S L AVE RY AND S E R F DO M IN E UR O PE ROEHAMPTON

PRINTED By JAMES STANL EY. L E CTU R E S

S L AVE R Y AN D S E R F DO M

N E R P E I U O . J

I B N L M A W . R . O W O W . . LE ’ ,

’ Tr n ll mé i ity Co ege, Ca rzdge,

C A N O N O F P L Y M O U T H.

B U R N s A N D I D fl O A T E L M I T E .

\ L ondon N ew Yo rk 2 8 2 hard S tr F O ee W. C tho ub ca on , c a lic P li ti S ociety Co .

W I L I M P E L A N L L Y E . G E , S Q

F C R O F T T O S Q G O S O E C . E C O ,

T HE F O U NDE R O F T HE

Gorquag Matutal Waters; S ociety

AND O F

Gbe E evonebtre association,

IN G RATE F U L RE C OLLE CT ION O F MAN Y PLE ASAN T

H U PE T C E CT W T H T HE E TWO T U IO O RS S N IN ONN ION I S INS IT T NS ,

T H E S E LE C T U R E S

BY HIS PE M R ISSION ,

P L D D I A RES ECT F UL Y E C TED.

TABL E O F O NTE NT C S .

‘ T n ral De i h Wor IN ROD UCTION . Ge e s gn of t e k The Abolition of Slav ery a proof that Chris tianity is Divine Difficultyput byCardinal N ewman as to R oman Slav ery xv n

m n t/z u s b r viii St. Chr sosto o o can t e ee u se it f alker y , [f f , x Answer to the difficulty Branches of the subj ect omitted : O rders for R edemption O f slav es

h I dia ources of information x iii Slav ery in Britis n . S x

Slav er in the N ew Wo rld Me ico and eru y , x , P Action of the Church thwarted bythe conquerors xxv

ETTE O F PE E X II To T HE B H P O F B AZI L R PO L O I . IS O S R L IN 1 888 xxv iii

E I L CTURE . SLAVE RY IN THE ROMAN E M P IRE — Tize was of S lav ery on til e R omans ou the labou ring classes

All wor done b slav es free labour unable to find wor k y , k

Slav er crushed the motiv e for inv ention and division of labour y ,

u n mber of slav t Clement o f Ale andria E no rmo s u es. S . x

r inm nt iv en b a wealth atri i His slav es Ente ta e g y y p c an. Ej ect of Slav ery on the masters from their boyhood Ev idence from Terence and Plautus L egal condition of slav es according to Gothofred

' L aws o f C onstantine mitigating the suflerings of slav es

R oman ladies and their slav es accordin to uv enal and O v id , g J — Ej ect on til e slav es reduced to the lev el of cattle Contents .

r i amon slav N o ri hts ov er their hil r No legal ma r age g es. g c d en

Fl mal lav e their hel less condition e e s s, p Wholesale execution of the slav es o f Pedanius Secundus C hristianity resto red the dignity of labour Justinian abolished slav ery as a penalty for crime The means used by the Church to abolish Slav ery S he taught both slav es and masters their duties towards each o ther

mit t obedi n T h h is ian slav e had li s o e ce. P mi e C r t St. ota aena

The Church admitted slav es to equal spiritual rights

Chr sostom on this matter S t. y

S lav es mi ht become riests bisho s and even o es g p , p , P p No instance of the term serou s o n a Christian epitaph Validity and sacredness of the marriage o f Christian slav es E mancipation of slav es facilitated and promo ted byChristianity D eed of manumissio n p reserv ed by Ennodius

j ustinian declared freedom giv en byordination or the monas tic to nsure

a ans ews and heretics forbidden to ossess Christian slav es P g , J , p b‘

I L E CTURE I.

ROMAN SLAV E RY A N D ME DIE VAL S E R F DOM

u h i b ct co ious in F rench rare in En lish A t or ties on the su j e , p , g

‘ ' J W hat Christianity had e fiected in the fourth century L egislation O f the Christian E mperors T he rehabilitation o f the dignity o f labour

’ A R oman v illa ru stzea according to Vitruv ius and C olumella

' T he eol om ori inall con uered nativ es bound to the soil , g y q ,

‘ This binding to the soil made more stringent byChristian laws

’ Example of the S eyrz in the fifth century

t G re o r the G reat o n manumission f L etters o f S . g y o slav es

B z antine Em ire fr m M Bi S lav er in the o . ot y y p ,

Th bar ari inv asions scene described b a e b c , y Sal v i n l F irst effects of inv asions calamitous for slav es

l S erfs and slav es confused under the Goths t Con ents .

Chu rch thro u h the C ouncils on slav es Action o f the , g ,

C hu rches O pened as sanctuaries for ill-treated slav es

l nd l v s S t. G re o Example of tyrannica co uct towards s a e . g ry o f To urs

C ouncils insisted upon S unday being a day of freedom for slav es

lav es o f bisho s and monasteries their emanci ation S p , p C harlemagne rev iv ed the priv ileges o f the serfs m I ff h f udal s ste . ts e ect on slav r l R ise of t e e y e y d m l n o m tim s fell into se rf om. E a e H o w freeme s e e x p . Why freemen O ften w ished to beco me serfs of Abbeys

F u Story o f a serf of the Abbey o f le ry.

' f t ermain T he P ol tzeon o f Irmino Abbot o S . G des rés yp , P

Its ev idence on the condition of serfs and free labou rers

' ' z l r in F rance serfs in E n land The a l am f ee , g L ife O f a serf in the ninth century The serf pro tected by customs w hich had the fo rce of law

rfd m in G rman The S clav es S e o e y .

i v al im E am l S lav ery in Italy n mediae t es . x p es

e r f s iu II and aul a ainst slav D c ees o Pope P s . P III . g ery Slav ery and serfdom in Spain affected by Moorish conquest

LECTURE III .

VE Y AN D E F M I N T HE B T H E I E n land S LA R S R DO RI IS ISL S . . g ’ ’ Sir Thomas S mith s Commonw ealtlz q nglana

Vario us classes o f freemen described

' ' Vzllez ns in rosse and ail/elm re ardants bo th e tinct g g , x H ow this extinction came about

Mr eebohm on the manor o f Winslo w u nder Edward . S III .

' T he v alue o f the labour dues of a v zllamts in 1 2 79

' The labo urdues of a eotarz u s at the same period the difference

T he mano rs o f E ngland fro m the elev enth to the thirteenth ce ntury Maps sho wing the proportion o f v arious classes in Domesday

' The w llani t x Conten s .

’ ' The bordarzt and eotarn

' ’ The soe/zmanni o r l zéeri lzomznes

i mo numerous in th e south The sem , st

The male population of Dev onshire from D omesday

Mano rs o f O sbern Bisho of E eter and the serfs o n them , p x , The griev ances o f a serou s or theo w in S axon times H O W Saxo n manors w ere fo rmed in the time of Alfred Emancipation of slav es in E ngland A rchbishop Brihtwald redeems a slav e from Abbot Beorwald

t Wilfrid emanci ates two hu ndred and ft slav es in S usse S . p fi y x And three hundred families in the Isle o f Wight E mancipations registered in the B o dmin Go spels

lav es ca tured b the Danes and sold S p y ,

m l n at S lav e trade fo rbidden in 1 1 02 b S t. Ansel . t \ Vo sta y S . B ristol Manumissio n encou raged by William the C onqueror

I reland Th Br ho n law 2 . . e e s

‘ Th S eize/ s M or Its o r n b a c rectio t. tric e m . y S P k Sto ry in S enelzu s [1167 showing the extent of slav ery in Ireland

Tani t NO serfdo m in Ireland. s ry ’ The saer-tenant and the aoer-tenant

The plebeian families and noble tribes

T oole o R /its lav e re arded a ha t ls he B f ig . S s g s c t e

atric co m lains that the Welsh had enslav ed his conv erts S t. P k p Adamnan redeems slav es m ade by n rid of N orthu mbria

’ L aurence O Toole abolishes slav er in Ireland St. y

Wales Ancient W elsh canons o n slav I n . es 3 .

L aws o f H owel the Good their com ilation , p Priv ileges O f the free Cymri

taeo s o r serfs distin uished fr m met/2 s The g , g o or slav es The taeog had to pay fo od rents and honey and wax W elsh measures of land and co -tillage

t d Diff r b n Hi hla S co lan . e ence etwee the nd rs and L ow 4 . g e landers

’ E am le o f an En lish lo rd claimin his mllani in 1 1 2 x p g g , 3 Contents .

LECTURE IV .

ABOLI T ION O F S E RF DOM IN EN G LAND

‘ ' '' All o zllanz eota z [fondant in D mesda were serfs , m , o y Their serv ile condition described by Blackstone Henry de Braeto n on s erfdom in 1 2 70 His distinction of the v ariou s k inds of Villenage The condition O f serfs lighter in Norman than in Saxon times “ ” N o trace of the German mark system in England

Mr Thorold f la r r in E l n . R ogers on the co ndition o bou e s ng a d

En lish serf lo h la d w i h F rench serf retained g st t e n , h c Effects of the Black Death on serfdom

The S tatute o f L abourers

’ S ocialism spread among th e serfs by Wycliffe s preachers ’ Mr; R IL ane Po o le on VVycliffe s socialistic theories ’ ’ Wat T ler s lli n Bisho Stubbs account o f it y rebe o . p

reachin of ohn all The w ron s o f the serfs P g J B . g

The mob enter L o ndo n and demand the su rrender O f A rch bishop S udbury

The inv ade the Tower seiz e and murder the Archbisho y , p

Demands of the easants ranted and then rev ok ed p g , Designs o f the rebels according to J ack S traw

’ ' ' Confession of J ohn Balle in F asa enli Zzz anzornm ’ E v id nce f liff m li i Nicolas H ereford and e o Wyc e s co p c ty. J ohn Bedeman

R apid emancipation O f the serfs N o mention of serfs in the Pasto n L e tters Emancipations in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

Emanci atio n o f s erfs b ueen Eliz abeth in I p y Q , 5 74

The last trace o f Villena e in 1 602 L e al abo litio n g . g

’ ’ E ffects o f abolition O f serfdom Unem lo ed mllezns . p y

Cru el laws o f H enr V a ainst v a rants. O f Edward VI . y III . g g T reatment O f v agabonds under Eliz abeth Dissolution of monasteries brought mise ry on the cottagers “ ” n The oor L aws of England at its lo west degradatio . P Eliz abeth Contents .

V LECTURE .

VE Y I N BR ITIS II Co L O N IEs Slav er rev iv ed in 1 2 SLA R . y 44 Po rtuguese and Spaniards co mmenced negro slav ery

S ir ohn H awkins the rst E n lish slav - d aler J , fi g e e

ro ress co ntinu ance and abo lition o f the slav e trade P g , , l Sa e o f Spaniards in E ngland. S lav es in Barbadoes in 1 647 S ale o f a slav e related by L igo n

’ L igon s acco unt O f S ambo who wished to be a Christian

S to r o f arico sold into slav er b him wh ose life she sav ed y Y , y y S ale o f English and Irish into slav e ry by C ro mwell

Thousands o f Irish boys and w o men sold as slav es in Wes t Indies

Twent - fiv e thousand Irish slav es in t itts y S . K F ather Moris on o n sale o f Irish yo ung ladies Slav ery o f p olitical conv icts made perpetual byCromw ell Irish girls kidnapped and transpo rted into J amaica

Th i n i nd r a e same pract ce co t nued u e Ch rles II.

E n lish S co tch and Irish s lav es in Barbado es u nder ames II g , , J .

’ R ebels in M onmouth s rebellion s ent as slav es byJ udge Jef reys ’ H enry Pitman s acco u nt o f his o wn sufferings there

VI LECTURE .

TH E ABO I .ITIO N O F VE Y IN U P E . I F rance SLA R E RO .

T har b f Bertin he c tulary O f the A bey O S t. The four chains of slav ery which bo und th e serf

a i lf f n h n r Their motiv Em nc pations fro m twe th to fi tee t ce tu y. es E mancipations no t always accepted Village communes fo r mutual p rotectio n

a n C o muniti f f Effect o f C rusades on emancip tio . m es o ser s F amily communities in C roatia and S e rv ia S erfdom existed in some parts O f F rance u ntil 1 789

m [f or/ en o r serfs and leioez ener a Ger an . or sl v s 2 . y g , , zg , e E mancipatio n slo we r inGermany than in F rance ’ The Peasants \ Var in the sixteenth century 0 0 . nte Co nts . XIII

R obertson on the influence L u ther had in the rebellion

D emands of the peasants not u nreaso nable The emancipation of serfs thrown back by the R efo rmation S erfdom in the eighteenth century

Dates of abolition o f serfdom in German S tates

Traces still in Mec lenbur S erfdom in Hun ar k g. g y H as emancipation benefited H ungarian peasants

In Denmar serfdom re -a eared in the twelfth centu r k, pp y i R ussia. H w th R us an easants be ame serfs 3 . o e s p c

t r n I de riv ed serfs o f le al rotection Ca he i e I. p g p F ree labo ur ceas ed to exist in R ussia under Peter the Great

h ri II mis ries under Cat e ne . Disco ntent o f serfs . Their e

ul I interfered to ro tect the serfs Pa . p

i rf Their numbers Power of nobles ov er the r s e s.

M r Wallace o n the condition o f serfs under a ind mas ter . k — The emancipation o f the serfs in 1 8 56 1 8 6 1 \ Vhether the serfs are the better fo r emancipatio n

J ustifi cation o f the actio n o f th e Chu rch to wards serfdom

N o te ecimen of a manumissio n b Bisho Grandisson . Sp y p

G eneral Index

ND ERRATA ET C O RRIGE A .

l n m bo ssum re d o ssum 6 i e from bo tto for . 3 , a p ” ” 2 for Em eror read Bisho s . 4 , 4, p p “ 1 2 omit thou h nev er abolished b law . 43 , , g y “ 6 2 2 for twelfth read ei hth . , , g “ 6 2 f r F o urth read F irs , 3 , o t. “ ” 1 1 f in r ad of 33 , 6 , or e . “ ” d m 1 1 fo r estates rea s ste . 33 , 7 , y “ l 1 6 1 f r l v r v ma no l ad w lv e maeno s . 3 , 4, o twe e t e s e s re t e

N INTR O DU CTIO .

THE following L ectures were given at variou s

im Mu um r u b f r t es in the se at To q ay , e o e the ” TO Y N H O Y S O Y but RQUA ATURAL IST R CIET ,

S b re- wr r O f have ince een itten , and a g eat deal

r has r r w m additional matte been inco p o ated ith the . The fi rst L ectu re is almost enti rely an epitome ‘ o r A rd L es E s clav es f w o f M. the o k Paul lla ,

’ '

Cbretzens s 1 8 6 . was r , p ubli hed in 7 It the eading o f that bO O k that fi rst impressed me w ith the s en s e O f how great a debt the w orld ow es to

r s m Ch istianity in the abolition O f s lavery . It ee ed

to me m w are s that, at a ti e hen peop le a king, What benefits has the Ch ristian religion conferred upon the human race ? the abolition O f S lavery is r at once a eady and a S olid ans w er. It gives the stronges t grounds fo r hope that the s ame power that s olved the grave S ocial Problem in the past may be confidently tru s ted to lead the way in the s olution o f the S ocial P roblem O f the

r s O f f r s m me p e ent , and the utu e . It ee ed to that

r r f m w it only equi es the acts to be ade kno n , fo r the mos t s ceptical mind to d raw the conclu

fo r f r sion itsel , that only a Divine eligion could I tr du t x v i n o c ion. have succeeded in accomp li s hing what no othe r

A r religion has ever attempte d . nothe volu me

f E s clav es e s et M ainmortables O M . A r S lla d , , rf , ,

rr m s f r r ca ies the sa e thought till u the , although the b revity o f the w o rk make s the reader w i sh fo r f r s s w m s r m e ulle detail . It begin ith the o t e ot

mm r e s his r o s w r and antiquity, su a iz p evi u o k , then p roceed s to trace the action O f Chri s tianity in the s f O f S r S rf m o tening lave y into e do , and finally S ketches the abolition O f S erfdom in the different

r W r r ma be count ries O f E u ope. hateve the e y

w e r o f L r s o M A . value in my ectu e they to . lla d

Bu t w r f w m O , hile g ate ully ackno ledging y bliga

ns h im s r r w rk tio to , I have con ulted eve y othe o that s eemed to p romi s e help in elucidating the

M A r n r f s ubject . . lla d atu ally devotes the chie M part O f his w ork to S erfdom in France . y r rs w s O f rs f rm m s f eade i h , cou e , to be in o ed o t ully

s s as to S lavery and S e rfdom in the B riti s h I le . Hence I had to s eek s uch in formati o n in other

’ bohm s fo r m e Mr. S ee w r s . r o k Fo tunately ,

E n lis/t Villa e Commu ni r g g ty, although t eating

ff r s s me w h on quite a di e ent ubject, upplied it

’ r M r W s al mos t all that was requ i ed . . allace R u ss ia enabled me to complete the accou nt o f the

rfs E r s emancipation O f the S e in u ope . In all case

I have verified my references where pos sible . It may be' s aid that the fi rs t L ectu re d raws too

v iii I nt u on x rod cti .

r Bu h r n w free e ome f ee . t t e e ess o o d be er , b c xp i ul v y ’ n r Pa m n n Bu m an n n co tra y to ul s ea i g. t e i g to p oi t o u t ha a man e s no h n e n made free he sa s t t g t t i g by b i g , y , “ Tho h ho has in th ower to be made free ug t u t it y p , ” n remain rather i slavery .

e x m O f s w Then , giving the a ple Jo eph , hile a s n r m r fr n his m s r ss lave , bei g in eality o e ee tha i t e , who w as s e her s s s s a lav to p a ion , he continue

F or it is p ossible for o ne who is a slave not to be a slave and fo r o ne who is a free man to be a slav e . A nd how can one be a S lave and not a slav e ? When he does all h n s for God : when he fe ns no h n t i g ig t i g, and does nothing ou t o f eye- serv ice towards men T hat i h w n ha is a s a e t men can et be fre r s o o e o e . O t t l v y , a n how does one ha is free e ome a s a e ? When gai , t t b c l v he ser es men in an e ser e e her for on or v y vil vic , it glutt y, ’ In fa h r des re O f wea h or for O ffice s e . e e i lt , ak ct, t are limits set to slaves by Go d Himself ; and up to what o n one o h to ee hem h s is s e a ed and p i t ug t k p t , t i al o x ct , i wr n Wh n r to transgress them s o g. e you master ommands no h n wh h is d s eas n to God is c t i g ic i pl i g , it n h F r h r h to fo ow and O e o f r er. o s the ig t ll b y, but u t t u Bu t if ou o f r her e en h s a e e o mes free . o h l v b c y g u t , v t ug ”1 m a s ou are free ou e o e e . y , y b c lav

M r A s r r w . llie , in the ve y lectu e in hich he

S s S O s r O f O f S r peak t ongly the evil lave y , gives a s ummary o f the revolution which was to be

m ss n O f r b rought about by the i io S t. Pete in the

m E m r s R o an pi e, and ays

H e is come to found a society by means of which all h he s es ro nd him from the em ror to the s e t at e a u , pe lav , 1 Ham xix on 1 r V i . . Co . i . I tr du cti n o on. x ix

H S ha be han ed. e w rs e h h s a e now ll c g ill fi t t ac t at l v , “ the se re enem in e er h seh d to be s e to c t y v y ou ol , ubj ct his mas er w h all fe r not on to the ood and n e t it a , ly g ge tl , but al so to the froward and re ciprocally h e will teach “ hi ha wh h i tthe master to give to s slave t t ic s ju st and m e f a M as er in n e a e se he has h s e e . qu l , b cau i l t H av But more nd r the effe O f his ea h n h re , u e ct t c i g, t at g at wor O f n s e and O ress on wh h had rown u k i ju tic pp i , ic g p , r shed and n reased in n ons w be d ss ed flou i i c all ati , ill i olv as w re O f se f and the m s er e the s a e to an it e it l , a t acc pt l v 1 equality O f civil rights .

From the time when the Chri s tian E mperor Ju s tinian declared that s lavery w as fo unded on 2 law O f n s r r law o f r the ation cont a y to the natu e , there has been no res erve in the language O f

Chri s tian authorities on the inherent w rong O f

X has r s r L eo . his r lave y . Pope I II t aced in lette

s s O f r his o wn r to the Bi hop B azil , in clea and

f r w a O f r r o cible y, the action the Chu ch in g appling “ w s fo r s s m is ith thi gigantic evil , the y te one which is wholly oppos ed to that which w as ” r r r r o iginally o dained by God and by natu e . The e would have been danger O f a social revolution if

r s s m s S t. Ch y o to had used uch language to the crowd s O f slaves who hung u pon his w ords in A ntioch and Constantinop le . The p ictu re given O f s lavery in the fi rs t lectu re was not intended to d ep ict the condition O f every hou s ehold in heathen

1 mation o hristendom i. 10 F or C . 2 f , p . 3 Inst . u stin. i. tit. iii 2 S ee 6 j . . p. 4 . xx I ntroduction.

R m S w w w as w s ss e and o e , but to ho hat al ay po ibl ,

see m too O ften actually took p lace . I cannot uch difference betw een the accounts given by O vid

s to f s and Juvenal , and tho e be ound in Plautu and

r r are r s r Te ence, and the latte gene ally con ide ed to

r give a fai rly t ruthful p ictu e O f R oman s oci e ty .

M aim has S w as r s s s y been to ho , the Pop e exp e e “ ho w r w w r it , tende ly and ith hat p udence the Chu rch has cut out and des troyed thi s d read ful

r f r n cu rs e O f s lavery . I have the e o e e deavou red

to call atte ntio n e specially to the indirect acti o n

O f r r r her r ff r s fo r the Chu ch , athe than to di ect e o t

m O f s A nd w the e ancipation the lave . yet it ould be ungrateful to omit all mention O f the heroic and pers evering s truggle again s t S lavery mad e in the middle ages by thos e religiou s orders w hich devoted thems elves to the great w o rk O f the

f s T wo r rs i R m O . O Tr ni ede ption Captive de , the tario ns Order o M erc for r , and the f y had thei sp ecial O bject the redemption O f Chri s tians held

S r M rs r s in lave y by the oo . Both a o e about the

S m m O f w f r a e ti e, the end the t el th centu y, and they

s r had hou es in mos t O f the count ries O f E u ope .

r r s r r w ‘ The I ish F anci can , Fathe Ba on , hose latin iz ed name has S ometimes caused his A nnals to be con fused with tho s e O f the more famou s O ratorian

Baronius has r r r O f r , eco ded the histo y the T ini

tarians . I ntr ct odu ion. x x i

m s O f s O r r 1 1 w The onk thi de , in 99 , ith money

. r m given by Pop e Innocent III , anso ed in Morocco

1 86 r s s w m r M rs Ch i tian , ho they b ought to a eilles .

In the cou rs e O f the follow ing centu ry s uccessive

band s O f captives w ere led by thes e devoted men

r m back to thei ho es . Thus

2 0 2 hn M h r ns m In 1 St. O o d in , J at a a e

Va en a hen M oor sh 2 0 s l ti , t i 7 laves . 1 2 0 two F a hers w h mone col 3 , t , it y lected in Catalonia hn Ma h ro h 1 2 0 St. o to 4, J t a b ug t R ome from Tu nis

1 2 0 two o h r F hers ro h 5 , t e at b ug t back to 1 9 0 1 2 0 6 two o hers ransomed in A ers 0 , t lgi 3 4

1 2 0 two Bro hers O f the O rder ran 7 , t so med and brought home

1 2 0 8 ano h r Br her redeemed , t e ot

1 2 0 F a her Bernad ne Za ran 9, t i bata so med in

hn M a h on s on 1 2 1 0 St. o d , J t a, a ec V s to n s redeemed 2 2 0 i it Tu i ,

1 2 1 0 two Br hers of the O rder , ot ransomed in Grenada

1 2 1 1 two Br hers led to R me , ot o

&c . &c .

It w ill be seen that each year added to the

r s r r s fr m 1 1 8 1 8 f w r glo iou eco d , and o 9 to 7 7 , no e e than Ch ristian s laves had been redeemed

s r r by thi O de alone .

r The Order of M ercy w as no less zealous . Thei ii I ntrodu cti n xx o .

Chronicles have been written from the year 1 2 1 8

1 6 2 w r r s to 3 , and ithin that p e iod they had an omed

s captives . The e achievements had been effected not only by incessant labou r in begging

for ms so s ff r n s f r al , but al by the u e i g O to tu re and

death w hich many met w ith at the hands o f the

M aho m a T O s r ed ns . the u ual th ee vows O f R eligious “ f r e O f they added a ou th , To take the p lac a captive if there were no other mean s O f effecting ” N m rs s rs his ran som . u be p a sed long yea in

f m O f s v ow m captivity in ulfil ent thi , and any

O ne r s s su ffered martyrdom. he oic Spani h Bi hop

S r w r s detained in lave y, t ice exp ended in the an om O f others the money that had been s ent by his

s for his own r m and dioce e ede ption , finally res olved to remai n in s lavery fo r the res t O f his

s m s r s who day , that he ight console and u ppo t tho e w ere in danger O f los i ng faith and hop e under

r r O f r m m s r the g inding ty anny thei inhu an a te s . A mong the martyrs O f thes e O rders were s e veral E nglis h and I ri s h monk s one w as Bles s ed A rthu r

’ ’ O N eil s on O f r O Neil r s r who , P ince , I i h P ovincial ,

m r I st 1 2 8 2 M w as r S . r bu ned alive on epte be , . Kenel m Digby gives a mos t interes ting account o f rs s ff r n s O f s two Or rs the labou and u e i g the e de , in the eighth chap ter O f the thi rd book o f “

om itu m R o f s . r C p , The oad Cap tive The he oic

r r who s urs O f S . . t labo Blessed Pete Clave , J , pen I ntr t oduc ion. x x iii

thi rty - nine years in alleviati ng the mi s eries O f the

r s s r w r s rs neg o lave in Ca thagena, he e in even yea

O f m are w no w he baptized the , ell k n ; but thi s is another b ranch O f the s ubject into w hich

I have not ente red .

' In the follow ing p age s I have confined mys el f

m n r to S r s rf o m E r al ost e ti ely lave y and e d in u op e, and have only touched very lightly upon s lav e ry

in B riti s h Colonies in o rder to emb race the s al e O f white s laves that w e nt on du ri ng the s ixteenth

s n r e s s and eventee th centu i . I have aid nothing about the s lavery and s erfdom that exi s te d u p to

In 2 very recent times in Briti s h India . 1 8 6 the Hou s e O f C o mmon s o rdered to be p ri nted

Copies or Abstracts O f all Correspondence b etween the C o urt O f Directory of the East I ndia C ompany and ’ the om an s o ernmen s in nd a o h n the C p y G v t I i , t uc i g ’ state O f Slavery in the T erritori es u nder the C ompany s

R e or res e n an S e rade here n 81 0. ul , p cti g y lav T t i ,

These papers fill a thick folio volu me O f nea rly

s s fr m 1 2 1 8 2 a thou and page and extend o 7 7 to 7 , and contain an immen se amount O f interes ting f f rm s . s o Mr in o ation on the ubject The ca e .

M r r w who rr r f S s u dock B o n , ca ied on a t a fic in lave fo r his p epper plantati o n in Malabar occu pies

r r o f two hund ed and thi ty p ages . The condition slaves appears to have varied greatly in di fferent

s m s r w re parts O f the penin s ula . In o e place the e e none but agres tic s laves o r those attached to the I x xiv ntrodu ction.

s r s e w r s oil , in othe p lace th y e e at the ab olute

M r. m f r s s O f r m s rs . di po al thei a te Ca pbell , a te

’ w - tw o rs r e M r s s w r t enty yea expe i nce in ad a , in an e to ques tion s ci rculate d by the commi ss ioners fo r the ff rs o f 1 8 s s a ai India in 34, tate

There is no e na men O f the Br sh ov ernm n ct t iti G e t, u nder the Madras res den e her to h nder o r romo e p i cy, it i p t T he r fem e o me the manumi ssio n O f slaves . i al d stic s laves are seldom made free ; but if they have children he r master s h ro en is free : and the h dren by t i , uc p g y c il f a ma e do mest M ss man s a e marr ed to free O l ic u ul l v , i a d h n be e em ed fr m n w o man wo o o da e . , ul I t i k x pt b g W th re ard to a res s av es nev er heard o f an i g g tic l , I y m n n ins an e O f man ss o A e d . t c u i i ( pp ix , p

Tho s e w ho w i sh to p u rs u e the s ubject fu rther

m r r s hould read the volu e efer ed to .

A nother chapte r in the hi s to ry O f s lavery has

fr m en m o s r s . S v r b e o itted the e lectu e , viz the la e y into w hich the nativ es o f Mexico and Peru were r b r n s ro rs n educed y thei Spa i h conque , in defia ce

O f the re mo ns t rances O f L as Cas as and o ther

d e voted men who lab o u red hard fo r the liberty as w ell as fo r the convers ion o f the un fortunate

n s n s s s i habitant . The Quee I abella i ued a Decree

ro n r r n to S r p hibiti g thei eductio lave y, and the

e e r s O f L as s s r s x tion Ca a induced Cha le V . to

re re s m ffe Bu r peat a Dec e to the a e e ct . t the g eed

O f n r rs re n re s r e n ffe the co que o de d thi Dec e i e ctive.

E ven the condemnation O f s lavery by the Pop e

L ETTER

O F O U R M OST H O L Y L ORD

L E O XI I I . BY D I VINE P ROVI D ENC E P O P E TO H IS VENERABL E BRETH REN F R AZI TH E BIS H O PS O B L .

V ABL B H ENER E RET REN ,

t and tin A ost li ened H eal /z p o c B iction.

n u ri i (I pl m s ) .

