Wissenschaftskolleg Zu Berlin Jahrbuch 1991/92
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Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin Jahrbuch 1991/92 WISSENSCHAFTSKOLLEG - INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY - ZU BERLIN JAHRBUCH 1991/92 NICOLAISCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG © 1993 by Nicolaische Verlags- buchhandlung Beuermann GmbH, Berlin und Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin — Institute for Advanced Study — Alle Rechte, auch das der fotomechanischen Wiedergabe, vorbehalten Redaktion: Katharina Biegger Schwarz Umschlag: Jürgen Stockmeier Satz: Mega-Satz-Service, Berlin Druck: Druckerei Gericke, Berlin Buchbinder: Luderitz & Bauer, Berlin Printed in Germany 1993 ISBN 3-87584-477-7 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorbemerkung des Herausgebers 11 Arbeitsberichte BRUCE A. ACKERMAN 14 MANFRED BIERWISCH 17 HORST BREDEKAMP 23 LASZLO BRUSZT 26 IAN BURUMA 29 GÜNTER DE BRUYN 31 AMOS ELON 34 HINDERK M. EMRICH 35 MENACHEM FISCH 39 ÉTIENNE FRANÇOIS 42 INGRID GILCHER-HOLTEY 46 6 ARSENIJ GULYGA 49 AMOS HETZ 54 ALBERT O. HIRSCHMAN 58 STEPHEN HOLMES 60 HERBERT HRACHOVEC 62 PAUL KIPARSKY 65 JOHN MICHAEL KROIS 69 ADAM S. LABUDA 71 MICHAEL LACKNER 76 WALTER LEVIN 80 LARISSA LOMNITZ 84 ANTHONY A. LONG 87 GÉRARD MAUGIN 91 GÜNTER METKEN 96 7 LEO MONTADA 100 LOLLE NAUTA 103 CLAUS OFFE 108 MILAN OTAHAL 112 PATRIZIA PINOTTI 115 ANDREI GABRIEL PLESU 119 LYNDAL ROPER 122 CLAUDIA SCHMÖLDERS 125 EMMANUEL TERRAY 129 MARIO VARGAS LLOSA 133 GABRIEL R. WARBURG 135 DIETER WUNDERLICH 138 8 Seminarberichte The Identity Group An informal seminar meeting regularly throughout the 1991/92 year, organized by ANTHONY A. LONG 144 Biologie der Sprache — Probleme und Perspektiven Seminar veranstaltet von MANFRED BIERWISCH, DIETER WUNDERLICH, PAUL KIPARSKY 152 Party Systems in Post-Communist Societies Seminar veranstaltet von STEPHEN HOLMES und CLAUS OFFE 164 Physiognomik interdisziplinär Symposium veranstaltet von CLAUDIA SCHMÖLDERS 167 9 Aufsätze BRUCE A. ACKERMAN The Future of Liberal Revolution 170 IAN BURUMA Between Guilt and Shame: German and Japanese Memories of War 189 AMOS ELON Politics of Memory 196 STEPHEN HOLMES Treasures of Hate and Envy: A Reading of Tocqueville's Ancien régime 210 CLAUS OFFE Die Integration nachkommunistischer Gesellschaften: Die ehemalige DDR im Vergleich zu ihren osteuropäischen Nachbarn 233 MILAN OTAHAL Revolution der Intellektuellen? Die tschechischen Intellektuellen und der Totalitarismus 258 ANDREI PLESU Angels: Elements for a Theory of Proximity 273 MARIO VARGAS LLOSA The Power of Lies 287 11 Vorbemerkung des Herausgebers Das Jahrbuch des Wissenschaftskollegs ist Rechenschaft und Chronik zugleich. Es enthält die Arbeitsberichte seiner wissenschaftlichen Mitglie- der, die Resümees der im Kolleg veranstalteten Seminare sowie einige Aufsätze, die jahrestypische Forschungsthemen vorstellen. Das Wissenschaftskolleg ist eine Institution, an der nicht gelehrt wird, in der man aber vieles lernen kann. Dies machen vor allem die Arbeits- berichte der Fellows deutlich. Für jeden Fellowjahrgang gilt, was man Valéry vorwarf: er will alles verstehen. Auf den ersten Blick mag den Außenstehenden die Vielfalt der Forschungsthemen ebenso verwirren wie die Mannigfaltigkeit der Methoden und Verfahren, mit denen man sie bearbeitet. Bringt ein Jahr am Wissenschaftskolleg wirklich mehr hervor als ein Chaos klarer Ideen? Die sorgfältige Lektüre der Arbeitsberichte zeigt, daß ein gelingendes Fellowjahr sich nicht zuletzt dadurch auszeich- net, daß in ihm die Reduktion von Beliebigkeit gelingt: durch den wechsel- seitigen Kontakt der Forschenden miteinander schärfen sich die Fragestel- lungen, nähern sich die Methoden, gewinnen neue Themen ebenso Kontu- ren wie eingespielte Projekte ad acta gelegt werden. Ein Institute for Advanced Study zeichnet sich auch dadurch aus: in ihm wird Innovation durch einen systematischen und zugleich improvisierten Disziplinenkon- takt erreicht. Der Reduktion von Beliebigkeit dienen auch die Schwerpunktsetzun- gen. Im akademischen Jahr 1991-92lagen die Schwerpunkte in der Lin- guistik und in den Sozialwissenschaften: noch auf lange Zeit wird am Wis- senschaftskolleg zu Berlin der mühsame Transformationsprozeß Mittel- und Osteuropas ein Anstoß zur Forschung bleiben. Daß darüber hinaus auf Initiative des Wissenschaftskollegs mit der Gründung des Collegium Budapest ein Beispiel tatkräftiger Wissenschaftspolitik, die im zusam- menwachsenden Europa noch auf lange Sicht Wissenschaftshilfepolitik sein wird, gegeben werden konnte, ist für unsere Arbeit von besonderer Bedeutung. Zu den ungeplanten Schwerpunkten des Jahres zählte die „Identity Group". Auch wenn ihr nicht alle Fellows angehörten, wurde an dieser Gruppe besonders deutlich, wie sehr sich in jeden Jahr am Wissenschafts- kolleg Forschungs- und Lebensperspektiven der Beteiligten miteinander verschränken — in der vieles wagenden Absicht, sich der Alternative William Butler Yeats' nicht zu beugen: The intellect of man is forced to choose perfection of the life, or of the work. Wolf Lepenies Arbeitsberichte 14 Wissenschaftsl`colleg • Jahrbuch 1991/92 Bruce A. Ackerman The Future of Liberal Revolution Born in 1943 in New York. 1964 B.A. at Harvard Col- lege; 1967 LL.B. from Yale University. 