53685) Limit of Excavations

Fig. 6 Northern earthwork profiles.

12 -I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 L.

M

J I

Fig. 7 Earthwork excavations: A-Post Mold Area A/Feature A-1 (see Figure 6); B-Leimbach Cordmarked Rim from Area E/Feature 2; Artifact Assemblage from W8N6/Feature 6: C-Kanawha chert biface (knife?); D-Flint Ridge drill point; E-Upper Mercer stemmed biface; F-Leimbach Plain rimsherd; G and H-Green Creek ware; I-Antler projectile points; J-Antler billet; K-Antler flaker; L and M-Bone awls.

13 I 1 1 I l__l

Fig. 8 Representative Artifact Sample from Area A/Feature A-1 (see Figure 6): A-Leimbach Stemmed (Kanawha); B-Leimbach Stemmed (Upper Mercer); C-Ovate Biface (Upper Mercer); D-Stemmed Biface (Cream Variant-Upper Mercer); E-Stemmed Biface (Cream Variant-Upper Mercer); F-Leimbach Stemmed fragment (Upper Mercer); G-Leimbach Stemmed fragment (Cream Variant-Upper Mercer); H-Stemmed Biface (Cream Variant-Upper Mercer); l-Leimbach Cordmarked rimsherds; J-Liembach Thick rimsherds.

14 Table 1: TABULATION OF CERAMICS FROM C14 DATED FEATURES Table 2: TABULATION OF LITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM C14 DATED FEATURES

PROVEMENCE UTHIC ARTIFACT MATERIAL NUMBER WEIGHT (kq) HABITATION AREA MOUND AREA (C14 DATED) W2N1/F-6 Tubular Pips Fragment Pipestone 1 0.001 W2N1/F-5 W8N6/F-6I AREA A/F-1 i AREA B/F-1 AREA F F 2 W4N2/F-8 W5N5/F-2 Gorqet Fragment Slate 1 0.031 LEIMBACH TUCK Celt Preform Granite ' 0.257 Vossels 1 1 4 Net Sinker SI lata 1 0.223 Rim 2 2 9 Net Sinker Slate 1 0.101 Basal Segment-Flat Kanawa 1 Body 14 5 Biface Mid-Section Zaleskl 1 lugs Biface Mide-Sectlon UM Cream 1 Biface Fragment Upper Mercer 1 LEIMBACH CORDMARKED Ovale Biface UM-Cream 1 Vessels 3 1 1 1 7 2 2 Side-Notched Biface Kanawa 1 Flake Scraper Upper Mercer 1 Rim to 2 2 7 2 Fire Cracked Rock 12.13 Body 192 9b 51 7 17 8 29 W4N2/F-8 Cell Granite 1 0.092 Lugs 2 Pitted Anvil Stone Limestone i 0.256 Tubular Tool Shale 1 0.198 LEIMBACH PLAIN Ba sal Segm ent - Rou nd Flint Ridge 1 Vessels 1 1 2 2 11 2 Basal Segment-Flat Upper Mercer 1 Biface Fragment Upper Mercer 1 Rim 10 2 3 1 23 Pipe Creek 1 Body 35 193 216 25 103 8 Fire Cracked Rock 73.04 Lugs 1 2 W5N5/F-2 Gorget Fragment Slate 1 0.001 Cett Preform Slate 1 0.148 LEIMBACH DECORATED Grinding Stone Slate 2 0.233 Tubular Tool Shale i 0.04!, Vessels 1 1 Abredinq Stone Sandstone 1 0.106 Mini 1 3 Shale i 0.05 Body 31 Stemmed Biface UM-Cream 2 Lugs Upper Mercer 1 Zaleskl 1 Kanawa 1 GREEN CREEK CM Basal Segment-Round UM-Cream 1 Vessels 2 Kanawa 1 Rim 1 Biface Fragment Upper Mercer 1 Body 30 Zaleskl 1 Lugs Side-Notched Biface Slate 1 Flake Scraper Kanawa 1 T Drill Zaleski 1 UNANALYZABLE BODY 250 287 S3 12 1018 12 Fire Cracked Rock 3.85 W8N6/F-6 Grindinq Stone Granite 2 1.17 Mortar Granite 1 9.07 Hammerstones Granite 3 0.75 Limestone 1 0.63 Basal Seqment-Flat Kanawa 1 Bilace Fragments Upper Mercer 2 Side-Notched Bilace UM-Cream 2 Drill Bit Mid-Section UM-Cream I Fire Cracked Rock 209.12 Area A/F-1 Gorget Fragment Slate 1 0.018 Celt Slate 1 0.142 Celt Pre-form Granite 3 0.322 Stemmed Biface Upper Mercer 1 Kanawa t Basal Segm ent-Round UM-Cream 1 Upper Mercer 1 Basal Segment-Flat Upper Mercer 2 UM-Cream 4 Kanawa 1 Biface Fragment Upper Mercer 1 Kanawa 2 UM-Cream 2 Notched Biface UM-Cream 1 Ovate Biface Upper Mercer 1 Flake Scraper Pipe Creek 2 Fire Cracked Rock 57.55 Area B/F-1 Biface Fragment Upper Mercer 1 Fire Cracked Rock 0.45 Area E/F-2 Celt Slate i 0.115 Biface Fragment Upper Mercar 1 Drill Bit Mid-Section UM-Cream 1 Fire Cracked Flock 2.57

Table 3: TABULATION OF DEBITAGE IN C14 DATED FEATURES Table 4: TABULATION OF FAUNAL BONE TOOLS FROM C14 DATED FEATURES

PROVEMENCE SPECfcEN PC. Kanawa U M.-C.V. | U Mercer F Ridge |Bayport| Zaleski | Arqelhte | Columbus] Delaware |TOTAL PROVENIENCE TOOL TYPE QUANTITY WEIGHT DIAMETER LENGTH MATERIAL' W2N1/F-5 Tabular Cores 2 2 W2N1/F-5 Bone Bead 1 3g 9mm 21 mm unidentified Ave P. Rakes 4 4 Punch 2 36a 17mm 135mm ' Cygnus buccinator S. Flakes 1 1 2 38mm 20mm 121mm i Cygnus buccinator Shatter 3 1 4 Broken Gouge 1 48mm unidentified Ave W4N2/F-8 Tabular Cores 2 2 Fishing Gorge 1 '» 6 m rn P Flakes e 8 -15g 46 mm unidentifed S. Rakes 14 1 1 16 Broken Beamer 1 16a 29mm 91mm Odocoileus virqinianus Shatter 7 Chisel 2 22g 25mm 74mm Cervis canadensis W5N5/F-2 fabulai Cores a 6 7a 15mm 80mm Odocoileus virqinianus P. Rakes ie Awls 5 2.5g 3mm 73mm unidentifed S. Flakes 28 6 2 5 2 1 44 15g 6mm I 00mm Odocoileus virginianus Shatter 1 '-> 5 2 2 1 25 7.5g 11mm 1 35mm Odocoileus virginianus W8N6/F-6 Tabular Cores 9.5g 14mm 140mm Odocoileus virginianus P. Flakes 2lg 18mm 163mm Odocoileus virginianus S. Rakes 43 29 3 1 2 78 Pointed Tip 2 • 5g 2mm unidentifed Shatter 50 43 3mm Odocoileus virginianus A.A/F-1 Tabular Cores ig Projectile Pt 2 9.5g 18mm 63mm Odocoileus virqinianus P Flakes 1 1 2g 16mm Odocoileus virginianus S. Flakes 16 1 1 2 20 Knapping Tool Shatter 27 1 28 3 16a 20mm 108mm Odocoileus virginianus A.B/F-1 Tabular Cores 339 22mm 115mm Odocoileus virqinianus P.Rakei 29a. 23mm 132mm Odocoileus virginianus S. Rakes 2 2 W5N5/F 2 Bone Bead 1 5g 24mm unidentified Ave Shatter 1 1 1 3 Awl Fragment 1 1fl Odocoileus virginianus A.C/F-2 Tabular Cores Tooth Tool 1 10g 11mm 64 mm unidentified Ursadae P. Rakes W4N2/F-8 Knapping Tool 3 59g 16 in in 160mm Odocoileus virginianus S. Flakes leg 20mm 118mm Odocoileus virginianus Shatter 1 1 8.5g 14mm 86 mm Odocoileus virginianus rOTAL 24 5 1 2 1 80 11 1 1 3 6 2 Antlor lip 1 8q 8mm Odocoileus virqinianus F.RIdge-FIInt Ridge WBNC/F 6 Knapping Tool 1 14g 15mm 105mm Odocoileus virginianus P.C -Pipe Creek Projectile Pt 3 13a 17mm 77mm Odocoileus virqinianus 4.2g 12mm 49mm Odocoileus virginianus 2g 10mm 47mm Odocoileus virginianus Antler Billet 2 51g 26mm 115mm Odocoileus virginianus 19g 16mm 93mm Odocoileus virqinianus ' Odocoileus virginianus-White Tailed Deer Cygnus buccinator-Trumpeter Swan Ursadae-Bear family Cervis canadensis-Etk Aves-BIrd family