AM I D the many and great demonstrations of affe ction which from almost all the p eopl es o f the earth have o me to U s and are s o m n to U s in on ra a c , till c i g , c g tul tion upon the happy attainment O f the fiftieth anniversary O f O ur r es hood here is one wh h mo es U s in a p i t , t ic v quite We me n o ne wh h omes from s ecial way. a ic c Brazil p , where on the o s on of h s ha e en r e , up cca i t i ppy v t, la g numbers of those wh o in that vast empi re groan beneath f s er ha e een e a set fr the o e o ee . An y k lav y, v b l g lly d h s wor so f O f the s r of hr s an mer has t i k, ull pi it C i ti cy,

een O ffered u in co - O era on w th the er b p p ti i cl gy, by h r a e m m ers of the a o f oth s es to God c a it bl e b l ity b ex , th e A hor and r O f all ood h n s in es m n of ut Give g t i g , t ti o y their gratitude for the favo ur of the heal th and the years But h which have been granted to U s. t is was specially x v iii L etter o P e L x f op eo XIII .

acceptabl e and sweet to U s becau se it l ent co nfi rmatio n to the e ef wh h is so we ome to U s ha the rea b li , ic lc , t t g t maj ority O f the peopl e O f Brazil desi re to see the cru elty f r e nded and who roo ed o u fr m he an O S a e t o t d. l v y , lly t l This popular feeling has been strongly se conded by the E m ero r and his a s da h er and a so the p ugu t ug t , l by M n s ers means o f ar o s aws wh h w th h s i i t , by v i u l ic , i t i n in w h n n r e d V e a e ee od ed and s n oned. i , v b i t uc a cti We told the Brazilian Ambassado r last January what a onso a on these h n s were to U s and We a so c l ti t i g , l assured him that We wo uld address l etters to the sh f Bra o n eha f O f hese nh Bi ops o zil b l t u appy slaves . We ndeed to all men are the V ar of hr s the , i , ic C i t, S on O f God Wh o s o ov ed the h man ra e tha not , l u c , t o n did H e not ref se a n o u r nat re to H mse f ly u , t ki g u i l , to e mo n men H e de h ed in the name of the liv a g , but lig t S on O f M an ; O penly proclaiming that H e had co me “ ” 1 u p on earth to p reach deliverance to the captives in o rder ha res n man nd fro m th e wors s a er t t, cui g ki t l v y, “ wh h is the s a er O f sin H e m h re - es a sh ic l v y , ig t t bli all ” 2 h n s ha are in eav en and on ear h and so r n t i g t t H t , b i g back all the children O f Adam from the depths of the h mm n f r T ruin of t e co o all to thei o riginal dignity . he re or the rea are er a e h r words O f St. G g y G t v y applic bl e e “ S n e our R edeemer the A hor of fe de ned i c , ut all li , ig to e h man esh h the ower of His odhe d tak u fl , t at by p G a , the chains by which we were h eld in b ondage being ro en H e m h r s ore u s to o u r rs s a e of er b k , ig t e t fi t t t lib ty, it is most fitting that men by the concessi on O f manu mi ssion sh ould restore to the freedom in which they were orn h se whom na re sen free n o the wor d b t o tu t i t l , but who have been condemned to the yoke O f slavery ” 3 i r h her f re an b the L aw O f N ons . s o d y ati It ig t, t e ,

1 iv x i 1 S t. L u e . 1 . E hes . i. 1 0. Isaias l . ; k 9 p 3 E ist lib v i 1 2 . p . . . L etter P o e L eo II i of p X I . xx x

o s in ee n w h O ur A os o O f e ha bviou ly k pi g it p t lic fic , t t We should favou r and advance by every means in O ur ower wha e er h e s to se re for men whe her as p t v lp cu , t nd v d a s or as o mm n es s fe ards a a ns the i i i u l c u iti , a gu g i t man m ser es wh h e the fr s of an e v ree h e y i i ic , lik uit il t , av Sprung from the sin of o u r fi rst parent ; and such safe ards of wha e er nd he ma be not o n he gu , t v ki t y y , ly lp to romo e a on and the men es of fe p t civiliz ti a iti li , but l ead o n to that u niversal restituti on of all things which u r R e eemer es s hr s on em ed and des re O d J u C i t c t plat i d. In the resen e O f so m h s ffer n the ond t o n of p c uc u i g, c i i s a er in wh h a ons dera e ar O f the rea h m n l v y, ic c i bl p t g t u a family has been sunk in squal o r and affliction now for m n en r es is dee to be de ored : for the s s em a y c tu i , ply pl y t is one which is who lly O pp o sed to that which was n n n The o riginally ordai pd by Go d a d by ature . Supre me Author of all things decreed that man sho uld ex ercise a sort of royal dominio n over beasts and cattl e and fish and fow ne er tha men sho d e er se a e l , but v t ul x ci lik o f w—m As m n n er he r e o en. A s ne do i io v t i ll St. ugu ti puts “ : v n rea ed man a reasona e e n and f er it Ha i g c t bl b i g, a t H is own eness God w ed ha he sh o d r e on lik , ill t t ul ul ly o er the r e re o n ha he sh d be the mas er v b ut c ati ; t t oul t , ” 1 n f F r h f o t of men O eas s . om s o ows h , but b t t i it ll t at “ the state O f Slavery is rightly regarded as a p enalty on the S nner h s the word s e does not o r in up i , t u lav ccu the Scriptu res u ntil the ju st man Noe branded with it

the sin of his son. was sin herefore wh h des r e It , t , ic e v d ” 2 h s name was no na F r m t i ; it t tural . o the fi rst sin ame e s and S e h s er ers ha here c all vil , p cially t i p v ity, t t t were men who f r e f O f the ri n ro herh , o g t ul o gi al b t ood o f the r e ns ead of see n as he sho d n r ac , i t ki g, t y ul atu ally h e done to romo e m a ndness and m a av , p t utu l ki utu l r s e f ow n he r e des r s e n n f e p ct, oll i g t i vil i e b ga to thi k o

1 2 D e Cir) D ei i x x . l b i . c . 1 Ibid , . 5 . . x x x L etter of P ope L eo X III

o her men as he r nfer ors and to h o d the m as a t e t t i i i , l c t l h w hr h n orn for the o e . In s a o a so e b y k t i y, t ug ab lut fo rgetful ness of o u r co mmo n natu re and of hu man d n and the eness o f God s am ed on u s all ig ity, lik t p up , it came to pass that in the co ntentions and wars which hen ro e o u t those who were the s ron er red ed t b k , t g uc the on ered n o S av e r so ha man nd ho h o f c qu i t l y t t ki , t ug the same r e e me d ded n o two se ons the ac , b ca ivi i t cti on ere s a es an he r v r o m r The c qu d l v d t i icto i u s aste s . history of the ancient wo rld presents u s with this miserable Spectacl e down to the time O f the coming of our L ord when th e a am O f s av er had fa n , c l ity l y lle heav on all the eo es and the n m er O f free ily up p pl , u b m en had become so reduced that th e p oet was abl e to p u t this atro ci o u s phrase i nto the mouth of Caesar : ” 1 The h man ra e e s s f r the sa e f a f w u c xi t o k o e . The system fl o u rish ed even among the mo st civilized eo es amon the ree s and amon the R o mans p pl , g G k g , w h wh om the few m osed he r w on the man it i p t i ill up y . And this p ower was exercised so u nju stly and with such h h ness ha a rowd of s es was re arded mere aug ti , t t c lav g ly h n r n as so man a e s ot as e sons as h s . y c tt l , p but t i g These were he d to be o s de the S here of law and l ut i p , “ h m o re a n n n es witho ut even t e clai t t i a d e j o y life . Slav are in the ower of h e r m s ers and h s ower is p t i a t , t i p derived fro m the L aw of Nati ons ; for we find that among all nations masters have the power of life and death o er he r s es and wha e er s a e e rns v t i lav , t v a l v a ” 2 e n w n t h s a O f mor b l o gs to his master. O i g o t is t te al onf s n e ame awf for men to s he r s a es c u io it b c l ul ell t i l v , to e hem in e han e to d s ose of hem w to giv t xc g , i p t by ill, e hem to hem to a se hem for n hem b at t , kill t , bu t by ci g t to serve for the gratificati on of evil passions and cru el

1 i n H um um aucis v iv t e u s L u can P /i arsal v . an . . p g ( , 2 u tinian I ns it i i v iii n J s , t . . t t. . . 1 . L etter o P e L o I II f op e X . xx x i

s ers ons hese h n s o d be d ne e a w h up titi ; t t i g c ul o , l g lly, it

im n and in the h of ea en. E en hose who pu ity, lig t H v v t were w ses in the a an wor d s r o s h oso hers i t p g l , illu t i u p il p and earned r s ons s o ra n th e o mmon fee n l ju i c ult , ut gi g c li g of man nd s eeded in ers d n h emse es and ki , ucc p ua i g t lv others that slavery was simply a necessary conditio n of n h i n hes e ass r nature . A d t ey d d ot itat to e t that the slav e class was very inferior to the free- men bo th in in e en e and erfe on of od d e o men and t llig c p cti b ily ev l p t ; , h erefore h s a es as e n s wan n in reason and t , t at l v , b i g ti g sense o h in all h n s to be the ns r men s o f the , ug t t i g i t u t m wi howe er rash and nwor h of the r as ers . ll , v u t y, i t Such inhuman and wicked do ctrines are to be sp ecially de es ed for when o n e he are a e ed here is no t t , c t y cc pt , t form of O ppressi o n so wicked but that it will defend n itself beneath so me co lou r of legality a d ju stice . H istory is full of exampl es sh owing what a seed- bed of r me wh a es and a m h s s s em has een c i , at p t c la ity, t i y t b for states ; hatreds are excited in the breasts of th e S es and the mas ers are e in a s e of s s on lav , t k pt tat u pici and perp etual dread ; the slaves prepare to avenge themse es w h the r hes of the n end ar and the lv it to c i c i y, masters continu e the task of O ppression with greater e S a es are d s r ed erna e the n m er cru lty. t t i tu b alt t ly by u b of the s a es and the o n e of the m s ers and SO l v by vi le c a t , are eas er h rown hen e in word ome r o s and ily ov t ; c , a , c i t

s editiou s a e and fire wars and s a h er. , pill g , l ug t The greater part of humanity were to iling in this a ss of m ser and were th e more to be ed e s by i y, piti b cau e he were s n in the d r ness of s ers n wh n in t y u k a k up titio , e the f ness of me and the d s n o f God h ul ti by e ig , lig t shone down on the wor d and the mer s o f hr s up l , it C i t h n n t e R edeemer were pou red ou t upon ma ki d. By that means they were lifted ou t o f the sl ough and the d s ress of s er and re ed and r h a fro m i t lav y, call b oug t b ck X X X L etter o P o e L e III II f p o X .

the terribl e bondage o f sin to thei r high dignity as the Th s the A ost es in h r sons of God. t e ea da s o f u p l , ly y the h r h amon o her re e s fo r a de o fe C u c , g t p c pt v ut li taught and laid down the do ctri ne which mo re than n r in h E s s f a a res h o ce o ccu s t e pi tl e o St. P ul dd sed to t ose “ newly baptized : F o r yo u are all the children o f God th in F o r man fa es s hr s . as o f ou as ha e by i , J u C i t y y v een a t ed in hr ha u n h T s e t o r s . here is b b p iz C i t, v p C i t ne her ew nor ree here is ne ther ond nor free it J , G k t i b , ; here is ne ther m n r f ma F or ou are all n t i al e o e le . y o e ” 1 “ n Wh h r i n i Christ J esu s . ere t e e s either Gentil e no r ew r m s on nor n r m s on Bar ar n no r J , ci cu ci i u ci cu ci i , b ia ” h n n 2 S a o d n r free . Bu hr n o t s is a d in all. cyt i , b C i t all F or in o ne S r were we all a ed n o o ne od pi it b ptiz i t b y, wh her ews o r en e s whe her ond or free and in et J G til , t b , n r we ha m ” o e Spi it ve all been ade to dri nk . o den words ndeed no e and who eso me essons G l i , bl l l , whereby its O ld dignity is given back and with increase to the h m n ra e and men of wha e er nd o r on e u a c , t v la t gu or class are bou nd together and j oined in the strong f ro her nsh ! Th h n onds o ose s St. b b t ly ki ip t i g , Paul , w h ha hr s an har w th wh h h e was ed it t t C i ti c ity i ic fill , e rned from the er e r of Him Who w th s h l a v y H a t , i uc s r ss n oodness av e H mse f to be the ro her of u pa i g g , g i l b t us and in His o wn e rson w ho o m n or all , P , it ut itti g e e n an one so e nno ed men ha the m h xc pti g y , bl t t y ig t me r a r in h D v n n r hro h beco pa ticip to s t e i i e atu e . T ug this Christian charity the v ari ous races O f men were drawn together u nder the Di v ine guidance in such a wonderful waythat they bl osso med into a new state of h ope and public happiness as with the p rogress O f time and events and the constant lab ou r of the Chu rch the ar o s n ons were e to ather o e her hr s n v i u ati abl g t g t , C i tia h f m and free or an ed new after t e m nner of a . , g iz a a a ily 1 2 3 — l iii 1 1 x i i ala iii 2 6 2 o oss . . 1 o r . 1 . G t. . 8 C . C . 3

t r o P e L II x xxiv L e te f op eo X I .

“ to m h ’ Whos e er are ser n s nder the Ti ot y o v va t u yoke, let them count thei r masters worthy of all ho nou r; l est the name of the L ord and His doctrine be blasphemed . But he h ha e e n mas ers let hem not t y t at ve b li vi g t , t des se hem e a se he are re hren ser e hem pi t b c u t y b t , but v t the ra h r e se he are f hf and e o ed who t e , b cau t y ait ul b l v , hese h n s ea h an are partakers of the benefit . T t i g t c d ” 1 h r In e mann r he . o mm nded s to e x o t . lik e c a Titu teach servants to be obedient to thei r masters in all N t efra n h n s eas n not n s n . o d d t i g pl i g, gai ayi g u i g, but in all h n s show n ood de ha he ma dorn t i g i g g fi lity, t t t y ya ” 2 r n h n the doctrine of Go d o u Saviou r i all t i gs . Those fi rst discipl es of the Christian faith very well u nderstood that this brotherly equality of all men in Christ ought in no wayto diminish or detract from the res e hon r f hf ness and h r d es due to p ct, ou , ait ul , ot e uti h m F rom h s man r those placed above t e . t i y good esults fo llowed SO that duties became at once more certain of n erform d and hter and easan er to do and bei g p e , lig pl t , at the same time more fruitful in obtaining the gl ory h s he re ed he r mas ers w h o f H eaven. T u t y t at t i t it reverence and honour as men clothed in the authority w r Am n from Whom comes all po e . o gst these discipl es the mo e of a on was not the fe r of n shmen or tiv cti a pu i t, an en h ened r d n e or the rom n s of y lig t p u e c , p pti g utility, a ons o sness of d and the for e of h r but c ci u uty c c a ity . O n the other hand masters were wisely counselled by

’ the Apostle to treat their slaves with consideration in “ re rn for he r ser es . And ou m s rs do the tu t i vic y , , a te , s me h n s n hem for e r n hre en n s n w n a t i g u to t , b a i g t at i g ; k o i g t ha the L o rd o h of hem and ou is in e en and t b t t y H av , ” 3 t he re is no res e of ersons w h H im h were p ct p it . T ey also told to remember that the slave had no reason to

“ ‘ re r his lot see n h he is the fr eman f the g et , i g t at e o 1 2 Timo 3 1 h v i. 1 2 i t Titus i 1 0. E hes v i y , . . 9, p . . 9 . L etter o P o e L eo III x f p X . x xv

“ L ord nor the freem n see n ha he is the ondm ; a , i g t t b an ”1 o f hr s to fee ro d and to his mm n C i t, l p u , give co a ds

with haughtiness . It was impressed upon masters that

the o h to re o n e in h r S es he r fe ow- men y ug t c g iz t ei lav t i ll , and respect them accordingly ; recognizing that by n ure he w re not d fferen from hemse s ha at t y e i t t lve , t t by religion and in relation to the majesty of their common

L rd were a . hese re e s so w a e o all equ l T p c pt , ell calcul t d to introduce harmony among the vario us parts of domes so e were r sed the A os es h m tic ci ty, p acti by p tl t e S e rem r e is the se s e s . f lve p cially a kabl ca o St. Paul when he r d h mse f in eh f of O nes m s the exe te i l b al i u , f e s e of Ph emon w h whom when he re rn d ugitiv lav il , it , tu e h im to his m s er he sen h s o n re ommenda on : a t , t t i l vi g c ti And do ho re e e him as m own owe s not now t u c iv y b l , as serv an ns ead of a ser n mos de r a t, but i t va t a t a ro her And if he h e wron ed hee in n h n b t av g t a yt i g, h m ” 2 or is in th de u t a to o n . y bt, p t t y acc u t Whoever compares the Pagan and the Chri stian attitude towards slavery will easily come to the con e lu sion that the one was marked by great cruelty and w kedn ss and the her re en ness and ic e , ot by g at g tle h man nor w ss e to de r e the h r h u ity, ill it be po ibl p iv C u c of the credit du e to her as the instrument of this happy And h s e mes s more aren when we change . t i b co till app t ons der ref h ow nd r and w h wha r den c i , ca ully, te e ly it t p u ce the Church has cut out and destroyed this dreadful r f She has de re a ed an r cu se o Slavery. p c t y p ecipitate action in securing the manumi ssion and liberation of the s es a se h w d h en a ed m s lav , bec u t at oul ave t il tu ult and wro h n r as we to the s es h mse s as ug t i ju y, ll lav t e lve to the o mmonwe h w h s n r w sd m she c alt , but it i gula i o has seen that the mi nds o f the Slaves sho uld be in hr h h r ne in the hr s n fa h structed t oug e discipli C i tia it , 1 1 r v ii 2 2 hilemo n 1 2 — 1 8 1 Co . . . P . x xx v i L etter of P ope L eo XIII and with baptism should acquire habits suitable to the hr n h r f r h n m the s e m i s fe . e e w e d C i tia li T e o , , a i lav ult e wh m she has n m red mon her h dr n tud o u be a g c il e ,

' s me led s r some ho e of er h e had o , a t ay by p lib ty, av r o rse to V o en e and sed n the h r h has w s ec u i l c itio , C u c al ay ondemned hes n wf effor s and osed hem c t e u la ul t opp t , and through her ministers has applied the remedy of he a h th s s fee h r en e . S e e to pati c t ug t lav l t at, by vi tue of the h of ho fa h and the h r r h re d lig t ly it , c a acte t ey ceive fr m hr s he en o ed a d n wh h a ed h m o C i t, t y j y ig ity ic pl c t e

‘ above their heathen l ords ; but that they were bou nd the more strictly by the Author and F ou nder of their f h mse f ne er to set hems es a ns hese o r ait Hi l v t elv ag i t t , even to be wanting in the reverence and obedience due Kn n hemse es as th h n ne f to them. owi g t lv e c ose o s o the K n dom of God ndowed w h the freedo m of His i g , e it h dren and ed to the ood h n s ha are not of c il , call g t i g t t s fe he were e to wor on w ho e n s thi li , t y abl k it ut b i g ca t d wn the sorr ws and ro es o f h s ss n wor d o by o t ubl t i pa i g l , but with eyes and hearts tu rned to H eaven were consol ed h n in h r ho r l n r n e t. e r and st e gt e ed t i ly eso utio s . S P te was addressing himself specially to s lav es when he “ wr e : F or h s is h n s- w r h if for ons en ot t i t a k o t y, c ci ce r m n n re s rr ws s ffer n wr n f w ds God a e d o . to a a u o o , u i g g ully F or u nto this you are called ; becau se Christ also s ffered for u s e n ou an m h t ou sho d u , l avi g y exa ple t a y ul f w H i ” 1 o llo s steps . The red for h s so de o n d w th m der on c it t i licitu j i e i o ati , which in such a wonderful way displayed the Divine wers of the h r h is n re s d the mar e o s po C u c , i c a e by v ll u and u nconqu erable courage with which she was able to ns r and m n r was i pi e sustain so a y poo slaves . It a wond rf s h to eho d hose who in h e r o ed en e e ul ig t b l t , t i b i c and the patience with which they submitted to every 1 — 1 t eter ii 1 2 1 . S . P . 9 L eo III Xx x L etter of P ope X . v l l

t sk were s h an e m e to h r mas rs ref s n to a , uc xa pl t ei te , u i g let themselves be p ersuaded to prefer the wicked com m nds of hose e h m to the ho law of God a t abov t e ly , and even giving up their lives in the most cruel tortures n ere h ar n n e r w The with u nco qu d e ts a d u cloud d b o s . pages of Eusebius keep alive for u s the memory of the nsha en ns n of the r n Potamiaena who u k co ta cy vi gi , , r h r h n ns n to r f the s s of her m s er at e t a co e t g ati y lu t a t , f r ess a e ed d h and se d her f hf ness to ea l ly cc pt eat , ale ait ul M n er J esu s Christ with her blood. a y oth admirable ’ e m s o nd of s a s who for h r so s s xa ple ab u l ve , t ei ul ake nd to ee he r f h w h God h res s e he r a k p t i ait it , ave i t d t i h s or has no s h w f masters to the deat . Hi t y ca e to S o o Christian slaves for any other cau se setting themselves in o o s on to he r m s ers or o n n in ons r s pp iti t i a t , j i i g c pi acie

against the State . Th n e e and e t mes ha n n res r d e ce, p ac qui t i vi g bee to e to the h r h the ho F hers m de a w se and C u c , ly at a i admirable expo sition of the Apostolic precepts con cerning the fraternal u nanimity which should exist e w en hr s ans and w h e h r nd b t e C i ti , it a lik c a ity exte ed it to the advantage of slaves ; striving to po int out that the rights of masters extended lawfully indeed over the w r s of he r s es h he r w r did not o k t i lav , but t at t i po e end to s n horr e r e es a a ns he r r n ext u i g ibl c u lti g i t t i p e so s .

hr os om s nds re- em nen mon the r t. s S C y t ta p i t a g G eeks . H e f n r s of h s s e and f rms w h e o te t eat t i ubj ct, a fi it xult in m nd and on e h s r in the old mean n o f g i t gu t at lave y, i g the word had at h me d s e red hro h the , t at ti i app a t ug beneficence of the Christian faith ; so that it both s m d and was word w h an m n n m n ee e , , a it out y ea i g a o g h s es of h L r F r hr s nd d s he t e di cipl t e o d . o C i t i ee ( o s ms u his ar men when in His r m r to u s u p gu t) , g eat e cy w ed wa the sin n r ed our r h the He ip a y co t act by bi t , at same time healed the manifold corruptions of human P e L III x x xv iii L etter of op eo X .

soc and h as dea h se f His me ns has laidl iety t at, t it l by a as ide its terrors and be come a p eaceful passing away to .

‘ D ~ ha life so a s o has s a er een an shed. O a ppy , l l v y b b i n s nd ed not hen a an hr s an man s e es . t c ll y C i ti a lav , u l , i e , he is in bondage again to sin ; they are altogether brethren who are b orn again and received in Chri st J esu s ; o ur advantages fl ow from that new birth and do on n o the ho seho d of God not from the a pti i t u l , eminence of o ur race ; ou r dignity arises from the

“ r se of ou r r h not of our ood in rder p ai t ut , bl ; but, o that that kind of evangelical brotherhood may have more fr is ne essar h in th e a ons of o ur uit, it c y t at cti ordinary life there sho uld appear a willing interchange of ndness and ood O f es so ha s a es sho d be ki g fic , t t l v ul esteemed of nearly equal accou nt with the rest of our o seho d and fr ends and h the mas er of the ho se h u l i , t at t u sh d s hem not on w h wh is ne essar for oul upply t , ly it at c y he r fe and food a so w h all ne essar safe ards t i li , but l it c y gu n F na from the mar ed address of re io s ra n . lig u t i i g i lly, k “ of a to Ph emon dd n ra e and ea e to tile P ul il , bi i g g c p c ’ ” 1 lzurclc zo/ziclt is in tlz tzou se the re e Sho d be C y , p c pt ul held in resp ect equally by Chri stian masters and servants h h e who h e an n er omm n on of fa h sho d t at t y, av i t c u i it ul f h r O f the L a in al so have an intercommu nion o c a ity . t Am ro se r e w r h and s to m nd St . ho s w o . aut t ily ju tly call i b , who SO earnestly inquired into all that was necessary in h s m er and so ear as r es wha is due to ea h t i att , cl ly c ib t c nd of man a ord n to the aws of hr s an ha ki cc i g l C i ti ity, t t H is sent men s n ne has e r a h e ed e er. o o ve c i v it b tt i t , it

is nne essar to sa f and erfe o n de w h . u c y y, ully p ctly c i ci it f m hr sos o . those o St. C y t ‘ hese h n s were as is e den mos s and T t i g , vi t, t ju tly Bu t more the h ef o n is h sef a d down. u ully l i , c i p i t t at

he ha e een o ser ed who and re o s from . t y v b b v lly ligi u ly,

1 i n 2 Ph lemo . L tter P o e L eo I II e of p X . xxxix

the e r es t mes where er the rofess on of th a li t i , v p i e fa h ha r h n ess h s ha Christian it s fl ou is ed. U l t i d been the se ha e e en def nder of re on L actantiu s ca , t t xc ll t e ligi , , o d not h e m n a ned so n den as ho h c ul av ai t i it co fi tly, t ug “ h u ld an ne sa a witness of it . S o y o y : A re there not

amon ou some oor some rich some slaves some who g y p , , , are masters ; is there no dif erence between difE rent ersons ? I answer There is none nor is there an p , , y other cause wh we call each other b the name o brother y y f , than that we consider ourselv es to be equ als ; f or when

we measure all hu man thin s not b the bod bu t b the g , y y y

s irit althou h their cor oral condition ma be d ’ rent p , g p y ifi

rom ours et in s irit the are not slaves to u s bu t we f , y p y , ” 1 teem and call them brethren llow - w r ers n r l es e o k i e ion. , f ig The care of the Church extended to the protecti on of s a es and w ho n err on ended aref to l v , it ut i t upti t c ully one o e ha he sho d na be res ored to bj ct, t t t y ul fi lly t freed m wh h wo d re nd e to he r e ern l o , ic ul g atly co uc t i t a f ha the e en h res onde t hes wel are . T t v t appily p d o t e effor s the ann s of sa r d n afford ndan t , al c e a tiquity abu t r f No e m r ns r ndered s r o s h oo . t e p bl at o , e illu t i u by f r me hemse es ff r r i in ra ses o St. e o ded e a d p i J , t lv a o g at arr n h s ma er n o effe so ha as Salv ianu s c yi g t i tt i t ct ; t t, re a s in hr s n f m es e en h h not er r h l te , C i tia a ili , v t oug v y ic , it O ften happened that the slaves were freed by a generou s

Bu t a so t. men n ef r ra s manumission. l S Cle t lo g b o e p i ed that excell ent work of charity by which some Christians e am s a es an e h n of ers ns e se he b c e l v , by xc a ge p o , b cau t y w could in no other wayliberate those who ere in bondage . Wherefore in add on to the fa ha the o f m n , iti ct t t act a u mi ssion began to take place in chu rches as an act of the h r h or ered to be r s d to the piety, C u c d it p opo e f hf when o to m e he r w s as wor er ait ul ab ut ak t i ill , a k v y

pleasing to God and of great merit and valu e with H im . 1 D I nst v 1 6 iv . . i. . . r x l L ette of P ope L eo XIII .

H ence those precepts of manumission to the heir were “ n rod ed w h the words or the lov e o God or the i t uc it f f , f ” are or bene t o m u N her was n h n welf fi f y so l . eit a yt i g grudged as the price of captives ; gifts dedicated to God were so d sa red esse s of d and s er me e l , c v l gol ilv lt d d wn the rn m n s and fts of the s as na ed o , o a e t gi ba ilic alie t , as ndeed was done more h n on e Am r se , i , t a c by b o , A s ne r Eli ius a r and m n o h r ugu ti ; Hila y, g , P t ick, a y t e M r r h h men. o eo t e R om n on ffs who h oly ve , a P ti , ave w s d as h s or r re es as the ro c rs al ay acte , i t y t uly lat , p te to of the w a and he rs of the ressed h e don e k lpe opp , av e

t. r r h r their best for slaves . S G ego y imself set at libe ty as m n as oss e and in the R man n of the a y p ibl , , o Cou cil e r des red hose to r e e he r freedom who y a 5 97 , i t ec iv t i w n r h m er n o s to e e t e n s s e . dr n e a xi u t o a tic tat Ha ia I . maintained that slaves could freely enter into matrimony ’ e en w h he r m s ers ons n was r v it out t i a t c e t . It clea ly stated in the e r 1 1 6 A e nder . to the M r sh by l xa III , y a 7 , oo i K n of Va n h he sh d not ma e a s a of i g le cia, t at oul k l ve an hr s n e se no one was s e the law y C i tia , b cau a lav by f n r all m n h n m fr o e e en de ee God. atu , avi g be a by in he e r 1 1 nn n II . t 0 at the r er of its I oce t I , y a 9 , p ay f nd rs ohn de M h and F of V s r d ou e , J at a elix aloi , app ove and established the O rder of the M ost H oly Trinity f or R edeeming Christians who had fall en into the power f he r s . A a n o t t r d e on r s . a d Tu k late at , H o iu III , af rwar r r X v the rder o ds I . d r d O te G ego y , uly app o e f t M ar l f n w S . o H e ded for s m r r ose h y f p , ou a i ila pu p , hic e r N o s had es a sh d and wh h n ded the P te la co t bli e , ic i clu severe rule that its R eligiou s Should give themselves up as slaves in the place of Christians taken captive by r n s if sh d n ss r in order to red m ty a t , it oul be ece a y ee

them. The s me o e re or ss d D r e wh h was a P p G g y pa e a ec e , ic far r r s r of r was n wf a g eate uppo t libe ty, that it u la ul to

lii L etter o P o e L e III x f p o X .

re rned to the ho h r h the n sher o f s a r tu Cat lic C u c , ba i l ve y, and the tho r o f r e er fra ern and e a au t u lib ty, t ity, qu lity m n men for h ro h the f ness of the beneficence a o g , , t ug ul of hr s o ur R edeemer she has mer ed the ros C i t , it it by p ri of n n pe ty atio s . wards the end of the fteen h en r wh h To fi t c tu y, at ic me the se s a n of s a er hav n een n ar ti , ba t i l v y i g b e ly ed o ut from am n hr s an na ns S a s w r blott o g C i ti tio , t te e e n s to s and rm in e an e a er and a so a xiou t fi ly v g lic l lib ty, l to n re se h e r em re h s A os o See oo the i c a t i pi , t i p t lic t k greatest care that the evil germs o f such depravity n h r r he therefore d re ed her should ow e e evive . S i ct provident vigilance to the newly discovered regi ons o f Afr a As a and Amer a for a re o rt had rea hed ic , i , ic ; p c her ha the ead rs O f hose e ed t ons hr s ans t t l e t xp i i , C i ti ho h h were were w ed m n u se of he r t ug t ey , ick ly aki g t i arms and i ngenuity for establi shing and imp osing slavery n h nn n th r o ose o e na ons . ndeed s n e e de t i c t ti I , i c c u n re of the so wh h he had to o er ome and atu il ic t y v c , al so the wealth of metal s which had to be extracted d n re red er h rd wor n s and by iggi g, qui v y a k, u ju t nh man n w r F or a er n i u pla s e e entered i nto . c tai r f was e n s es e n rans orted for ha t a fic b gu , lav b i g t p t t

’ r se fro m E h o a wh h at that me nder the pu po t i pi , ic ti , u name o f L a tratta dei IVe ri to o m h o ed hose g , uc ccupi t n es A ri o ress on of he n eno s nh n s co lo i . pp i t i dig u i abita t who are n ers ed nd ns m h the same as ( u iv ally call I ia ) , uc n Wh n S er fo o wed w h e ma re me . lav y, ll it a lik lt at t e h m f he e ma ters w h s . ad e o e ass red o s o Piu II b c u t t , it ut de a on O o er th in the ear 1 6 2 he addr ssed l y, ct b 7 , y 4 , e a e er to the B sho of the a e in wh h he re ro ed l tt i p pl c , ic p v an ondemne w ome m af er d c d such ickedness . S ti e t w L far h hi ffi rds eo X. en as as e o d s ood o es a l t, c ul , g c and a h or to th e n s of o h o r a and S n ut ity ki g b t P tug l pai , who oo r to r d a r a e h en e O osed t k ca e a ic lly exti p t t at lic c , pp L etter of P ope L eo XI II . xliii

e to re on h man and s e . N er he ess alik ligi , u ity, ju tic ev t l , h e h n rown s r n rem ned her its m r t at vil avi gg t o g ai t e, i pu e h n en h e des re of a n r ma n n se t e . cau , u qu c abl i g i , e i i g ‘ h f h he hen a . an s w er o e as to t T P ul III , xiou it a at ly l v ond on of the nd ns and of the M oor sh s a es c iti I ia i l v , me to h s s de ermna o n to de re in n ca t i la t t i ti , cla ope and as were in the s h of n ons ha day, , it , ig t all ati , t t they all had a ju st and natural right of a threefold h r er nam ha ea h one of he m was mas er c a act , ely, t t c t t of his own ers n ha he o d e o e her nder p o , t t t y c ul liv t g t u h e r own ws ha he o d a re and h d t i la , t t t y c ul cqui ol f r h m M r h n h a n en ro er o e se es . o e s s p p ty t lv t a t i , h vi g t e ers to the rd na Ar h sh o of o edo he ro l tt Ca i l c bi p T l , p nounced an interdict and depriv al of Sacred R ites against tho se who acted contrary to the aforesaid De ree reser n to the R m n o n ff the fa of c , vi g o a P ti culty n m 1 abso lvi g the . W h the s me fore h h and ons an o her it a t oug t c t cy, t n V ffs a a a r er o as r n . B n X V o t d U e ed I . P ti , l te p i , ba III , ict , V h we hemse e s ro n ser er f and s II . s o d s s s o Piu , t lv t g a t er for the nd ans and M o o rs and e en hose who lib ty I i , v t r as e n n r in the hr s an f h The we e y t ot i st ucted C i ti ait . s o e moreo er the o n of the onfedera ed la t P p , v , at C u cil c t r n es of E r e he d V enna ed he r a en on P i c u op l at i , call t i tt ti in o mmo n to h s o n ha ha raf in ne roes of c t i p i t, t t t t t fic g wh h We ha e S o en efore and wh h had now ic v p k b , ic ease in m n a es sho d be horo h roo ed c d a y pl c , ul t ug ly t V r n r hose wh r r X I . so se e e e s ed o ou t. G ego y al v ly c u t ne e ed the d es of h man and the aws and gl ct uti u ity l , restored the decrees and statu to ry penalties of the A os o See and he ef no means n r ed h for n p t lic , l t u t i , t at eig n ons a so f ow n the nd ness of the E r e ns ati l , oll i g ki li u op a ,

