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APP201362 APP201362 Application.Pdf(PDF, 368 APPLICATION FORM RELEASE Application to import for release or to release from containment new organisms under the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 Send by post to: Environmental Protection Authority, Private Bag 63002, Wellington 6140 OR email to: [email protected] Application number APP201362 Applicant Auckland Council Private Bag 92-012 Auckland Key contact Dr Nick Waipara www.epa.govt.nz 2 Application to import for release or to release from containment new organisms Important This application form is to seek approval to import for release or release from containment new organisms (including genetically modified organisms). The application form is also to be used when applying to import for release or release from containment new organisms that are or are contained within a human or veterinary medicine. Applications may undergo rapid assessment at the Authority‘s discretion if they fulfil specific criteria. This application will be publicly notified unless the Authority undertakes a rapid assessment of the application. This application form will be made publicly available so any confidential information must be collated in a separate labelled appendix. The fee for this application can be found on our website at www.epa.govt.nz. If you need help to complete this form, please look at our website (www.epa.govt.nz) or email us at [email protected]. This form was approved on 1 May 2012. May 2012 EPA0160 3 Application to import for release or to release from containment new organisms 1. Brief application description Provide a short description (approximately 30 words) of what you are applying to do. To import and release the yellow leaf spot fungus Kordyana sp. as a biological control agent for the weed tradescantia (Tradescantia fluminensis). 2. Summary of application Provide a plain English, non-technical description of what you are applying to do and why you want to do it. A collective comprising 13 regional councils and the Department of Conservation (DOC) supports the development of biological control as the strategy most likely to achieve widespread, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable control of tradescantia (Tradescantia fluminensis). This application seeks approval to introduce a white smut fungus – the Brazilian yellow leaf spot fungus (Kordyana sp.) – as a biocontrol agent of tradescantia. The EPA has already approved the introduction of the chrysomelid beetles Neolema ogloblini (approval code NOR000043), Lema basicostata and Neolema abbreviata (approval code ERMA200683) as biocontrol agents for tradescantia. These feed on the leaves, stems and shoot tips of the weed respectively (http://www.epa.govt.nz/new-organisms/popular-no-topics/Pages/biocontrol-for-tradescantia.aspx). Leaf infection by Kordyana sp. will complement the effects of these insects and this fungus would also be introduced from Brazil, the native range of the weed. Auckland Council makes this application on behalf of the National Biocontrol Collective. Landcare Research is the science provider for this research, and contracted Professor Robert Barreto (Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil) to determine if the yellow leaf spot fungus would be suitable to release in New Zealand. Landcare Research has contracted Jane Barton to provide expert input on plant pathology, and Richard Hill & Associates to prepare the application and manage the application process on behalf of Auckland Council. Tradescantia (sometimes called wandering Willie or wandering Jew) forms thick mats at many forest margins, in forest clearings, and on stream margins in northern New Zealand. Mats overshadow and kill low-growing plants, including native tree seedlings that are essential for forest regeneration. Without intervention, heavy tradescantia infestations guarantee the eventual destruction of small forest remnants and shrinkage of larger stands over time as forest margins retreat. Tradescantia is a hated weed in suburban backyards and civic parks, and commonly causes severe allergic reactions in dogs that walk in it. Tradescantia has no significant beneficial attributes. The biological control programme aims to gain control over this weed by establishing a range of natural enemies that damage it in a variety of ways. Together, the damage caused by control agents is expected to benefit the environment in two ways: by reducing the growth rate and bulk of tradescantia where it currently exists allowing growth of native seedlings in forest ecosystems, and by stopping the development of damaging mats at new sites of invasion. May 2012 EPA0160 4 Application to import for release or to release from containment new organisms The following potentially adverse effects of introducing Kordyana sp. have been identified: The risk of direct damage to native plants and valued exotic ornamental plants Indirect effects on flora and fauna as a result of disruption of trophic relationships The removal of tradescantia as a habitat for native fauna. None of these risks is considered to be significant. Host range tests indicate that no New Zealand native plants will be at risk from Kordyana sp. Tests indicated that valued ornamental plants related to tradescantia will not be significantly affected. The agent is host specific to the weed, and because significant infections will occur only where the weed is abundant, no significant disturbance of ecological relationships can occur outside of tradescantia infestations. The presence of tradescantia itself massively modifies natural interactions between species, and any reduction in the weed will help reverse those impacts. Tradescantia has been observed to suppress the populations of some native invertebrates, but to enhance others. Any net biodiversity benefit is unlikely to ever outweigh the adverse effect of the weed on other species, particularly native plants. The main beneficial and adverse effects identified in previous consultations will be addressed in the application form and background information will be posted on the Landcare Research website (Landcare Research 2012). 3. Describe the background and aims of the application This section is intended to put the new organism(s) in perspective of how they will be used. You may use more technical language but please make sure that any technical words used are included in a glossary. The adverse effects of Tradescantia fluminensis on forest ecosystems are better documented than those of any other weed in New Zealand and the weed is an acknowledged threat to biodiversity values nationwide. The effects of tradescantia can be managed at particular sites by hand removal of the plants or by applying herbicides, but successful control is resource-intensive and often damaging to associated vegetation. The weed continues to spread and accumulate in areas that are beyond the reach of conventional weed management strategies. Kordyana sp. is expected to contribute to biological control of tradescantia, reducing those adverse effects. Biological control is the only hope of sustained and widespread management of those adverse effects because agents persist from year to year, and can disperse to colonise even hidden tradescantia populations. Background reviews, reports and published papers about the potential of biological control, the nature of the tradescantia threat, and the biology of Kordyana sp. can be found on the Landcare Research website (Landcare Research 2012). Tradescantia is now seen by many as one of the weeds that most threaten the integrity of important forest remnants in the North Island (Landcare Research 2012). The dense mats of interleaved tradescantia stems that form on the forest floor in New Zealand are often 50 cm deep. A single stem may be 1.5 m long with many branches. Kelly and Skipworth (1984) estimated that a square metre of ground with a standing crop of 1400 g could comprise 300 tradescantia plants with a total stem length of 900 m. Where tradescantia is present on the forest floor tall native seedlings tend to be absent, implying the death of small seedlings under this weed (Kelly & Skipworth 1984). Heavy shading by tradescantia kills all seedlings, no matter how many are present. This means that robust forest ecosystems with abundant seedlings are just as much at risk from tradescantia as struggling urban reserves (Standish et al. 2001; Landcare Research 2012). Edge effects extend at least 40–50 m into forest May 2012 EPA0160 5 Application to import for release or to release from containment new organisms remnants, so areas of less than 9 ha are dominated by such edge effects, including tradescantia invasion (Standish et al. 2004). Tradescantia mats can persist on the forest floor even once light gaps close. The adverse effects are evident at several trophic levels. It grows in a radically different way from any native vegetation, fundamentally altering ecosystem processes such as litter decomposition, nutrient cycling (Standish et al. 2004), and the process by which lowland podocarp–broadleaved forests, swamps and stream margins regenerate (Landcare Research 2012). There is also an indirect relationship between the presence of tradescantia and the nature of the invertebrate communities in lowland forests (Yeates & Williams 2001; Landcare Research 2012). Physical removal by ‗rolling up‘ and removing the mat and then painstakingly examining the exposed ground for fragments that might regenerate is regarded as the most effective ‗herbicide-free‘ technique available for small patches of tradescantia. This tactic minimises
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