15 16 WINTER SOLSTICE ALIGNMENTS AT MARIETTA by William F. Romain 26933 Greenbrooke Drive Olmsted Township, Ohio 44138

Among the many Ohio Hopewell struc­ North latitude, and 7.0 degree horizon winter solstice - on December 21. Inter­ tures aligned to the sun are the Marietta elevation, we find from Aveni's (1972) ested persons are invited to join me at the Earthworks. The accompanying photo tables that the sun would have set at an top of the Capitoleum Mound - for a cup shows the winter solstice sun on azimuth of 231.3463 degrees. Thus all of hot chocolate - in celebration of the link December 21, 1996, as it set in alignment three earthworks are aligned to the winter between our time and the time of the with the Marietta Sacra Via. As shown by solstice sunset to within two tenths of one Hopewell - as the sun and the earth and Squier and Davis' (1848) map, the Sacra degree. the ancient mounds again come together Via was a graded passageway that led Even more intriguing is that the minor in alignment - as they did more than a from the Marietta Large Square, down to axis of the Marietta Large Square also thousand years ago. the Muskingum River. Originally, a set of seems to have been aligned to the winter Accompanying photo Marietta winter parallel walls extended along both sides solstice sunset. Unfortunately though, solstice sunset Copyright 1997 William F. of the Sacra Via. Today, remnants of because the walls of the Marietta Large Romain. these walls can still be seen in a few Square have been leveled, this conclusion places. More importantly though, the orig­ cannot be documented by actual obser­ References inal grade of the Sacra Via still remains - vation - but rather, must rest upon Aveni, Anthony F. 1972 Astronomical Tables thus memorializing the original orientation analysis of Squier and Davis' map. Intended for Use in Astroarchaeological of the passageway. Today, two parallel Nevertheless, in the alignments of the Studies. American Antiquity 37(4):531 - cobblestone streets that were built within Sacra Via, the Capitoleum Mound, and 540. the Sacra Via further mark the original ori­ the Quadranaou Mound, all of which can Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. Davis 1848 entation of the graded way. Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi be measured and photographed today, Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to Point A on the accompanying Squier we have clear evidence that the Hopewell Knowledge. Vol.1. and Davis map shows where the solstice aligned many of their earthworks to the sunset photo was taken from. Viewers in heavens. Hopewell times would have seen the As time and circumstance permit, I same solstice alignment. hope to return to Marietta for the next In addition to the Sacra Via, the minor axes of both the Capitoleum Mound and the Quadranaou Mound are also aligned to the winter solstice sunset. Both rectan­ gular-shaped mounds are still mostly intact - thereby allowing contemporary observations of the solstice sun as it sets in alignment with these earthworks. (Note: The orientation of the Capitoleum Mound as shown on the Squier and Davis map is not correct. In actuality, the mound extends parallel to Fifth Street.) For those interested in the hard data, the measured azimuth of the Sacra Via, as well as the Capitoleum and Quadranaou mounds is 231.5 degrees. The measured horizon elevation from Point A, and from the tops of each of the two mounds is 7.0 degrees. Given a date of A.D. 250, 39° 20'

Opposite Page Fig 1 (Romain) Winter Solstice Sunset in alignment with the Marietta Sacra Via December 21, 1996 Fig 2 (Romain) Squier and Davis 1848 map of Marietta showing Sacra Via Alignment.

17 ANOTHER CLOVIS-LIKE FLUTED POINT FROM OHIO by John R. White Professor of Anthropology Youngstown State University

In the summer of 1991, young "archae- could do was to point out a twenty-acre half (2.1 cm) the length of the entire point. ologist'Vcampers from Dayton's YMCA area not far from the junction of Baker's The reverse side (Fig. 2) has a double flute Camp Kern under my direction began Creek and the Little Miami River. This is 1.0 cm long and 1.1 cm wide. excavating at a fake mound built the year precisely the same area in which was Fine secondary retouch flaking encir­ before as part of a four year exercise in once situated the hotly debated, and cles the perimeter of the point including experimental archaeology. The mound now totally destroyed, Stubbs Effigy the concave base. A certain asymmetry itself is not important; as was said: it was (White 1996). A closer provenience we has been imparted to the point by the entirely contrived. What was significant cannot give you. What we have is an breaking off and reworking of one of the about this 30-foot-in-diameter and 4.5- early fluted, "Clovis"-type point from basal "ears". foot-high mound was that it was made Warren County, Ohio. We will call it the In their article, Seeman and Prufer up of four layers of soil and sand pur­ Morrow point or the Morrow Clovis. (1982), update the distribution and chased from and brought to the site by In their book Palaeo-lndians of Ohio, number of fluted points from Ohio. the Morrow Sand and Gravel Company. Prufer and Baby (1963) refrain from the Always a difficult thing to do even under In 1990, the archaeology students from use of the term Clovis to define the small the best circumstances, i.e. some aren't Youngstown State University who helped to large, fluted, lanceolate points. Appar­ reported, some are incorrectly reported, me construct the mound were charged ently it is too parochial for them and and some are being reported too late to with strategically placing the artifacts that instead they use the less site-specific make the census deadline as the article were to eventually be found by the young­ phrase "convex-parallel-sided points". In goes to press, the job is made that much sters. Every projectile point and piece of their typology, Type 1 Points (which are harder by the lack of specific detail on lithic material was plotted as to its specific the Clovis lookalikes) are described as the part of the reporter. Counts and com­ location so that we could "test" the accu­ fluted, lanceolate points with concave parisons are made easier - and are more racy of our young "archaeologists". In bases and slightly curved to nearly par­ meaningful - when you have something short, we could account for the prove­ allel sides. The Type 1 Points are com­ more to rely on than merely the phrase nience of every artifact in our mound. Or monly fluted with the number, length, "fluted point". A rose is a rose is a rose, at least we thought we could. Imagine, if and quality of the flutes varying but a fluted point may be a Folsom may you will, my chagrin when, in those first according to skills of the knapper and his be a Clovis. few excavation days of 1991, a youngster choice of lithic material (Prufer and Baby Converse (1973:5) describes a Ross came running up to me shouting, "I found 1963: 13). County point as being much like our spec­ the first arrowhead"! He did, for sure, but imen - and one of his drawings is quite it wasn't one of our "plants" and techni­ The Morrow Point similar, however he does caution that the cally it wasn't an "arrowhead". It was, in The Morrow fluted point is of the small Ross County point is seldom shorter than actuality, a small variety of a classic early (<5 cm) variety. It measures 3.9 cm in three (3) inches. Ours is one-half that. His fluted point. width by 1.9 cm in width by .5 cm in general category "Fluted Points" contains a drawing of the prototypical Clovis and We checked with Morrow Sand and thickness. The point is made on a fine­ he attests to the fact that these points Gravel as to where they had removed the grained, light-gray chert or flint. have been found varying between one yellow clayey loam matrix in which our The obverse side (Fig. 1) has a single and six inches in length (Converse Paleo point was found. The best they wide (1.0 cm) flute that runs more than 1973:4). At any rate, add another Clovis- type fluted point to the Ohio inventory and credit it to Warren County.