1 Veritas z sa 2 M h r Gre o r XVI. a 1 . S ee t e L ette of p , 9 y, 537 g y , ’ v full len iz ation gi en at gth in No te 1 5 to Balmez E u rop ean Civ il . The who le N o te is most v alu able and occu ies 2 0— o f the , p pp . 4 437 n li h Edi ion E g s t . x liv L etter o P o e L II f p eo X I .

s hould cease from and abhor the disgrace and brutality 1 r But has rn u t m s f r n f of slave y . it tu ed o o t o tu ately or U s that We have received the co ngratulations of the chief princes and rulers of public affairs for having o ned h n s to O ur ns n ead n s som btai , t a k co ta t pl i g , e satisfaction for the l ong continu ed and most just com n s of n r an re on plai t atu e d ligi . We h e howe er in O u r m nd in m r of the av , v , i , a atte s m nd no her re wh h s U s no h an e a e ki , a t ca ic give lig t xi ty r n r h s shamef r n and p esses up o O u solicitude . T i ul t adi g in men has ndeed e sed to e a e sea on , i , c a tak pl c by , but land it is carried on to too great an e xtent and too r nd ha es a in so me r s f r r o s a O Af . ba ba u ly, t t peci lly pa t ica F or h n een er erse a d down the , it avi g b p v ly l i by Mahommedans that Ethiopians and men of s imilar n ns are r e s er r to r e e s s is s atio ve y littl up io b ut b a t , it ea y to see and sh dder the erfid and r e f man u at p y c u lty o . S d en e nderers m n an a h n e u d ly, lik plu aki g ttack, t ey i vad the r es of E h o ns fe r n no s h h n he r sh t ib t i pia a i g uc t i g, t y u n o he r es ho ses and h s h la w s i t t i villag , u , ut ; t ey y a te, d s ro and s e er h n he e d w fr m h n e e t y, eize v yt i g; t y l a a ay o t e c the men wo men and h dr n e s a red and , , c il e , a ily c ptu o nd so h he ma dr hem aw for e for b u , t at t y y ag t ay by c f hese h ef e n their shameful tra fic . T at ul exp ditio s are m de n o E Z n r and r a s n o the a i t gypt, a ziba , pa tly l o i t S o dan as ho h so m n s ons men nd w h u , t ug a y tati ; bou it h ns are for ed to e on o rne s s ed w h c ai c tak l g j u y , ill uppli it food nder the fre en u se of the sh hose who are , u qu t la t too weak to undergo thi s are killed ; those who are strong enough go like a flock with a crowd o f others to so d and to be ssed o er to r and Sh me ess be l , pa v a b utal a l r h r Bu t whoe er is h s so d an n pu c ase . v t u l d give up is

“ 1 m i D 1 I n su re o A ostolatns astz o ec . 8 . \ Ve absolutel p p f g , 3 39 y prohibit and interdict all ecclesiastics and laymen from v enturing to maintain that this traffic in ne ro es is ermitted under an rete t g p , y p x o r colou r whatsoev er. L etter o P o e L eo II I x lv f p X .

se to m ser e rend n s nder of w es h dren expo d a i abl i ga u iv , c il , and r n s and is dr en him n o who se wer he pa e t , iv by i t po fall s into a hard and indescribabl e slavery ; nor can he nf r the re o s r es of Mah me refu se to co o m to ligi u it o t. hese h n s We h e re e e not on s n e w h the T t i g av c iv d l g i c , it re es erness o f fee n from some who h e een g at t bitt li g, av b

e e- w nesses ho h e rf ones of ha nd o f nfam y it , t ug t a ul , t t ki i y W h hese o n s wh has eenre e and misery . it t acc u t at b lat d lately by the explorers of equatorial Africa entirely coin is nd ed man fes he r es mon and w rd des . ci It i e i t, by t i t ti y o , that each year about fou r hundred thou sand Africans are And of hese one h f w ar d h s s d e e . t u ol lik cattl t al , e ie ou t the ro hness o f the r s f down and er sh by ug t ack , all p i here so h sad to re a e h se ra n thro h t ; t at, l t , t o t velli g ug such places see the pathwaystrewn with the remai ns of n Who wo d not be mo ed the h o h of bo es. ul v by t ug t s h m ser es ? We ndeed who e r the erson of uc i i , i , b a p hr s the o n er or and R edeemer of all m n nd C i t, l vi glib at a ki , and who so rej o ice in the many and gl orio u s good deeds of the h r h to all who are f ed can s r e C u c a flict , ca c ly express how great is O u r co mmiseration for those nha na ons w h wha f ness of har We o en u ppy ti , it t ul c ity p O ur arms to h m how arden We des re to be to t e , tly i able fford h m e er a e at on and s or w h the ho e a t e v y ll vi i upp t, it p ha ha n as O ff the s er of s rs n as we as t t, vi g c t lav y upe titio ll the s a r of man he ma at en h s r e the one l ve y , t y y l gt e v r e God nder the en o of hr s ar a rs t u u g tle y ke C i t, p t ke w h u s of th D ne nh r n Wo d h all wh it e ivi i e ita ce . ul t at o h d h h os ons in em r s or s es o r who des re ol ig p iti pi e tat , i the r h s o f n ons and of h man to be e d s re ig t ati u ity h l ac d, or who earnestly devote themselves to the interests of the a ho re o n w d all e er wh re n o n C t lic ligi , oul , v y e , acti g O ur e h r ns and w shes s r e o er to re ress x o tatio i , t iv t geth p , f r d and ut an end to h nd o f raf han o bi , p t at ki t fic, t w h no h n is m r n w In the hic t i g o e base a d icked. lv i L etter o P o e L eo II x f p X I .

me n me wh e a mo re s ren o s o n of a ti , il by t u u applicati n en and a r new r ds are e n made and i g uity l bou oa b i g , new co mmercial enterpri ses u ndertaken in the l ands o f Afr let os o men endea o r to find o u t how he ica, ap t lic v u t y n es se re th f n r f he c a b t cu e sa ety a d libe ty o slaves . T y will O btain success in this matter in no other way than if s ren hened D v ne ra e he e hemse es , t gt by i i g c , t y giv t lv up to spreading O u r most ho ly faith and daily caring for whose d s n sh n fr is ha it wonderf it, i ti gui i g uit t t ully favo u rs and devel op es the liberty w ith which Christ made W h r f dv se h m s if n u s ree. e e e o re a e to oo a f t i t l k, i to a m rror of a os o r e the fe and wo r s of i p t lic vi tu , at li k h m W ha a St. e er a er to w o e e e dded a rown P t Cl v , v l t ly a c of gl ory ; let them loo k at him who fo r full forty years ' gave himself u p to minister with the greatest constancy in his o rs to a mos m sera e assem of M o or sh lab u , t i bl bly i s es r he o h to be a ed the a os e of hose lav , t uly ug t c ll p tl t whose constant servant h e p rofessed himself and gave

h n v r e to hem himself up to be . If t ey e dea ou to tak t se es and re e the har and a en e of s h man lv fl ct c ity p ti c uc a , h w sh ne ndeed as wor h m n s ers of sa v o n t ey ill i i t y i i t l ati , hors of onso n messen ers of e e who aut c latio , g p ac , , by ’ d s h ma rn so de deso on and fierceness Go elp, y tu litu , lati , i nto the most j oyful fertility of religion and civilizati on. And now ener e re hren O ur ho h s and , v abl b t , t ug t letters desire to turn to you that We may again announce to you and again share with you the e xceed ing joywhich We feel on accou nt of the determinations which have been publicly entered into in that empire w h r rd f n ee see m d to U s e to s er . I d d it ga lav y , i , it e a ood h and ro t o s e en h was ro ded g , appy, p pi i u v t, t at it p vi and i nsi sted upon by law that whoever were still in the condition of slaves ought to be admitted to the status and r h s of free men so a s on rms and n reases ig t , l o it c fi i c ou r h f f r a wh w h se of o ope o utu e cts ich ill be t e cau j y, L etter o P o e L eo III l f p X . x v ii

n r h both in civil a d eligio u s matters . T u s the name of the Empire of Brazil will be ju stly held in honour and r se mon the mos ed na ons and the n m p ai a g t civiliz ti , a e o f its augu st Emp eror will likewise be estee med ; for his

! e e en s ee h is o n r ord ha he des red n h n xc ll t p c ec , t t i ot i g more ardently than that ev ery vestige of slavery sho uld be eed o e ra d from his rr r Bu t o n the h s p ily blit te te ito ies . ot er hand n hose re e s of the aws are rr ed n , u til t p c pt l ca i i to effe e rnes ende o r We esee h ou me ns ct, a tly av u , b c y , by all a , and p ress on as much as p ossible the acco mpli shment of h ff r wh h n h f h n r s a o d es de . hr h t i ai , ic lig t i ficulti i T oug your means let it be brought to pass that masters and

S a es ma m a re w th the h hes ood- w l v , y utually g e i ig t g ill and e f Do not le h r n b st good aith . t t e e be a y trans ression of emen o r s e wha e er h n s g cl cy ju tic , but, t v t i g h a to be rr d o ut let be done awf ve ca ie , all l ully, em er e and in hr s n manner is howe r t p at ly, a C i tia . It , ve , chiefly to be wi shed that this may be prosperously a om sh d wh h desire ha s er ma be cc pli e , ic all , t t lav y y banished and blotted o ut without any injury to Divine o r h m n r h s w h no on of the S e and so u a ig t , it agitati tat , w h the s d ene of the s a es hemse es for it oli b fit l v t lv , hose s is n r n T w e de e . o ea h one of hes ak it u tak c t e, whether they have already been made free o r are abo ut to e ome so We ddress w h a s or n en on an b c , a it pa t al i t ti d fatherly mind a few salutary cautio ns cull ed from the w ords of the r A os e f h L et hem g eat p tl o t e Gentil es . t then endeavo ur piou sly and constantly to retain a grateful memory and feeling towards those by whose ns and e er on he wer e r L et hem cou el x ti t y e s t at libe ty . t never Show themselves u nworthy of so great a gift nor ever confound liberty with licence ; but let them u se it as becomes well ordered citizens for the indu stry of an e fe for the ene and ad an a e o h o f he r activ li , b fit v t g b t t i fam an of he To res n ily d t State . pect a d increase the xlv iii L etter of P ope L eo XIII

d n of he r r n es to O e m s r es to be ig ity t i p i c , b y the agi t at , o ed en to the aws hese and s m ar d es let h m b i t l , t i il uti t e d en f nd r the n en e not S O m h o f fe r ilig tly ulfil u e i flu c , uc a as of religio n ; let them al so restrain and keep in sub ’ ection en o f no h rs wea h or os n wh h j vy a t e lt p itio , ic u nfortunately daily distresses so many o f those in nfer or s ons and rese n s so man n emen s i i po iti , p t y i cit t f re e n a n o b llio ag i st secu rity of order and peace . on n w th h r s a e and lot let he m h n no h n C te t i t ei t t , t t i k t i g de rer let hem des re no h n mo re rden h n the a , t i t i g a tly, t a ood h n s of the heav en K n dom fo r the s e of g t i g ly i g , ak which they have been brought to the light and redeemed hr s let hem fee o s owards God Who is by C i t ; t l pi u ly t , the ir L ord and L iberator ; let them l ove H im with all their p ower ; let them keep H is Commandments with all their might ; let them rej oice in being sons of His s o s the o Church let hem a o r to as p u e, H ly ; t l b u be o d as oss e and as m h as he can let h m g o p ibl , , uc t y , t e r rn is carefully etu H l ove . Do ou so Vener e Bre hren be ns an in y al , abl t , co t t show n and r n on the freed men hese s me i g , u gi g t a d r nes ha h wh h is O u r h ef ra er and oct i ; t t t at ic c i p y , at the same time ought to be yours and that of all good e r on amon s the rs ma e er fee h peopl , eligi , g t fi t, y v l t at she has gained the most ample fruits of that liberty which has been O btained wherever that empire extends Bu t ha ha ma ha e e We be and , pp p , g t t t t y, ily tak lac impl ore the full grace of God and the motherly aid of the mma V r n As a fore as e of h en I culate i gi . t t eav ly

f s and w ness of O ur fa her o d- W ow rds ou gi t it t ly g o ill t a y , Vener e Bre hren o r er and all r e abl t , y u cl gy, you peopl , W n n e l ov ingly impart the Ap ostolic Be edicti o . ’ n m Ma th in the r e St. e rs R o e Giv at P te at , y s , yea

D L x x v m h e en of u r P ontificate . M CCC x . t e e O , l v th

X . L EO PP . III

av er in the R m E m r 2 S l y o an pi e.

cas e where it has exi s ted and has been s uccessfully

s r h o w aboli hed , and t ace that abolition has been

effected . w r 1 We ma M . A s r y, ith Paul lla d , divide the hi to y o f s lave ry du ring the las t eighteen hu nd red years into three epochs r R m E m r w 1 . was Unde the o an pi e, in hich it

i rr to an s s r w s w r f r ca ied exce neve kno n el e he e, be o e

r s f rm o r s ince . Ch i tianity ound it pe eating and

rr r m o f m f S ix co upting eve y do ain hu an li e, and in ” centu ries o f conflict s ucceeded in reducing it to

nothing .

2 The s ma m r . econd epoch y be taken to e b ace the barbaro us nations who overran and finally over

r w R m E m r who re - s th e the o an pi e, and establi hed

s r in E r n s m lave y u ope , u til they too ub itted to the

n o f r s w f r influe ce Ch i tianity , and by the t el th centu y S lavery had again been pros cribed and ex pellgd r fm E u ope .

The r is m r 3 . thi d epoch that elancholy hi s to y o f the revival o f thi s hateful bane o f hu manity among

n ns r f s s n r s n n defi atio p o e i g Ch i tia ity, but acti g in

f i s s r s s ance O t pi it and it law . The Portugues e have the u nhappy di s tinction o f having reintro du ced s lavery on the coas t O f A frica in the fifteenth

n r Th r s r s ce tu y. e Sp ania d we e not low to catch

f o f r ro the in ection ; and , in defiance the clea p

hibitions O f r r was s s eligion , slave y e tabli hed in the

N ew W r t e Pu ritans m . m e o ld fi N atte pted to ak N “ M out that the Chri s tian religion s anctioned and

1 ' L es E sclav es Chretiens . Par aul Allard . 2 se . aris P , pp 49 , q P Di i d er et Cie. r in the Roman E m i S lav e y p re. 3 e f r m r r r r n o ced it, and ode n Ch istian slave y eached

S hipped O ff thousands Of I ri s h boyi and gi rl s and in he mr o f r s ir s old them t slave a ket Ba badoe . S William Petty states that S ix thousand w ere s ent

s s s W s r s l o ut a lave to the est Indie . The B i to

r- m r s r s suga e chant t aded in the e hu man lives . E ven gi rl s o f noble bi rth w ere subjected to this

M r s m s o f c ru el fate . o i on ention an instance this

m n was kind which ca e to his own k owledge. He

r s w r m o f p e ent hen Daniel Conne y , a gentle an r w as s s m l Cla e, entenced to bani h ent by Colone f r r s or r s Mrs . r Ingold by ha bou ing a p ie t . Conne y d o f s r o f r ied de titution , and th ee his daughte s,

fu r w r r s r as young and beauti l gi ls , e e t an po ted ” 1 r We are s m r i S laves to Ba badoes . only ju t e e g ng from this thi rd and last epoch o f S lavery in civilized

E u rope . The fi rs t epoch is the mo s t eas y to t reat im

r f r are m re p a tially, and the contending o ces o d i s tinct and less complicated than du ring the other t wo s r s o f the t epoch , and hence the esult conflic

re m r s s m We S s a o e ea y to e ti ate. hall in thi l ectu re confine ou rselves to s lavery u nder the

R m E m r briefl o an pi e, and sketch y

ff o f r in R I. m E m r The e ects slave y the o an p i e.

Its m I I . di inution and all but extinction du ring

he f r f r t ou th and fi th centu ies .

f s . o m r I I I The cause thi extinction , and the anne in w was ff hich it e ected .

1 ’ Miss Cusac s Hist r o Ireland o . 6 . k y f , p 4 5 av r in the R m 4 S l e y o an E mpire.

Th e ects o s lav r n man . e e o he R o L e I j f y t s . t us b m o f s s w egin at the botto the ocial cale , ith that wide base u pon which the pyramid o f s ociety — — u ltimately res ts the poor labou ring classes and how ff m see it a ected the . The pop ulation o f the R oman E mpi re in the fi rs t centu ry con s i s ted o f

r ss — m s rs S s r fr m th ee cla es a te , lave , and poo ee en . m s r his S s fed m The a te bought lave and the , but

m n — w r his paid the othing they e e machines . He nO hired r r fo r his s s needed L labou e , lave did all that fr u r rs f m s was w anted . The ee labo e ound the selve r s s r r educed to idlene , and cong egated togethe in

r s w r S s n r dis the la ge citie , he e the tate ile ced thei r r contented clamou s with b ead and games . N o t to have more than one S lave w as thought extreme

r W r s at fr p ove ty. hen Ho ace at his ugal table, 1 r S s w him his th ee lave aited on , and he had nine in f r r S m. O n o f little abine a an ave age , a cap ital S r A u s s m 80 m . S i plied one lave Unde gu tu , a i p le ilius Isodoru s s r fr m n C . Caec eed a , , is de c ibed by Pliny “ as having los t a con s iderable p art o f his fortune r w rs his ft du ing the civil a , yet at death he le ” 2 s r s n s fou r thou and one hund ed and ixtee laves .

A r fr man m r s Po m eianu s is s nothe eed , De et iu p , tated by S eneca to have had repeated to him the nu mber

his s e s r m rn n r wh o f lav eve y o i g, like a gene al o 3 - o r examines the mu s ter roll f his—t oops . In fact it as s s r for r s w e ma s s e w nece a y, Pet oniu y u ppo w r — m s O f r rs ithout exagge ation ake one his cha acte ,

fr m Trimalcion ask m r how a eed an , , to one o ning

1 mini ra u tribus S at i vi Goena st t r pueris . ( . . . 3 3 D e Tran u A nim ist N at. iii. il . . . H . xxx 47 . q 9 S av er in the Roman E m ire l y p . 5

m any infant s laves had been born on his estates

the r was f rm r p eceding day, and in o ed that the e had been an increase to his p roperty o f thirty boys 1 ow we and forty gi rl s . N cannot s uppose that s uch vas t nu mbers o f s laves would be allowed to

A m r few rs m s be idle. co pa atively p e onally ini tered

o s r s o f r m r t the plea u e thei aste , but the vast majority w ere incessantly employed in work o f

s m r R m s v arious kind . In a ode ate o an e tablish m r was m l r r ent the e a il to g ind the co n , and bakers to make it into b read : the flax was sp un and w s m f rm r w r the ool , and in the a e a the e e e l ms w r was w r oo he e the cloth oven ; and dye s , t rs m r r rs r s u erin ailo , and e b oide e , all unde the p

o f lani ens r tendence the p , had each thei allotted

s r w r s m r m fisher ta k . The e e e hoe ake s , hunts en , men r rs m r rs m w r r , ca pente , asons , ca ve , osaic o ke s,

rs r r s r s glazie , joine s , a chitects , u geons , and physician

— s s r s s r s all lave . In g eat hou e the va ious clas es o f w r decu rie o r o f slaves e e divided into , bands ten , 2 r r R m w ith a s lave O ffice ove each . o an p atricians took a pride in having everything that they could f r r o wn S o require manu actu ed by thei laves . S “ Petronius makes Trimalcio n boas t : Thanks to the r is m ou gods , the e nothing in y house that y ” 3 admi re w hich has been bought . With us a large es tablishment encou rages labour and s timulates t rade in its neighbou rhood ; but

1 at ricon . S y , 53 9 In the colu mbariu m of L iv ia are found enumerated Decurio

u lar M nsor decu rio trato r decurio Decurio medicu c ubic , e , S , s, L ecto r d tiarius decurio Pedise uus decurio Decu rio ecu rio , O s , q , a tabulis, ” m na V rna m uri r lli Inscr Decurio fe i , e ru dec o . (O e , . 3 S at ric. y 47 . 6 S av r in the R man E m l e y o pire. these R oman establis hments had precisely the r as fo r O pposite effect . The e w nothing the labou rer w for r s m s to . Na do, no ant the t ade en to upp ly y, there was a s uperflu ity o f manu factu red goods ; and the wants o f less exten s ive establishments w r s fr m w r s w r e e upplied o the a ehouse , hich eve y

r s - r f ms f g eat lave holde ound hi el obliged to open . NO s m f rm r m r m co m all a e , no s all t ades an , could

t w s m f r s L ha p e e ith these va t anu acto ie . ucullus d 1 in w r s r his a ehouse five thou and p u p le cloaks . When extraordinarily grand p ublic entertainments had rmtor w s u t to be given , and a i hed to on ' p p the few r r stage a hund ed acto s , he did not apply to m r or r rr w the a costu ie a clothie , but bo o ed

r ss r m r wr s d e es f o L ucullus . The p oet Ma tial ite “ to a rich man : You r w ard robes are over- full o f br r e s r r s s are r mm w h illiant ob , you p es e c a ed it f rm w m r estive ga ents ithout nu be , you have enough ” 2 w r W S . white wool to clothe a hole t ibe . hen laves w r r m ss for e e thus p oductive , it beca e a nece ity ev r r m his e y t ades an to invest capital in slaves,

s and thu s every s hop was filled w ith them . A lave w r m r r s 1 8 or 2 0 a o k an o dina ilyco t about £ £ , and f m s 6 o r 8 r f t e ale lave £ £ , and thei ood did not cos

r s r r m above £5 o r £6 a yea . S lave neve g u bled s r W about w age ; they had no ights . hen they at m c w r m the te pted to es ap e, they e e conde ned by

1 Chlam des L u cullu s u t aiunt y , , Si o sset centu m s cenae ra bere ro atus p p g , ui do ssu m to t ? ait : tamen et u aeram e t u ot habebo Q q , q , ‘ u l s cribit ibi milli M inam. Po stpa o . s a qu inqu e m r m ll mn s E e m hlam du a te v l to eret o e . ss do i c y p , e

Hor E ist i. vi. ( . p . ) 2 i mm II E ra 6 . p g . . 4 S lav ery in the Roman E mpire. 7

w r m fr m r m s rs la fo stealing the selves o thei a te , and terrible p uni s hments and the red- hot i ron b rand ff c au tioned them against a repetition o f the o ence. L etting out S laves on hire fo r every c onceiv

‘ able p u rpos e became in R ome as common as 1 ‘ r A man o f m l letting out ho ses in E ngland . s al means who w anted to give an entertain ment w ould h r r r his r s e i e a slave cook to p epa e dinne , lav w r u his s aite s to attend pon guests , and a lave s dancing girl o r mu s ician to amu s e them. The e h r S w r o erarii r i ed laves e e called p , and Pluta ch tells u s that C rass us had five hii ndred s lave builders and r s m s o f w m m s s a chitect , by ean ho he a a ed an

rm f r fo r w r fire eno ous o tune ; heneve a took p lace, C rass u s w as ready to rebuild the ruined hou s es

’ fo r s w his rm o f s m s who the citizen ith a y lave a ons , r r hi w e e mo e p rofitable. to m than his S ilver mines 2 and all his vast domains . The only emp loyments that thus remained open to poor freemen o f hu mble mean s w ere the lower o f s m s o r r s o f s fice about the te p le the cou t ju tice, and even here they sometimes met with formidabl e

s s ffi w r rivals in s lave . The e o ces e e gained by f ur m s s o f m avo , and thus the a the population beca e r r s who r p au pe ized p a asite , lived by flatte ing the r r r r g eat . He e and the e an independent sp i it, like the w s s r s o f poet Plautus, ould in i t u pon the ight l r r m f for abou , and hi e hi sel out eightp ence a day

s s r r to work among the lave . The poo gene ally

1 “ M r edes serv orum v el umentorum ssun l ari e c j po t oc .

Ul ian I n D i . lii. v . ( p , g x 3 rc ras u s 2 Plutarc. M a C s , . 8 S aver in the R man E l y o mpire. b m ns r o f r m eca e pe ione s the State . Unde Po pey R m r o ans received regular s u pplies o f b ead . S ep timius S everus reduced the nu mber to 2 0 r A r r r r In 7 , unde u elian , eve y pensione eceived two s o f r r m m o f pound b ead a day. F o the ti e Cicero one - fifth o f the w hole v ectzgalia o r revenue from indi rect taxation was abso rbed by the dis

ribu io ns m in f R t t ade the single city o ome . This relief does not include the largesses o f from £5 to £50 a head fo r each o f the idle rabble which the E mperors s howered from time to time on the res t 1 l ss m r r w o f r E s fo r e cla o ous c o d begga s . xcuse n su mptuou s feasts were never w anting. A d so the pop ulace forgot its degradation in the gratification o f every p assion and every caprice at the p ublic s r r fr s . S r expen e Thu lave y, by dest oying ee labou , c orrupted and unde rmined the very basi s o f I s ociety. e r f N m o . ur 2 . ec ssity is the othe invention O brains are taxed to discover new machines for r man w t lightening labou , and enable one to do ha

ur m requires the s trength o f a multitude . O achines

R m s - r are o u r slaves . But the o an lave holde had r no no such s timulus to his invention . He ca ed t to lighten a bu rden w hich a few blow s could extract from those whom Varro called speaking 2 — S machines ins tru menti genus v ocale. The lave

r his w o rkman had no interes t in imp oving tools . S uch improvement would not benefit him in the l for his m r w m r east, aste ould e ely insist upon an

1 ’ ’ — M Allard s L es E sclav es Chretiens . . See . , pp 35 37 2 De R e R ustica, i. 1 7 .

n R man E m e 1 0 S lav ery i the o pir .

whose sole occupation in life was to carve fowls ! 1 E ven the slaves themselves had a multitude o f

f r wn—v icari i slaves O thei o .

u mbariu r f t S n In a col m nea the Gate o S . ebastia there is found an inscription w hich is now in the

L r M m s r r o f r h ate an useu , de c ibing the etinue a ic

s m s m in who d lave e ployed in the cu to s Gaul , die R r w him n in ome. He had b ought ith sixtee v icarii who f r mm r l , one had to look a te his co e cia aff rs ne otiator r who r the ai , g ; anothe egulated

h s s s um tu arius r s e ou ehold exp en es , p th ee lav

s r r a manu s r medicu s ec eta ies , ; one lave docto ,

two s f r S r ab ar ento slave to look a te the ilve , g ;

o ne r o f the w r r a v este two to take ca e a d obe, ;

v m r cu bicu larius two f m alets de cha b e , ; oot en ,

edisse u us tw o S s cocus w m n p q ; lave cook , ; and a o a m w s is s n S . a ed ecunda, ho e occu pation not pecified If w as r o f S w t such the t avelling suite a lave, ha mu s t have been the household o f his master? L et u s p ictu re a w ealthy p atrician going to

is spend the evening w ith his friends . H equipage

r rr cu rs ores sta ts . His a ival is announced by ,

ho run f r his r s rr w be o e litte . He is u ounded

And the staff of slav es is se arated into man div isi pieces. p y ons some labour for their lu tton carv ers and seasoners and the g y, , com ounders and ma ers of sweetmeats and hone ca es and p k , y k , custards o thers are o ccupied with their too numerous clothes ; o thers uard the old li e riffi ns o thers ee the silv er and wi e g g k g ; k p , p the cu s and ma e read what is needed to fu rnish the festiv e p , k y table ; others rub do wn the ho rses ; and a crowd o f cup -bearers e ert themselv es in their serv ice and herds of beau tiful bo s li e x , y , k le from whom the mil awa their beau t And male and catt . , y k y y — female assistants at the toilet are employed about the ladies some ” rr r - for the mi o s, some for the head dresses, o thers for the combs. i e da o ii . c . (P g g. 1 eneca E ist. . S , p 47 R oman E m r S lav ery in the pi e. 1 1

r w o f f m who e m by a c o d p ages and oot en , a co r rm re p any him everywhe e like an a y. The lanternarii w r r r are the , ith thei to ches in thei

s o f fr is w a hands . The hou e his iend alive ith crowd o f slaves carrying b ronze o r terra - cotta ar anitor r r d l m lam ad ii. a ps , the p The j , ep esente r b him by O vid as d agging a long chain ehind , mu st open the door ; the v elarii slaves hold back

he r s w s atriu m w r the t cu tain hich clo e the , he e atriarii are ranged to p ay thei r res pects to the

s nomenclato distinguished gue t . The r announces

the V s r who is r r him i ito , p olitely invited to ec uit

ornicator Self with a bath . The f has heated the

c m r balneator has r r r ha be , the p epa ed eve ything, s r r at elegant laves attend the st ange the bath, after which the alipilus gently d raws out any hai rs t ma mar s m s o f s the hat y the oothnes his kin , and rf m unctor applies his pe u es . Then he is conducted to m s m w r s r s the gy na iu , he e lave ac obats di play

r r m s ms f w s thei powe s . He a use hi el ith the conte ts r o r r rs W o f slave boxe s w estle . hile thus occup ied a r o f S s are s t oop lave cook bu y in the kitchen , c rowds o f beautifully atti red w aiters d res s and

r S r is r se ve the table. uppe eady, and a young p age at the door warns the gues t to enter the

tricliniu m w r rs f r f o . ith the ight oot fi t, good luck

W r r s o f s r hile the epast is going on , t oop slave ente one f r r— w rf w s m a te anothe d a s , clo n , ountebanks,

m f m rs m r ale and e ale singe , usicians , and dance s ,

tr ns f rm tricliniu m r w a o the into a theat e, hile

r rs r r p ivate gladiato tu n it into an a ena . The tr o f f s rr r n to oop beauti ul youth , a anged acco di g I 2 S av er in the Roman E m e l y pir .

t r o r who hei height nation , attend the guests,

t m s r r r s o f r w o f s he selve equi e the se vice a c o d laves, ' waa o i r m ornatores labroru m to p g g to t ain the , g dr s m r m w e s the and cove the w ith je els . S eneca tell s us that to such a p itch o f languid to rpo r had luxu ry reduced many noble R oman s that they required a s lave to tell them whether they w ere 1 s r sitting o r standing. He de c ibes one o f them at “ table : A round him s tand caterers who know ’ c w s o f r m s rs who exa tly all the ant thei a te palate, u rs w s s w his w t nde tand hat di he ill tickle taste, ha w s his s w w ill p lea e eye , hat novelty ill excite his

s w s s r nau eated appetite, hat he di liked ye te day and ” 2 - w hat he fancies to day . He lies on a bed o f

s s s fo r his r s A r s r w . f r o e , and ait epa t esh p lea u e is “ is s s s rm p repared fo r each o f h en e . Ha onious s s his r s S song ound in ea s , voluptuou pectacles

r s ms s his s m p e ent the elve to eye , and ost delicate m rs r his s his w en o els att act ta te, hole body is

v elo ed s f s m s p in the o te t and s oothe t clothing, and that pleas u re may not be excluded from any o f his

fr r o f r rf m s r senses , the ag ance va ied pe u e each his ” 3 L s t o f r r n r . ost ils e he should die ve y languo ,

his f s r select s laves revive ainting body. He t etches

u t his r s who is to o lazy finge s , and a lave obliged keep his hands day and night in gloves to p reserv e h o f r o ff t e delicacy thei touch, takes these gloves and s trokes dexterou s ly the enervated limbs o f his

1 u mdam ex delicatis cum ex balneo elatus et in Audio q e , ” lla ositus esset dixisse interro ando : am sedco? De Brev . Vit. se p , g j (

xii. ) 2 Epist. 47 . 3 D e Vita Beata. xi. man E r S lav ery in Me Ro mpi e. I 3

f m r r r re - w s m s ainting aste , in o de to a aken o e ensa 1 - W ma tion in that half dead carcase . ell y S eneca “ add S uch men care more fo r the ruffling o f their hair than fo r the ruin o f thei r country the cu rling o f thei r head touches them more than the salvation ” 2 o f the S tate.

w fr m s 3 . It ill be seen o uch sketches as these

r s fr r that slave y not only ou ted ee labou , degraded i r art r m s et r ndust y and , but p oduced the o t del e ious

ff h emas rs z/zemr lv s r rr e ect on t te e e . S lave y co up ted i r r life at ts ve y outset . Tacitus t aces the debase ment o f moral s to the all but univers al cu s tom o f mothers giving thei r child ren to be suckled by 3 s w o wn f slave . Cato allo ed his w i e to give suck

nf n o f his s s r f s to the i a ts lave , but he e u ed to entru st his son to the care o f a slave tutor o r

e da o as m r s man p g g , though he ight be a ve y hone t 4 r m r da o as fr m . a m and a good g a a ian The p g g , o being the s lave appointed to conduct his young

m r s f m his r ms f aste to chool , o ten beca e tuto hi el ,

’ ‘ s r o r lz terazor and a highly educated lave tuto , , is said by S ueto nius to have been bought fo r 5 o f o u r money ; but the mere fact o f his being a slave w as s u fficient to des troy all respect fo r him m n o f w as in the i d his p up il , and it only too natu ral that the unhappy tuto r s hould seek to gain the affections o f his charge frequently by

r w s s a w flatte ing his or t vices . Thu p edagogu es ould

1 Percurrit a ili c o u s arte tractatrix g rp , Manumque doctam spargit o mnibus membris : M artial E i r iii , p g . . 2 D i xii e B ret! . Vi . . ' é m 2 lu ar a De Ora/orz 8 P t c . at Al . 2 0 C o . , . j 5 D I l - r mm e l u str a . . . G 4, 5 I S av er in M Roman E m re 4 l y e pi .

become the noto rious corru pte rs o f youth . A young man often s ignalized the attainment o f his ’ m r fr m waa o as ajo ity by giving eedo to his p g g , and t r w as his and hus the tuto dep endent on p u p il , afraid o f incu rring his dislike les t he s hould fail ' in r r P karmzo obtaining his libe ty. Te ence, in his , i r two a s Dav us who nt oduces p edagogue , Geta and , converse thu s

eta The two old on for L mn G . people leaving e os n r s ed h r s ns to me and ns t d me h r e t u t t ei o , co titu e t ei r precepto . h r D ames . A r n a . t yi g c ge, Geta eta Y n r n n b G . es ow e . , I k it by xpe ie ce I bega y n h r n But h w sha I ou F or opposi g t ei passio s. o ll tell y m to our m s r m r had to suffer y fidelity a te , y poo back (scapula: u h is s to n rs and : is h rd to D av s. T at ea y u de t It a a ns th o kick ag i t e g ad . ta And so I set m s f to do and to let h m do Ge . y el t e th h all at t ey pleased. ’ ' ' I D a us u ar man . a stz utz oro v . Yo e w s S . a i e , Geta f

s who as w e s m fr w Plautu . , have een , ixed eely ith

s w w w as s u s the laves and kne hat he saying, tell

The child is hardly seven years old when it is quite impossibl e for the p adagogus to touch him with the tip of his n er n ess he w n s to ha his head ro n fi g , u l a t ve b ke

- And if at n h he s wi th the writingtablets. le gt goe to c m a n to the fa h r ar n s s W m son o pl i t e , the p e t ay ell , y , ou are m son n eed ou n w h o w to r s s n s y y i d , y k o e i t i ju tice ’ A nd ou ou wor h ess old wr h don t ou em to y , y t l etc , y att pt ” h The h r s w w h his w ip my good child . teac e goe a ay it

1 P rm Act i. Scene 2 /zo . . e in Me Roman E m ire S lav ry p . 1 5

m And h s is how s i fa r n a . s ce bu ni g like , la p t i ju tice Wh a or w ou s n to a r wh s done. at uth ity ill y a sig teache o e 1 pupil is the first to beat him

' ’ s m s BaeMzaes us a The a e Plautu , in his , gives s ignificant dialogue between a paedagogue and a youth w hom he is t rying to res cue from the toils o f an abandoned w oman :

’ l aus You s r rs f ou s r me ou y . de t oy you el , y de t oy , y destroy the good lessons which I have so often given you . ' t Eh—w —I os m a r an P zs oelerur. ell have l t y l bou d r The du a on ou ha n me has you yo u s. e c ti y ve give

p rofi ted neither you nor me .