1972-74 Profes- sor of Law and Public Policy Analysis at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; 1974-82 Professor of Law at Yale University, New Haven; 1982-87 Beek- man Professor of Law and Philosophy at Columbia University, New York. Since 1987 Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science. Main publications: Private Property and the Constitution (1977); Social Justice in the Liberal State (1980, Gravel Award); Reconstructing American Law (1984); We the People (vol. 1, 1992). — Address: Yale University, Law School, 401A Yale Sta- tion, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. We arrived, my wife and I, with a clearer sense of ending than beginning. Just before our stay in Berlin, both of us had sent off big books — the work of years and years — to the publishers. Even more wrenching, we had said good-bye to our youngest son and watched him bravely leave home to start a new life for himself as a freshman at university. After so many years with the children, we were once again alone with one another, still young enough — we anxiously assured one another — to be excited about the pros- pect. For reasons I have never really understood, I had decided, in the early 1980's, to begin studying German. Year after year, I had helped finance graduate education at Columbia and Yale (where I have taught more re- cently) by hiring a German graduate student as a tutor. We would read books together, novels mostly, and discuss them two or three hours a week. It was painful to mark my slow progress. Starting any large activity in my late 30's was tougher than I had supposed. Yet, after ten years, brute perseverance had begun to pay off. I began my stay at the Kolleg by reading some Heidegger and found, to my surprise, that he was more intel- ligible in German than in English (which is not to say that I understood him). Even more remarkably, I began to laugh at German jokes at the same time everybody else found them funny, and sometimes even could distinguish between Germanic irony and Teutonic stolidity. Developing my own ideas in German came a bit more slowly, and was never com- Arbeitsberichte 15 pletely successful. During much of the year, I gave my public lectures (in Frankfurt, Berlin, and Vienna) in English. But by the end, I was giving them in German — at the Universities of Kiel and Bremen, and in a debate with Herrn Gauck about the proper use of the Stasi Files in Wiesbaden. This halting Sprung into a Fremdsprache only served to emphasize the break from customary Anglophone life in New Haven. But it did little by itself to answer the question, What next? Perhaps, of course, there would be no answer. In order to avoid the void, I had prepared a contingency plan: While I had just published a book called We the People, I had announced that the book was only the first of a series that would explore the philosophy, history and law of the American constitution. If nothing else came along, I would push onward to the second in the series. In fact, in the course of writing the first volume, I had already done a lot of work on material that would fit in the second. Almost too much work. During the preceding decade's research, I had already written about 850 pages of manuscript that badly needed com- pression. These chapters attempted an intensive analysis of the two great crises in American constitutional history: the nineteenth century crisis provoked by the Civil War; the twentieth century crisis provoked by the Great Depression. Even more important than reorganizing this material, I needed to think through, and write, an introductory chapter or two that might provide an organizing framework for the more detailed historical analysis in the rest of the book. This latter task took up much of my effort in the fall. By December or so, I had completed my framework chapters and confronted the forbidding task of reducing the 850 pages of detailed history into a less formidable, and more illuminating, 400 pages. At this point, however, I shifted from my contingency plan. As I was writing my framework chapters for volume two of We the People, I was playing with some ideas provoked by my accumulating European experi- ence. I used my Tuesday seminar at the Wissenschaftskolleg to test these ideas in a lecture, "The Future of Liberal Revolution," published in this volume. I found the response generated by my talk immensely encourag- ing. My friends at the Kolleg were so energetic in their objections and sug- gestions that I was prompted to revise and expand repeatedly. Three members of the Kolleg helped me along especially. At an early stage, Peter Glotz encouraged me to refine my ideas for a German audience. This resulted in the publication of "Die Zukunft der liberalen Revolution" in the March 1992 issue of Die Neue Gesellschaft/Frankfurter Hefte. Stephen Holmes made available to me all of the resources of a large research pro- ject that he is directing on Constitutionalism in Eastern Europe. This allowed me to have many spirited conversations with the Project's acade- mic correspondents in a number of Eastern European capitals concerning 16 Wissenschaftskolleg • Jahrbuch 1991/92 the present political and constitutional situation.