REFERENCES Converse, Robert 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological Society of Ohio: Plain City, Ohio. Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby 1963 Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. The Ohio Histor­ ical Society: Columbus. Seeman, Mark F. and Olaf H. Prufer 1982 An Updated Distribution of Ohio Fluted Points. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 7 (2), pp. 155-169. White, John R. 1996 The Stubbs Earthworks: Serpent Effigy of Simple Embankment. North Amer­ ican Archaeologist, Vol. 17 (3), pp. 203-237.

Fig (White) Obverse of fluted point. Fig 2 (White) Reverse of fluted Morrow point.

18 THE CUMBERLAND POINT by Lawrence N. Tully P.O. Box 923 Benton, Kentucky 42025-0923

The Cumberland Point is a masterpiece From a design standpoint, with effi­ nology, was in some cases intelligent and of ancient technology. Dating from about ciency in mind, the Cumberland Point is innovative. 8000 B. C. to 6000 B. C. [Bell, 1960], it is incredible. Here are some things to con­ essentially a southeastern point. The sider: First, if the shaft is bedded into the References Cited Cumberland Point seems to be indige­ long flutes, it adds perfect lateral stability Bell, Robert E. nous to an area along the Cumberland to the point [i.e., the point does not move 1960 Guide to the Identification of Certain and Tennessee Rivers in western Ten­ from side to side under stress]; Second, American Indian Projectile Points, Spe­ nessee and western Kentucky and east­ the sinuous sides of the point with the cial Bulletin No. 2, Oklahoma Anthropo­ ward into Alabama. Where the final narrow neck at the base, along with the logical Society, Norman, OK, 105 p. Converse, Robert N. product evolved from in the eastern ears, allows the point to be bound onto 1973 Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeological United States is not known. In any case it the shaft in a way that makes it virtually Society of Ohio, Columbus, OH, 76 p. is an extremely rare point. impossible to dislodge, especially if the Tully, Lawrence N. and Steven N. Similar forms are found in Ohio [Con­ shaft itself is notched for the binding; 1986 Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the verse, 1973]. The Ohio form is shown by Third, the point is designed in such a way North American Indian, Collector Tully [1986]. Long flutes, however, do not that the binding width does not exceed Books, Paducah, KY, 240 p. a Cumberland point make. Groups within the maximum width of the tip. the Fluted Point Tradition must have One could say, that prehistoric man in been aware of the advantage of long North America, while not having had the flutes. advantage of recorded history and tech­

Fig 1 (S. Tully) Jack Roberts Col., L: 4-7/8", Tennessee River Fig 2 (S. Tully) Clemens Caldwell Col., L: 3-7/8", Hardin Co., Kentucky

19 AN ADENA LITHIC PROCUREMENT SITE IN KENTUCKY by J.A. Georgiady Ric Matchette

The Walker-NOE site represents one of Noe site. This interaction would be less 1978 Converse, R. N. OHIO SLATE TYPES The several lithic procurement sites located in significant, or at least harder to distin­ Ohio Archaeological Society Columbus, Ohio the "inner bluegrass" area of Kentucky. guish, if not for the local lithic resources. 1989 Custer, J. F. PREHISTORIC CULTURES Northern and southern point types and This series of sites is clustered around OF THE DELMARVA PENINSULA Uni­ the middle Devonian, Boyle chert out­ materials are well represented in the versity of Delaware Press crops of Boyle, Garrard, and Lincoln broken or exhausted tools, being 1991 DeRegnaucourt, Tony A FIELD GUIDE TO counties Kentucky (Georgiady, Match­ replaced there with local materials. THE PREHISTORIC POINT TYPES OF ette, Lennon 1994). Of particular interest is an Adena point INDIANA AND OHIO Upper Miami The Walker-Noe site also represents an variation of the Robbins and ovate base Valley Archaeological Museum extreme southern Adena site. This is not styles. This Adena type variety shows an Greenville, Ohio to say that Adena influence does not expanding stem rather than the typical 1963 Dragoo, Don W. MOUNDS FOR THE extend further than present boundaries parallel sided stem. This expanding base DEAD Annals of the Carnegie Museum Vol. 37 Pittsburgh, PA. indicate (Webb 1945) (Dragoo 1963); Adena style found in the assemblage at Walker-Noe, may represent a regional 1994 Georgiady, J.A., Matchette, R., Lennon, since Adena influences can be seen on M. BOYLE CHERT The Ohio Archaeo­ the Delmarva peninsula of Delaware type. Whether this type is based on the logical Society Vol. 44 No. 2 Columbus, (Custer 1989) and in the Champlain southern archaic Ledbetter type, or rep­ Ohio drainage of Vermont (Petersen 1990). But resents a Robbins to Hopewell evolu­ 1981 Haviland, W.A., Power, M.W., THE ORIG­ sites such as the Boucher site of Ver­ tionary stage, is conjectural. INAL VERMONTERS University of New mont, represent Adena materials Included among the more typical England Press Hanover, New Hamp­ (blocked end tubular pipes of Ohio pipe- Adena materials recovered from Walker- shire stone, gorgets of pipestone, etc..) in Noe are: Cresap, Robbins, and ovate 1988 Hockensmith, C. D., Pollack, D., Sanders, T. N. PALEOINDIAN AND ARCHAIC Meadowood contexts (Haviland 1981). base projectile points, leaf blades, pol­ RESEARCH IN KENTUCKY Kentucky The Walker-Noe site represents a more ished flint celts, polished stone cones or Heritage Council Frankfort, Kentucky direct Adena influence, being practi­ hemispheres, sandstone abradors, loaf- 1987 Justice, N. D. STONE AGE SPEAR AND tioners of Adena lithic, ceramic, and mor­ stones, and early Woodland ceramics. ARROW POINTS Indiana University tuary customs, rather than possessing It is interesting to note that the majority Press Bloomington, Indiana only limited trade goods. of Adena points at Walker-Noe, were 1961 Lewis, T.M.N., Kneburg, M. EVA Univer­ In distribution maps showing West Vir­ manufactured from Muldraugh chert, sity of Tennessee Press Knoxville, Ten­ ginia (Webb, 1945), there is a clustering while the late stage bifaces are exclu­ nessee 1990 Petersen, J. B., Heckenberger, M.J., of sites around the Charleston area. This sively made of Boyle chert. Basa, L. EARLY WOODLAND PERIOD Although tending to be somewhat cluster appears near the known edge of RITUAL USE OF PERSONAL ADORN­ the Adena sphere of influence and may more variable and fossiliferous, the Ken­ MENT AT THE BOUCHER SITE Annals be somewhat analogous to Walker-Noe, tucky Boyle chert is quite similar to the of the Carnegie Museum Vol. 59 No. 3 in that it centers around the Kanawha Pipe Creek cherts of the northern Ohio Pittsburgh, PA. chert outcrops. Devonian. Unlike the Ohio Pipe Creek 1987 Pollack, David CURRENT ARCHAEO­ It is also significant that the Boyle chert chert, the Kentucky Boyle chert deposits LOGICAL RESEARCH IN KENTUCKY outcrops occur in the divide between the are much more extensive. Vol. 1 Kentucky Heritage Council Ohio and Cumberland Rivers. The small Frankfort, Kentucky 1970 Swartz, B. K. Jr. ADENA: THE SEEKING streams that bisect the chert deposits References OF AN IDENTITY Ball State University 1979 Collins, Michael B. EXCAVATIONS AT drain south to the Rockcastle River, then Muncie, Indiana FOUR ARCHAIC SITES IN THE LOWER into the Cumberland River, while to the 1945 Webb, William S. THE ADENA PEOPLE OHIO VALLEY Occasional papers in north the Paint Lick and Dix Rivers drain University of Kentucky Reports Vol. VI Anthropology, No. 1 University of Kentucky into the Ohio River. Lexington, Kentucky 1973 Converse, R. N. OHIO FLINT TYPES The This drainage pattern accounts for the Ohio Archaeological Society Columbus, north-south interactions at the Walker- Ohio

20 Fig 1 (Georgiady & Matchette) Adena points from the Walker-Noe site; note two points top row right end and second row 3rd from the right. All three are of Muldraugh chert showing stem constriction

Fig. 2 (Georgiady & Matchette) Early Woodland ceramics from the Walker-Noe Fig. 3 (Georgiady & Matchette) Hematite whetstone from the Walker-Noe site site

Fig. 4 (Georgiady & Matchette) Three Adena points from the Walker-Noe site; first two Muldraugh chert, the third of Boyle chert. Note expanding or con­ stricted stem of center point.