L dus . O h w an ns d e r y , hat e lave h a t ' t m m ou ar r s m P zs oeleras . o e . d C e, co e, y ti e o e Hol L n m n m r n dus a d o w e. you to gue, y , c e alo g ith “ ’ m n n r m r L am. s e o y He call lo ge , y teache , he “ ” m n L u You ar n c s e ow d s. e to a all , y goi g have mistress ? ' ’ z t e zzs W Wh n ou se h r n P s a ler . . e e u l ell e y , the yo l w kno . ’ Y n L aas . ou s n t sh no y hall o have o e . I all t allow

it. am n m r f r I goi g ho e to you athe .

’ t r D n h n f P zs aele ar. o o s r L dus or ot i g the o t, y , else lo ou t for rs ok you elf. ’ “ ” am Wh L u f r r f L y . at ook o t o you sel ! ' P zstoderus Y m l n h es. a d o to n n . I o e ug be o lo ger under r you tutelage . ’ L aur. Ah ! Wh an ss ou are in now ! O h y at aby y , h ow gladly would I help you ! I see to day more than I e er w sh to s had r h ee. r d d rs A v i ed I athe ave ie fi t . disciple threaten his master ! I have i ndeed much too

1 ' BacM d s ii z e , i . 36 . ' 1 6 S av er in Me Roman E m z re l y p .

r s h w me r we man I fie y pupil ; t ey ill kill , poo ak that

am.

t l r m r l c oe e us. Yes n s a s , I thi k I h ll beco e He cule , an ou L n s d y i u . l das m h . A s ! f r s r k n y la I ea I hall be o e li e P oe ix. w er sh o and e r f r h has no Ho ev , I all g t ll you athe t at he n r n lo ge a so . ' P zstoelerus m n of h s d . Co e, e ough t i i le talk. L a’m h h a y . A ! H e as c st o ff all shame ! You made a sad bargain when you purchased to yourself this shame n is s man ! Do less ess . He a l o t you then forget that you have a fatherP cto l rus nd u do ou f r r l c e . A o ou a m y , y o get that y e y 1 slave ?

r ro o f w m r r t He e is the ot the hole atte , the sec e o f that co rruption from w hich Cato w ished to save

is s s w f w the h on . It ould not be fitting to ollo young R oman in his career o f s el f- indulgence and

N r f r o r s men o f w h vice . eve be o e ince had ealt such power o f gratifying thei r pass ion s the flower o f the hu man race w ere at the di spos al o f the c r rs o f w r r was onque o the o ld , and eve y indulgence r rm r w not me ely pe itted but p otected by the la s . R s s r o f was r o f e i tance on the pa t a slave unhea d ,

s s s A s w r an and regarded a impo ible . b olute p o e d u n restrained sel f- indulgence p roduced thei r neces sary res ults in the destruction o f that grandeu r o f character fo r w hich the R oman s under the R ep ubli c m had been fa ous . 2 m R m law s Gothofred By the ost ancient o an , ays ,

1 ” ' Tibi e o ut tu mihi servu s cs ? BaeMzdes i. u . 2 &c. g , ( , 4, ) 9 ’ m iii. d Izeoaos . lib ix i mmentor othofred to . Go . T . . t t. 1 2 ; Co , G , 88 p. .

' 1 8 S av er in Me Roman E m ere l y p . red- hot p lates ; o r w hen his fainting limbs are n s r m n w r aked and t ea i g ith go e and blood , add to his r rm s n f him — m s ve y to ent by leavi g li e in , al o t ” 1 r s o f ss r r s the c ueltie pitile ba ba ian . R oman ladies w ere no less c ruel to thei r u nfor

u na e s rr t t handmaid . S u ounded by a multitude o f s o f w m r o f s m f s laves , each ho had cha ge o e anta tic im m o f n r w ple ent va ity, the pat ician lady ent through the i mpo rtant bu s i nes s o f the toilet w ith

s m s w s n s w a all tiletto al ay at ha d to p uni h , ith

S f s s an w o f s s he r r p ite ul tab , y ant ucces in ti e w m s m m s an r o an , and o eti e executione , p aid by the r r s s w ho ff yea , to flog the poo lave had o ended

h er. “ Juvenal desc ribes the s cene : The executioner

W is s r s . t ike hile it going on she app lies the p aint, t s her fr s o r s he has f f r her alk to iend , un olded be o e robes o f emb roidered gold they go o n s t riking all the time until the arms o f the executioners d rop ‘ ’ s he r s f w f . o ith atigue Get out, c ie , in a voice ” 2 r w s m is r. A thunde , hen the puni h ent ove gain Ps ec as w h er r s r r The unhappy , ith hai in di o de ,

er s rs her s m r r s s r h houlde and bo o ba e , d e es the hai

s r s Wh is r r s ! o f her mi t es . y that inglet so ebelliou The s cou rge p uni s hes the c rime o f those hairs that w Psec as m ? w r . ill not cu l In hat, then , is to bla e

1 i fr d tom i i . 6 . Go tho e , . . p 8

‘ i f rulas rubet ille fl a ellis H ie frang t e , g ,

unt ua to rtoribu s annua raestent. Hic s cu tica s , q p V rb ra at ue obiter faciem linit au dit amicas e e t , q , v tis co nsiderat auru m Au t latum p ietze es , r l ransv ersa diu rni E t cze dit ; longi e egit t , i cae dentibu s E XI E t cae dit, do nec las s s

m am co nitio ne eracta. Intonet horrendu , j g p v i (sat. . S av er in Me R oman E m ire 1 l y p . 9

’ ” 1 her f if r s o s ? Is it ault , you look d n t plea e you ’ s r n r s s m r s n r O vid Co i na p e ent a o e p lea i g p ictu e.

s u s : H er r is s ws s f He tell hai ubtle , and allo it el r r n r r m to be cu led ou d and ound a hund ed ti es, w m her s ff r s s ithout aking u e the lighte t pain . ' ‘ r in no r m r A nd s o her r a rzx Neithe p co b tea it . o n z

M has h as a w hole s kin . any a time she had he r

r r ss f r me r n has she hai d e ed be o e , and neve o ce ” 2 rn w her s rms o f he r s to ith tiletto the a lave . O vid

n s r s r r fo r he evide tly con ide ed thi a a e excep tion , ’ w arn s ladies in general : Don t be peevi s h at the

“ — time o f you r toilette ; let you r ti re women have a r fr m o r s m h esp ite o y u blow s . I hate tho e w o en w o s r w r s f o f r w r c atch ith thei nail the ace that poo etch, and n r s h r r s s p lu ge thei tiletto into e a m . The lave then cu rs es h e r as s he touches the head o f her m s r ss and r s r s r i t e , c ie bleeding ove that dete ted hai ” 3 o f rs We r w n r r s he . can ha dly o de at the at ocitie

mm s o m w m as A r co itted cal ly by such o en g ipp ina, w hen we remember that a R oman p alace was a v r s of r r e y chool c uel cap ice .

1 Disp o nit crinem laceratis ipsa capillis N uda hu mero Psecas infelix nu dis ue m milli q a s , Altior hic quare c inc irus ? tau rea p u nit ' Co ntinuo fl exi crimen lacinusq ue capilli uid Psecas admisit ? uaenam est hic cul a u llae Q q p p e , S i tibi displicuit nasus tuus at (S . v i.

2 Adde u od et dociles e t centum fl exibus a ti q , p , E i n i t t bi ull us cau sa do lo ris erant, N on acus abru it no n vallus ectinis ill p , p os O rnatrix tu to cor o re se m er e rat p p . A nte meo s smpe est oculo s o rnata nec unquam rachia dere ta sau cia fecit acu B p . Amar i ( . . I 4. ) 3 Tu ta sit o rnatrix O di u ae sauciat ora . , q Un uibus et ra ta brachia fi it acu g , p g Dev o v et e t do minae tan it ca u t illa simul , g p que F lo rat ad inv isa san u ino l n s g e ta crines. man E m ire 2 0 S lav ery in Me Ro p .

r m m rs m r s s s to 4 . F o the aste and ist esse let us pa the slaves themselves and see the effect o f s lavery

R m law s r s u p on them . In o an a lave had no ight l l s s S erv i e eapat mi l/am j us babe . S eneca ay they

ar was a. were used ju s t as animals e . A slave not

r ers ona s m o f his pe son , p . The lave had no na e “ o wn raenomerz nomen the co nomen The p , the , g , ” “ fr men s s u inctilian who is belong to ee , ay Q , he ” 1 s not free can not p retend to them. The lave had

s r o f a nomefz s as w e n m a o t g , ju t give a a e to a

rs o r r ns m his ho e a dog, but he could not t a it it to child ren . S ometimes thes e names s howed to whom the

— M arez or L u ez or o f slave belonged p , p , the slave

r s o r L s s Ma cu uciu . When laves came more nu merou s thei r mas ters u sed to call them by

m s o f e m s o r m r s as na e d igod , ythological he oe ,

r s o s m rs s A s He cule , Ph ebu , Dio ede, Pe eu , chille ,

m r m s o r o r s n m s r fr S e i a i , Dido ; el e a e de ived om

o f r r as Dav u s L du s S r s the p lace thei bi th , , y , i u , i E hes iu s L banu s &c . p , ,

r r s ss s m w Ulpian , the g eat ju i t , cla e the ith cattle, ” 2 o r r m s Po m ni a slave othe ani al . Gaiu and po us

s r was s u se the ame exp ess ion . It a di p uted ques

1 Al R man atrician an in In rat v ii. 2 6 . l o s d our O . . c se st. 3 p , l m ens n Cornelia f time lebeians also be o n ed to so e e . . e s o p , g g , g , g , inia & Th nomen marked the ens E ach ens ens Vir c . e . g g , g g i ht nsis t o f a number of families as the ens ornelia com ris d m g co , g C p e the families of the S ei iones L entu li S u i/a) Cimae Cassi D olaoella’ p , , , , , , men distin i h d the amilia Th families were The co no u s e . e &c . g g f subdiv ided into househo lds stir es and these had each th eir o wn , p , n m n Thus in th f ublius Co rneliu s i io Africanus a o e . e case o S c g P p , ublius is th e ra’ nomerz ecu liar to the indiv idual Cornelius is P p , p , m nor/zen S ci io the co nomen and Africanus the a no en. the , p g , g 2 r n v i i. 1 I n . . 5 , 3 . S lav ery in Me R oman E mpire. 2 1

tion amo ng R o man lawyers whether the vendor _ o f a s lave w as bound to declare his viciou s p ro w ens ities s as n ru n . p , uch being give to a ay Ulp ian “ s No e o f r s say , , the dict the cu ule edile only speak s o f defects o f body ; it is ju s t the s ame as

w rs s who sh and is o f ith ho e y kick , it the vice the s o f is ss r r oul , not the body it not nece a y to decla e ” 1 s s m f r o f f m ir. Cato advi e an econo ical athe a a ily “ his his s w to sell old oxen , calve , and his eaned

m w his s his r s his la bs , his ool , hide , old ca t , old ” 2 ir s s . on , the old lave , and the invalid lave The s as an r o f mm r r w as lave w a ticle co e ce, and the e

. r m m s a tax u pon his i mpo tation . S o eti e the m erchant eluded the tax by d ressing a valuable r s lave in the ro b e o f a f ee citizen . The s imilarity between s laves and animals was

r o f f c arried out into eve y detail li e. The union betw een s laves w as not dignified even w ith the ' m o f m rr eofl l aaermam was na e a iage , it called , ' at m am was m n eve r m rimo . It as uch at the d s o f m s r r n o f o r i posal the a te as the pai i g dogs ,

illicus f rm s o r rs s o r s . A v ho e , p ig , a a lave, a r was r r w f shephe d , equi ed to have a i e , to attach him m r s r r o r o e clo ely to the p op e ty, but a cook , m rr c f r o r r w as w . on ectione , a butle , not allo ed to a y R m la m m s r . w It ade the idle, Cato ob e ved o an refused to admit that there could be such a crime as r s o f for r was adulte y in the ca e slaves , the e no

E s f r w marriage . ven ince t was only o bidden hen

h contu oerniu m t e slaves had been liberated . The m m r ight at any ti e be b oken , and the husband and

“ 3 1 In D i xxi i. De R g. . 4, 3 . e R u st. 2 . 2 2 S av r in Me R man m e l e y o E pir .

w f s ff r r and to i e old to di e ent p a ties , each obliged m m contract another union . S o eti es a kind master w s m rr s r ould ell a a ied cou ple at a le s p ice , on the condition that the buyer w ould always keep them If man f as f together. a le t a legacy a p lot o land

w s n s ith the slave upon it , Ulp ia thought that uch a legacy comp rehended al so the w ives and child ren

o f s s w as e r s the slave , unles it actually xp e sed that 1 s m r thes e w ere to go to o e othe legatee . The child ren o f s laves were just as much the p roperty o f the mas ter as the fruit o f his apple

r s o r o f his s o r r R x r s o . e rae t ee vine , flock he ds f

‘ ’ izfi eai aomifl o w as true o f the female s lave ju s t as “ r o f f o f the c ow . The hei a thie could not become the p rop rietor by asaeap io o f the cal f o f a cow o r ” o f s s his f r s the child a lave tolen by athe , ays

’

2 ' ar/as anezllaru m and Ulpian . The p the f cetas s m f n p ecaram s tood on the a e ooti g. S lave child ren n r r r m s r did not belo g to thei p a ents , but to thei a te . S ometimes a troop o f s laves formed part o f the ’ w f s wr rn fr f her i e do y, and they tu ed out too uit ul hu s band could not be at the expens e o f supporting

r r m r s them. The lady ega ded the as an inc ea e o f

her w rs s he capital , and the la ye decided that could bring an action again s t her hu s band to comp e l him 3 m s r to maintain the . A te tato had the p ower o f leaving as a legacy a child not yet born to one

n m e r r legatee and bequeathi g the oth to anothe . O ften a man left a female s lave h er liberty on condition that she gave bi rth to a child but when

1 2 D i xxxiii. v 11. 1 2 i n D i In . . . xli 2 g , 7 g . iii. 1 0, . 3 . ulian In Di iv iii 1 J , g. xx . . 3 , 4. Me R oman E m ir 2 S lav ery in p e. 3

s he r r her me she had thu obtained libe ty , baby beca ’ 1 r r r the pro perty o f he p at on s hei s . ’ s s s aes eral i s s Pliny call lave p , the hop ele s one . “ A r s f r s S s are no t i totle long be o e had aid , lave

” 2 ‘ r - capable o f happines s o r o f f ee w ill . Under

r r r ms s s o f o dina y ci cu tance , a lave had the hop e n h fr m o ne day obtaini g is eedom. He ight have it left him as a legacy by his mas ter ; it might be

hi s r r r f r m s given m a a ewa d o a avou . He ight tint

m f fo r rs of w s hi sel yea his scanty allo ance, and thu hoard u p a s ufficient su m to p u rchas e his liberty and s s s ecu liu m o f although the e aving , the p the

s r his m r et w as slave, t ictly belonged to aste , y it cu s tomary to allow him to deal with it as if it w r his o w n m s r in his w e e . But the a te had it po e r to dep rive the s lave o f thi s hop e by making it a

o f s o r o f condition ale, a condition a legacy, that the s lave thu s s old o r bequeathed should never be

r s who m s o r f . S set ee lave atte pted to e cape ,

w w r f m to w r sho ed discontent, e e o ten co pelled o k in s and er as tu lu m o r m s chain , to sleep in the g do e tic

r s who w r n mn m s p ison . Tho e e e co de ed to the ine

r s s f r n e w e r were wo rs e o ff s till . S ca cely le o tu at e

r r A s de s thos e condemned to g ind flou . puleiu

cribes m s w r w r me n the Ye god , hat poo etched thei r s kin livid and all spotted w ith blows o f the

r m s r r s r r r s scou ge ; i e able ag cove thei b ui ed backs, some have no clothi ng s ave an ap ron round thei r

m r r o f c loins , none have o e than the tatte s a tuni r s r r r w to hide thei nakedne s . B anded on thei b o ,

w f- f w ith hal shaven head , and eet shackled ith a

1 2 ’ M llard it 60 1 1 e iii. See . A o . c . . 1 6 . P olil z . , p pp , . 7 2 S av er in e R m E m r 4 l y M o an pi e.

r r s s r fire r ing, thei bodie di figu ed by the , thei eyelid s s hrivelled by the bu rning s moke and the

s m r ss o f the s m r oky da kne tea ing heat , thei eyes

m s r e o f s s w al o t dep iv d ight , du ty like athletes ith ” 1 s o f fl r s s s fr the pale du t o u . Plautu p e ak om experience * There w e ep the s laves w ho eat

olenl a r r s s o f s r p , the e e ound the noi e the cou ges

and n o f ns r e o f the clangi g chai , the e the hid dead ” 2 fla s s o f m e n oxen y the kin living .

S s e s r s o f f s till , even the lav had thei day e tivity, when thei r mas ters encou raged them to forget in

w r o r s the r s r We ild b utal gie mi s e ie o f thei lot . may take the ep itaph o f a fe male slave to express ’ the general feeli ng o f her class : F oriz ma sponaet ' ‘ ‘ ' malta mali is raes zel nemifl i v iv e in azes et horas , p , , 3 72 am ro riu m es t fl i/i il F ar—s me n p p . ighted like Cato p referred d ru nken o r s leepy slaves to men

o f o mo r th ught and de ation . He liked to have

s w s w o r n o r w s s n a lave al ay ki g al ay leep i g , and he

s e s s s as m pecially lik d leepy lave , he thought the 4 m r r w n s r r in o e t actable than akeful o e . S upe io ’ tellige nce in a s lave w as no pas sport to his mas ter s

f r e e r e s r avou . The c l b at d p hilo ophe E pictetu s was

s fr s r m . His r m E a h a lave to a eed an b utal a te , p p

roditu s who e N r mm s , had h lped e o to co it uicide, ’ once amu s ed hims elf by tw i s ting E p ictetu s leg in s r m o f r r E s s f o an in t u ent to tu e . p ictetu aid I y u

1 M eiamor lz lib ix p . . . U bi fl ent ne u am h omines ui o lentam ransitant q , q p p , Ap ud fu stitu dinas ferricrepinas insulas U bi v iv o s h mi m r u incu rsant bov s o nes o t i e . A sinar i 0 & ( , I. . 2 , c. )

3 1‘ O relli l aser t a 806 . Plutar a o M 2 0 , . 4 c. C j . .

2 6 S av er in M R man E m re l y e o pi . w fr w as m m rr ith a ee citizen not ad itted to be a iage, and thu s the ve ry title o f an emancipated s lave — libertina became synonymou s w ith that o f an

w m ne is s r r s abandoned o an . O u p i ed that me n and w omen thu s opp res sed did no t in sti nctively

rn r r s s rs and r tu u pon and slay thei opp e o , that the e

r s r s r war w as only one eally e iou s e vile . But the R oman law had devi s ed a terrible di s s uas ive against

such res i s tance . ’ s u s N r s m w Tacitus tell , that in e o ti e the hole city w as in commotion and the pop ulace w ild w ith

n n The m r r s w r indig atio . I pe ial t oop e e leading to execution a long proces s ion o f fou r hund red

r W was r r m ? men w m . , o en , and child en hat thei c i e

P edaniu s S n s r f o f R me ecu du , P e ect o , had been

m r r o f his s s and law all u de ed by one lave , by the

” is s w m s u h s t . lave , ithout exception , u t be p to death The S enate doubted w hether s o w hol es ale an ex ecu r tion s hould be all o w ed to take p lace . The p at iot

s s s s s law s its Caiu Cas iu , in i ted that the hould take “ ” “

r . O u r n s rs r s s cou se a ce to , he u ged , u pected the di spos ition o f s laves eve n w he n they had been

r r o n o u r r s s o r ou r bo n and b ed count y e tate , in

o w n s s m n ff hou ehold , and had i bibed at o ce a ection fo r thei r mas ters but from the time that w e have

be e e m r w ns o u r f m s who n b acing hole natio in a ilie ,

ff r r s r s f r re s have di e ent eligiou ite , and o eign ligion ,

o f r is m o f w none at all , the e no eans keeping do n ” r r that s eethi ng mas s o f corruption s ave by ter o . s r m r w f r Thi a gu ent p evailed , and the hole ou 1 hundred were pu t to death . 1 a i nnal iv 2 T cit , A . . 4 , 43 . e R man E m ire 2 S lav ery in M o p . 7

is r fr s n rn fr m s s II . It e e hi g to tu o thi hideou

r o f w w e r s m m p ictu e, hich have p u po ely o itted any o f s s s n the deepe t hade , and behold the cha ge that p assed over thi s great R oman E mpi re before it r r s n The s ank u nder the deluge o f ba ba ian inva io . fi rst p o int that arre s ts attention is the res toration to the mind s o f me n in the fifth centu ry o f the

r s n dignity o f labou r. The c owd that hu g upon the

r s s m r s w r s lips o f S t. John Ch y o to hea d uch o d as “ : W s ee man who f s w these hen you a ell the ood , o r r r r m w s who w r s 1ro n w athe g i y ith oot , o k the ith his mm r s s him r r fo r t ha e , do not de pi e , but athe tha i r r m r h m . r w his s eason ad i e Pete , ith loin gi ded , d ragged the fishing- net even after the R esu rrec A nd wh s a r ? F o r tion o f the L ord . y y I Pete

s m f r r rs s o m s thi sa e Paul , a te t ave ing any land ,

w r s o m m r s and o king any i acle , still continued to

his w r s s w s s r w sit in o k hop , e ing kin togethe , hile angel s reverenced him and demons trembled before ‘ him was s m s a s ; and he not a ha ed to y, The e hand s have fu rni s hed necess aries to me and ’ ” 1 m w ns w r to the that ere with me . The p aga e e ashamed o f manual labou r the Ch ri s tian s delighted

r The to insc ibe thei r occu pations on the i r tomb s . s ame Father cries God has given u s hands and f eet that w e might not stand in need o f s laves . N o race o f s laves was c reated at the s ame time as

A m : r has n o f s in ' da slave y been the pe alty , and

r s has the consequence o f di s ob e dience . But Ch i t come and has des troyed it ; fo r in Ch rist there is

r o r s is h neithe slave n fre e . Thi w y it is not neces

hr n H m S t. C s. I 1 Cor o . 1 2 y . xx . . 2 8 S av er in Me Roman E m i l y p re.

r s s o r if s s r sa y to have lave one believe it nece sa y,

o ne r m w w o s t o . have but , at the o t I ill not be

We w s too exacting . ill allow you to keep a econd if . m slave But you collect any , you do it not ’ - If for m s f . hu anity s sake , but in el indulgence it be

o f r o f m r out ca e the , I exho t you to occu py none o f them in mini s tering to you rs el f ; but w hen you

r s m m r s have pu cha ed the , and have taught the t ade , ” 1 w r s r ms s m fr he eby to uppo t the elve , let the go ee . S uch teachi ng in the fou rth centu ry p aved the way

fo r r s 1n n m r o f r rs the inc ea e the u be labou e , and

r m o f f r the apid di inution s laves in the fi th . O the

s s co - r s r s W cau e ope ated to thi e ult . hen the R oman E mpi re in its decline w as menaced by the b r r s r fr r r w r r a ba ian on eve y ontie , the e e e no longe c onquered cities and p rovinces to s end thei r c rowds

f - o captives to the I mperial s lave markets . The

o f fr s s s was s su pp ly e h lave topp ed , and at the same time the emancipation s o f w hole families n o f s laves w ent o at an increasing rate . When the army o f A laric reached the neigh

bou rho o d o f R m f r n f s s o e , o ty thousa d ugitive lave

c m m him r his rm a e out to eet , to ente a y, and lead the w a n r r W y to p lu de and to evenge . hen the feeble hand o f the Byzantine Cou rt refused any l r r f R r r m S t. onge to p etend to de end o e, and G ego y the G reat s aved the remnant o f the R omans from a s r r m s em nnihilation , lave y had disappea ed al o t tirel as m s s r y a do e tic in titution , and linge ed chiefly in r rf m m r the fo m o f se do . The last i pe ial legisla t w ff W s r w r ion hich a ected the e te n o ld , the Code

2 H rn xl t. Chr s I n1 Cor. o . . . S y . 5 e an E S lav ery in M Rom mpire. 2 9

s n s r w s r o f Ju ti ian , t uck the final blo to lave y by 1 fo r r me itns aen s n as s erv w. aboli hi g it a penalty c i , p “ Ju s tinian s ays : We w ill not change a free con n r fo r w e ditio into a se vile one , have long ago ” 2 m n rs o f s been eager to be the e a cip ato the laves .

r w n and ffe s o f I II . Having evie ed the exte t e ct s r “ R m E m r n o lave y in the o an pi e, and havi g n ticed its r and r o n s apid decline p actical aboliti , the que tion f r s s f u s w hat w as the a ent w o ce it el upon , g hich

r s o m and e t s o n s s r p oduced ighty, y oisele a evo lution ? w as s n e o r s o r It not cie c , philo ophy,

o m o r s w e s s political econ y, el e hould have een S eneca o r Marcu s A u reliu s p ropos ing to e mancipate

A ll f s n s o f s r the s laves . thought ul tude t hi to y have recognized one s ole agent in thi s glorious r and w as r s r evolution , that agent the Ch i tian Chu ch and if the Chu rch had earned no other claims to

' r o f m n r e s n w the g atitude the hu a ac , thi alo e ould s uffice to win fo r h er the respect o f every lover

r is m r s r s o f libe ty . But it o e in t uctive till to study ’ ’ the means hy w hich the Chu rch ef eetea this hlooales s

r s r r s the ss rev olu tion. Ch i tianity neve a ou ed p a ions o f r ss ms o f s r o n n the opp e ed victi lave y, by den u ci g r w t s who ss s s s n open wa ith ho e po e ed laves . O

r r she r re s m ss the cont a y, neve ceased to p ach ub i ion

r n s he and chee ful obedie ce to the s laves . But

rm m s o f o s 1 . Pe eated the ind b th slave and

1 j ustinian also abo lished all distinction between freedmen and

r m n libertini et in enu i. f ee e , g 2 ] l in h M . Al ard t e last tw ha t r ustinian N ov el . ii. 8 . o c e s j , xx , p of his w o r enters into a v ariet o f details w hich rov e that free k, y p labou r had regained its legitimate pos itio n be fo re the end o f the fth centur but which it was no t ossible to condense w ithin the fi y, p i f ur l mits o a lect e. a r in the R man E m ir 3 0 S l ve y o p e.

mas ters w ith ideas and p rincip les w holly incon s s n s r o f s r Tw o o f i te t with the pi it lave y . the

r s and r s r s rs S t. r g eate t ea lie t Ch i tian teache , Pete f S t. rs n m ad and Paul , have le t lette behi d the

r ss r n r s w s of d e ed to thei co ve t , in hich the dutie s laves to thei r masters and o f masters towards 1 r s s are w Now thei lave p lainly laid do n . , one can hardly imagine a greater cont ras t to the s lavery in R oman I mperial times than the ext remely free and easy independ e nt b e havi o u r o f s ervants in the

A nd m s rs r r s . s s p e ent day yet both a te and e vant , n w re s rs o f e r o S t. e S t. , ad tho e lette P t and Paul , and co nfe s s that thei r o w n duties are s et fo rth

re w r s r o ne the in , ithout the thought eve t iking in

r A s s w r w r s a hund ed that the po tle e e iting to laves . Chri s tianity called the con s cience o f the slave out o f the moral ergas tu lu m into w hich despai r had s e t f re m s w r p lunged it , and be o it otive that e e s t ronge r than even the terrors on w hich Caiu s w r r r ss s r . Ca iu elied In a o d , the Chu ch t eated the

as man and m his m s r slave a , co pelled a te to

r s recognize in him the att ributes o f a man. Ch i tian m s rs w r w r s o f r s a te e e told that they e e laves Ch i t, ’ while s laves w ere reminded that they w ere Chri s t s A nd w r f r freedmen . both e e bound to ulfil thei respective duties to each other under the dictates f r s o a conscience enlightened by Ch i tian teaching. A man w ho s e conduct is guided by Chri s tian ’ r s m s r p rincip les cannot be eally a lave . The a te s pow er becomes at once limited by the req u i rements

1 — — 1 St. eter ii. 1 8 se . I Cor. v 11. 2 0 2 E hes. vi. P , q 3 p 5 9 i u ii iii 2 2 iv 1 T t s . . C oloss. . , . 9 er in the Roman E m ire S lav y p . 3 1

r r s o f a higher autho ity. The Ch istian lave has a range o f s ubject s on which he is able to refus e

w is r s his o bedience, nay, on hich he bound to e ist

s r who ma te even to death , and a slave can say ”

N is r s . o , no longe a lave O ne ex ample from the E gyp tian Chu rch in the e arly p art o f the thi rd centu ry w ill s u fli ce to illu s s A r trate what has been aid . In lexand ia there

as f m s o f r m r A s w a e ale lave e a kable beauty. a m r o f rs o f he r m s r f atte cou e , the eye a te ell upon h er she w as r s n and his s ; but a Ch i tia , all olicita f s f . rs o S r s w tion ailed The p e ecution eve u , in hich ’ m n o f O r s s s s ff r w as r a y igen di ci ple u e ed , aging ’ r he r fe Po tamize na s u A t . m s r nde quila , P e ct a te de no u nced her r f as r s n r m s to the P e ect a Ch i tia , p o i ing him r r e if h er r a la ge b ib he could induce , th ough dr o f s me fo r her f ead p uni h nt aith, to yield to his

r s r r r s r des i e . But th eats and even to tu e p oved as

ff as r o f her r ine ectual the flatte y maste . A t last A quila threatened to have h er thrown into a c r o f s s she w auld on boiling p itch, unle ould obey m r h r f r h er . S e aste ep lied , God o bid that a judge s hould be s o u nju s t as to o rder me to do w hat is ” u wf ! r f f r r r nla ul Then the P e ect, in a u y , o de ed h er to be s tripped o f her clothes and throw n into

r . r r r o u t the seething cauld on But the he oic gi l c ied , “ r f o f E m r r I conju e you , by the li e the pe o , not to s t rip me naked ; rathe r have me let dow n by d r s w m r ss eg ee into the p itch ith y d e , and you shall w s r s m W m see hat p atience Je us Ch i t, y God , ho ” w s m me . s w you kno not, give to The judge , o e hat t her s r s s he ouched by noble pi it, aid that should in th R m 3 2 S lav ery e oman E pire.

her w s fo r r rs r r have i h , and th ee hou did the to tu e

w s he was w r last , hile lo e ed , inch by inch , into the 1 E s s s u s Bas ilides boiling p itch . u ebiu tell that ,

f r who r s h er w ho the o fice p e ided at execution , and

f he r fr m the s s o f r had de ended o in ult the abble ,

w ms f r s r s f rw r s avo ed hi el a Ch i tian th ee day a te a d ,

s his o r w his and ealed c nve sion ith blood . The whole city o f A lexand ria rang w ith the heroism

o f s r s s e m o f r thi Ch i tian lav , and the na e the vi gin

ta ia ma s m r r S t. Po m m r a ty , , peedily beca e honou ed in every Ch ri s tian assembly throughout the R oman

E r r s s E mp i re . ve y Ch i tian lave took fres h cou rage

fr m he r e m fe n r h er f m o xa ple , and lt ho ou ed by a e.

