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Universidad Nacional Del Sur UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR TESIS DE DOCTORADO EN BIOLOGIA Ecología del puma (Puma concolor) en el Espinal: un acercamiento enfocado en el efecto de los factores antrópicos MARÍA DE LAS MERCEDES GUERISOLI BAHIA BLANCA ARGENTINA 2018 PREFACIO Esta Tesis se presenta como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado Académico de Doctor en Biología, de la Universidad Nacional del Sur y no ha sido presentada previamente para la obtención de otro título en esta Universidad u otra. La misma contiene los resultados obtenidos en investigaciones llevadas a cabo en el ámbito del Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, en dependencias del INBIOSUR y de la Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, durante el período comprendido entre el 3 de Septiembre del 2013 y el 30 de Noviembre del 2017, bajo la dirección del Dr. Mauro Lucherini y la codirección de la Dra. Estela Maris Luengos Vidal. Maria M. Guerisoli UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR Secretaría General de Posgrado y Educación Continua La presente tesis ha sido aprobada el 20/03/2018, mereciendo la calificación de 10 (sobresaliente). II Dedicatoria A mamma, a papá e a mio fratello, per rappresentare il mio posto sicuro al mondo. Grazie mamma e papá per avermi accompagnato in tutti questi anni. Grazie per i valori insegnati e i sentimenti trasmessi. Grazie per avermi insegnato che essere egoisti è essere ignoranti. Grazie per questa mente che non si conforma e cerca la libertà, ripudia l’abitudine e sogna la giustizia. Grazie per i colori, la stravaganza e i mille mondi che ho immaginato insieme a voi. Grazie degli infiniti momenti d’amore e di quei pochi momenti amari. Grazie per questi occhi che vedono, queste mani che toccano. Grazie per i giorni e gli anni. Grazie perché eravamo noi. Mille volte grazie. Per sempre. Emma, mi primer amigo, cómplice de juegos y burlas. Mi hermano, mi fuente de inspiración como persona y pensador. Un luchador de sus creencias y principios humanos. A Dante, mio compagno d’avventure, mio migliore amico, mio complice. Tu paciencia y ternura fueron y serán una inspiración. Un lugar contigo donde veo aventuras, movimientos, revolución y libertades. “En lo pequeño radica la fuerza, Con tu cariño yo caminare, Imaginando rutinas bellas, Para dar vuelta el mundo al revés Romper con todos nuestros miedos, Ser consecuente De cuerpo y de mente Para alzar el vuelo por senderos nuevos”. III Agradecimientos Al Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia por permitirme realizar esta tesis en las dependencias del mismo. Al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), por haberme apoyado económicamente a lo largo de mi formación profesional. A SGCyT-UNS, Wild Felid Research and Management Association, Felidae Conservation Fund, CREOi, por su apoyo económico al proyecto general de carnívoros del Grupo de Ecología Comportamental de Mamíferos. Al Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) por el apoyo logístico, el material cartográfico y la vinculación con los productores rurales. A mis directores de doctorado, al Dr. Mauro Lucherini y a la Dra. Estela Maris Luengos Vidal por su guía y sus consejos a lo largo de este camino. Estos años me enseñaron a ser más paciente, a adaptarme ante las dificultades y a festejar “como nunca” también por los pequeños logros. Muchas gracias por las infinitas cosas aprendidas! A Diego, Nico, Orlando y Sabri por su amistad y compañerismo en los diferentes momentos vividos en todos estos años. Guardo recuerdos muy importantes con cada uno de ustedes. Mil gracias por las risas y los abrazos compartidos, por muchos más para el futuro que se viene! A Emma B. Casanave por su disponibilidad y ayuda brindada durante el desarollo del proyecto. A los productores rurales quienes abrieron sus tranqueras ofreciendo hospitalidad y disponibilidad completa para trabajar en sus propiedades. A todos los voluntarios que ayudaron en las campañas de campo. IV I shall never forget the expression in the eyes of one puma, best described by the remark made by one of the Indians as he reined back his horse, expecting a spring: ‘Mira los ojos del diablo!’ (‘Look, what devil’s eyes!’). Nunca olvidaré la expresión de los ojos de un puma, muy bien descrita por la observación que hizo uno de los indios al refrenar su caballo por temor de un salto: “¡Mira los ojos del diablo!” George Chaworth Musters, At home with the Patagonian / Vida entre los Patagones, 1871. Waki killing a puma. V RESUMEN A lo largo de su distribución el puma, Puma concolor, protagoniza complejas interacciones con los humanos. En el Espinal del sudoeste bonaerense, donde los hábitats naturales han sido alterados por las actividades agro-ganaderas, este felino es el foco de intensos conflictos con los productores, quienes responden a la predación de ganado matando al puma. El primer objetivo de esta tesis fue el de determinar los patrones de actividad y uso del hábitat del puma en el SO bonaerense, explorando el efecto de los factores antrópicos. El segundo