21 THE STEPHAN BIRDSTONES

Birdstones from the collection of Jim Stephan, Bradford, Ohio. Top - Popeyed birdstone, made of red banded slate, Mercer Co., Ohio. Second row Left - Bar type with pop eyes, made of banded slate with heavily encrusted patina. Second row right - Glacial Kame birdstone, found near Gaston, Delaware Co., Indiana. Third row left - Bar type made of red banded slate, Dekalb Co., Indiana. Third row right - Popeyed birdstone made of dark green banded slate, tally marked across back, Marion Co., Ohio. Fourth row - Bar type found in 1978, Crawford Co., Ohio. Fifth row - Glacial Kame type with pronounced banded eye, Delaware Co., Ohio.

22 SPINEBACK GORGETS by Rick Waibel Springfield, Ohio

Spineback gorgets originate with the berance. The drilling is always from the western Ohio and adjacent portions of Glacial Kame culture. They bear few bottom and the upper parts of the holes Indiana and Michigan. They are among the resemblances to gorgets from other cul­ are usually slightly reamed out. rarest of all gorget styles. tures - no such pieces are found in Adena They are always made of banded slate or Hopewell. They are unique in that the and rarely of the red variety, most of it Reference: knob or spine is the prominent feature, being of dark or banded slate. I have Ohio Slate Types and as with many Glacial Kame gorgets, never seen a spineback of such materials 1978 Converse, Robert N. they seem to have a front or back or lower as hardstone, quartzite, porphyry or The Archaeological Society of Ohio and upper end. The prow or front on these sandstone. They are usually around four Columbus interesting pieces is often turned up like inches long. the front of a canoe. The spine may be Nearly all specimens have been found in only a small hump or a pronounced protu­ the Glacial Kame area of northwestern and

Fig. 1 (Waibel) Five spineback gorgets from Ohio in the Waibel collection.

23 Paul Fritch of Cleves, Ohio, has extensive knowledge about the Ft. Ancient culture. Charlie West of Cincinnati, a Jeff Valentine and his display. While Jeff was searching the web for long-time member of the ASO, information on the Shawnee, he found a fifth grade class that was has assembled one of the most doing the same. Jeff communicated with the class, and placed a box extensive collections of prehis­ of pottery sherds, some flint points, and some bone tools on loan to toric items in southwest Ohio. them. Jeff continues archaeological discussions with the group. 1

' ^^V^L w " iif' \\ ""*<•! p. •*1 1 U. r3'*~. £ 1 ^^H Dr. Robert Maslowski of Milton, West bXi Virginia, deals in archaeological books, both collectible and new. Bob, editor of the West Virginia Archaeologist, specializes in cordage and textile analysis. Examining the field-found material are Jon Richard Millhoff, of Piqua, Ohio, dis­ Amspaugh and Donna Rodgers. plays the surface collection he has been documenting for the past 8 years. He explains that the site lies at the conflu­ ence of two small streams in Spring- creek Township, near Piqua, Ohio.

Steve Fuller of Wooster, Ohio, is a Past President of the ASO. Steve Teresa Putty, from Shelbyville, has been a lifelong collector and Indiana, has recently completed her is an authority on prehistoric slate B.S. Degree in anthropology/archae­ artifacts as well as historic items. ology from Indiana University, and intends to pursue a Master's Degree. She has already worked on many archaeological sites. Dave Reed receives a surprise award from President Bud Tackett. Dave is in charge of overseeing the field-finds and usually presents awards to other people.

24 SCENES FROM THE MEETING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO JANUARY 18, 1998 by Elaine Holzapfel

Dr. Richard Michael Gramly, of Buffalo, New York, is the foremost expert in America on the Paleolndian period. He is known for his timely reports on the many Ron Helman of Sidney, Ohio, has sites he has excavated, such as the Vail assembled what is probably Ohio's site, the Lamb site, the Olive Branch site, finest collection of prehistoric arti­ and the site at East Wenatchee in Wash­ On left is Ric Matchette and beside him, Jeff Georgiady, facts. He shares his collection as well ington, where he has to wear a bullet-proof both of whom are archaeologists from Oxford, Ohio. (See as his vast knowledge of artifacts, vest, to name a few. Mike is always happy the Walker-Noe site, this issue.) Stoddard Rowe, of through his articles, which frequently to talk to everyone, but you'll have to wait Cincinnati, examines their site material with enthusiasm. appear in the Ohio Archaeologist. in line to see him. Stodd is researching and documenting mounds in south­ western Ohio.

Rocky Falleti of Youngs­ town, Ohio, has recently organized the Mahoning Chris Rummel of Colum­ Valley Chapter of the ASO. bus is diligent in his He and Dr. John White con­ On left is Scott Haskins, a past officer research on the Hopewell tribute articles to the Ohio in the ASO. He is a radio announcer on culture. Archaeologist. station WHOK in Lancaster and pro­ duces a series for television on cowboy collectibles. At right is Jim Hovan, of Cleveland, a long-time member and Past President of the ASO.

Zygmunt Beiniulis, Grand Island, New York. Although his first col­ Russell Strunk of Batavia, lege degree was in engineering, Ohio. Russell is chairman he went on to complete a B.S. of the fraudulent artifacts and M.A. in anthropology and committee, Past President Tom Hornbrook, of Bolivar, archaeology from the State Uni­ Doug Hooks of Mansfield, of the Ft. Salem Chapter, Ohio, is a Trustee in the versity of New York. His current Ohio, a long-time collector, is and presently serves as Friends of Fort Laurens field of research is in zo-archae- active in the Johnny Apple- Trustee of the ASO. Foundation, Inc. At this ology, and he is most interested seed Chapter. meeting, Tom displayed with in patterns of and reasons for annotations a fascinating breakage of animal bone found array of items from the site. on archaeological sites.

25 THE PENNYCUFF COLLECTION: EVIDENCE OF EARLY SITES IN SHELBY COUNTY, OHIO by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Greenville, OH 45331

Mike Pennycuff, his father Louis, and to contribute to the knowledge of the wife Ranee have been surface collecting archaeology of the area. for only a short time but their interest is intense, and they are meticulously cata­ REFERENCE CITED loging their finds. The sites they are Converse, Robert N. 1994 Ohio Flint Types. examining, along a tributary of the Great Archaeological Society of Ohio. Miami River in Shelby County, have yielded some interesting prehistoric arti­ facts. The Pennycuffs have found two Cum­ berland points (figures 1 and 2). According to Converse (1994), Cumber­ land points are not only one of the earliest point types (9,000-9,500 BC) known in Ohio, but also one of the rarest. Cumber- lands are known from southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, so this dis­ covery may represent the northernmost range of the people who made Cumber- lands. The point in figure 1, made of high- quality brown flint, which may be highly-patinated Harrison County flint, is fluted on only one side. According to Converse (he told me), this is common in the type. The site has also yielded a well-made unfluted-fluted point (8,500-10,000 BC, Converse) and either two (broken) Paleo "square" knives, or a square knife and the base of a lanceolate point. The Pennycuffs have collected eleven bifurcates (figure 3), another early type dating to around 6300 BC (Converse 1994). Even though bifurcates are common in Ohio, this great amount found in such a short time has some signifi­ cance. •a The Pennycuffs have found 3 Adena artifacts (100 AD) in unbroken condition, which is unusual considering the many years of land-use in the area. The first Adena point in figure 5 is four inches long, and the last, a late Adena type, measures 3J4 inches, and is made of fine translucent Flint Ridge flint with quartz inclusions. The slate Adena "pendant" measures four inches (figure 4). Other artifacts include three-quarter- grooved hammers, along with several axes, celts, and adzes, representing the Archaic and later periods. An unusual arti­ Figure 1 (Holzapfel) One of two Cumberland points, fact made of translucent honey-colored dating from 9,000 BC, found in Shelby County along flint remains unidentified (figure 5). The drainage of Great Miami River. This point, which mea­ tear-drop-shaped piece is over two sures 2 inches, is made of high-quality brownish flint, inches long, lenticular in cross-section, which could be Harrison County or Wyandotte flint finely-chipped, and retains a striking plat­ from southern Indiana. Point enlarged to show detail. form. Any information on such an artifact would be appreciated. The Pennycuff collection from Shelby County, Ohio, will continue to have much

26 Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Eleven bifurcates, many made of Upper Mercer (Coshocton) flint, date from around 6300 BC. Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Left to right: Cumberland point, unfluted-fluted point, Cumberland point, lanceolate base, and paleo square knife, all surface-collected by the Pennycuff family of Sidney, Ohio.

Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Adena artifacts date from around 100 AD. First Adena point measures 4 inches long. In middle is thick Adena pendant made of slate, and last is a late Adena point, 354 inches long, made of translucent Flint Ridge with quartz inclusions. All recently surface-collected by Mike, Louis, and Ranee Pennycuff.

6 »*• i

Figure 5 (Holzapfel) This unique artifact found in Shelby County is made of honey-colored translucent flint and measures two inches long.

27 FLINT AND STONE ARTIFACTS FROM A MUSKINGUM COUNTY SITE by Tom McCollister 3070 E. Winding Way Zanesville, Ohio 43701

The Lapp family owned a 258 acre farm have gone to other collections. "Pete" the Lapp collection. All artifacts shown in in Muskingum County, Ohio, from the Lapp was a friend of my father and gave the accompanying two figures were sur­ early 1930's until 1975. The farm was me three points in the mid 1950's; a 2V* face collected on the Lapp farm prior to located in Muskingum Township, between inch Flint Ridge Dovetail, a 2VA inch gray the mid 1940's and represent cultures Zanesville and Dresden, approximately % Corner Notch, and a 2% inch black Zaleski from Paleo (10,000 B.C.) to Fort Ancient mile west of the Muskingum River. Over Archaic Bevel. (1.600A.D.). the years various artifacts were surface In 1991 I was fortunate enough to collected by the family, some of which acquire most of the remaining pieces of ffttf

Fig. 1 (McCollister) Paleo, Transitional, Piano, Archaic, Hopewell and Fort Ancient points and knives. Material is primarily Flint Ridge and Coschocton. Longest point is 4% inches. Seven (7) pieces have point or barb restoration.

Fig. 2 (McCollister) Ax is 6'A inches, celt is 5% inches, miniature celt is 2'/; inches, smallest miniature celt is 2 inches.

28 BIRDPOINTS by Chester Larson Brewster, Ohio

Fig 1 (Larson) Shown are Birdpoints from my collection. Most are of Flint Ridge Flint. These diminutive points were probably made by many different cultures.

29 TWO TRANSITIONAL SITES IN ASHLAND CO. by Jeff Zemrock 903 TWP. RD. 2850 Perrysville, Ohio

A hilltop site near Perrysville in Ash­ basal section is of a light gray and weather. Most artifacts are found land Co., Green Twp. has yielded sev­ mauve colored flint which may also be around the rim of this basin. The high eral small transitional points and basal Coshocton flint. The complete points ratio of points to other tools suggest a 3 sections. This hilltop site overlooks the range from 1% inches to 1 /a inches. The hunting area. Of the five transitional Blackfork valley from the south. This is broken pieces would probably also points found on this site, only one is a a multi-component site also producing have been about this size. broken basal section, suggesting that archaic and Adena artifacts, and small If this is indeed a transitional camp, it they were lost in use, instead of being scrapers, and is one of many sites scat­ may date from 8,000 to 9,000 B.C. The discarded. Of these five pieces, three tered along the south side of the valley. fact that only basal sections are found, are of Flint Ridge flint, and two of gray I call it the Ridge 1 site, or 33AS268. shows the practice of retrieving the Coshocton flint. We have found several other transitional points around the Four basal sections and one complete weapon and discarding the broken area, but only as single finds. point suggest that this may have been a point in camp, the tip having been lost temporary camp for a small band of in the field. This seems to have been As with their Paleo predecessors, the people, where broken points were common practice with Paleo lanceolate transitional era people seem to have replaced, since no tip sections were makers, as well as with later cultures. been nomadic and left little else as evi­ found. Two additional complete points Nearly all of the other tools from the site dence of their presence. The few con­ were found on the next hill to the west, at or immediate area seem to have been clusions I have drawn, are my own a distance of a quarter mile or less. An left by later peoples. personal theories made on a small eighth point was dug up in my own yard The second site is probably a hunting amount of evidence and the nature of while digging a post hole. This piece was area, located in nearby Mohican Twp. the sites themselves. buried approximately two feet deep near This was used from transitional times to the top of an underlying gravel layer. It is at least the late Woodland time period, References: made of blue streaked Coshocton flint. and consists of a basin approximately 1996 Converse, Robert N.-Ohio Flint Types Our house is also about a quarter mile 10 to 15 feet deep that was most cer­ 1997 Fulk, Charles-Personal communication from the site to the southwest. tainly a prehistoric pond. The bottom of Six of the seven artifacts are made of this depression is black muck soil, and gray or blue-gray Coshocton flint. One even now begins to fill up in rainy

Figure 2 Ridge 1 site viewed from the south. The site is between the Figure 1 Ridge 1, site 33AS268. Taken from the site looking west. The high point in the center and the white barn roof. The farm buildings are two larger points in figure 3 were found on the next hill beyond the tree- in the valley just in front of the Blackfork River. line.

30 'EJIJUI;. Figure 3 Transitional points and bases from on, or near Ridge 1 site.

Figure 4 Point dug up in my own yard. This came from the top of Figure 5 The hunting site in Mohican Township viewed from the south­ the gravel layer 2 feet or more below the surface. east. The edge where the corn has been cut shows the contour of the basin and the elevation of the surrounding area. Artifacts have been found on all sides, especially the higher areas.

Figure 6 Transitional points from hunting site. One, two, and three are Flint Ridge flint. Four and five are Upper Mercer flint.

31 TWO ENGRAVED TRAPEZOIDAL PENDANTS by Walt Sperry Mt. Vernon, Ohio

The trapezoidal pendant in the photo­ engraved bands, the top two of which Knox County. When held in the light, a graph was a personal surface find in are ladder-like. The third band creates a stick figure becomes visible on one Pleasant Township, Knox County, Ohio, cross-hatch design. A fourth band of side, the engraving of which is faint. In in June 1993. It is three inches long and ladder-like design is faint. 1991, I acquired this pendant for my almost one and one-half inches wide. It The trapezoidal pendant in the collection. The pendant measures three is made of gray-green slate with faint drawing was a personal find of Bob and one-quarter inches long and one banding. The pendant displays Champion in May, 1984, in southern and three-quarter inches wide.

Figure 2 (Sperry) Author's reproduction of stick figure. Part of the lines depicting the arms or legs were worn off and were continued by the author to completion. There were other scratchings on this surface that Figure 1 (Sperry) Trapezoidal pendant, a surface-find from Knox County, may or may not be part of the engraving. Most likely, they were part of shows engravings. the manufacturing process.

32 THREE CLOVIS YEAR by Terry Bohm Palmer, Alaska

The accompanying photos of the three The second point was the fluted clovis. mately 25 paces from the black fluted clovis points were personal finds of mine It was found the following spring, April 16, point. It's made from Carter Cave flint and between April of 1996 and April of 1997. 1997. It's made of Black Coshocton flint measures 35V' long x 7A" wide x V thick. The first point I found was the small and measures 33/m" long x V wide x ¥w" 7 unfluted point. It measures 2V long x /8" thick. One flute measures W, and the 3 wide x /i6" thick. It's made of a highly other VA". translucent Carter Cave flint. This unfluted The last point found was the following point was found April 25, 1996. day, April 17, 1997. It was found approxi­

IfV * '•'.• • . •'*'." i ' i I • HF D

Hln , •9 * 4 fl

i *m 1 Hnfik, X ils^l

\ \ 'SOff1 'ii Jfl \ ^y

F/g. 7 (Bohm) Three Kentucky fluted points.