2 r s not . Ch i tianity only ennobled the slave by

him s r fr m s giving pi itual eedo , but the lave , on

m ss r s r f n ms f ad i ion to the Ch i tian Chu ch , ou d hi el ass ociated o n terms o f equalityw ith free citizens

R m s s w r s r and o an noble . S lave e e not con ide ed w orthy o f ad mi ss ion to the mys teries o f Pagan r s m s s f w rs o f ite , uch le to any o fice in the o hip the

s r r o f Clo diu s god . Cice o even laid it to the cha ge as a heinous c rime that he had p ermitted s laves to

r ndi e al n s r take pa t in the l m g e se . But Ch istian

s m ws Bapti initiated into one body all alike, Je and

s s fr . s for Gentile , slave and ee The candidate f r m h s m r S t. r o t e Bapti hea d Cy il Je usale , about

m o f f r r r s s m s iddle the ou th centu y, add e the thu

’ 1 rma n r st m hi Allies F o tio o h i endo art. i 2 1 2 2 . T s C . . f , p pp 3 , 3 u n is ta en from aladins H ist L ama wh sa s that he acco t . o k P ( ) , y eiv ed it from th reat t A nto n E usebiu s do es no t mention rec e g S . y . the fact of her bein a slav e nor o f her ma in this re u est but g , k g q , “ he calls her the c e lebrated Potamiaena concernin whom man , g y traditio ns are still circulated abroad among the inhabitants of the ” i lace &c. 11 . E . v . p , (

S av er in the Roman E m ire 3 4 l y p .

s lave remain s . God accep teth not pers ons in the ” 1 r r is r no r fr Chu ch the e neithe slave ee . E ven the rank s o f the Ch ri s tian p ries thood w ere recruited alike from the highes t and the lowest

s s s s fr m s as w fr m cla e in ociety, o the laves ell as o

fr s r n was r n the ee ; and e vile co dition , du i g the

s o f rs n no bar r age pe ecutio , to the ve y highest f r If m n f o fice in the Chu ch . a o g the Popes o the fi rs t th ree centu rie s w e find the patrician names o f m r s w e find s o f Cle ent and Co neliu , al o that

s w ho is s f s Callixtu , aid to have been a ugitive lave . The fi rs t Bi s hop o f E phesu s after Timothy is r r e n s m O n s m s epo ted to have be that a e e i u , the

w s f e m w r o m S t. s una ay lave Phil on , ho Paul ent

his m s r w r o back to a te , ith the exho tati n that he “ o r no w as s s sh uld be eceived not a lave , but , in tead ” 2 o f s m s r r r. rs o f a lave, a o t dea b othe The lette

r r f Naz ianz e n u s s t. o S t. Ba il and S G ego y tell o f the s o f r ma r w m s two lave a ich t on , ho the e

r s e n re o f p elate had , at the t aty the peop le , con m li i s ecrated Bi s hop o f a country tow n . Sy p c a

f rw r s l m her s r a te a d c ai ed lave , and th eatened to

in t s e r r s asil r e t. B p ros ecute h e claim h cula cou t . S s harp ly reproved her ; but after his death she w rote to G regory and demanded that the ordi

t. r r r nation s hould be annulled . S G ego y ep lied “ If yo u claim as you r s lave o u r colleague in the

s w not ho w m indi epi copate, I kno to contain y g r nation . Do you think that you honou God by

ms w s r w r r the al hich you catte , hen you b ing you s el f to rob the Chu rch o f a p riest ? If you r

1 1 hr m d R s rrect hilem. 1 6 t C s. H a . e e u . . . S . y 3 P . t R n E ire S lav ery in he oma mp . 35

c m is s r as r r fo r u r lai in pi ed , I hea , by ca e yo

r n e r s s o u w r c o m en p ecunia y i t e t , y ill eceive the p s ation w hich is due to you ; fo r w e do no t think that the kindness and readines s o f mas ters s hould

m n s If w ll be to the a occa ion o f loss . you i accep t my advice you w ill not commit you rs elf to an action w hich w ill be neither ju s t no r honou r a ble ; yo u w ill not desp i s e ou r law s in o rder to a sk help from foreign law s ; you w ill p ardon o ur h w s m r o f r e aving acted ith i p licity in the libe ty g ac ,

. and you w ill p refer an honou rable defeat to an ” 1

u s r . L r nju t victo y ate on , elevation to the

i ae f rr d s o to fr m . 1 1 iaconate p f con e ed eedo In 5 , a Council o f O rlean s dec reed that a bis hop who know i ngly elevated a s lave to the diaconate or p ries thood w ithout the con s ent o f his mas ter w as bound to p ay the latter an indemnity e qual to d ouble the value o f the s lave and anothe r C o u ncil

in s m 8 s s s fr m the a e city, in 5 3 ; u pended a bi hop o s aying Mass fo r a w hole year fo r di s regarding thi s c anon . O ne o f the mo s t remarkable differences between t he s colu mbaria Pagan ep itaph in the , and the

C r s s r s m s is h i tian in c iption in the cataco b , that,

w s r s hile the Pagan igidly di tinguished , even in

the r fr m fr m g ave, the slave and the eed an o his

l r r r s s n o d , Ch istianity igno ed both the e di tinctio s. ’ A f r r rs s o f s r te thi ty yea close tudy these in c iptions, “ De R ossi says : I have never yet met w ith a thoroughly certain instance o f the mention o f a

s erv ns r r r slave , , ve y a ely and exceptionally that

1 t Gre . Naz ianz . E ist S . g p . 79. 6 av er in the R ma E r 3 S l y o n mpi e. o f fr m lihertus w w e r a eed an , , hile cannot ead Pagan epitaphs o f the same p eriod w ithout findi ng ” 1 r r s s s fr m the e pe son de ignated as laves and eed en . ” “ s r R w as w r w r Thi ule, says De ossi , no he e itten ; it was the s pontaneou s effect o f the religious

r s o f new w r s f doct ine the society , hich eflected it el ” 2 r on its epitaphs as in a mi rro .

A r ff o f r s 3 . nothe e ect Ch istianity u pon lave ry was p roduced by the full recognition by the

r o f m rr o f s Chu ch the a iage slave . The de gradi ng contuberniu m o f the R oman s lave w as elevated into the s aeramentu m matrimonii o f

r n r in the Chu ch , equal to, and eve highe its s anctity than the eonf arreatio o f the R oman 3 r s A nd w E m r m p at ician . hen the pi e beca e

r s n ws o f R m rn m rr Ch i tia , the la o e conce ing a iage, s m rr o f be and e pecially the a iage slaves , had to changed in o rder to b ring them into confo rmity r n w ith the laws o f the Chu ch . The Chu rch we t beyond recogniz mg the validity o f the marriage o f s laves : she in s i s ted on the validity o f the marriage o f s laves w ith p erson s o f free and noble 4 m r o f s r s bi rth . The calu niato Pop e Callixtu u ge it again s t him as a c rime that he had sanctioned

1 l B u lett. 1 86 2 6 . . , p 4 1 R oma S otterr tom 1 . . . p . 343 . 3 In the earliest times of R o man law there w ere three modes of formin the tie of marria e : rst con arreatio a reli io us cere g g fi , f , g mon in which none bu t those to whom the u s sacru m w as o en y, j p could ta e art secondl coem tio a ctitious sale in which the k p ; y, p , fi , itatio n wife was sold to the hu sband and las tl u su s i. e. cohab ; y, , ” wi h in i Sandar on the Institutes t the tent on of forming a marriage. ( s t u stitian f f , p . 1 D R ossi B — a cusations S ee e u llett 1 68 . 2 2 6 on the c , . 8 , pp 3 , a ains o e alli tu g t P p C x s. n the Roman E m ire S lav ery i p . 3 7

rr s w w r r r u b s uch ma iage , hich e e utte ly ep diated y law the R oman .

s s r m r w 4 . Thi pi itual and o al equality to hich the Chu rch had thu s elevated the s lave could not but attain its legitimate development in actual emanci r o f r r fr m 2 0 p ations . The p ice libe ty va ied o £ 2 r m s fr m to £ 5 . Pet onius ake a eed an value his o f f rm r s freedom at £36 . The epitaph a o e lave p hysician and s u rgeon oculis t states that he paid 1 E m w as b £2 80 for his liberty . ancipation ut r s r r f I rarely g anted by a ma te du ing li etime . t w as more common to leave freedom as a legacy t o u m n a valued slave, and sually so e conditio 2 f r s f r was attached to the gi t . Ch i tianity set o th e mancipation o f slaves as one o f the mos t meri r s E r torious o f good wo k . ven in the fi st centu ry “ m o f R m : We wn S t. Cle ent o e could say have kno many o f ou r people who have cast themselves into s r r r m r M c hain in o de to edee othe s . any have sold

m r r s th the selves into slave y, and have nou i hed e ” 3 r w r o f r s r p oo ith the p ice thei ale . The e demption o f slaves w as one o f the objects to which the s u ms collected in the Christian assemblies w ere ’ If s f o r r devoted . the lave s aith mo als were in d r r w r f w ange , the Chu ch ould cha ge itsel ith his

fr m. S t. s M r r o f A eedo Ignatiu , the a ty ntioch, “ e r s s re xho ts the lave to be patient , and not to desi ” 4 to s et fr o f mm be ee at the expense the co unity . w r o f m r 5 . The o k e ancipation eceived a mighty

1 sesterces . r lli (O e , 1 “ l ian In D i xl v m . . i 1 1 . Si insula aedifi t U p , g . 4 , 3 cav erin , si ” v m fabricassent na e .

3 / E ist. i ad Co r. c . . Ad l car . P o c . p 5 5 y p , . 4 8 S av er in the Roman E m ir 3 l y p e. impulse w hen the E mperor Constantine pro c m m f r s ne o f is rs lai ed hi sel a Ch i tian . O h fi t acts was to aboli s h many o f the degrading w o rks o f s r f r s lave y . He o bade laves to be c rucified ; and o rdered that c rimi nal s laves should no longer be 1 br f r m r r anded on the o ehead , but a ked by a colla o r r r r a b onze plate hung ound thei necks . He mu r n s for m m ss s ltip lied the oppo tu itie anu i ion , e p e cially by making it lawful that thi s s olemn act s hou ld be done before the Bi s hop in the chu rch ; in 3 2 1 he declared that the s laves they liberated became at once R oman citizens ; and in the cas e o f r who w s s h e r the cle gy o ned lave , dec eed that

s m r s s o f r w s w the i ple exp e ion thei i h, ithout any o r f rm s s f n w the o ality , hould be u ficie t to endo the s lave w ith all the rights and p rivileges o f a citizen 2 — u ru etnm ib tatis E nn i plen m f l er . od u s gives us th e rm w r s m s r A a itu s te s in hich a Ch i tian a te , g p , fr r thus eed his slave in the chu ch . A gapitus says I wish to be for my s lave that w hich I des i re

r me A nd r f r r r God to be fo . the e o e I p ay you

1 Th a tu al decr e o f n d E u nzelian anno 1 . e c e Co stanti A , 3 5 ne a ainst cru ci ion do es no t a ear in Gothofred wh o assi ns it to g fix pp , g r this same yea . 2 “ antinu m O sio E isco o : u i reli iosa mente in Const s I p . p p Q g clesiae remio serv u lis suis m eritam eoneesserit libertatem eandem Ec g ,

dem u re donasse videatu r u o Civitas R omana solemnitatibu . eo j , q s is dari consu v it ed h oe du ntaxat iis u i sub as decu rs e . S ectu , q p l ari leri i au m am liu s n Antistitum dederint lacuit re ax . C c s te eo , p p imu u t um u i amu lis tribuu nt libertatem non solum ced s , c s s f , in ns ectu E cclesiae ac reli iosi o u li lenum fructum libertatis co p , g p p , p n essisse dicantu r v erum etiam cum o stremo udicio libertates c o c , p j dederint seu u ibu scu n u e v erbis dari raece erint : ita u t ex die , q q p p , ublicatae v o lu ntatis sine ali uo uris teste v el inter rete com etat p , q j p , p ” m 1 i r a a Gothofred o . cit. to . . . directa l be t s . ( . ( , p p S av er in the Roman E m ire l y p . 3 9

Bless ednes s to grant the rights o f R oman citizen

Gerontius w s r and ship to , ho e fidelity, vi tue , r to b s w . w e hone ty, I have ell app eciated I ish not s o much the author as the w itness o f his

m r w s emancipation . The anne in hich he has erved me makes me se e that he h as not a s lavi s h natu re I do not grant him his liberty s o much as res to re

f r ss ss m o f fr it to him . Be o e p o e ing the na e ee he

r f r r m him s r has merited it . I the e o e e it the e vices w w me r r him r hich he o ed , and I esto e his libe ty, o f w his f has s w m f w r hich by li e he ho n hi sel o thy.

m n o f s s m o f I de a d thi as e bly that, by the act the

r ma r o f m r s o f in Chu ch, he y be elieved all a k ferio rit ma fo r r r s o f y, and y enjoy eve the ight R oman citizen s hip and o f the p ecu liu m w hich I w him w m w allo ithout any di inution . It ould be u njust to keep back anything from the little f r m s him r m o tune a as ed by ; I p o ise , on the ” 1 c r r r m m . ont a y , late on , to aug ent it by y bounty H ow different is all this from the final slap w m s r s his s hich the Pagan a te u ed to give lave , even in the act o f liberating him !

“ ' In the s ixth centu ry Ju s tinian dec reed : If a

has r r m s r slave been o dained a cle ic , and the a te

n o f f s r e is cog izant the act , and doe not p ot st

m s f o f r against it , he beco e , by the act his o di ” 2 n fr r fr m s r ation , ee altogethe o lave y . The m s f m s o f fr m ona tic li e beca e equally a cau e eedo . “ Justinian laid down : If a mas ter wishes to claim

“ 1 Enno dius Petito rium uo absolutus est er ntiu u r A a , q G o s p e g i atrol iti M ne P . p . ( g , ) 2 N v e/l . 1 2 c . 1 a 3 , 7 . 0 S av er in the Roman E m ire 4 l y p .

as his s lave the novice who has been in the

m n s r fo r s r rs S r r o a te y le s than th ee yea , the u pe io must requi re from the claimant the p roof that the

n is s has ovice a lave , and that he taken flight af r mm s m if te co itting o e delinquency, and the master gives this p roof the s lave mu s t be given

if e n is r u him . p to But no d linque cy p oved , a lthough it be certain that the novice is a slave ; if r r r r , on the cont a y, it is p oved by othe evidence that his life in the home o f his mas ter had been

r r and if in m n s r p u e and honou able , the o a te y his

c mu s t . be r onduct had been good , he kep t the e e ven though the th ree years o f p robation have not r f r m ma m exp i ed , and a te that ti e he y be ad itted

r f s w f to the monas tic p o es ion . He ill only all back u nder the pow er o f his master if he eventually f ” 1 q uits the monas tic li e . E m r r s s r u The pe o Con tantiu in 3 39 , and Hono i s 2 w s r s s 1 f r . in 4 5 , o bade Je to buy Ch i tian laves Jus r s w o r r fr tinian p ohibited Pagan , Je s , he etics om

s s s s w s r r p o e ing, on any title hat oeve , a Ch istian 3 s s law w as rr W s lave . Thi not ca ied out in the e t, but if the Ch ristian slave o f a Jew took refuge in

r m r m his m s r the chu ch and de anded ede ption , a te w as r o f his r obliged to accept the p ice libe ty, ‘ w was w s olidi hich fixed by one Council at t elve . A nother Council applies the s ame p rincip le to all m s rs a te .

w r m m s o f r Thus e e ultip lied the ean libe ty, and the r was r s doo once opened neve again clo ed .

2 1 f d to m v N ov ell . c 2 otho re . i. 2 1 2 2 5 , . . G , pp . 7 , 7 . 3 d ii 6 one M atise u stin I . i . . C . on. ann. 8 1 Co . j . 5 , 3 5 .

L E R E CTU I I .

Y A E IZEVA R O MAN SL AVE R ND M D L SE R F DO M .

S EVE RAL ci rcu ms tances have combined to b ring the subject o f s lavery prominently before the

f me r o f L eo minds o n. The lette Pope the Thir teenth to them o f B razil seems to s ound the - o f r m n r s w death knell slave y a o g Ch istian , hile

’ the crus ade o f Cardinal L avigerie has s ti rred u p multitudes to do thei r utmos t to comp el non Ch ristian powers to p u t an end to thi s odiou s i ns ti i n r w r r A t m tu t o th oughout the o ld at la ge . a ti e when so many are i ncli ned to forget the benefits that Chri s tianity has conferred u pon the hu man r is w r o f r ace, it ell to ecall the action the Chu ch in the mitigation and s ub s equent abolition o f this

- r n wide spread and deg adi g cu stom . The general hi s to ry o f s lavery and s erfdom has

w r E s not yet been itten in the ngli h language . With the exception o f a very valuable article in ’ 1 S m s Dictiona o Chris tian A nti u ities r ith ry f q , the e E r s M r is no nglish w o k on the ubject ; although .

1 M u llin r n un t l o e sed The w riter Mr. B . e is u fort a e ss s , J g , y p with the desire to minimiz e the infl uence o f Christianity as much as sible pos . R av r and M eda'v al er oman S l e y S fdom. 43

’ S eebohm s E nglish Village Commu nity has th rown E s rf m r great light on ngli h se do . In F ance the w r s o f Garso nnet W er r o k Biot, , allon , and Gu a d give much v aluable info rmation on the whole rf M A r r h s r o f m . w i to y se do ; and Paul lla d , the o thy d o f r r s archmo lo ist iscip le the g eat Ch i tian g , De

R ss has r w r r ss o i , t eated the subject ith g eat clea ne

’ in his two w r L es E sclav es Chretiens o ks , , and i m r l ibra i E sclav es S er s et M a n o tab es . C r o , f , has br u mterestin w r D ella o ght out an g o k in Italian , ’ f S chiav itzZ e ael S erv aggio. The act —is that in f w Q E s rf m ngland e do , M h as ceas ed to be a p ractical qu es tion eversin ce -the Wars o f the R oses ; w hile in Italy slavery exi s ted dow n to the end o f the s eventeenth centu ry, in r rs r r o f S pain du ing the fi t qua te the eighteenth, and in France s erfdom continued to be a real hard s hip w ithin ten years o f the R evolution o f

1 7 89 . We have in the las t lectu re t reated o f the con dition o f slaves in the R oman E mp i re at the r M A r w e h r s e a. . Ch i tian Guided by lla d , ave t raced the p ernicious effects o f slavery bn society

l r r o f s m at a ge , in the deg adation hone t anly l r m r m o f art abou , the i pove ish ent , and the ex

tinction o f all real motive fo r invention . We follow ed the s lave - holder into the details o f his

l f and s aw ho w rr s s w r s m i e , i e pon ible p o e ti ulated

his ss s r his m pa ion , ene vated ind and body , and p roduced such monsters o f vice and c ruelty as f r We w the wo rld had never s een be o e . then ent on to t race its debas i ng effect on the slave 44 Roman S lav ery hims el f ; how it reduced him to the level of the w r m s r s o f him all lo e ani al , by c u hing out m r r s s o al e pon ibility, and shutting out all hope fr m his s m o oul . Into the idst o f thi s dark fes tering m ss o f m rr r s m a hu an co u ption Ch i t ca e, and

s His r establi hed Chu ch . The Divine Founder o f Christianity did not s ti r u p a violent revolution by a role o f S r s r dopting the pa tacu , and p eaching a

r n s r S e vile War. He did not even de ounce lave y as a r m o r r r His f w rs m m r c i e, equi e ollo e to anu it thei n n slaves . A d yet the ge tle though powerful influ ence o f Chri s tianity effected a greate r revolution

r r o f Her w than S pa tacus had d eamed . voice a ak ened the con s cience o f the s lave ; made him again a man and gave strength even to helpless women 1 to f r m m r r m r de y, in t iu phant a ty do , the ty anny

r r s r o f thei masters . Ch istianity taught the ma te to r r r- man his t ecognize a b othe in slave, in tha u r r r w r r is r r nive sal b othe hood , he e the e neithe G eek 2 fr no r ew r r no r S no r . J , ba ba ian cythian , bond ee The mas ter acknow ledged hims elf the s ervant o f ’ r s w s r w as r Ch i t , hile the lave ejoiced that he Ch ist s 3 fr m eed an . r r s Thus , though Ch istianity, in the ea ly age , never denounced s lavery as a c rime never encou raged o r permitted the s laves to rise against their mas ters and throw o ff the yoke ; yet she perme ated the mind s o f both masters and slaves with i s r s s t w s r o f r dea utte ly incon i ten ith the pi it slave y. W r m r s s ithin the Chu ch , aste and lave tood on an

1 man o th r Blandina S t. Potamiaena and e s e.g. , St. , , y . 2 3 Coloss. iii. 1 1 . 1 Cor. v ii. 2 2 . e and M ediwv al S rfdom. 45

s m m r s absolute equality . The lave ight beco e a p ie t

llix o r s r s S t. Ca tus even a Bi hop , pe hap a Pope, like , n as f r m r r mar a d w o ten vene ated as a a ty . The

ria e o f s w as n r contu berniu m g the lave no lo ge , a

tem r r u r o f his po a y nion , dep endent on the cap ice m r as o f r aste , but valid in the eye the Chu ch as

tio o f s r con arrea . the f the noble t p at ician Then ,

w r s ss m m r r hen Ch i tianity a u ed the I pe ial pu p le , the Chri s tian E mperors exp unged from the legal c s s m s o f r r ode tho e p uni h ent c ucifixion , b anding,

m f rm r r s r fo r s and utilation o e ly e e ved laves . They gave legal force to the Canons o f the Council s w hich multip lied the facilities fo r the manu mi ss ion

A nd r s o f s was f s . o slave the e ult all thi , that an enormou s number o f s laves w ere enfranchi s ed

f r f r s Two o r r du ring the ou th and fi th centu ie . th ee

f t. M examples w ill su fice . S elania the Younger 1 enfranchi s ed in one day s laves ; the Con s u l

allicanu s who s ff r m r r m r G , u e ed a ty do unde Julian

the A s et r R m m r t postate, at libe ty e e be tha the ordinary p rice o f a s lave was about £2 5 ; so ’ that Gallicanus s s laves mu s t have been w orth and Melania mu s t have s acrificed

s et her r . s to slaves at libe ty Be ides , the records which tell us o f thes e acts o f Chri s tian r m r o r m r no t gene osity add , that the aste ist ess o nly allowed the s laves to retain thei r peculiu m o r little earnings s aved u p du ring thei r time o f s ervi tu m s s u m o f m to de, but gave the al o a oney prevent thei r swelling the ranks o f that pau per

1 Palladiu t L au siaca 1 s , H is . , 1 9. 2 m v Bolland. A cta S S un to ii . . . J . . . p 34 46 R oman S lav ery mob w m r and m hich lived on I pe ial bounty, beca e the p est o f R ome and the great cities o f the

E m r . S t. r r pi e Pelagia , the celeb ated penitent act ess o f A her rs s fo r her ntioch , on conve ion , ent all

s m r r and s s o m h slave , and gave the thei libe ty, al o uc o f the money and jewels that she had kept back fo r r s w m an this p u po e , as ould enable the to gain 1 s o f s s hone t livelihood . The Code Theodo iu , and

m r o f s far fr m s still o e that Ju tinian , o con olidating

r as m m rn r ss r slave y, so e ode autho s have a e ted , show a continual p rogress in the cou rs e o f R oman law r nfl o f r s r s r , unde the i uence Ch i tianity, e t icting m r m r w r o f r and f r o e and o e the po e slave y, avou ing r in a va iety o f w ays the liberty o f the s lave . The In stitutes o f Ju s tinian lay dow n as a p ri nciple S r is ns o f law o f s lave y an i titution the nation , by w man m r r o f r hich one is ade the p op e ty anothe , ” 2 r r r r R m law cont a y to natu al ight . By the o an , the child ren o f p ublic actors w ere bound to follow

r f s o f r r s w w as the p o es ion thei p a ent , hich in those days quite incompatible w ith the p ractice o f Chris

ani 8 E m r r r s m fr ti t . 0 et y In 3 , the pe o G atian the ee

fr m s 8 A r s r o thi obligation ; in 3 5 , cadiu p ohibited the s ale o f s lave - gi rl s as mu s ician s o r dancers and

s f r rs s w in 394, Theodosiu o bade pe on connected ith

r s s r s s the theat es to p o ses Ch i tian laves .

o u ndlin s w ho f rm r r r F g , had o e ly been ega ded as o f s who s r m r the slaves tho e helte ed the , unde the

m o f alu mni w r s na e , e e by Con tantine and Justinian 3 r A who fo bidden to be reduced to s lavery . slave

1 t v 6 A c a tom i . . 2 6 . S S . O ct. . p 3 od ust ii n. . ih. i. tit. iii. 2 . C . j . vi . i 3 , 4 " e ' l er d and M dia v a S f om. 4 7

had child ren by her master w as together w ith them ’ f o f her m s rs The made free by the act a te death . p enalty o f s lavery for certain offences was aboli s hed b s who s r r r in y Ju tinian , styled lave y a ba ba ous ” 1 s titu tio n r r r r . , and cont a y to natu al ight O ne o f the mos t remarkable effects o f Christi anity on the R oman world w as the re - habilitation

r s m o f manual labou in public e ti ation . The ancient

R m r s fo r r e o an e pect labou , as evidenced in the cas

o f r Cincinnatus , had long ago given place to utte m E m o f r r c . onte pt ven in the ti e Cice o , labou ing m en w r ss w s w m e e cla ed ith slave , and ith the ex

fr m s m s r s . rs s c luded o the ole n ac ifice Fi t in citie ,

r s r r fr r and then in the count y , lave y d ove ee labou

o f s m s r out the field , although poet ight ing Geo gics o n the delights o f agricultu re

i m i o na norin O fortunatos nim u , sua s b t A r co as s i u bus sa roenl discordibus arm s g i l q i ip , p i , 2 n i humo facilem v ictum ustis ima u F u d t j s tell s .

r r as f r The eve se w the act . The ea th itself

m r s o f - r see ed to e ent the indignity slave labou ,

w s r s m r r w w f r and hole di t ict beca e ove g o n ith o ests, des tined afterw ard s to be cleared and cultivated r A n a by the labou o f Chri s tian monks . d it w s th rough the land that the amelio ration o f the con

o f s as dition the lave w mainly effected .

r s fr Becke , in his note to om

1 N ov ell . xxu . 8 2 Vir il Geor . 11 8 . . Thus translated b Dr den g , g 45 y y

0 ha if he knew his ha s tate ppy, ppy T he s wain who fr fr in , ee o m bus ess and debate, ’ R eceives his eas foo d from nature y s hand, And us r urn f l j t et s o cultiv ated and. 48 Roman S lav ery

rr Vetruv ius m rr m s Va o, , and Colu ella, the a ange ent o f a R oman v illa ru stica

The m s h ha w r s cohortes chortes villa u t ave d t o cou t ( , ,

cortes . At the n r n to the rs or r one was the ) e t a ce fi t oute , d o f the v illicus in or r h he m h n w who abo e , de t at ig t k o w n in or out so r mmon h n w r e t ; al the g eat co kitc e , he e s s n r a d and wh r in w n r m d ff r n the lave co g eg te , e e i te ti e i e e t o ons w r r h r N ar h s w re av cati e e pu sued by t e fi eside . e t i e

a h- - The r ms and so the w n and oil ress s. the b t oo , al i e p e

and wine1 cellars w r here the rs ow r s the oil e e , fi t t a d the a r w rds the nor h of m south, l tte to a t ; but both the on the ro nd r m er astulum g u floo . Colu ella places the g nder ro nd h d w n m er of narr w w ndows u g u , lig te ith a u b o i so h fr m the oor h h o d not re h d igh o fl , t at t ey c ul be ac e w h h n Th h wh h m a t e . e s o f t e s a s s ith a d cell l ve , ic u t h ve n e s wh r in the r o r w re r ferr d s d bee l e e e oute c u t, e p e e ituate h h i f r th to t e sout . It s best to suppose that the stalls o e x n h rs s and s e w r r nd th nn r r o e , o e , h ep e e a ou e i e cou t, although Vetruv ius would have them to be near the n 1 kitche .