fue evaluar los conflictos con los humanos, mediante una revisión global del conflicto humano-puma y la caracterización de esta problemática en el Espinal bonaerense. A través de una revisión bibliográfica, se describió el conflicto entre ganadería y puma en las Américas. Los conflictos ocurrieron en el 78,1% de las publicaciones (n=69) y fueron más comunes en América del Sur y Central. El ovino fue la especie preferida por el puma y la presencia de conflictos fue mayor en ambientes con abundante cobertura de vegetación, lejos de las rutas y a distancias medias de ciudades. Las áreas protegidas no evitaron la presencia del conflicto. El análisis mediante Modelos Lineales Generalizados (MLG) indicó que el conflicto ocurriría en zonas con altas densidades de vacunos, cerca de ambientes con abundante cobertura vegetal y con menor riqueza de co-predadores. Aun así, se evidencia la escasez de informaciones sobre este tema. Se realizaron tres campañas de trampeo fotográfico en los partidos de Villarino y Patagones, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, y se registraron 105 eventos de puma. Los MLG mixtos mostraron que la proporción de pastizales con arbustos y monte, la riqueza de presas silvestres y la diversidad ambiental tuvieron un efecto positivo, y significativo, sobre la intensidad de uso del hábitat del puma, mientras que la fragmentación catastral la afectó negativamente. Este felino presentó una actividad crepuscular- nocturna, con leves diferencias estacionales. Se realizaron 213 entrevistas semi-estructuradas en ambos partidos e inspecciones directas a sitios de predación de ganado en un área de Patagones. La predación se reportó en el 39,7% (n=75) de las propiedades y causó una pérdida promedio de 2134,1±6049,2 USD, afectando principalmente la producción de ovejas. Todos los eventos de predación ocurrieron de noche y preferentemente en cultivos y pastizales con arbustos. Las tasas de mortalidad fueron de 3,7 y 1,1-1,56 individuos/añox100km2 para ovinos y pumas, respectivamente. Los recintos nocturnos parecieron disminuir las pérdidas de ovejas pero los productores consideraron la caza de puma como la forma más efectiva de reducir la predación. VI La cobertura de vegetación, la presión antrópica y la disponibilidad de presas fueron factores recurrentes en este trabajo y parecen determinantes no sólo en la presencia del conflicto humano-puma globalmente y en el Espinal bonaerense, sino también en el uso del hábitat de este felino en esta región. Para la conservación del puma en áreas agrícolo-ganaderas son necesarias estrategias que combinen herramientas que favorezcan la tolerancia de los productores y la mitigación de las pérdidas por predación con la conservación de ambientes y especies presas claves del felino. VII ABSTRACT Throughout its distribution range, Puma concolor is involved in complex interactions with humans. In the Argentinean Espinal of the southwest of Buenos Aires province, where natural habitats have been altered by agricultural and livestock activities, this feline is the focus of intense conflicts with ranchers, who respond to predation on livestock by killing pumas. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the puma activity and habitat use patterns in southern Buenos Aires province, exploring the effect of human factors . The second was to carry out a review of human-puma conflicts through its distribution and characterize them in the southwest of the Espinal ecoregion. Human-puma conflict was described in the American continent through a bibliographical review. Conflicts occurred in 78,1% (n=69) of the literature and were more common in South and Central America. Sheep were the species preferred by pumas and the presence of conflicts was greater in areas with high vegetation coverage, far from main roads and at average distances of cities. Protected areas did not prevent the occurrence of conflict. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) identified that conflict would occur in areas with high cattle densities, in proximity of habitat with high vegetation coverage and with low co-predators richness. Lack of information on this subject is highlighted. 105 puma events were collected in three photographic trapping surveys carried out in Villarino and Patagones counties. The mixed GLMs showed that the proportion of grasslands with bushes and bushland, wild prey richness and habitat diversity had positive and significant effects on puma habitat use, while cadastral fragmentation affected it negatively. This feline presented a crepuscular-nocturnal activity with seasonal variations. Semi-structured interviews (n=213) were completed out in both counties and direct inspections on livestock kill site were carried out in an area of Patagones county. Predation was reported in 39,7% (n=75) of the ranches and caused an average loss of 2134,1±6049,2 USD, affecting mainly sheep production. All predation events occurred at night and preferably in cropland and grasslands with shrubs. Mortality rates were 3,7 and 1,1-1,56 individuals/year x 100km2 for sheep and pumas, respectively.
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