33 A.S.O. 1998 CANDIDATE PROFILES For Trustee - Elaine Holzapfel

Elaine Holzapfel, of Greenville, Ohio, an amateur. She has studied archaeology at received a Bachelor of Science from Miami Wright State University, Dayton, and is University, Oxford, Ohio, after which she presently enrolled in graduate studies in taught school for 17 years. She has long been anthropology and archaeology at Ball State a surface collector and has published 5 site University, Muncie. reports in the Ohio Archaeologist magazine. Elaine Holzapfel has served as Recording Elaine has written over 35 articles for this peri­ Secretary and Regional Collaborator for the odical, 18 of which have described prehistoric Archaeological Society of Ohio. The values artifacts. She is currently collecting and and goals of the Society are of utmost impor­ researching unifacial blades and knives. tance to her. Elaine received the Converse Award in 1994 for contributions to Ohio archaeology by

For Recording Secretary Laurie A. Pahdopony

An ASO member since 1994, Laurie is archaeology in general, her areas of currently the vice president of the interest are remote sensing survey tech­ Standing Stone Chapter, a trustee of the niques as they apply to mounds and Flint Ridge Chapter and a member of the earthworks and also has an avid interest Six River Valley Chapter. She is a 1996 in flint working. Laurie served as an graduate of the Ohio State University archaeology intern with the Ohio Depart­ with a B.A. in Anthropology. Laurie has ment of Transportation and is presently worked on various archaeological sites in employed in the land surveying field. Ohio, Illinois and New York. In addition to

For Vice President - William H. Pickard

A member of the A.S.O. since 1984, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Bill has had a life long interest in archae­ National Park Service and Dr. Mike ology and received a degree in Anthro­ Gramly and been involved in a number of pology from Ohio State in 1995. He notable projects and site excavations in currently sits on the A.S.O.'s Board of Ohio and elsewhere. Although he does Trustees. He is a member of various not maintain an artifact collection, he has chapters in the Central Ohio area, and is an active interest in antique archaeology a frequent speaker at other chapter books and writings. Other interests meetings around the state. Bill has include site and artifact photography and worked with the Ohio Historical Society, site preservation.

For Trustee - Carl Safranski

Carl Safranski is 43 years old and is sink hole in Wyandot County which con­ President of the Chippewa Valley tains many Ice Age animal remains. At Chapter of the ASO. He is now serving this site the only recorded cave bear for his third term as Trustee and has been Ohio was discovered. Carl is also serving active in judging at ASO state meetings as Trustee - and is former Vice President and other activities. He has recently been - of the Medina County Conservancy. doing volunteer work at Sheridan Pit, a

34 A.S.O. 1998 CANDIDATE PROFILES For Trustee - John Mocic Member Archaeological Society of Claims Association, Boy & Girl Scouts of Ohio for 19 years. Avocational Archaeolo­ America, 4-H Clubs. gist for 35+ years. President Local Listed in Who's Who in Indian Relics, Chapter #40, A.S.O., 3 terms (total - 6 #8, page 327. years). Site Steward 14 years. Tri-State My aim is to promote a better under­ Publicity Chairman for 7 years. Local standing of Archaeology in the Tri-State A.S.O. Representative for 7 years. Guest area, which includes the Ohio Valley, speaker at schools, public libraries, West Virginia and Western Pennsylvania. Kiwanis & Rotary Clubs, Insurance

For Editor - Robert N. Converse Robert N. Converse has been Trustee, Tools, Ohio Slate Types, The Glacial Vice President and President of the Kame Indians, The Meuser Collection Archaeological Society of Ohio. He has and numerous articles for the Ohio served as Editor for thirty years. He has Archaeologist. written Ohio Flint Types, Ohio Stone

For Treasurer - Gary Kapusta Gary Kapusta has been President of to fill the unexpired Treasurer position the Cuyahoga Valley Chapter of the ASO and has done a fine job of reorganizing for over ten years. He has attended ASO Society files. Gary has also been active in Board meetings for the last eight years community affairs and has been instru­ and is familiar with the workings of our mental in preserving archaeological sites organization. He was recently appointed and collections in his area.

35 SCENES FROM THE SIXTH ANNUAL NATIVE AMERICAN ARTIFACT EXHIBIT by Brian DaRe 58561 Sharon Blvd. Rayland, Ohio 43943

Over seven hundred Ohio Valley resi­ ginia Archeological Society and the dents viewed the Sixth Annual Native Archaeological Society of Ohio partici­ American Artifact Exhibit held at the Delf pated in the one day event. Special Norona Museum in Moundsville, W.Va. in awards were presented to the winners of October, 1997. The event was sponsored three categories of exhibits. Best of Show by the Upper Ohio Valley Chapter of the - George Armann * Most Educational Dis­ Susan Yoho, curator of the Delf Norona West Virginia Archeological Society and play - Bob Walden * People's Choice - Museum, greets some guests at the Grave Creek Mound State Park. Bob Walden. museum's gift shop. In all, ten exhibitors from the West Vir-

W ^ mm .1

^r S

; These are West Virginia surface finds from the Bob Maslowski shows techniques used in pot­ A find display of Ohio flint collected by George collection of Bob Byard. tery making. This display is always popular Armann. with youngsters visiting the exhibit.

Bob Walden makes a throw with the atlatl. On the left are personal finds of Paul Falcone, A number of visitors gather around the artifact A Dividing Ridges Chapter member. On the display of Jim Porter. right is Gary Scott with a display of eastern Ohio surface finds.

mm.tif^^Si

^&W fc " ^ A very popular exhibit with visitors to the one Harry Heckman is shown with a fine display of Betty and Frank Fleahman talking with Lou day artifact show is that of Bob Walden of West Virginia surface finds. Stone of the Upper Ohio Valley Chapter. Poca, W.Va.

36 John Mocic (center), president of the Dividing Ridges chapter, has exhibited at all six of Bill Johnson, a widely known authority on the Both Fred and Betty Posgai are longtime ASO these events. Monongahela Culture, gave the keynote members from eastern Ohio. address in the museum's conference room.

Harry Heckman talking with Robyn Scott of the Dividing Ridges Chapter. John Mocic with a collection of artifacts from West Virginia artifacts collected by Mark eastern Ohio. Manley.

Joseph and Julia DaRe, parents of this writer, Paul Falcone (front), a member of the Dividing are several of the many senior citizens who Ridges Chapter, browsing through Anderson enjoy this family event. A fine anchor pendant recently found in West and Sassaman's landmark work, 'The Paleoin- Virginia below Moundsville. dian and Early Archaic Southeast'.

37 AN INTERVIEW WITH DR. B.K. SWARTZ, JR. by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Membrial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