Colu mella says o f the labou rers on an es tate

They are either slaves or coloni; and it is pleasanter to d w the coloni and s r to et out of h m work eal ith , ea ie g t e than payments ; they will sooner ask to be let off the h n the r The es coloni are h s w one t a othe . b t t o e hich are indi ent r on s and n h r ar g , bo n the e tate, bou d by e edit y s to i 2 tie r.

“ — — : The colonus o ur clow n was o riginally a free man f rm r m r , a tenant a e , not e ely cultivating as 3 a ricola bu t v colonus g , li ing on the land The

1 Call 8 2 u s . D e R e R u st i . , pp 5 , 59 . . 7 3 ” Co lonus est ui a rum x fr d q g non e colit, sed incolit. (Gotho e ,

Cod. Thead tom. iv . . p .

5 0 Roman S lav ery

r s s s . s s t engthened the e bond In 3 5 7 , Con tantiu

enacted ,

If an one w shes to s his farm or to v wa y i ell , gi e it a y, h e cannot by a private agreement retain for himself the coloni in order to ransfer h m to so me o her t t e t place, for hose who h n the coloni sef o h e her to t t i k u ul , ug t it e h m w h the ands o r e se to av e hem for the k ep t e it l , l le t ne o f hers if he h ms s des a r o f e n be fit ot , t y t e elve p i g tti g n 1 a y profit from the farm.

This w as fo r the Wes t : and Valen s made a

m r n m n fo r E s c o mmen si ila e act e t the a t . The

r Go tho fred s mm n u r s s o f tato , u i g p the p ovi ion ’ s s s Coloni rwaiis ads tricti the Theodo ian Code , ay , p 2 s m m s o r non hominihus . They o eti e had land f thei o wn s fr m o f r r , di tinct o that thei lo d and , like the s r o w n eculiu m w lave, they had thei p , hich they could not alienate w ithout the co ns ent o f their

r T en rs r r ns s lo d . yea ea lie , Co tantiu had laid dow n that hou s ehold s laves (mancipia u rhana) were “ ” r w r m r r to be eckoned ith othe oveable p ope ty, but that farm - s laves (mancipia ru s tica) ranked with

s s s as r s fo r hou e and land , fixtu e to be accounted 3 m r r s r f rm - s to the I pe ial T ea u y . Thus the a lave

m s rf s r fr m f rm beca e a e , in epa able o the a . By

r s his r law r deg ee , in ight to appeal to the to p otect

ms f f m and r r r s hi el , his a ily p ope ty, he o e to the 4 s o f colonus w colonus p o ition the , hile the attained

n nu as o r fr the p rivileges o f an i ge ee citizen . We s s ee f r r o n r hall u the , that in F ance , in the

r rm colonu s w as m ninth centu y , the te e p loyed to

1 2 m . 2 . d st ri l 2 . To i. o u De A col. . . C . j . g p 45 3 4 h 1 d s 1 1 . . . Co . u t De A ricol . l 1 1 . j . g . , 3 5 l 1 and M ediwv a S erfdom. 5 des ignate one w hos e holding w as des c ribed as mans us in enu alis r s n serv us g , in cont adi ti ction to a i In E s w r m c an mans as serv i/ s . d the a t , he e do esti s r r r r s r re lave y g adually died out , u al lave y long M t ained m w as r s rf o m . the na e , but eally e d

o f Peyron has di s covered a palimp s es t MS . a d r o f r s and A r s 0 ec ee Hono iu cadiu , dated 4 9 , con

r r r s r fr m c e ning a ba ba ou t ibe o the Danube, called

S c ri who w r r e f r s the y , e e , on thei d eat, t an p lanted

r s r n to va iou p ovinces a d attached to the s oil . This decree says

L et the proprietors know that the l abour of these men is fr and tha no one can d s os of hese nd v du s ee, t i p e t i i i al as if he had en v en to him so as to a se hem t y be gi , c u t to pass from the condition of freedo m to the state of s av er or o e hem to the a o r of s e of the l y, blig t l b u a lav 1 villa.

Thes e regulations s how that thes e S cyri w ere c r n coloni w r s be onve ted i to , ith all the p ivilege longing to s uch and yet S o z o men des c ribes thes e same person s as being s old in C o ns tantinop le

The governors were o f opinion that if they were allowed to r m n o e h r he w d ro a o m n and e ai t g t e , t y oul p b bly c bi e c reate a seditio n some o f them were therefore so ld at a

low r e wh e o h rs wer v n wa for noth n as p ic , il t e e gi e a y i g, s laves u pon condition that they should never erm ed to re rn to o ns ant no e o r to E ro be p itt tu C t i pl , u pe, be se ara d the sea from es ha the new but p te by plac t t y k . ha seen sev er of hes s a tered o and I ve al t e c t ab ut, culti 2 in the ear h in B h n a n ar M o n m v at e O s. g t it y i , u t ly pu

1 ’ ’ r d de Tu rin . . 2 8 A ca . t uoted b Bio t L A h lztion de l s la , q y , o E c v . 1 8 p . . 2 Hist. E ccl ix. . . 5 5 2 Roman S lav ery

rs o f t r r r us The L ette S . G ego y the G eat give an idea o f the condition o f the s ervile population in thos e parts o f E u rope that still obeyed the r r We I mpe ial laws in the sixth centu y . cannot hel p remembering the fatherly compass i o n w hich “ thi s great A pos tle o f the E nglis h s how ed fo r the fai r- hai red A ngles exposed fo r s ale in the market

His o wn s s r place in R ome . thought about lave y may be eas ily gathered from the Deed o f Manu mi ss ion by which he s ets free Montana and

m s tw o s s ; Tho a , lave

re or to M ontana and Thomas G g y .

S n our R edeem r the A thor of r n has i ce e , u all c eatio , n r s e sed to ss me our h man sh in bee g aciou ly pl a a u u fle , rder tha m th e ra e o f His d v n r o t He ight by g c i i ity, b eak the nds of s r de in wh h we w re h d a bo e vitu ic e el c ptive, and res r us to our or n er so is sa r to e igi al lib ty, it a luta y wh n men whom at r h n r r h for h fr act, e , bi t atu e b oug t t ee, and who m the law of nations has pu t u nder the yoke of s r de are r s or d the beneficence of he r era r e vitu , e t e by t i lib to h h h r to ha r in w e w e rn. And her f r t t libe ty ic t y e bo t e o e, m ed the ns n of e and the ons der on of ov by i ti ct pi ty, c i ati the ma er s f ou M on an and h mas s a es tt it el , y , t a T o , l v amulos of the R m n Ch r h wh h the he (f ) Holy o a u c , ic , by lp of God we ser e we ma ou free from h s da forw r , v , ke y t i y a d, 1 m n ns and we re n sh all r eculiu m R o e . and a citiz , li qui you p

The Chri s tian E mperors had enacted that no

s ss ss s s t. r r Jew hould po e Ch ristian lave . S G ego y “ wr s s o f L s ee if an ite to the Bi hop una, to that y are f his s r r s such ound in dioce e , thei libe ty hould

1 v in ha nf i i. 1 2 Constant e d co erred on sho s the Epist. . up B p r ma in men R oman itiz en powe of k g c s.

5 4 Roman S lav ery

nu was s r w a the colo s . It in thi p actical y that thi s gloriou s Ponti ff earned his favou rite title o f S erv u s ' m s erv oru m D o ini. We do not p ropose to pu rs ue the s ubject th rough the centu ries that elap s ed after the Byzantin e

r i s n M B s m s t W s . ha E pi e lo t hold u po the e t . iot s u mmed Up his i nvestigation s in the following c onclu s ion s

Th n n r h of ma n s of r s n r 1 . e a ci e t ig t ki g a lave a p i o e of war no n r s ed w n hr s n and hr s n lo ge exi t bet ee C i tia C i tia , even b etween Catholic and heretic but it did e xist n n a n between Christia a d P ga . 2 The d m s s av es m nt n d in d m n s . o e tic l , e io e ocu e t of h s o h are nd d a s who are not hr s ns or at t i ep c , i ivi u l C i tia , s ar ar ns o m hr s an af er h r a mo t b b ia bec e C i ti t t ei c ptivity . D mes s er mon hr s ns s e ms t h 3 . o tic lav y a g C i tia e o ave b n e n sh d s ow the n n of the o m ee xti gui e l ly by i flue ce d g a, n ss n re e d of the s r e a for God i ce a tly p ate , pi itual qu lity be e of the master and slave ; by that of the equality before the law r n d to all ns form r d v d d off from , g a te citize , e ly i i e e h h r the m a ons of h red r r h s na ac ot e by li it ti e ita y ig t fi lly, the o n of s a ws wh h r n ed the s of by acti peci l la , ic p eve t ale ind d a r and n sh d the m rd r r of s e ivi u l libe ty, pu i e u e e a lav fr m n just as that of a ee a . R ra s r was n r or mos n r r ns 4. u l lave y e ti ely, al t e ti ely t a f rm d n the colonatus fr m the m of s n n in o e i to , o ti e Ju ti ia , rd n to the e r f h the s ixth century . Acco i g l tte o t at legis f m n r n r n 1 l on was re s r do d m . ati , it al e u e a othe a e

We m now r r W f w ust etu n to the est, and ollo the fortunes o f the s lave through the w ild con fu s ion that en s ued upon the wreck of the mighty r fabri c of the R oman E mpi e .

1 ’ ’ Biot De l Aé lition de l sclava e . , o E g , p 2 49 . nd M edi v al S er dom a w f . 5 5

1 Gibbon has traced the s t range imp ul s e w hich

m r r s s r r set in otion the ba ba ic inva ion , to a Ta ta revolution in China ; but w hatever may have been the s m cau e , a ighty u pheaving agitated all the tr s w r rs o f and R n ibe bet een the bo de China the hi e, and from the las t quarter o f the fou rth centu ry to

o f s w f r w o f the beginning the eventh, ave a te ave

G M r m n H ermandu ri s oths, Quadi , a co a ni , , Vandal ,

r s r n S s s S rm s Bu gundian , F a ks , clave , Hun , a atian ,

L m r s r r ss A s o ba d pou ed ac o the Danube, the lp , the

R R r s s hine, the hone, the Py enee , and the Helle

w S s A s s r p ont hile cot , Picts , ngle , and Dane ove ran B ritain and made des cents on the coas t o f

A s s s ss r n Gaul . the invading ho t p a ed along, ui ed c s s o f r s s s m n f rms m r itie , heap co p e , oki g a a ked

m s r w r s o f t r rs . r s hei cou e B a ble g e ove the site villa ,

r o f r r and the land , st ipped its pop ulation , etu ned

r f r s al ian s r o nce mo e into a o e t . S v de c ibes w hat he s aw after the thi rd sack o f Treves

hr hos The first city in Gaul was but a sepulc e. T e whom the enemy spared succumbed to the calamities d om d d o f he r w nds o thers w e . hich succ ede S e ie t i ou , r sh d of h n r and d and h s in d ff r n w s pe i e u ge col , t u i e e t ay m h e s n and m e es all wen e h r to the . t tog t e to b I av ee , y y have endured the spectacle of bodies of men and women n d rn o s and rds of r n in the s r s ake , to by d g bi p ey, lyi g t eet 2 which they polluted.

All the foundation s o f s ociety were rooted u p ;

r s w r in senato s and laves, nobles and peasants , e e v olved in one common calamity ; the barbarian

1 2 v i. Decline and F all 0. v i. D e Gu bernatione Del lib. , xx , 5 6 R oman S lav ery conquerors plunged eagerly into the sen s ual plea su re s w hich the remai ns o f civilization s till s ug

s m r m v s r s ge ted to the , and t e bling capti e p e ented rich w ines in jewelled goblets to the mu rderers o f thei r parents and the in solent po ssesso rs o f thei r o n r w inhe itance . The immediate res ult o f the invas ions w as to

r rm s s o f s r agg avate eno ou ly the evil lave y . The barbarian s ignored all the alleviations w hich the Ch ri s tian Emp e ro rs had i ntroduced into the con d o f s w s m rs w r ition the laves , ho e nu be e e continually rec ruited by the populati o n o f eve ry new p rovince

r new r r . S t. r invaded , and eve y city captu ed G ego y o f rs who r n r f o f Tou , lived du i g the latte hal the s r has n u s m s r s ixth centu y, give o t g aphic account o f the s u fferi ngs o f the p eople unde r the S alian

R r r s w h o w r r s and ipua ian F ank , e e pe hap the

f s r r r n s nobles t o all tho e ba ba ian t ibes . O a light

r s m s r w s his p ovocation , the avage a te ould cau e s be r e r r b fire lave to bu ied aliv , to be to tu ed y ,

r r m e m rr o f o c uelly utilat d . The a iage even a liberated s lave w ith o ne freeborn w as interdicted

r s u nde r the s eve es t p enalties . The di tinction

n r s r r r between s lave s a d s e fs w a a bit a ily aboli s hed . We have seen ho w the Chri s tian E mperors forbade t he s eparation o f the s erf from the s oil which he

A n o f r s cultivated . edict Theodo ic ays

Every master has the right of withdrawing from the ands r s s a s of e h r sex wh h he oss ss s l u tic l ve it e , ic p e e by n ra and a r h en h h h orn on the atu l leg l ig t, ev t oug t ey be b s and to ransfer h m fr m one l to ano h r on oil , t t e o p ace t e his ma n or m use of em in s r of do i , to ake th the e vice

5 8 Roman S lav ery o f s s m m s r r individual , o eti e th ough the bu ning

r f r r m s m w o S t. r s s m s o ds p eache s , like Ch y o to , o eti e

r r rs o f ffs th ough the autho itative lette Ponti , like

r r r s m m s r S t. G ego y the G eat , and o eti e th ough the s m r s o f s r s w in ole n dec ee tho e g eat Council , hich

f m r the time o f S t. Boni ace did so uch to b ing o rder out o f the w ild chaos in which he found the r r W w hole o f No rthe n E u ope . hen w e examine the s o f r fr m f o f the Council the pe iod , o the all W r E m r r w e este n pi e to the tenth centu y , find decrees continually appearing in reference to slaves and these dec rees w ere very often in di rect o ppos ition to the national customs and laws o f the o m w r A m p eople f r who they e e intended . ongst

s r s rm Ba the Vi igoths , Bu gundian , Ge ans, and v r r m r o f r m s as the a ians , a g eat nu be c i e involved , r m r p incipal penalty , the being conde ned to slave y.

A m r s - m o f com ong the F ank , the non pay ent the p osition due by a freeman rendered him the s lave r r r m o f the inju red p arty . Failu e to ende ilitary

r 1nabilit a herihann in se vice, and the y to p y the

c u rr in s m ff r ed this ca e, ade the o ende the slave

n E tw o s m u s e o f s o f the Ki g. ven Council ade thi

s m r s s o f m r s barbarou s puni h ent in the inte e t o al .

rs o f O r s 1 1 r : The Fi t Council lean , 5 , dec eed

ha if man rr ed off wom n and she r fu T t a ca i a a , took e ge ' a h r h if it r ed the wom n suflered in c u c , be p ov that a n she sha n be d v r fr m his w r viole ce, ll at o ce eli e ed o po e , and he sh ut to e or if mm n from all be p d ath ; , i u ity n hm n r n him he sh r r d pu is e t be g a ted , all be eithe educe m to r m m 1 to s r or s f. lave y, be co pelled edee hi el

1 Can. 2 . ’ ana M ed e ie v al S rfdom. 5 9

r o f 8 The Thi d Council Toledo, 5 9 , enacted that

Women of suspiciou s character who live in the houses of r s s and de ns sh be s d the sho s p ie t aco all ol by bi p , r n h r 1 and the p ice give to t e poo .

This barbarous penalty w as not long allowed

r s r to dis figu e the legi lation o f the Chu ch . o f R m 6 2 r m The Council hei s, in 5 , p oclai ed

If any one shall endeavour to reduce to slavery one who is fr r or man n or if an o ne has ee by bi th e cipatio , y n so and fter e n a mon shed s do e , a b i g d i by the bi hop has n to r o or m m nds eglected ev ke the act ake a e , let his o ds be s s ra ed as if he had n of g o eque t t , bee guilty 2 calumny .

A nother Council in the same centu ry deal s w ith the case o f men who had s old themselves into slavery

With regard to freeborn men who have sold them s n s r for m n or h r r r or ut selve i to lave y o ey ot e p ope ty, p h mse s in awn is d r e h as s n as h t e lve p , it ec e d t at, oo t ey can find a sum equal to the p rice that was given for h m h sha w h e on a m n of the r t e , t ey ll , it out d lay, p y e t p ice, res or to h r ro er nd on and no mor sh l be t ed t ei p p co iti , e al h n a v n for hem and in th m n be exacted t a w s gi e t ; e ea . m if man so s d has fr e orn w f or a ti e, a ituate a e b i e, w m n fr e orn s and r h dr n sh n n o a a e b hu b , thei c il e all co ti ue h n fr m n 2 in t e co dition of ee e .

o f 6 0 r The Council Chalons , 5 , decla es

It is the most special aim of piety and religi on that the chain of captivity should be altogether redeemed

1 2 an an . 1 C . 5 C 7 . 2 S nd. z ncert. loci. circiter an. 6 1 6 . Can 1 alm z y . 4, quoted by B e ,

E u ro Civ ilix n. 1 on Slav er . p . . 5 , y 6 0 Roman S lav ery from Christians : wherefore this holy Syn od makes n wn its de r e h no s av m s be s d out of k o c e , t at l e u t ol the m s ha n to the n dom of o ur L r li it t t belo g ki g o d, K n v s s s h s e wh h God f r i g Clo i , le t by uc al , ic o bid, Chri stian slav es should be loaded with the chain of 1 or wh is worse be in onda to ws. captivity, at , b ge Je

Batthilda o f s who S t. S , Queen Clovi the econd ,

s rs f had once been a lave he el , is believed to have interested hers el f especially in having thi s

re r m s r w r m dec e p o ulgated , ince the e e e at that ti e m r s m n o f m w s who r e chant , a y the Je , t avelled through Gaul buying s laves to s ell in fo reign

r s n s f r o f count ie . The Cou cil o bade the sale

r s s s w s r Ch i tian lave to Je , and autho ized any one

as w r s s s S s to redeem such e e p o se ed by them. ale o f Chri s tian s to Jew s o r p agan s w ere declared

n r u a d . o f null void The Fou th Co ncil Toledo,

6 2 f r f r w s s r s 5 , a te o bidding Je to po sess Ch i tian

s r r s o r f r slave , eithe by p u cha e gi t, dec eed that

If hereafter Jews shall presume to hold Chri stian men or w m n as s s su h s a es sh r m v ed from o e lave , c l v all be e o 2 their possession and set at liberty by the prince.

The laws o f these nations afforded very slight

r s W o f p otection to the lave . ith the exception s r s r w the Vi igoths and Bu gundian , the est, do n to

m o f r m f m r w the ti e Cha le agne, le t the aste ith

the power o f life and death over his slave. The

s w s f t Council did hat they could to upply this de ec ,

b O r s r s w r y pening the chu che as sanctua ie , hithe the s lave could take refuge from a tyrannical

1 2 C ne . an 66 o . Cab. Can. 9 C . .

6 2 Roman S lav ery

in the fi rst in s tance w as neces sary fo r the validity

m rr as o f s uch a a iage . It w not til centu ry that Pope A d rian the declared the ’ marriages o f s erfs valid w ithout thei r mas ter s

m s ns . w e are s co ent In the ti e di cussing, the clergy w ere not allowed to be the u pholders o f

rr r w r now and s m s . S uch a iage till , the e e e then

s s o f s r s r ca e pecial ha d hip , and the cle gy did not shrink from b raving the anger o f u nreas onable f s r t. r r o rs s u s o f r ma te s . S G ego y Tou tell a c uel tyrant w h o t reat e d his s laves w ith b rutal in w m m hu manity . He ould co pel the to hold

s m m s in r n s s m m s candle , so eti e thei ha d , o eti e

w r r s s w s bet een thei ba e hin , hile he upped , until fl m rn w r fl s r the a e bu t do n into thei e h , th eatening to p lunge his s w o rd i nto them if they moved o r

w s m as s r m . s r w R c ea ed Thi F ank , ho e na e auch

m n his s s man and ing, had a o g lave a young a r A f r r who f w . two gi l , ell in love ith one anothe te

e rs r n w ma s s y a , du i g hich it y be upp o ed they had ’ r n r m s e r s ns t ied in vain to obtai thei a t co ent, they

f r m rr e r . r got a i d , and took e uge in the chu ch Thei master heard o f it and came to the p riest o f the and s him u h is tw o s s p lace , a ked to give p lave , r s s p romi s ing to forgive them . The p ie t aid to “ him w w r s o ne , You kno hat e pect ought to have fo r the chu rches o f Go d : you r s e rvants s hall not u ss m e r w r be given p to you , unle you give you o d

r n o s rf r w that thei u i n hall not be inte e ed ith, and p romis e me at the s ame time to exemp t them ” r m from all co rpo al p uni s hment . The aster

s fo r s m m s s w he itated o e ti e ; at la t, he aid , ith an ’ ana M ediwv al S er dom 6 f . 3

o his r : l ath , laying hand u pon the alta They shal n r s r me and w r eve be epa ated by , I ill take ca e that they shall neve r be s eparated by any one

s r s w as s s r r el e . The p ie t ati fied but the ba ba ian had s r s his w r no oone got his slave into po e , than

r in r the he had a deep t ench dug the g ound , and trunk o f a thick t ree hollow ed out in the s hap e n s f n o f a large coffi . In thi co fi he had the u nfo r tu nate r and her s n to o f gi l p laced , hu ba d on the p h er and w r r r A s , both e e bu ied in the t ench .

ri s r o f fl ew s soon as the p e t hea d it , he to the p ot, u r R au chin w o f p b aided g ith the violation his oath, and in s i s ted on the poo r you ng cou p le being dis

w as s e i rr . v r nte ed The youth till ali , but the poo

r o f s ff n w r m s r gi l had died u ocatio , hile the b utal a te p rotes ted that he had only taken the mos t effectual 1 s o f m r r mean aking thei union pe petual . It is some s atisfaction to know that thi s w retch came ’ to w as ss s s s a bad end , and a a inated in the King

w as s s o f r s m . p alace , as he u p ected t ea onable a bition The whole story gives u s a lively p ictu re o f the l w n ss o f m s s r o f a less e the ti e , the avage c uelty

m o f fs n o f s so e the chie , and the u happy lot tho e who w ere in thei r pow er ; but it al s o s how s us

s r o f r r the aluta y influence eligion in p otecting, w s ff w fr m though not al ay e ectually, the eak o the t r o f w rf y anny the po e ul . A nother point that the Chu rch insi s ted u pon in h er s w as s s Council , that the lave hould have a

o f r s S s r r day e t on unday and ce tain othe holidays .

s o f A rr 8 Thu the Council uxe e , 5 7

1 His t nc v F ra . l . c . . . 3 . 6 4 Roman S lav ery

’ is f r n on the L rd s da to en or It o bidde o y yoke ox , 1 r ns do anyother labour except for pe mitted reaso .

o f R n 6 0 The Council oue , 3 , enacts

Priests mu st admoni sh the peopl e who are u nder their c r as to ox- r rs i - dr ers and h r she herds or a e d ove , p g iv , ot e p

field- o rers who are ns n em o in the e ds lab u , co ta tly pl yed fi l or f r s s and so f r the m nner of h o e t , live a te a cattle, t at they make or permit these persons to come to Mass on Sundays and other festivals ; for Christ redeemed them as well as themselves with H is Precious Blood : and if h ne e to do h s let hem now w h d h t ey gl ct t i , t k it out oubt t at n r n f r h r they have to re de accou t o t ei soul s .

The next Canon goes on to say

And let it be understood that the festival - days are to be celebrated with due honour from one evening to the r 2 next without any servile wo k .

A - S S s w n f r r The nglo axon ynod e t u the still . o f r m 6 The Council Be kha pstead , in 97 , enacted

If mm nd of his m s er s a wor s w n , by co a a t , a l ve k bet ee the first Vespers of Sunday and those of Monday from Saturday eveni ng till Sunday evening) his master 3 i h h n s lidi shall pay h m eig ty s illi gs ( o ) .

A W u r Council held in essex nde King Ine, decreed :

“ ’ If a theowman work on Sunday by his lord s com m n him fr and the rd a him h r a d, let be ee ; let lo p y t i ty ” n 4 shilli gs as wite.

The Chu rch al s o defended to the u tmost o f her

w r who s et r po e those had once been at libe ty,

1 Can 1 6 2 an 1 1 3 an 1 0 . . C . 4, 5 . C . . 1 L Ki n In L s . aws o e Thor e A nci nt aw i. 1 0 f g . p , e , 5

6 6 Roman S lav ery the r h is ha h ma not r s m to or Chu ch t at , t t t ey y p e u e sell alienate by any contract whatsoe ver the property on r which the poo live.

s s m s but m Thi ee s ab olute enough, the sa e Canon goes on to say :

nd if the B sh sha ha r n fr e m I eed, i op ll ve g a ted e do to an of the s v s who h we des r d h s s n y la e ave ll e ve it, t i y od has decreed that the freedom so conferred shall be re s ected his s u ess rs o her w h wh r m n p by cc o , t get it at thei e a c i ator r n d hem o n v n h m fre d m and h s p g a te t gi i g t e e o , t i w e res r e sha m ed to w n solidi in m ne p c ib ll be li it t e ty o y, m of nd a or h m and s s ad. a all plot la , a cott ge, a o e te Anything beyond this that has been given the Church m d a f th m n a 1 will clai back at the e th o e e a cip tor.

l o f R m 6 2 r m t The Counci hei s , in 5 , epeats al os w ord fo r w ord the fi rs t p art o f this Canon

That th e Bishop may not presume to sell or by any contract whatsoev er to alienate slaves or property be l onging to the right of the Church on which the poor 2 live after his death.

Thi s apparently ab solute enactment may be ia t erpreted by the latte r pa rt o f the Cano n o f the o f A w e ma t Council gde, and y conclude tha ,

s l his s v s though the Bi hop cannot sel la e , yet he m a m m f m are y e ancipate the . In act, exa ples

m r f s m nu e ous o uch e ancipation .

r - m h a S t. A edius o r r R w o w s , Y ieix , a Gallo o an ,

r heo debert and r m Chancello to T , g eatly estee ed b Chil eric A of m n r w c y p , bbot a o aste y hi h he had f L 1 w m . r ounded at i oges, died in 59 T enty yea s

1 2 Cone. ath Can. . Can. 1 . Ag . 7 3 ’ ana ediaeva S e dom 6 M l rf . 7

b f r m w in w c e o e this he had ade a ill , hich he pla ed h is m s r m s rf w m he ona te y, onk , and se s, hose na es

m s r r c o f M r o f S t. ention , unde the p ote tion a tin T r m r m o f f men ou s, and he enu e ates the na es fi ty a nd w m m w m was rt n L o en , a ong ho a ce ai ucy, m r m fr who he had edee ed om captiv ity. He en t r r fr m r s o f usted thei eedo to the gua dian hip S t. r M a tin .

s are m fr e men and w m n s m of w m The e y e d o e , o e ho ihave been confided to me by my father of blessed mem r b w and o hers ha m se f nfr n h s o y y ill , t I ve y l e a c i ed ’ r h m ro h rs s omm n h m fo t e good of y b t e oul. I c e d t e to

‘ h n h M ar n An if n man a t d fe . d a s w s to y e ce, oly ti y h ll i h exact from them more than has been laid upon them as d s or in an wa to d s r or o r ss m u ue , y y i tu b pp e the , tho , 1 O h M r n w def n h m. oly a ti , ilt e d t e

6 1 r r m s o f M r b In 5 , Be t a , Bi hop ans, libe ated y w r m r o f rf R m r r n ill a g eat nu be se s , o an and ba ba ia , p ut them under the p rotection o f the A bbey of : t rr u r m the S . Pie e de la Co tu e, and laid upon the o n o f m r r anniv er bligatio eeting eve y yea , on the s r o f r a y his death, in the abbey chu ch and , instead o f making an offering they were to recite at the

f o f r o f m oot the alta the deed e ancipation , and the l o f f m m fo r ist the gi ts that he had ade the , and that day to fulfil the s e rv ices that they used to r r f r r m ende to the abbey be o e thei e ancipation . The following day the A bbot was to entertain t m at r n r r he dinne , and the they etu ned , thus

1 i r o o f To rs who iv s an This will is ment oned b St. G e r u e y g y , g e itome o f the L ife o f S t. A redius H ist. F ranc. lib. 1 . S ee p , x. 5

Mon alembert M nhs o the West ii. 2 86 . t , o f , 6 8 Roman S lav ery

r r ohse u iu m o r s erv itiu m in enuile ende ing g , g , as

fr m s l distinguished o oh eguiu m s erv i e.

Two r r A - S l centu ies late , the nglo axon Counci o f C elch th 8 1 6 r s to y , in , is as st ongly oppo ed the alienation o f chu rch p roperty as any o f the French

s r s r of Council , and yet it p e c ibes that on the death a Bi shop

Then for his soul we command that a tenth part of all h he has wh h r e or herds s or sw ne or t at , et e cattl , heep i , w is in the ars sha be d ded and d s r ed to hat cell , ll ivi i t ibut o r mor r er E n shman ha in his the p o ; eove , that ev y gli t t lifetime has been subjected to bondage shall be set at r so h h he ma m r to r e the ro libe ty, t at by t at y e it eceiv app ri fr t f 1 p ate ui o his own labour and pardon of his sins.

