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Dry Weight Loss in Leaves of Dominant Species in a Successional Sequence of the Mesopotamian Espinal (Argentina) Carlos A

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Dry Weight Loss in Leaves of Dominant Species in a Successional Sequence of the Mesopotamian Espinal (Argentina) Carlos A Forest Systems 26 (3), e017, 10 pages (2017) eISSN: 2171-9845 https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017263-11561 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria O. A., M. P. (INIA) RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Dry weight loss in leaves of dominant species in a successional sequence of the Mesopotamian Espinal (Argentina) Carlos A. Mendoza1, Juan F. Gallardo2, María B. Turrión3, Valentín Pando4 and Pablo G. Aceñolaza5 1 Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, FCyT, Empalme Neid, Villaguay 3240 (Entre Ríos), Argentina. 2 CSIC, IRNASa, Cordel de Merinas 40. 37008 Salamanca, Spain. 3 University of Valladolid, ETSIIAA, Área de Edafología y Química Agrícola and Instituto Universitario de Gestión Forestal Sos- tenible. Avda. Madrid 57, 34071 Palencia, Spain. 4 University of Valladolid, ETSIIAA, Dept. Estadística e Investigación Operativa. Avda. Madrid 57. 34071 Palencia, Spain. 5 CICyTTP - CEREGEO CONICET/UADER and FCA - UNER. Materi y España, Diamante 3105 (Entre Ríos), Argentina. Abstract Aim of study: To compare litter decomposition dynamics among different species within a single forest type and also between a single species in different forest successional stages. Area of study: Different forests of a known successional sequence of the Mesopotamian Espinal, placed in Villaguay Department, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. Material and methods: A standard “litter bags” technique was employed. Chemical analyses of C and N were performed for leaves. A regression analysis was applied and data were fitted to a double exponential model. Means estimated among forests and species within each forest were compared using the Tukey-Kramer test. Main results: The model predicted that leaves would completely mineralize in the mid-term. Leaf decomposition rate in different species (both in the Secondary forest and Mature forest) had dry matter residues in the following decreasing order: Acacia caven > Prosopis nigra > Prosopis affinis > Celtis ehrenbergiana. Research highlights: Successional stage was not found to be a factor determining the decomposition rate among species. Different decomposition rates, observed among different species, would not be attributed to initial quality of residues in terms of C and N, but would be associated with a positive feedback process related to nutrient cycle; thus, a greater decomposition would increase nutrient availability and, consequently, litterfall input. Additional keywords: organic matter; decomposition; litter; dry forest; modeling; plant succession. Abbreviations used: IF (Initial Forest); MF (Mature Forest); SF (Secondary Forest). Authors´ contributions: CAM and PGA performed the experiments and wrote the paper with JFGL. MBT and VP analyzed the data. Citation: Mendoza, C. A.; Gallardo, J. F.; Turrión, M. B.; Pando, V.; Aceñolaza, P. G. (2017). Dry weight loss in leaves of dominant species in a successional sequence of the Mesopotamian Espinal (Argentina). Forest Systems, Volume 26, Issue 3, e017. https://doi. org/10.5424/fs/2017263-11561. Received: 19 Apr 2017 Accepted: 12 Dec 2017 Copyright © 2017 INIA. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) Spain 3.0 License. Funding: UADER, Paraná, Argentina (Projects PIDA–2009 and PIDP-2015); Erasmus Mundus program (funded the stay in Spain and the work performed by CAM at the ETSIA, University of Valladolid, Spain, and at IRNASa, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Correspondence should be addressed to Pablo G. Aceñolaza: [email protected] Introduction Decomposition is a biological process whereby litterfall inputs are converted into CO2 and inorganic Leaf litter decomposition, as a process associated compounds. Decomposition of organic residues is a with biological activity of soil microorganisms, is related key process in internal nutrient cycling, with a positive to microclimatic factors, such as soil temperature and return to forest productivity (Gallardo & Merino, 2007). moisture (Pérez-Harguindeguy et al., 2007), leaf litter While degrading processes are associated with leaf quality (associated with chemical composition of the aging itself (even when the leaf is still on the tree), the initial material; Carrera et al., 2009) and characteristics most frequently used method to determine the rate of of invertebrate and microorganism communities leaf decomposition has been the used of litter bags, (Torres et al., 2005; Vega Ávila et al., 2010). As a which determines the loss of leaf dry weight (Aceñolaza consequence, decomposition rate is a complex process & Gallardo, 1994; Rovira & Rovira, 2010; Carranza et that has specific characteristics for each ecosystem (Xu al., 2012; Bueis et al., 2017). The pattern of leaf litter et al., 2010). dry weight loss generally comprises two phases: an 2 Carlos A. Mendoza, Juan F. Gallardo, María B. Turrión, Valentín Pando and Pablo G. Aceñolaza initial phase, characterized by rapid leaching of soluble sequence of these forests, since such decomposition compounds and decomposition of labile substances regulates nutrient return to the soil and, therefore, such as sugars, phenols, starches, and proteins; and a largely conditions its fertility. second, much slower phase, involving the initiation of The aims of this work were to: a) determine the degradation of recalcitrant substances such as cellulose, process of weight loss via leaf decomposition, by hemicellulose, tannins and lignin (Arellano et al., 2004). fitting a regression model; b) determine if a single Decomposition of leaf litter deposited on the species has different decomposition dynamics floor of natural forests or of forests subjected to according to the forest successional stage; and c) silvopastoral use implies the incorporation of nutrients compare decomposition dynamics among different to the soil that is relevant for sustainability of those species within a single forest type. ecosystems (Prause et al., 2012). Decomposition of leaf litter inputs makes nutrients available to the plant community (Carranza et al., 2012). Nutrient flux can Material and methods be slowed down, with key chemical elements for forest productivity being transiently retained in some of the Study area different compartments (aerial biomass, litter and soil organic carbon; Gallardo & González, 2004). The study area is in the province of Entre Ríos, The Argentine Espinal is a forest ecosystem located Argentina, between 31º 47’ 59’’ S and 59º 11’ 38’’ between 28º and 40º S, to the south of the Chaco W. Within this area, three experimental plots were Ecoregion, with an estimated total area of 33,000,000 selected and studied, each belonging to one of the ha (Lewis et al., 2006); it forms a large arch that stages of the successional sequence (Fig. 1): IF, SF surrounds the Pampas grassland to the west. This and MF. IF is a monospecific forest of Acacia caven ecosystem is dominant in an extensive area of the (Molina) Molina; this area had been a cropland that South American Southern Cone and is subjected to was abandoned in 1998 and later naturally colonized silvopastoraluse. by this species. SF is dominated by Prosopis affinis The Mesopotamian Espinal (Entre Ríos, Argentina) Spreng, and presents other typical species, such as A. includes the forests of Espinal Phytogeogaphic caven and Celtis ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm.; Province, Ñandubay District (Cabrera, 1976). In some of the trees are up to 50 years old. MF is the several areas of Entre Ríos, an intensive modification reestablished primary forest dominated by P. nigra of the Mesopotamian Espinal is observed in the rural (Griseb.) Hieron., with the presence of A. caven, landscape due to the advance of the agricultural P. affinis, and C. ehrenbergiana; some trees of the frontier, which has produced an important reduction dominant species are more than 80 years old. of the forest area (Arturi, 2006) accompanied with an These three forest formations presented a increasing heterogeneity pattern (Aceñolaza, 2000). As production of litter of 1.14, 2.95, and 2.91 Mg DM/ a consequence, primary forests have been transformed, (ha·yr), (DM: dry matter) respectively; they have generating a successional sequence characterized been evaluated by Mendoza et al. (2012) who showed by secondary forests that are degraded by forest the real heterogeneity of the landscape, with a exploitation for timber production (focused on the floristic richness represented by species of the family logging of Prosopis nigra), subsequent inappropriate Fabaceae (A. caven, P. affinis, and P. nigra) that livestock management, or as a consequence of possess biological binding capacity of the atmospheric excessive firewood extraction (affecting the species N2; they are potentially important in terms of the Acacia caven and Prosopis affinis). transfer of N to the soil in processes of decomposition, After deforestation and abandonment of croplands, and only C. ehrenbergiana (without the ability to an initial successional stage (IF) is established, biologically fix the atmospheric 2N ) belonging to the dominated by a woodland of A. caven; subsequently, family Celtidaceae, would not have this potentiality this secondary formation (SF) is colonized by P. (Mendoza et al., 2014). affinis, which may be defined as an intermediate stage; finally, the mature forest stage MF( ) is reached, with Characterization of climate, soil of the study area the appearance and dominance of P. nigra, thereby the primary forest is reestablished (Mendoza
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