INTRODUCTION: Dr. B.K. Swartz, Jr., has they are more concerned with how a person Maya in English. Although my grades were been professor of archaeology in the got the remains, and the archaeological evi­ satisfactory in graduate school, I was Department of Anthropology at Ball State dence gets forgotten and tossed into the drafted into the Navy during the Korean War University, Muncie, Indiana, for over 33 trash can. The show of authority becomes and served aboard the anti-submarine car­ years. He has conducted archaeological of utmost importance. rier CVS 37, the Princeton, from 1954 to excavations in Indiana, California, Oregon, And then there are anti-intellectual types 1956. At this time Brainerd died while I was and Nevada in the U.S.A., as well as over­ that resist archaeology. These are people in the Navy. seas in Ghana, Togo, and Cameroon. Dr. who prefer their cultural beliefs over acad­ When I returned to college after the war, Swartz has also done field study in distant emic discovery. Although there are many the archaeologist I studied under at UCLA places including Australia, Mexico, France, Native Americans who are quite interested was Clement W. Meighan, who recently died. England, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, in their past, there are many of them who He established the American Committee for Namibia, Italy, Switzerland, and Portugal. are not. In our own society there are many Preservation of Archaeological Collections, of us of the same attitude, more concerned Inc., for which I serve on the Advisory Board. EH Dr. Swartz, would you care to make with our beliefs than with the discovery or ACPAC opposes indiscrinant reburial of arch an initial comment about the basis of this information acquired from the remains. remains and believes such material should interview? The important thing is that archaeology is stay in the public domain. BKS There has been a struggle for a long for posterity, for the public, and anyone that EH Would you explain some of your time between what used to be called ama­ is involved in it should recover materials as early work? teur archaeologists, more euphemistically thoroughly and completely as possible, BKS I was in charge of an archaeological avocational archaeologists, and profes­ recovering as much information as they can, survey and excavation of the south shore of sional archaeologists. Twenty or thirty years do it correctly, and secondly, which is even Tule Lake in California, a study which I inter­ ago I would not have given an interview like perhaps more important, it should be prop­ preted for my dissertation. The chairman of this, as to the professionals the amateurs erly curated, taken care of. It doesn't matter my doctoral committee was Dr. Emil Haury, were not qualified. A professional would who does the curation; it can be any person at the University of Arizona, and I was his have nothing in common with a magazine or group of people, as long as this is care­ last doctoral student before his retirement. or journal published by amateurs. I do not fully done and the information is preserved. I worked for a time at a museum at Kla­ view myself to this day as an amateur, Preservation of the material and the data math Falls, Oregon, and it was there I however, I hope people will continue to base is the foremost consideration. became interested in rock art. I was always read further into this interview and I get I am pleased that you and the Ohio conscious of the necessity of having a over my initial cynicism. I have become Archaeologist are interested in my views, variety of options, of not putting all my extremely cynical about the human race, but I want to make it clear that I am eggs into one basket, so I had established and my view is more of a general or uni­ speaking as a professional archaeologist. versal view. Professional archaeologists are three areas of interest, in case there was a somewhat troubled in that amateurs have a EH How did you get involved in barrier with one, I could move on to "theology" about ownership of objects and archaeology? another. One was local archaeology, within things of this kind. They believe they "own" BKS I was bom in Los Angeles in 1931, the United States, second was African relics and this is not an intellectual perspec­ so I'm a big-city boy. My father did graduate Paleolithic archaeology, and third was pet- tive. It legitimately bothers professional work in psychology at Univ. of California and roglyphs, now called rock art. It was good archaeologists. I think certain resources the University of Oregon, where he was a that I maintained these options, as it has belong in the public domain, and many college professor and eventually college been in the latter area, that now, toward amateur archaeologists are not learning to president. the end of my career, I have been able to properly excavate and believe they own the In my father's library was the original edi­ make contributions. materials that are recovered. This is some­ tion of Kroeber's Anthropology of 1923 — EH How did you happen to come to thing I do not encourage. this old black thing here on the shelf. It was Ball State? the text used in an anthropology course he There are many problems with profes­ BKS I came to Ball State after I received took at Berkeley. This book was my first sional archaeologists, too. They are elitist, my Ph.D. because the salary was good at exposure to the field, and I had decided they are snobs, they want to only collect that time. I started the Ball State field before I was in high school that I wanted to their own data, they are not concerned with school in 1965. They had given me a be an anthropologist. I was originally more the relation of the materials to society in month to find an acceptable site and I interested in physical anthropology, but as I general, and they are frequently insulting to came up with the New Castle site (Figure read in other areas, I realized my interest each other. I don't defend professional 2), where we found in a later season a cer­ was more in archaeology. archaeologists either. emonial Hopewell vessel. Mound 4 was a Also in this mix is a third group of archae­ EH Please tell us about your education. panduriform mound with a depression ologists. These are bureaucrats. They prefer BKS I went to Los Angeles City College in outlining its edge. These investigations are to wield power, to deal with bureaucratic 1950, where I graduated summa cum laude. reported in Contributions to Anthropolog­ paperwork and to make people do things. I think I had straight A's except in lan­ ical History. The mound dated at about That is more important to them than a truly guages. I received my B.A. and my M.A. 2,000 years before present. Nearby we intellectual interest in the data that is recov­ from UCLA. I studied under George W. discovered the Commissary site, when ered. They trouble me, too. There are prob­ Brainerd, of Brainerd-Robinson fame for the burials began washing out of the surface. lems about unreasonable restrictions upon seriation matrix. Dr. Brainerd was an This is probably an Albee manifestation, permits, actions that actually destroy the authority on the Mayans, about which little datedatAD635±105. information, especially after artifacts may was known by the general public at the have been accidentally recovered. Rather EH Will there ever be another field school time. Aside from the Carnegie reports, I was than being concerned with the remains, like the one in Figure 2? aware of only four published books on the

38 BKS No, because of antiquity legislation. EH Would you tell us a little about your lections, you can see Indiana Ft. Ancient family? EH Please tell us where else you have material. Just because no work has been BKS I got married at 35 years of age and worked. done, doesn't mean it isn't there. Also, have 2 sons, Kinsey 29, and Frank, 27. Nei­ people are frequently unaware of work that BKS I had an appointment at the Uni­ ther son is interested in archaeology. Kinsey has been done in another state. I am sure versity of Ghana in 1970-71. I taught works with an environmental group in that the Ft. Ancient culture, so well known in there and did some field work on pale­ Massachusetts, and Frank is writing his Ohio, extends to the Falls of the Ohio River olithic sites at Hohoe. Master's Thesis in an area in Islamic history in Indiana. I was at Togo in 1980-81. I did some at Ohio State University. work there on proto-historic archaeology EH What courses do you presently teach? at Tyimu, near Dapaong, where slave- EH What do you think about the future of BKS Classes are offered in two-year raiding had occurred in the late 18th cen­ archaeology? cycles. In addition to introductory sections, I tury. In almost inaccessible caves were BKS I can answer that best by discussing teach Midwestern Archaeology, New World immense ceramic granaries, some of the past of archaeology. I was trained in tra­ Archaeology, Old World Archaeology, His­ which were 10 feet tall. I compared the ditional archaeology. During the 1970s, the tory of Archaeology, Background of Amer­ pottery styles with sherds found "New Archaeology" came into vogue. ican Black Culture, History and Philosophy embedded in the granaries to establish a During this time, if you were of the tradi­ of Archaeological Theory, and Art of Prehis­ relative sequence in order to arrive at an tional persuasion, you were not in the toric and Non-Western Cultures. In the latter age for the pots. accepted mainstream of archaeological course, I include the study of rock art as In Cameroon I did a study of ceramic theory. At that time, some academic posi­ there is no regular academic course cur­ sequences. The Germans had built roads tions were dependent on how well one rently available in this country on the subject. before WW I and had forced the native accepted the New Archaeology, and it was inhabitants to relocate their villages along difficult to publish anything if you did not EH What's next in your life? these roads. I excavated pottery sherds subscribe to this view. New, or Processual, BKS I like my work here, but there are from the abandoned village site and Archaeology eventually became discredited other things I still want to do, so in this way, compared them with the pottery still by epistemologists and its materialistic ori­ my future is uncertain. Though I have fully being made in the village of Nkol-Nguele entation. Post-Processual Archaeology then recovered from a heart attack in May, 1997, along the road. I found that the modern became the field, so I'm now on the cutting and 5-way open-heart surgery, my perspec­ potters had forgotten some of their old edge with my rock art. How ironic. tive on things has changed somewhat. roulette designs. They tried to hide this I would advise students who think they EH Thank you, Dr. Swartz. by making roulettes for the designs from will get into archaeology to make a lot of the old sherds I showed them. NOTE: An exhibit is planned at the Mid­ money to get in to another field. You can west Archaeological Conference on make a living in archaeology, but that is it. EH Can you tell something about the most October 21-24, 1998, in Muncie, on the his­ interesting rock art you studied? You cannot achieve greatness exclusively tory of archaeological research at Ball State BKS If you get enough good data and on the basis of merit anymore. Archaeology University archaeological investigation. Dr. organize it and work with it, any intelli­ is becoming politic driven. However, there is Swartz's early research will be highlighted. gent person can interpret information always a chance that bureaucratic control from it. The research results all come may become so oppressive that there will out of the nuts and bolts of getting the be a turnabout. stuff in the first place. My interest is not EH Are you actively pursing study of rock in any individual rock art, because that art at this time? is short term. Long term, the accumu­ BKS I was in Darwin, Australia, at the lated data is what interests me. There­ International Rock Art Congress in 1988 and fore, I have no "most interesting," continue to attend such conferences world because philosophically I am an induc- wide. The International Federation of Rock tivist, and the important thing to me is Art is the vehicle I have used to get to be the accumulated data. known in the field. I wrote the constitution Much of the rock art was probably not for the organization, so now I seem to be intended as art in the first place. It was the arbiter for the group. Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Dr. B.K. Swartz, Jr., in his intended to provide information, such as office in the Burkhardt Building at Ball State locators, markers, maps, etc. EH Do you have any photographic record University, January, 1998. Dr. Swartz is on the of rock art you have studied? following web site: Several years ago in the Coa Valley in http://www.bsu.edu.lcsh/an thro/benvita Portugal a private electric company was BKS I have an extensive collection of over hiding rock art from the public, because 1,000 slides of rock art from many different they did not want construction on a dam areas in the world. Many of these slides to be discontinued. An archaeologist have not been viewed for at least a quarter from the area called in foreign special­ of a century. ists, of which I was one. We thereby EH Would you be willing to give a pro­ saved the rock art. This is paleolithic gram on this subject in Columbus at a open air rock art which had not been meeting of the Archaeological Society recognized previously. of Ohio? EH What is your most significant BKS I would be delighted. publication? EH How do you view Ohio archaeology? BKS I co-edited and organized the 1980 BKS People from Ohio, and, perhaps to a book, West African Culture Dynamics. This lesser extent, other adjoining states, seem was part of a series on World Archae­ to think that archaeology stops at the ology, the proceedings of the International Indiana state line. An example is the Ft. Congress of Anthropological and Ethno­ Figure 2 (Holzapfel) In 1965 the first archaeo­ Ancient complex. I admit that part of this is logical field school at Ball State University logical Sciences, published by Mouton, that not much work has been done in the Hague, Netherlands. excavated a mound near New Castle, Indiana. Indiana on Ft. Ancient. But if you look at col­ Dr. Swartz is at left, trowel in hand.