Thu s the p rocess o f emancipation went on even in s m A r ecclesiastical establi h ents . nothe avenue of freedom had to be carefully guarded against

E m r rs f r s ct . r o abuse The Ch istian pe o had, out e pe for r f r s s r the cle gy, o bidden lave to be o dained o r w m l deacons , clothed ith the onastic habit unti

s o f after they had been emancipated . The Council

Gaul and Spain continued the same p rohibitions. If s w r a lave had been un ittingly o dained , the Bishop w as to p ay the p rice o f his emancipation ; if h e ordained him with knowledge o f his servil e

c a his v but ondition , to p y double alue, in no case was the sacred minis ter of God to be made again

a slave . We s aid that the distinction between slave and

rf r s r r r se , oblite ated by the Inva ions, eappea ed unde r m It m r the Cha le agne . ca e about thus . Unde

1 Cone. Cele/z . Can. 10.

70 Roman S lav ery

who were guilty of having employed on thei r own business the serfs who were dependent on the royal d m w r m m o ains hich had been g anted to the . S o e o f these followers of Charlemagne b rought to his

C rt v b r bene cia bu t the ou sla es elonging to thei fi ,

E m r r r r m m b o pe o o de ed the to send the ack, each t he w was 1 t p lace to hich he attached . r r r r Unde the Ca lovingian dynasty, the he edita y h l o f rfs b r o dings se egan again to be ecognized . Doc uments o f the ninth c entu ry make a disti nction “ b w rv cas ati et non casati rfs who et een se i , se had

c who non cas ottages, and those had not . The ati w r m v cas ati w r r In 8 . 06 e e o eables, the e e fixtu es , Charlemagne divided his E mpi re between his three “ so w : We r t of ns, and laid do n o dain tha none the r br h r r and L th ee ot e s (Cha les, Pepin , ouis) receiv e from any man belonging to the kingdom of o f r r f o r one the othe s , eithe by gi t sale, any

imm v b r r s a s v o ea le p ope ty, that is to y, land , ine r w s r casati o r r ya ds, oods, slave al eady , any othe thing p os sess ed by hereditary titles excepting l v r r c rm v s m go d , sil e , p e ious stones, a s , e t ents, v non casati t w are c f s l a es , hings hich obje ts o ” commerce . A fter Charlemagne c ame another period o f ah

’ arc r the r f o f n n r hy. Du ing latte hal the i th centu y, in cessant inv asions o f the N orman s kept the north f r c rm c l f rm t o F an e and Ge any in ontinua e en ,

r n v In while the S a acens agai in aded the south . the general insecu rity and the feebleness o f Charle ’ ma e r s r w u o n ls gn s successo s, ca tles g e p the hil

1 S ee Allard E sclav es S e s &c . 1 1 . , , rf , . pp 73, 74 ’ na M edi al d m a n v S erf o . 7 1

and in f v r for f situations a ou able de ence, and the l r t m for r p eop e flocked ound he p otection , to the s helter o f the chief who p rov ed hi ms elf able to

w rf ben ciaries help them. Thus the p o e ul efi ceased to hold their land s o f the King by a life - tenu re t b cam r r r r o wn hey e e p op ieto s, holding thei by t r r r s m r m r hei st ong hand , and t an itting thei ano , t r b r o r r r s hei o ough, thei county to thei ons, ac knowledging only a military homage to the s r f m r ou t ov e eign . Thus the eudal syste sp ang o f the c rc m s o f m was r i u stance the ti e, and ecog i niz ed b the r o f Kiers 8 . y Capitula y , 7 7 The c s c s r was that on equen e to the e vile population , ‘ there was a great multiplicatio n o f s erfs attached

m f r s to o . the land , and a di inution pe sonal laves A s the small p rop rietor hastened to place hims elf u r r c o f f l r nde the p ote tion a eudal o d , and in “ ” r r for r c m man s etu n his p ote tion beca e his , the e petty sov ereignties became more and more i s olated fr m w r r r b m r r o the o ld at la ge . Jou neys eca e a e, c mm r m t c E r t v o e ce al os eased . ach dist ic li ed on the r c of ow n r was no p odu e its soil , and the e

for s v r f rs s s p lace the expen i e luxu y o pe onal lave . Domesti c offices were perfo rmed sometimes by rf m m b fr m s se s, so eti es y ee en in the castle and a b A nd m fr m b eys . thus it ca e to pass that , o the m o f c r r w r m r iddle the tenth entu y, the e e e no o e

v r f sla es in F ance, and the Capetian dynasty ound l v r r b r rf m s a e y enti ely a so bed in se do . S ometi mes freemen fell into serfdom through h f r f w rf r t e r o M . er a t ul ty anny the p o e ul . Gu a d gi v es an example 7 2 Roman S lav ery

In the borough of Walen (Canton Argau in S witzer. and d w rf and r h man n m Gontran l ) , live a po e ul ic a ed , ’ The fre who coveted eagerly his neighbours goods. e men o f the sam r h h nk n him d and n e bo oug , t i i g goo ki d, ffer d him h r nds on nd n ha he sh d o e t ei la , co itio t t t y oul a him the a tax and h h s d in r rn p y leg l , t at t ey houl etu enj oy them peaceably u nder his protection and main n n h r ff r w h bou r . Go tra e e o e g accept d t i o e ith j y, but h m r wen to w r o n e to o r ss . F s t o k at c pp e t e i t, he demanded all sorts of thi ngs from them without pay ment ; then he wished to exact everything from them by right o f authority then at last he took upon himself rds h m a if he w r his wn rf to act towa t e s t y e e o se s. He ordered them to supply comics for the tillage of his e ds the r n of his h r s and the m w n of fi l , eapi g a ve t, o i g i r s h r was o n his r n n s r s of h s g a s. T e e pa t a co ti ual e ie r n s W n h r m ns r d w vexatious p oceedi g . he t ey e o t ate ith o d r s he d hem ha n h n of wh h l u c ie , tol t t t ot i g at t ey had should be taken to the market u nless they consented to u his w s nd r mo the w ds fr m his ds plo gh a te la , e ve ee o fiel u d wn r s for him F r and r s c t . m a ga den , and o t ee o e ch of those who lived near the stream he exacted two fo w s r r as f r s d s and one f w fr m l eve y yea o e t ue , o l o each h e d s n Th f r n of those w o liv d at a i ta ce. e un o tu ate i nhabitants without protection were obliged to submit to ll h s d m nds E n wh n K n m to th a t e e e a . ve e the i g ca e e s o f S ur and e m r d to him for Ca tle ole e, th y cla ou e redr ss the e r a n m nds of s m of hem e , xt av ga t de a o e t , and the r wd of r rs h s to h m r n d c o cou tie o tile t e , p eve te h r om n s r h n the K and w n h m t ei c plai t eac i g ing, they e t o e w r h n h m was not for n in o se plight t a t ey ca e. It a lo g m f rw rds in 1 1 0 6 a the m n s of M r ti e a te a , , th t o k u i r h s the r r fr m R h s ss r of pu c a ed p ope ty o udolp , the ucce o G ontran and the nh n s of W n a d m r , i abita t ale obt ine o e n j ust and equitable treatme t.

74 Roman S lav ery

return for S° C” benefits as they might reap by the ” 1 p rayers of their new masters.

The fact is there was les s degradation in beco m ing the serf o f a chu rch o r abbey than of a c r l r o r A w as not se ula o d . The Bishop bbot regarded so much as a living master as the representativ e o f the S aint to whom the chu rch A n r M was dedicated . anecdote elated by onta lembert will show how strongly this was felt

At rr in B r n m h r d n Pe ecy, u gu dy, a uc d eade k ight, name Bidul he had on the s n of r d Hugh p , , occa io a iot, b eaten a peasant b elonging to the Abbey of F leury so r his rm w nd man n cru elly as to b eak a . The ou ed fi ding no o ne n him n r d h r h and to ave ge , e te e the abbey c u c , d a h r n the r s r d St. B n d is app oachi g alta , ac e to e e ict, l i “ arm on sa n M or St. B n n w it, yi g, y l d e edict, I ack o l ha am th s rf and ha hou art m m s er edge t t I y e , t t t y a t ; l now h s r en arm—ir was h n and no ook at t i b ok t i e, o ne s had an r to if o h ds r n I el e y ight it ; th u a t b oke it, h n h n to m n m r s h ad of. But d hould ave ot i g co plai , y lo , h h s w d h Bidul he to who m did w y a t thou allo e Hug p , it not e n to r sh in h s m ner? Kn w b lo g at all , c u it t i an o that in future I shall not be able to do any service to he or n n ss nd ed h w s v en t e thi e, u le , i e , t ou ilt take a ju t ” him f r m h m n a h n eance on o e. T e s er ro nd g o k , g t i g u the r n h r rs and ra rs to h s o f the alta , joi ed t ei tea p ye t o e W h h r h r s ffer r. e are not d w e e was e a u e tol et cu d, but few da s f r w ked n h e an to fe an u y a te , the ic k ig t b g el ac te pain in the same arm as that which he had broken for the s n the ness s r to his wh d and pea a t ; ill p ead ole bo y, h r r h m s rr n 2 s e to t e s . he o tly died, a p y o t te ible a gui h

1 Ill iddle A es 1 1 8 . g , . 9 2 M onhs o the West v i 1 2 f , . 5 . and M edie v a S e d l rf om. 7 5

It mu s t also be remembered that great numbers of r s v r r the F anki h nobility, like the icto ious Ca lo man m r c m s rf of , e b a ed the onastic tate, and the se th e abbey found himself labou ring side by sid e w th e r o r who w r s m r ith p ince noble, o e the a e ough c m f lothing as hi sel . m A b f rm r o S t. n ré in I ino, b ot Ge ai des P s, 8 2 6 m P o ticon or R s r cr b s , ade a lyp egi te , des i ed thu by A imo in his A nnals of H incmar

w s A Irrnino has h r n one MS The i e bbot gat e ed i to . f h r n f al h an f ma n s o t e e s o l t e ds o St. r the tate ve ue l Ge i , down to an egg or a tile ; has regulated the share that h m n s s for r o wn use and h wh h t e o k hould have thei , t at ic th A r s r for ims f or for rm e bbot ought to e e ve h el , the a y of the King.

s v r r was 1 8 0 b Thi aluable eco d edited, in 4 , y i i er r . r r u r sd M . Gu a d The p ope ty subject to the j c tion o f the abbey c onsisted partly o f seignorial d m s s r o wn r t o ains posse sed by noble , in thei igh , but who for v arious reasons chos e to become v o f r m assals the abbey, and paid t ibute a ounting Th in all 1 0 o f o u r m . e to about J5 4, 43 oney portion belonging actually to the abbey consisted of r r r r in nea ly ac es, p oducing evenues

r s rf- r s m specie, in p oduce, and in e labou o e w r r r r rt hat ove a yea . This latte p ope y was 2 fiscs o r m r r divided into 5 ano s, each unde one r r r m s o f m r o f p op ieto , though co po ed a nu be d rr r m m s w istinct te ito ies, so eti e including a hole v m m r o f m m m l illage, so eti es pa t one, so eti es s al r v E sc p lots belonging to sepa ate illages . ach fi 76 Roman S lavery c o f m r o f mans i o r f rm o f w onsisted a nu be a s , hich

w r mans i in enu iles o r r r f rm e e g , la ge a s r fr r 2 w r o iginally occup ied by eebo n tenants, 5 e e mans i lidiales m r f rm r , s alle a s o iginally occup ied by lidi leudes o r le ti w m r in our , , , hose na e su vives “ r - who are n cou t leet, and supposed to have bee Frankish soldiers who took to labou ring wo rk ; 1 1 w r mansi serv i/es o r r 9 e e , lands o iginally held rf A n r o r two fr m P o ti u e by se s . ext act o the lyp g will show that these farms w ere by no means always inhabited by the class whose name they bore

Alantcu s lide and his w f fr w man colona , a , i e a ee o ( ) n r a f rm n h w h m n m d I be ta ss s o S t. a e g , va l Ge ai , ave it the hre h dr n n m d Ercberta Adalricus Antbertus t e c il e , a e , , ; H airbert tide and his w f tide s m d Godelinde a i e a al o na e , f t rm n ha w h m hr h r n ssa s o S . e d va l G ai , ve ith t e t ee c il e l f m n m Imi and D d H ostold. es two s a ed g , o o, Th e a ilie h d one mans u m serv ilem n of r nd ol , havi g a able la about 1 0 a res of n rd 2 8 er es of m ad w nd 2 9 c , vi eya p ch , e o la 4 . r h es h is the n n s are n to do pe c es. It do (t at te a t bou d w r for the n r r ds of n rd and o k abbey) ea ly 3 oo vi eya , mano ras w n r r f w s 1 h n a r e s. a d l bou ( p ) he o de ed 3 o l , 5 egg

A nother manse is thus desc ribed

Ebrulfus fr m n and his w fe s rf n m Er a ee a i a e , a ed nil m n h w m f r me da ss s of St. r , va al Ge ai , ave ith the ou ch dren nam d M erulfus B r h D m n M rn il , e , e t a, o i ica, u a ;

Ermenold s rf and his w fe a fr -w m n n m d a e , i ee o a , a e

' M ar ha ss s rma n w m f of St. r t , va al Ge i , have ith the ou ch ren named E rmenbert Arde ar Ermenard In ild , , g , , alsinde Teut arda s rf has w her one i g ; g a e , ith ch ld, n m T t ari h s r f m s d one mansas a ed eu g a. T e e th ee a ilie hol

7 8 Roman S lavery

h r All wh h r h t e n a free mot e . o ave a ig t o be call d ge tle

en are fre who are fr are not n m n. m e, but all ee ge tle e G n m s the fa h r and not the m r e tility co e by t e , by othe ; but freedom is deri v ed from the mother only ; and who er is rn of free m her is h mse f fr and has fr ev bo a ot i l ee, ee 1 n h ha is f p ower to do a yt i ng t t law ul .

E o n r r m In ngland , the cont a y, as Halla points “ ’ o ut f r s rm o f , the athe state dete ined that the ” 2 s w as m w o f c hild ren . Thi e bodied in the la s r v illani r r fr Hen ry the Fi st . The in F ance we e ee c loni v illeins in E d o attached to a villa, the nglan rfs were se . In the Capitularies o f the Carlovingian Kings are many cu riou s enactments about the ci rculation n f r th f r . O e o e o the oyal coinage these, bea ing

d o f 8 6 w if f r I st o f ate 4, lays do n that a te the July

in r o ne r f s s new that yea , any e u e to take the dena

r s if fr m liher homo l iu in exchange, a ee an ( ) he shal o f 6 0 s if rf o f th p ay a fine olidi . But he is se e C r o r o f o r o f o u r o wn v hu ch the counts , one assals,

t s w him w s r hey hall hip ith ixty st okes .

And that indiscreet men may observe moderation in h s d s n we orda n w the ns n and t i i cipli e, i , ith co e t c ns of our r s nes ha he s not coloni ou el t u ty o , t t t y hall beat or s rfs who h e h s offended w h h r h e av t u it t ei t ick clubs, but on the r h w An n w s. d i s w s ba e back it t ig citie , to n , and es the B sh s sha r d h r ffi s villag , i op ll p ovi e by t ei o cial or r s s in n er w h the S of rs p ie t , co c t it tate fice , that the s m n t puni h ent be o excessive.

1 Beaumanoir Contin ues de B eau v ai s , si , c. 45 . 2 M iddle A es i g , . p . 1 99. and ' M edie v a S e d m l rf o . 79

rf w e r fr m the P o ticon o f The se , as gathe o lyp Irm w rf well h is s t its ino , kne p e ectly po i ion and

was s r o n h o bligations . He ecu e his little holding, e

o his f rm- s r w his ccupied a hou e, eithe alone ith

f m o r w o r two r f m a ily, jointly ith one othe a ilies.

H e - s for his s s and had his out house beast , p ig , r rt o f was r fo r cr p oult y, pa his land unde tillage ops o f w o r r r was v v heat ba ley, pa t de oted to the ine r r fo r c v n of ya d , and pa t laid out the ulti atio l m m s r &c. s s w for u ta d, flax , , be ide the litt e eado

h is n r s m m r . O two o r e cattle ce tain day , so eti es th e d w m m r r ays in each eek , so eti es only at pa ticula

’ s o f r rf rm corv ee o r easons the yea , he had to pe o his

l r fo r r r ms f abou his lo d . He had to p esent hi el at s m s w rs s o r the fi cal an ion , ith his ho e oxen,

his s s s rs o r w v r pade, p ick, hovel , axe, hea , hate e m m m o f w r to ight be the i ple ent his o k , and then

o ha field r o r v r and g into the y , co nfield , ineya d , fulfil his task ; afte r which there was generally a

f o f r the rf east at the expense the lo d , and se retu rned to labou r fo r his o wn benefit o n his o wn

f rm If his f . w was rf m a i e a se , she had to do so e w o r r f m b r and r o f eaving othe e ale la ou , to take ca e the f w w w r m r rt o f o ls, hose eggs e e an i po tant pa the r was f r m ent that paid o the anse. O n S undays and holidays the family could not be hidden w r fo r r r r - fiv e to o k thei lo d , and the thi ty c hu rches scattered ove r the land s o f the A bbey o f

S t. rm w m fo r th Ge ain, each ith its little anse e S u rt o f r w r w ppo the p iest, sho that the spi itual ants o f the ten thousand persons who lived on the r r w r not r m all p ope ty e e neglected . Cha le agne had 8 0 Roman S lavery the v illage chu rches on his royal domains deco r w n w W r r r ated ith pai tings on the alls . he eve the e was m r r was fo r a onaste y, the e a school the c r r r o f s hild en ; and , though the eco ds tho e days tell u s doleful stories o f the whippings p obr boys

w w r w r s got hen they e e slo at thei lesson , the good monks had some tenderness fo r the little

fo r m r A o f ones , a ong the ents paid to the bbey

r n m is s i S t. r o e x s o f Pete at Co bey, ite p ound ’ ” 1 f r f s s honey o the in ant chool .

If s rf r s s his m s r the e had no legal ight again t a te , he had fo r his p rotection that vast body o f u n “ ” wr law m s itten called custo , and thi could be 6 f a w ss . 0 r s o f ppealed to ith succe In 9 , the se the M r o f t A m r M m d onaste y S . b ose at ilan co p laine t new A r r r hat the bbot had inc eased thei bu thens . His overseer had taken away thei r cattle at his w m r r r ill , obliged the to gathe the olives , cont a y to c m w r w - r s r usto , to o k at the ine p es , to p une the r &c A s v r . ines , to th esh the co n , The bbot aid , “ But the E mperor gave you to the monas te ry as

v r f r can mm w I sla es , the e o e I co and you hat ” “ N o a rf w we c . hoose , s id the se s , hen belonged to E m r r r we nor o u r f rs f re the pe o s, neithe , athe be o us r s and , had any othe obligation than these, they W w r c enumerated them. itnesses e e alled and

r was r f v r o f hea d , and sentence p onounced in a ou 2 the s rf In 8 8 o f R and e s . 5 , the Bishops ouen “ R heims wrote to L ouis le Debonnai re : L et not

1 ’ tatu t r n b Gu erard in P o ti ue d I rminon S . Co heie s . Cited y lyp g , t ii A end . 6 and uo ted b Allard see E sclav es S er s . . pp . p 3 5 , q y , f , ’ i m l ” ha xii. Vie d un rf au neuv é e siec e &c . c p . S e . 2 Allard E sclav es &c 2 2 1 . , , . p.

8 2 Roman S lav ery

ection rf m r r m j and se do , so that thei ve y na e o f S clav e w r m r m , hich o iginally eant glo ious, beca e

the mm o f s r — l Per co on appellation e vitude s av e. sonal s lavery seems to have died out in Ge rmany at v r r r rf m r a e y ea ly pe iod , but se do has linge ed there longer than in any other part o f E u rope e R xcept ussia.

S r r v n In Italy and pain p e sonal slave y, and e e the s - r w s o r lave t ade, continued do n to the ixteenth s n r S n w w ev enteenth ce tu ies . In pai this as o ing to

the s r w M rs in constant t uggle ith the oo , and Italy to the conflict between the A lgerine and other

c r r o f m r o f o sai s, and the fleets the e chant cities

Cibrario r Genoa and Venice . . a lea ned Milanese

a r has r w r f l o f c r s utho , b ought out a o k ul u iou

f t r w fr m c acts on this subjec , d a n o the Publi

R r s r was - m r i eco d . The e a slave a ket at Venice n

r L m r v w r the eighth centu y, and o ba d sla es e e sold

r 8 6 s N s . v in aple in the ninth centu y In 3 , the la e r was r N s at t ade p ohibited in aple , and in Venice m w s rohibi m . the sa e ti e But, not ith tanding the p rr r Two s f t was v . o ion , it still ca ied on p i ately ales M s s lav es took p lace at Genoa in 1 67 7 . o t o f those in the fou rteenth and fifteenth centu ries came from M r f 0 w r S r . O pain , then unde the oo s one set, 3 e e w 6 b c 1 8 r w v r hite, only la k , 3 3 olive, b o n ; none o e 0 m t r 2 o ut o f 2 f m 4 , os unde 5 ; 9 e ale slaves, one A in 1 2 w a m . t s a baby 3 onths old Venice, 4 9, a

R s s r o f 1 was s for 8 s o r u ian gi l 7 old 7 gold ducat ,

In 1 0 r s n s v e - r of 1 8 was 8 . £ 4 4 7 , a Ci cas ia la gi l in 1 8 1 v for . gi en in p ledge a loan In Genoa, 4 , the p odes tci obtained authority to tortu re a slave beyond and M edie v a S e dom 8 l rf . 3

the l w as c of egal extent, because she suspe ted

s her m r s s it w as r t is p oi oning ist e , and u ged tha th r citta iena di s i The w as a grave dange in a p erv . ravages o f Mahomedan p i rates on the coasts o f

r r o f s o Italy ha dened the hea ts Italians, that a trafli c was f r it e lthough the o bidden , did not excit

s was ff r t w r s i s much di gust. It di e en hen Ch i t an

ms 1 and w r v . 86 L r o Italians e e the icti In 3 , eona d

l r o n c t of Vida took on boa d his ship, the oas

A his w f wo r A t t . pulia, an Italian , i e, and child en Z r r man and a a, he cont ived to induce the to land , then carried o ff the w i fe and c hild ren to Venice

n m s was r o f m a d s old the as laves . He in cou se ti e br s r f m ought to ju tice, and he had to e und the oney h e r for w m n was to had eceived the sale, the o a

him two ws due erite r h arm was give blo ( f ) , his ig t c ut o ff w two rs f s r u d bet een the Pilla , and a tened o n his was R w r neck . He then led to the ialto, he e his c r m s w r r m was r n n o i e e e p oclai ed , and he d ive i t r m 1 p e petual banish ent . It ought to be re membered that all this w as in S p ite o f the p rotests o f the Bi shops and the explicit c m s o f r 1 8 2 onde nation slave y by the Pop es . In 4 , P op e Piu s the S econd denounced the Po rtugues e in A frica fo r reducing the nativ es to s lave ry ; and in 1 r r l 5 37 , Pope Paul the Thi d , in eply to an appea made to him by L as Casas and the Dominicans “ o f New S r is n pain , decla ed that it an i ventio n o f the devil to affi rm that the Indians may be r r educed to slave y, and adds

1 ‘ Cibrario D ella S chiav itzi e del S erv a io toward n , gg , s the e d o f the wor k. 8 4 Roman S lav ery

n ns as w as all o er e v e s The I dia , ell th peopl , e n tho e who are not a ed o h to n h r n ra er b ptiz , ug t e joy t ei atu l lib ty, and the proprietorship o f their goods ; and no o ne has the r h to ro e hem or to d s r hem in a ig t t ubl t , i tu b t th t h n f which they hold from the liberal a d o God.

He pronounced excommunication again st thos e ho s m S w should en lave the . In both pain and Italy serfdom dis appea red at the s ame time w ith p er r sonal slave y. A lthough S pain had not the commercial inter es ts which b rought Italy into co nflict w ith the

r s rs rs he r s r Tu ki h co ai , yet long and deadly t uggle for independence against h er Moori sh conque rors p roduced s imila r res ults with regard to s lave ry and f m r s s two s s s o f r . se do Unde the Vi igoth , cla e slaves

are m m s and r r far fr m entioned , do e tic u al ; but so o the ru ral s lav es being rega rded as in a higher con

are s n as v iles w dition , they de ig ated , hile the “ m s s s are — idonei do e tic lave called fit and good ,

m w a w r r s oni. s s m h The do estic lave allo ed to bea a , and s ometimes attained to high honou r and fo r

w fr s e w as tune, ithout being en anchi d , although he

r s if m rr fr - w m seve ely puni hed he a ied a ee o an . s n w 1 r f r Con eque tly hen, in 7 3 , the count y ell unde

o f M rs o f s v the yoke the oo , the lot the la es

A s r changed but little. S pain began by deg ees to

r r s f r s s ss o f its o wn s ecove it el , and egain p o e ion oil , the feudal sys tem became es tabli shed in the s everal

ms o f N rr A r s L kingdo ava e, agon , Ca tile, and eon .

S rf m o r o f n s e do , the binding the p easa t to the oil, followed as in othe r count ries w ith somethi ng o f r ahad n rf h m . e os or t e the sa e va ieties The g , se s on

8 6 Roman av er S l y. w f w r two ff r m r i e e e slaves to di e ent aste s, they c m fr ould de and a esh sale to take place, that they might be together : or else the Bishop could p u r 1 h m o f s r S c ase both. The last ention lave y in pai n was 1 1 2 w f as late as 7 , hen Philip the Fi th expelled the M r fr m S M r h oo s o pain, but excepted the oo is slav es .

1 Allard o cit. . 2 8 . , p. p 3 R E L E CTU I I I .

L A ER AND ER F DO IN THE BRITI H I S V Y S M S SL E S .

- I E n land. . g

IN treating o f the transition from R oman S lavery to M ae v S rf m E r r w e edi al e do in u op e gene ally, p u rpos ely omitted to t race thi s t ransition in thes e s rv f r r m islands . The subject de e es ulle t eat en t i than we were able to give to t then . L ord “ Macaulay says : H o w great a part the R oman Catholi c eccles iastics had in the abolition o f Villenage we learn from the unexceptionable testi m o f S ir m S m o f s t ony Tho as ith, one the able ” 1 r t u r o f E S ir m s P otestan Co nsello s lizabeth . Tho a S mith was S ec retary o f S tate both to E d ward the S E b r f r t ixth and Queen liza eth , and the e o e canno be suspected o f a desi re to over- esti mate the b o f c r s o w e ma s f enefits the Catholi eligion , y a ely accept anything that he says to the c redi t o f the r v him o or Chu ch . His position ga e the best pp tunities o f knowing the condition o f the count ry ; and t his r m E k , hough desi e to ake ngland loo w l o f r w m el in the eyes the F ench, to ho he ’ was E lizabeth s Ambassador when he wrote his Commonwealth o E n land ma c r f g , y have olou ed his

1 Hist. i. 2 4. 8 8 S lav ery and S erfdom

s m w f r m n statement so e hat avou ably, yet in the ai they will be bo rne out by the testi mony o f other f r n fr m w we w riters o the pe iod . The editio o hich l was s in 1 6 we are shal quote publi hed 3 3 , and not aware that the wo rk has bee n republi shed s ince

r It s m the seventeenth centu y. give a co plete p ictu re o f the political and s ocial condition o f r o f E s : E ngland in the eign lizabeth . He ays

We in England divide o ur men commonly into four n me n ns m n ifi r f sor s : e e e art ce s. O en t g tl , citize , yeo , g tle men the rs and h ef are the n the r n , fi t c i ki g, p i ce, the d es mar s s r s s o n s ar ns and h s uk , qui e , ea l , vi c u t , b o , all t e e are d ords and n m n n to h s are n h s calle l oble e ext t e e k ig t , r and s m e en m n N to n m n s es e . e e e e qui , i pl g tl e xt g tl e be n d t ens and r ess s hos wh m w appoi te ci iz bu g e . T e o e a e men ne to the nobilitie and S res ha c ll y o , xt qui , ve the ea es har e and do n s in the omm nw a h gr t t c g i g c o e lt . a him eoman whom o ur awes doe le alem I c ll a y , l call g hominem wh h is a freem n orn E n sh and ma , ic a b e gli , y di spend o f his o wne free land in yeerely revenue to the m f for sh n s r n h r sum e o ty illi gs te li g. T is so t of o nfesse ha he no en emen and et people c t t t y be g tl , y they have a certai n pre- eminence and more estimation than la o rers and omm n w a h and da b u , c o ly live e lt ily, ily the nds of u nthriftie n m n The f r h do buy la ge tle e . ou t sort or classe amongst us is of those whom the old R m ns ed ca ite censi roletarii da r rs o a call p p , y labou e , o r h s andm n ea mer h n s or r rs w p o u b e , y , c a t etaile , hich f n ho ders an ar ifi ha not re d d t c ers. s ve e la , copy l , all The e ha no e nor au thoritie in o ur mmonw a and ve voic co e lth, no o n is m d of h m n to r and acc u t a e t e , but o ly be uled, not to r o h rs and et he be not a e h r ule t e , y t y ltog t e ne ed F or in s and r r e w es for glect . citie co po at to n

90 S lav ery and S erf dom

rm him hr n n and as wee s d to e s . U o s u e t , a C i tia p thi s r e in n n an e o f me and on s ess n c upl , co ti u c ti , by l g ucc io , the ho fa hers m n s and fr ers in he r onfess n ly t , o k , i , t i c io , and s e a in he r extreame and d d s n sses p ci lly t i ea ly ick e , burdened the co nsciences o f them whom they had u nder their hands : so that temporall men by little and l re s n of tha err r in he r ons n e wer ittle, by a o t t o t i c cie c , e glad to manumitte all their villai nes : but the said holy f h rs w th the a o s and r rs did not in s rt at e , i bb t p io , like o rs for t e had so o ns n e to m r s by thei , h y al c cie c i pove i h and despoile the Church so much as to manumitte such as wer o nd to he r h r hes or to the manors e b u t i c u c , h h h r h had n and so e h r w h t e s s . ic C u c gotte , k pt t ei till The s me did the sh s a s at s and now of a bi op l o, till la t, l some s s to ma e e of m n man ate, bi hop ( k a p ece o ey) u mitted h rs ar for r n r for s an ers t t ei , p tly a ge t, pa tly l d , hat they seemed more cruell than the temporality : after ’ w rds m nas er es o m n n tem orall m n s hand a o t i c i g i to p e s, have been occasion that now they be almost all manu mi t n ha in r n n t ed. F a d En nd I thi k t t both a ce gla , the h n of r n to m r n e m n and mor c a ge eligio a o e ge tl , hu a e, e equall sort (as the Christian religion is in respect o f the n e a s d s old n of s r e s r de and Ge til ) , c u e thi ki d e vil e vitu s r to r h n m era n for n ess lave y be b oug t i to that od tio , ec ity, rs to v illaines re ardants and ft rw rds to s r d fi t g , a e a e vitu e of d s and en res and e nd n out lan e t u , littl by little fi i g mor civ ill and n m ns and m r e to h e ge tle ea , o e qual , ave ha on wh h in m of e h n sse s r d or t t d e, ic , ti e h at e e , e vitu e onda id h mos n h w Bk b d s e . ge , t ey al t exti gui d the hole ( . x iii . c . . )

S ir Thomas S mith explains the transition from

r s rv rv r o f : p e sonal e itude to se ile tenu e land , saying

S m w not ha n m n v illaines re ardants o e ould ve bo d e , but g to r n ers f n out wa s and me n s the g ou d . O th ou d ye a e , in the B ritish I s es 1 l . 9

th not men nd sh ond and at the , but the la , ould be b , bring with it such bondage and s erv ice to him that ’ o as to rr the ord s n n d ccupieth it, ca y l du g u to the fiel , to w his r n at r e s sow rea e m plo g ou d ce tain daye , , p , co e to his r sweare n him fa and in end to cou t, u to ith, the ’ h the n o of r s r r and old la d, but by c py the lo d cou t olle, h f h r Ibid at t e will o t e lo d. ( )

We hav e quoted such long extracts from this c u rious treatise because it s hows a period when s r c m rf m had lave y had o e to an end , and se do m m r n r beco e little o e tha a legal fiction . S t ong Pr S m w as m otestant as ith , his testi ony that this abolition o f s lave ry was owing princip ally to the ’ a l m m r ppea to en s consciences ade by p iests, m s fr r is A nd s onk , and ia s, valuable . none the le s

b has at m fo r not so, ecause he a fling the having

r o wn s rfs We ma r a emancipated thei e . y discove more p robable reas o n for this than the one that h r s t w e w e suggests . But at p e en ill go back another two hund red yea rs in the hi s to ry o f E ng l s ee w of s r rf m and , and hat the state lave y and se do was before the destruction o f more than half the p opulation by the Black Death in the fou rteenth c r b f r s R t r Wat entu y, and e o e the Pea ant evol unde r w two mm Tyle , hich events i ediately succeeded r each othe . The Mr. S m b eeboh , in his invaluable ook on

E n lish Villa e Commu ni r g g ty, gives us an accu ate ac of o f m r of W w in count the state the ano inslo , B m r r of E w r uckingha shi e, in the eign d a d the

r w fr m m r r s co m Thi d . He sho s o the ano oll , a plete set of which is in the Camb ridge Univ ersity 9 2 S lav ery and S erfdom

L r r s w r ib a y, that the field e e open fields, divided

f r s u f- r r s into u long , and cut p into hal ac e st ip , the names o f the holders o f each hal f- acre bei ng w n m identified . The land as divided i to the de esne f A o r in s A o f S t. the lo d , thi case the bbot lbans ,

in V f rm r was r and land illenage . The o e pa tly f rm b r r r s a ed y the lo d , and othe po tion let out to t s fo r r o r s o r r rms m r enant longe h te te , at oney ents

r r The V w as s in f ee tenu e . land in illenage al o let in w o f out, but held villenage, at the ill the A m ’ r om r s r s . n a lo d , and at cust a y e vice idea y be formed o f the extent o f these holdi ngs from a

s w r r o r r - single in tance he e the vi gate, ya d land ,

o f Moldeso n r r r one John , had eve ted to the lo d , and w as again let out in parcels to a number o f

rs s s o f m in p e on . It consi ted a essuage the village

o f S s 6 8 f- r r hipton , no les than hal ac e st ips ,

r r s r s r s o f r scatte ed ove the field , 3 ood t ip a able

l 2 s o f m w - 1 r o f s r and , dole eado land , ac e p a tu e,

f- r f f- r o f m s o s r 1 w . 3 hal ac e pa tu e, and hal ac e eado

r o r r - n o f s The vi gate, ya d la d , a villanus thu con

s o f 0 r o f w m ss si ted about 3 ac es land , ith a e uage

f- r o f f m r in the village, and a hal vi gate hal the nu be of s t rip s o f land scatte red about over the great

fi u r m h h d op en elds . O t o f 43 ju y en w o a se rv ed in 1 6 1 1 8 2 o f k 34 , 347 , and 34 , 7 died the Blac

in 1 8 1 O ut o f 2 1 6 Death 34 and 349 . these 7 ,

v r s 8 f- r o f held i gate , held hal vi gates and , the

r 1 m ss 2 othe 3 , held a e uage and cottages,

a r m ss 1 r r nothe a e uage and 5 ac es, and the thi d,

8 r r 2 r s f m w ac es a able and % ac e o eado . Those who w r nativ i or c w r e e , villeins by des ent, e e

94 S lav ery and S erfdom

a e of the W ns ow n n s was no d in the g i l te a t , oubt, f r een h n r m d in its h r r the s n ou t t ce tu y, il c a acte ; ile t working of economic laws was breaking it up ; but it V n f m was s rf m was s . was s r do ille age till It e , but it e do 1 in he s a f i r a a an t la t st ges o ts el x tion d decay.

r f r r w e v Going a centu y u the back , ha e, in the

r R s o f E w r r m n Hund ed oll d a d the Fi st, a i ute

r n o f fr desc iptio the land held by ee tenants, and w h s r that held in villenage, it the e vices r r o f r 1 2 We w equi ed the latte , in 7 9 . ill take o ne m fr m O f r s r Mr S ee exa p le o x o d hi e, cited by . b m . A n s v r o f t 0 oh villa u , holding a i gate, abou 3 a r s w c e , o es

’ 8 2 days work (about two days a week) e we n M ha m s and n 2 th b t e ic el a Ju e 4 , a v lued at % d. ’ 1 1 % days work (rather more than 2 days a week) between June 2 4th and August I st d 1 e d. , valu at ’ 1 9 days work (2 % days a week) between A s I St and M h mas ugu t ic ael , valued at

1 recaria or on- d s r s r es p ( bo ay , ext a e vic wh h the ord had the r h to r r ic l ig t equi e) , w h two men for re n w h f d it , api g, it oo fr m the ord l ed o l , va u at 6 recarie w h one man d at p it , value Half a carriage for carrying the wheat Half a carriage for carrying the hay ' The ploughingand harrowing of an O ne ploughing called graserthe ’ 1 day s harrowing of oatland o 1

1 — cit. . 2 2 1 . O p . pp 3 in the British I s es l . 9 5

1 horse (l oad) o f wood 0 Ma n 1 ar er of m and dr n 0 ki g qu t alt, yi g ’ 1 day s work at washing and shearing shee e p, valu d at ’ 1 day s hoeing valued at ’ 3 days mowing ’ 1 day s nutting ’ 1 day s work in carrying to the stack ’ Tallage once a year at the lord s will . Th e in mon h t me was s e valu ey at t a ti about 9 .