39 TWO FT. ANCIENT PIECES by Kelly Campbell 6995 Bethlehem Road Winchester, Ohio

The spool in Figure 1 was found on engraved spools are made of sand­ The engraved disc was found on a Ft. the Eagle Creek site, Brown County, stone, this spool is made of a highly- Ancient site at Brush Creek in Adams Ohio. Although nearly all Ft. Ancient polished hard limestone. County. It is engraved on both sides.

Figure 1 (Campbell) Two views of engraved spool.

Figure 2 (Campbell) Two sides of engraved disc.

40 A GLACIAL KAME GORGET by Sam Speck Rt. 1 Fredericktown, Ohio

This rare Glacial Kame culture gorget was found in a box of relics in a barn which was being emptied of junk. It was partially broken and has been restored. It was found in the 1940s by Kenneth Kloss, now deceased, near Loudonville, Ashland County, Ohio.

Figure 1 (Speck) Dumbell-shaped Glacial Kame gorget of cannel coal from Ashland County. It is eight inches long.

41 THE WESTERN LAKE ERIE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM PRESENTS: A WINTER WORKSHOP INVOLVING STUDENTS AND THE COMMUNITY

Join members of the Black Swamp and Sandusky Bay Chapters of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, Michigan Archaeological Society and the University of Toledo's Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program for a Saturday of learning. Help Archaeologists in their research regarding the Native American Prehistory of the Western end of Lake Erie. Learn proper laboratory methods from professional and avocational archaeologists. Spend a Saturday helping unlock the mysteries of northern Ohio prehistory and help preserve our vanishing American heritage. TIMES Saturday, March 21 f9 A.M. - 4 P.M. J Saturday, March 28 f9 A.M. - 4 P.M.J Saturday. April 11 f 9 A.M. - 4 P.MJ Saturday, April 18 f9 A.M. - 4 P.MJ

*This Event is sponsored by Lambda Alpha National Anthropology society and the Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work. Lunch at local Restaurant from 12-1. For more information call Jason M. Koralewski at 474-2811 *A11 sessions take place in Anthropology Building Room SA9

Special Offer Continued! Ohio Archaeological Council Publications The First Discovery of America: Archaeological Evidence of the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area (1994, William S. Dancey, editor, 212 pages, 12 articles) A View From The Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology (1996, Paul J. Pacheco, editor, 427 pages, 24 articles) Now, both publications for $44.95, a savings of $12.95 off the list price (sales tax and postage included): offer good until June 30, 1998! These two publications contain the latest research from Ohio on Paleoindian and Early/Middle Archaic, and Hopewell prehistory. The First Discovery of America includes articles on the Burning Tree Mastodon site (Licking County), the Paleo Crossing site (Medina County), the Nobles Pond site (Stark County), and a Paleoindian. Early/Middle Archaic point type guide. A View From The Core includes articles on flint raw material used by the Ohio Hopewell, excavations at geometnc earthworks, hilltop enclosures, mounds and habitation sites, and the GE Mound (Indiana). To order send check or money order to Treasurer, Ohio Archaeological Council, PO Box 82012, Columbus, OH 43202. Single copies of The First Discovery of America wee available at $24.95 and A View From The Core at $32.95. V, Send me the special offer! I have enclosed a check or money order for $44.95 for both volumes Send me The First Discovery of America volume only. I have enclosed a check or money order for $24.95 Send me A View From The Core volume only. I have enclosed a check or money order for $32.95 Name Street Address

City State Zip Code Telephone ( )

42 Get a new look at part of Ohio's rich past CALL FOR PAPERS The 6th Ohio Archaeological Council Conference on Archaeology Fort The Archaeology of History Ancient in the Ohio Region. October 9-10, 1998 hio's Ramada Hotel &. Conference Center P^GATEWAY 2429 S. Reynolds Road, Toledo Ohio zm The 1998 Ohio Archaeological Council Conference will his outstanding prehistoric site just focus on the archaeologist's contribution in uncovering and outside Lebanon is introducing the Tstate's new gateway to American interpreting the history of the Ohio region. In anticipation of Indian Heritage.

publication of the conference proceedings, papers are And you're invited to the expanded museum's grand opening March 22 invited to address the following topics: from 1-5 p.m.! Tour this National Historic Landmark & see American The Dawn of History Indian musicians, dancers & storytellers. (Protohistoric and Historic Indian sites and issues.) The Archaeology of Human Conflict (Military &. Battlefield Archaeology.) Explore the Ohio Valley's American Indian Building a Nation heritage dating back to the ice age! (Rural &. Urban Archaeology) The Industrial Heartland more than 9,000 sq. ft. of exhibits a? OHIO hands-on and computer HISTORICAL (Industrial &. Commercial Archaeology.) interactive stations ^s SOCIETY Archaeology of the 20th Century life-size, three-dimensional scenes HC SINCE 1885 (Applied &. Forensic Archaeology.) Method and Theory in Historic Archaeology. Fort Ancient, 30 miles northeast of Cincinnati off 1-71. For more information, call 513-932-4421 or 800-283-8904 The Friday night banquet will feature a keynote address by Dr. Douglas D. Scott, National Park Service, regarding his archaeological and forensic investigations of the Little Bighorn Battlefield. Paper proposals of a minimum of 600 words (accompanied by an electronic version: windows format, MS Word preferred) should be submitted by March 1, 1998 to: G. Michael Pratt, OAC Conference Coordinator Laboratory of Archaeology, Heidelberg College 310 E. Market St., Tiffin, Ohio 44883 (419) 448-2070, Fax (419) 448-2124 [email protected] Selection of the conference participants (and alternates) will be made by March 31,1998 based on adherence to confer­ ence theme and topics, scholarly content, original research, and ability to synthesize data. Papers selected as alternates will be included in the publication. A draft version of the completed conference paper must be submitted in print and in electronic format by July 31,1998. Authors who fail to submit a draft paper by the July 31st deadline will be removed from the tentative program and be replaced by alternates. Registration materials will be available August 1,1998 The Ohio Archaeological Council is a private, non-profit membership organization registered with the State of BACK COVER An outstanding Michigan Barbed axe in Ohio since 1975 as a charitable scientific and educational the collection of Mike Williams, Meeker, Ohio. This fine corporation promoting the advancement of archaeology specimen was found in 1975 by Jeff Long of Bluffton, Ohio. It was discovered when he was attending a Chris­ in Ohio. tian Youth Bible camp on Silver Lake in Michigan. Silver Lake is located in western Michigan near Lake Michigan. It is made of black diorite and is highly polished.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.