A cotarins o r r in m , cottage , the sa e county, h s r f w s old one c o t, and o e

F rom M hae mas to A us rst a w r w ic l ug t , e ch o kable eek, ’ n a w r f wh v r n th or re r s o e d y s o k o ate e ki d e l d qui e .

A M r nm i e v 1 1 th ha f- ar r a h t s . . No . e d a ti a ( , l qu t y) e s one o and hree h ns for h r hsh and o h give c ck t e c u c ot, ug t to dr e to er n a es and to arr wr s his food iv c tai pl c , c y it , e n f nd his ord s to w s and sh e r sh b i g ou by l ; al o a h a eep, r n oaf and ha f and n r r o f the eceivi g a l a l , bei g pa take i n h In th t mn c e s w sem a d to oe . e a to h e e ith the ; u u , work and receive like as each s erv us works and receives 1 for wh wee the ole k .

It may be noticed that while the v illanus had his r s m m s co m se vice valued at so uch oney, no uch m is r s o f cotarius utation eckoned in the ca e the , and here we have mention o f a g rade lowe r than

f f s e t o w s o f s r . rv us o r hat the lo e t kind e , viz , the , a s ctual lave.

s m s rs fr m L iber In o e countie , as appea o the N i er o f A o f r r w r g the bbey Pete bo ough , the lo e c ss o f v illani w r e bordarii fr m S n la e e call d , o the axo

1 — O . cit. . 2 p pp 4 45 . 9 6 S lav ery and S erfdom

hord s m not ss , a cottage . The e see to have p o essed

v illanu s r m oxen , as the gene ally did , but they so e

t m s o r r - r s o f as i e had five even eight ac e st ip land ,

m s in s allot ent the open field . We may s u m u p the condition o f E ngland from the eleventh to the thi rtee nth centu ry thus : The

r was r w m r E o f s count y cove ed ith ano s . ach the e

’ manors con s i sted o f the lo rd s demes ne the

m f rm m r- ho e a belonging to the ano house) , and

he m s o f t land held in Villenage . The de e ne the lo rd was cultivated chiefly by the s ervices o f the

v mm n o r n s illage co u ity, te ant in villenage, and

r s s o f r v illeins in p a tly by the lave the lo d , the

ro o f s rfs o r v illani la g ss . The land the e y in ope n

s r w r m s s o f field ound the village , he e the ho e tead

the community w ere clu ste red together. The hold ings o f the v illani were generally in hal f- ac re st rips

s r r O s s s s o f catte ed ove the p en field . Thi y tem

h s o f r s r s o f w olding bundle sepa ate t ip land , hich m u s s o n rs r see s to i convenient, appea to have o igi

h M r S m s o w b m ated , as . eeboh h s y the inute enact

m s o f th e W s ws s m o f co - r ent el h la , in a cu to ope ative

f rm r w m r o f ff r o ccu a ing, unde hich a nu be di e ent piers each cont ributed two o r more oxen to the m o f w w as s r r for tea eight, hich con ide ed equisite

r s rm p loughing the land . The vi gate wa the no al f f v illanu r r extent o the holding o a s . Fou vi gates

m o f r was m ade a hide land , and the occupie so e

s hidarius Th e f- r was in time called a . hal vi gate

m s bov ate o r . so e place called a , oxgang The p lough

w as r n f r r f d ive by ou oxen yoked ab east, and o ten f r m r fr f m A nd ou o e in ont o the . thus the p lough

98 S lav ery and S erfdom

r r r w r b oken egula ity, and al ays to a single successo ,

o r the n s s o n r whether the eldest you ge t , acco ding

m o f n d l r to the cu s to each i divi ua mano . They

po ss es sed all the unity and indivisibility o f

s e and w r m me s f o r entailed e tat , e e so eti held gene

r f m n m f h rs h ations by the a ily a e o t e holde . But t e reason underlying all this regular devolution was s in the B ritish I sle . 99

r rv o f f m o f not the p ese ation the a ily the tenant , b ut o f the s ervices due from the yard - land to the lord o f the manor.

Below the v illani p roper were the small er

t n s o f r s cotarii e ant the cottie cla s, the and '

.who r r f r had gene ally no oxen , and the e o e took no r A nd b w the p a t in the common ploughing. elo 1 00 S lav ery and S erfdom v illeins or c ottie rs were in some dist ricts remains of a c s o f serv i o r v s f m m r d las , sla e , ast beco ing e ge in the c r v m o r m v s ottie class abo e the , losing the sel e

among the household se rv ants or labou rers upon ’ l n the o rd s demes e .

1 We may now come to the great s urv ey of The England contain ed in Domesday Book.

1 0 2 S lav ery and S erfdom

and r w 2 c . m w ent , Co n all co ing next ith 1 slaves to v r r men o u e e y hund ed in the county . The p p lation o f Devon shire is given as but this . is w m ith one exception only the ale pop ulation , and l v b w m r re ea es out oth o en and child en . The were

Tenants in capite U nder-tenants Villani Bordarn

C otarii in s me wa s n s fr m m , o ydi ti gui hed o the . C oscez who a d r n as we as s r , p i e t ll e vice C oliberti who he d h r freedom of n r , l t ei te u e B r nder nd n of er n w rks u i , u co itio c tai o P orcarii

Bur enses ns in B rns a g , citize , a t ple L ideford

u ri N L pe ge ( . E xeter O kehampton Totenais (Totnes) n n F euditories m n s d . Ho i e , i clu i g i nae N rm ns as d s n sh d fr m F ranc ge , o a , i ti gui e o Angli

F errarii r n-w r ers not r n rs , i o o k , ca pe te r sm hs h r in w d or r n F ab i , it eit e oo i o Salinarii s rs , alte r s a s who t the nd Se vi, l ve illed la An a or f m s cill , e ale lave

Mr b m s at m o f the . S ee oh calculate that the ti e Domesday S u rv ey abou t five millions o f acres

r u r E is we e nde the p lough in ngland , and this

- r - f r cr now from one thi d to one hal the a able a eage . nthe British I s es 1 i l . 03

A n example o r two from o ur o wn neighbou r 1 hood may s erve to enable us to realize the con r r E dition o f Devonshi e 800 yea s ago . The xeter Domesday says

M r h B sh O sbern has man r a St. r h i op a o c lled a y C u c , which Bishop L eofric held o n the day o n which King Edw rd was a v e and ad and render d for a ( li ) de , it ed gel h can e o h d hre o h r se b s. two vi gates . T e pl ug e by t e pl ug There the Bishop has in demesne one v irgate and one

h an th ns hav e one r a e and two o hs. ploug , d e villei vi g t pl ug h r the B s has fo r ns and fo r rd rs and T e e i hop u villei , u bo a , 6 4 sheep ; and it is worth yearly 1 5 shillings ; and this f n ns (manor) is part of the sustenance o the Ca o .

A s L fr was rs o f E r we eo ic the fi t Bishop xete , M r r may p resu me that this manor o f S t. a y Chu ch was the origin o f the Vicarage being in the gift

r m ns f o f the Chapter o f Exeter. The e ai o the ’ Bishop o f E x eters manor-house at Paignton s till s We e xi t . find

B sho O sbern has m nor a d n n Peintona i p a a c lle Paig to ( ) , which Bishop L eofric held on the day o n which King Edw rd was v and de d and rend red e d for a ali e a , it e g l w n h es h se can be o hed 6 0 o h t e ty id . T e pl ug by pl ug s. O f them the Bishop has in demesne six hides and eight p l oughs and the vill eins have 1 4 hides and forty w o hs h r h has 2 v e ns an t o . e e the B s o d 0 pl ug T i p 5 ill i , 4 rd rs and 6 servi and sw neherds who r nder bo a , 3 , five i e

0 s w n and f r a -horses and sa - wor wh 5 i e, ou p ck , a lt k ich r nd rs ten n and 2 0 head o f a e and 1 6 s e e pe ce, c ttl , pig , 0 sh and 1 r s of w d and 1 8 a r s of 3 5 eep, 4 ac e oo , c e

1 The author w as liv in Mar hu r h at S t. C c near Tor ua g y , q y, when this a er w as written It wo uld be eas o fi m l p p . y t nd exa p es from an o ther localit y y. 1 04 S lav ery and S erfdom

m a ow 0 o f as r and is w r ar f e d , and 4 p tu e ; it o th ye ly fi ty o n s w n he r was w r h r p u d ; and he eceived it, it o th t i teen p ounds

mm o f the v s r A s s The Co ittee De on hi e ociation , in r r r t o f v s r m s thei ep in the De on hi e Do e day, “ ” h v r serv i w r rfs it a e t anslated by the o d se . But ' mu t be r m m r v illani bordarz i s e e be ed that the , and w r a rf s o not . s erv i e e ls se s , though slave The w r r in e e pe haps slaves holding land , and thus the r s o f b m rfs p oces eco ing se . The S axons called “ ” the v illani b m o f r d y the na e gebu , and the lan “ ” h in V was - eld illenage called geneat land , and “ ” m m s l- r s Gafo . serv i o v o eti e land The , sla es , “ ” w r c w e e alled theo s .

M m t fr m S n M u r S b S . . ee oh quo es o a axo dialog e o f Aelfric a passage which sheds much light o n “ ” the c n n o f w in n r o ditio a theo the tenth ce tu y . “ ” t e w is a m or rthlin The h o plough an , y g

Wh sa h m n ? How s do at yest t ou , plough a do t thou thy work

O h m r r do I w r . o out da , y lo d, ha d o k I g at y br ak r xen to d and hem to the e d iving the o fiel , I yoke t Nor is r so hard w n r ha I r pl ough. it eve i te t t da e lo r om for f ar of m r the n ke ite at h e, e y lo d, but oxe yo d, and the sh r and r fas n d to o h plough a e coulte te e the pl ug , ” r h f l r or m r eve y day must I pl oug a ul ac e o e . Hast thou any co mrade ? “ ha a bo r n the ox n w an ron o I ve y d ivi g e ith i g ad, ” r h n who also is hoa se wit cold a d shouting. “ ” What more dost thou in the day? “ m s fill in f Verilythen I do more. I u t the b o the

1 06 S lav ery and S erfdom

r s The r s h the c mm n rods into ac e . ac e ploug ed by o o

h ar in r a h rd- ands A ploug e allotted ot tion to t e ya l . new ham has r wn u in the r a fores or in let g o p oy l t, the n s f an l lzam r m n r In the me n outlyi g wood o o d o a o . a me n rh s r w rds his nd s r s ha ti the ki g pe ap e a i u t iou t ne, who had m the r n in his f r s w th r n ade clea i g o e t, i a g a t of s w n as his boc- n the e tate ith the village upo it, la d for r m s m n r or r of the eve , and it beco e a a o ; the lo d m n r of w h is ham r n s to him the old a o , hic it a let, g a t nh r n e and m om s s m n r i e ita c , the ha let bec e a ubject a o

h f h r r . eld o the hig e l o d (p .

S ir Thomas S mith has told us in general terms how m o f s was ff but the e ancipation slave a ected , it is r m r r s the inte esting to a k the actual p oce s, in ancient records o f E ngland . The Penitential o f A rchbishop Theodore (6 7 0 6 90) enacts

If man s s r his s a - r s her a lead a t ay l ve gi l , he hall set fr m and do n n for six n s. ee, pe a ce o th

A whole section is devoted to regulations on 1 v s fr m w rs sla e , o hich it appea that

1 A f r m n ss has the w r of . athe co pelled by ece ity po e n n s r his son for s n ears f r w h givi g i to lave y eve y , a te hic he has no power of do i ng so without the consent of the

son.

2 . h n n m k h m f A yout of fourtee ca a e i sel a slave. is n t wf for man to a w fr m his 3 . It o la ul a t ke a ay o slave the money which he has acquired by his own r labou .

A r 6 2 of m of little late , about 9 , one the Doo s Inc King of Wess ex enacts

1 ' ' L ib 11 c . iii. De sen/2 s et and/12 s . . . x ' ' in Me B rzl zs/z I s les. 1 0 7:

’ If a theowman work on a Sunday by his lord s com

mand let him be free and let the rd a xxx . sh n s , lo p y illi g

Bu t if the h w wor w ho his no w d w t . as i e t eo k it ut k le ge,

- l t him s ffer in his h d or in h e ld. But if e u y e, yd gy a ’ fr em n wor on h da w h his ord s omm nd e a k t at y it out l c a , let him f rfe his fr edo m or s x shi n s and o it e , i ty lli g ; let 1 r s two-f d a p ie t be liable ol .

These laws show that slavery w as deeply en

r s o f g ained in the habit the S axons . They had

w o f r enslaved the hole population B itain , and they n r w r r used eve to sell thei o n child en into slave y. In time the firm though gentle p ress u re o f

‘ r rs m Ch istian influence fi t itigated the evil , and

r r A r o f A r then g adually oblite ated it . lette ch ’ b s Brihtwald r s s r 0 i hop , Theodo e s ucce so in 7 9, to F o rthere o f S r r ws ho w , Bishop he bo ne, sho tena cio u sly even a monk could maintain his right to a

r A r s s u r slave, though p essed by an chbi hop to render it °

M r s wh s h r r sen y eque t, by ich I be oug t in you p e ce ener A Beorwald to r n r dem on the v able bbot , g a t the e pti f a r who is ro to ha r a es in o a c ptive gi l , p ved ve el tiv ur n h rh d has o m to no h n ho h o eig bou oo , c e t i g, t ug I w d n r n m n w ‘ hoped it oul have bee g a ted . I a o again m d r en r es and h d m d m s ove by thei t eati , ave ee e it o t advantageous to send thi s letter to you by a cou sin of m r n me E r m the sa d a. ore ou e gi l , a pp He eby I i pl y o rs f to n w h fa fr m the f r s d A o y u el obtai it out il o a o e ai bb t, his acceptance for the same girl of 3 00 solidi from the h nd of the e rer of hes r s n s and hand h r a b a t e p e e t , e over to him that she may pass the rest of her life with

1 Tho r e v ol . i. . 1 0 . S ee also . 0 where this is re a d p , p 5 p 4 3 , pe te under Canute . 1 08 S lav ery and S erfdom her o wn k n re not in the s dness of s a er in i d d, a l v y, but h a n s r And w n r ne n t e gl d e s of libe ty. he you be vole ce

sha ro h h s ffa r to ass ou w a a. ll have b ug t t i a i p , y ill h ve

reward fr m Go d and fr m me h r han s. And o , o ea ty t k e n our r r Beorwald os s in m es m ve b othe l e by it, y ti ation, n n h in h r o e of t e rights which he justly possesses e . “ Wh o h to h d n f r now s e h ou at I ug t ave o e be o e, I be e c y , that when in your frequent prayers you make mention o f o rse f ou wo d the s m me de n to m y u l , y ul at a e ti ig ake ment on f m Ma ou r L or s s hr s r s r i o e. y d Je u C i t p e e ve 1 your R everence safely in a prolonged life 1

r f o f r r is This lette , so ull Ch istian cha ity, a p leas mg memorial o f the fi rs t A rchbi shop o f Can

r u r w w E s m te b y ho as an ngli h an . 8 1 f W fr h 6 S t. w o In , the inde atigable il id , had o nce narrowly es caped s lave ry at the hands o f the s l b s o f S r til pagan inha itant ussex , nobly epaid them good fo r evil by p reaching to them the

G m how m fishin ospel , and teaching the to ake g n S S s r w r ets . The outh axon and thei King e e

c v r w o n r A s on e ted , and besto ed thei po tle a con

iderabl r f o n w t W fr f s e o S . t act land , hich il id ound “ f s s s n 2 0 v o . ot 5 sla es both exe Bede say , He o nly sav ed them by baptizing them from the s v r o f v m all r la e y the de il , but by giving the thei liberty he al s o delive red them from the yoke of ” 2 m v rs r w ll s v r an. Cead a a la e y to Fi e yea late , ,

the w r of W s s who a like young King e ex, though not et r c r v r n y a Ch istian , onceived a g eat ene atio W fr v w n r fo r S t. w il id , o ed , he he ushed to the

1 ' ' Inter E ist S Borzz . n. : afié Al onu m Mo untifl p . . f 7 J , . g . 2 v ACE . i . c. 14.

'1 1 0 S lav ery and S erfdom

f r . r are ew granted at the altar o f S t. Pet oc He e a examples at random

These are the names of those peopl e : Huna and his s er Do whom B rhtflaed set fre for the r m n s i t lo, y e ede ptio h r h f f r h s wit f e s on t e A ar o St. r e o o oul lt Pet oc , b e t e e n sses : L fr r s Bu d ries M orha tho r s e eo ic, p ie t ; d a, p t ; y , p ie t ;

D v r s . H resmen de n C ustentin man e i , p ie t ; , aco ; , lay ; Wurlowen m n : h h ma h h r er , lay a t at t ey y ave t ei lib ty r A nd rs h who sh l with thei r seed for eve . cu ed be e al f n h inri ge t is liberty. Bishop Wulfsige set free Inaprost wi th his sons for the s of K n Ed ar and for his own s for h s oul i g g , oul , be e t e e w n sses : B rhsi e r s Electus r es A r s it e y g , p ie t ; , p i t ; bel , p ie t ;

M orhatho d on Canretho de n R o d on. , eac ; , aco ; i l , eac hese are the n mes o f the s ns Wurcon E h T a o , , t an, unerth Worfothu G uruaret whose s ns and rands ns J , , , o , g o , and he r os r def nded hemse v s o n o th all t i p te ity , e t l e up a , erm ss n of K n Ed r e a s the sa on by p i io i g ga , b c u e, by accu ti of e v men h r fa hers were sa d to hav n ns il , t ei t i e bee villei

coloni of the K n : Comoere the B sho w n ss ( ) i g , i p, it e ; w ness E lfsie r es w ness Dofa an w ness it , , p i t ; it , g it , M ar h w tness fElfnoth w tn ss B rhtsie r es c i , i e , y , p i t ; 1 Mi uu h r n r w ness tc t es w ess A e s . it , , p i t ; it , b l, p ie t

L ingard giv es some examp les o f freedom being pu rcha sed

Elfr R ed h ms f out for one n y the boug t hi el pou d . Bri htmaer r h sed the fre d m of h ms f his w f g pu c a e o i el , i e JEl iv a h r h dr n and r nd h dr n f w d or t o n s. g , t ei c il e g a c il e , pou Siwin bought Sydefieda into perpetual freedom for fiv e h n [E ilm r s illi gs and some p ence. g ae bought Sethfryth ‘ for hr m n s s to fr af r the d ah of h mse f t ee a cu e , be ee te e t i l ? and his wife

1 ’ ' v M onastze n x on — O li er o E . . 1 , pp 43 433 . i - L in ard . i c v ii 1 n g , . . . p . 4 8 , ote. ' ' in live B rztzs/z I s e 1 l s. 1 1

O n r s v w r s r the othe hand , la es e e old du ing the

o f n r A s v whole the S axo pe iod like cattle . la e was s l v at f r m s m u ua ly alued ou ti e as uch as an ox .

hn h Gunilda from for f nd of Jo boug t Gada . hal a pou

- W fr s r and her to h r h of St. er. ul ic ilve , gave the C u c Pet h Elf itha f r h n E ilsi h W n boug t g o alf a p ou d. g g boug t y ric 1 for an yre of gold.

The Danes c arried away into slavery numbers o f the inhabitants of the count ries they rav aged but it is remarkable that the Dani s h s ettlements ia

E are r s s s r w at ngland p eci ely tho e di t icts in hich, the m o f ms S r r w r ti e the Doo day u vey, the e e e ex tremely few slaves and a large p ropo rtio n o f free

m n W m o m s r e . illia f Mal e bu y tells us that the mother o f the celeb rated E arl Godwin w as in the habit o f pu rchasing companies o f s laves in E ngland and sending them to Den mark ; more r w r r d especially gi ls , hose beauty and age ende e

m m r s he m m the o e valuable, that ight accu ulate ” money by thi s horrid t raffic He s ays that s he “ n l o f her r p aid the pe a ty c uelty, being killed by a ” 2 r o f s m st oke lightning . He al o entions that the

m ' m r f m v s S axons ade oney by thei e ale sla e , by. ' 3 s ellin th f r s S o r g em for inamous pu pose . invete ate w as of s r r c the habit lave y in the S axon a e, that as l 1 1 02 in L r ate as , in a Council held ondon unde " " S t A m was ss r to s nsel , it nece a y p a s a canon , expressly fo rbidding

‘ That any one presume henceforth in any way to carry on h n f r s m r nd s in wh u to s me t at e a iou e cha i e, ich p thi ti

1 2 ‘ 3 L e A v C/zrorz ii 1 16. iii. y , pp. . . . c. 3. 1 1 2 S lav ery and S erfdom men in England have been accustomed to be sold like n l brute a imal s .

The B ristol merchants we re the wors t o ffende rs in thi s res pect ; thei r agents t ravelled all over the c r s r fo r r t ount y, giving the highe t p ice p egnan w m s m o ff r w r o en , and hipp ing the to I eland , he e s r r m r did they we re u e o f a eady a ket . In vain the magist rates st rive to repres s thi s in famous

Wulstan s f W r r A t S t. o s tr . ade length , , Bi hop o ce te ,

o f r s r rs o f his v s one the g eate t p eache day, i ited r r f r r ff r B istol yea a te yea , and used all his e o ts to

u r n induce them to give p the p actice . He the

u w fo r s m m s took p his abode in the to n o e onth , and preached every S unday against the ba rba rity s f r s A and w ickednes o the deale s in slave . t last

m r s w r r the e chant e e convinced , and in thei guild m ms r r f c sole nly bound the elves to enounce the t a fi . O ne o f the membe rs s oon a fte rward s violated his

m was s ss o f engage ent, and puni hed by the lo his eyes William the Conqueror not only confi rmed the

' ws ~ r f r o f but la al eady cited in avou the slaves,

r m m ss facilitated thei anu i ion . Thus

W f r h an n se man out of th o n r e o bid t at y o e ll a e c u t y . But if an one w shes to m e his s fr him d y i ak lave ee, let lea him the h nd to the s r ff f s ss on and hand by a he i in ull e i , him o er to him and m n m ss n ran him v , by a u i io g t quit a m fr m o of ser d and sh w him fr e wa s cl i o the y ke vitu e, o e y , him h rm f and a s and n t e s of r dom . a. g te , ha d a ee , viz , n n r h n n la ce a d swo d t e shall he be made a freema .

Can. 2 8 .

1 1 4 S lav ery and S erfdom

o f r sh o r W s h w r condition the B iti , el h as t ey e e

ft rw r w s f s r a e a ds called , it ill be u e ul to con ide the

n o f r n w re r r conditio I ela d ith ga d to slave y.

A w rs fo r S s m bout t enty yea be e the axon ca e, s s Germanu s s s Pop e Cele tine ent , the aintly Bi hop o f A rr s s s s o f r uxe e , to a i t the Bi hops B itain to w iths tand the in road s o f Pelagiani s m and he was

m 0 m mm ss acco panied , in 43 , by a onk , co i ioned by

s me re s r s the a Pope to p ach the Go pel to the I i h . Thi s mo nk had been hims elf carried into s lavery in his r fr m r r o r r youth , eithe o the g eate the lesse

r was now r r for B itain but etu ning good evil , and m w as w r as S t. r to be kno n th oughout all ti e Pat ick , r n r r the A pos tle o f I ela d . I eland had neve been

Its w s w r r conquere d by the R oman s . la e e ensh ined in the memories and t radition s o f an hereditary

s o f w rs r s ca te la ye , called the B ehon and it is one

r s w o r o f w rs S t. r the g eate t onde that Pat ick ked ,

w few rs o f his rr w that ithin a yea a ival , the hole I ri s h nation s hould have allow ed a s t ranger Mis s io nary Bis hop to revi s e and correct thei r ancient

w s r m f rm w la , and b ing the into con o ity ith the

r s m s o f law s o f Ch i t . The o t ancient Code B rehon ‘ L aw S enefias M or s s , the , ay

Every law which is here was bi nding until the two a ta sh T he law of na r w w h l ws were es bli ed. tu e as it the men o f Er n nt the m n o f the Fa h in the m of i , u il co i g it ti e hair n f i hi m h P tr k L ae e so o N . was n s g , ial It ti e t at a ic am to E r n Dubhthach Mac a L u air th e . U e c i g , poet, exhibited the law of nature ; it was Dubhthach that first ' ’ M B rzl fi I s e in e zs l s . I 1 5 gave honourabl e respect to Patrick he was the first who mhair h r r m n rose up before him at Te . T e e a e a y things that come into the law of nature which do not h wr en law Du bhthach sh wed h se c ome i nto t e itt . o t e to P atrick ; what did not disagree with the Word o f God n h wr n law and w h the ns n es of the fa i t e itte , it co cie c ith

ful was r a ned in the Br hon law- de the h r , et i e co by C u ch 1 and the poets.

r s r The account given o f the evi ion by S t. Pat ick o f w o f r S eiz e/ ms M ar the ancient la s I eland in the , is s o pictu res que that w e do not like to p ara p hras e it

Patrick requ ested o f the m en o f Erin to come to one f r Wh n am place to hold a con e ence with him. e they c e t o the place of c onference the Gosp el of Chri st was preached to them all ; and when the men of Erin heard o f the killing of the livi ng and the resu scitation of the d and all the wer o f a r s n his arr in ead , po P t ick i ce ival E rin and when they saw L aeghaire with his druids over c ome by the great signs and miracles wrought in the res n of the men o f E r n the w d do wn in o ed p e ce i , y bo e , b i h n L a h e nce to the will of God and Patrick . T e eg aire “ s d : is n ss r for ou 0 men of Er n ha v r ai It ece a y y , i , t t e e y o h r law sho d be set d and rran d us as we l t e ul tle a ge by , l ” “ ” h i er to sa r as s s do so d . was t i . It bett , i Pat ick It then that all the professors of the sci ences in Erin were assem ed and a h o f em h ed his art for bl , e c th ex ibit be e

a r in the resen e of e er h f in Er n. P t ick , p c v y c ie i It was then that Dubhthach was ordered to exhibit the d m n s and all the e r of Er n and r law ju g e t po t y i , eve y wh h r d m n the men of Er n hro h the law ic p evaile a o g i , t ug o f na re and the law of the s ers and in the d men s tu , e , ju g t

o f the s n of Er n and in the oe s. he had f r i la d i , p t T y o e 1 i ms l ar v l iii 2 S e ze/ fi o . . . . , p 3 1 1 6 S lavery and S erfdom

' h r h w r of ss n w d m h z. e. t told t at the b ig t o d ble i g oul co e, e

‘ law of the l etter ; for it was the H oly Spi rit that spoke and p rophesied through the mouths of the just men who w r f rmer in the s and of Er n as H e had ro he e e o ly i l i , p p sied through the mouths of the chief prophets and noble fathers in the Patriarchal law for the law o f nature had r h r th wr n l w i n h p evail ed w e e e itte a d d ot reac . Now the judgments o f tru e nature which the Holy Spi rit had Spok en through the mo uths of the Brehons

and s o s of the men of Er n from the rs occu ao ju t p et i , fi t p of h s s and down to the re e n of th F h tion t i i l , c ptio e ait , h Du hthach t r Wha i were all ex ibited by b o Pat ick . t d d not clash with the Word o f God in the written law and the New s amen and w th the ons en es of th in Te t t, i c ci c e f hf was n rm d in the aws of the Br hons ait ul , co fi e l e by Patrick and by the eccl esiastics and the Chieftai ns of E r n for the law of na r had n r h e i ; tu e bee quite ig t, xcept the F th and its ns and the harmon of the ai obligatio , y h r h nd h o A nd h s is en / ms C u c a t e pe ple. t i the S t M an

l . 1 6 V . o . ( i pp ,

The ve ry fi rst s tatement o f this Ch ri s tianized B rehon Code is

Th en d sh l fr ed and ns sha b e slave al be e , plebeia ll e h r h i n des e. r r x d r u r . o O d s e alte by eceivi g C c g a ( H ly e ) , n n a s r l rf rm en e t i. e i and by p e o i g p ite ti l e vic o God ( . p grimages) for the L ord is accessible He will not refuse an nd of erson f er fa h e h r m n the no or y ki p a t it , it e a o g ble the plebeian tribes ; so likewise is the Church open for n r h l r r n h s d er r . v eve y pe so w o goe u e ule o . i . p 3 1

A r w c f rm m r r in sto y, hi h o ed an i po tant p ecedent ‘ r law is r S ens/ ms M or B ehon , elated in the , and

1 1 8 S lav ery and S erfdom

“ re ed Th as e is not ood sha not so pli y p ct g , but it ll be w r st r h n Wh h F r s w n l ong; sl eep ill e o e t ee . Upo ic e gu e t har an s i nto his c iot d lept . N ow wh he s the h r r w n to the w se ile lept, c a iotee e t i men of U st r who w r Emb n- M a and d l e , e e at ai ach , tol hem the d en r s o f the K n and wha was the t a v tu e i g, t w h him And he s ed them wh K n h matter it . a k at i g t ey w d h v af r him for was not as to ee n oul a e te , it e y k p a ki g m h at Emhain The ad e of the w s men with a ble i s . vic i e h the K n sh d r rn to his hous wh h was t at i g oul etu e, ic

ho d ared efor him of r e ha her m h . s ul be cle b e abbl , t t t e ig t n f s or d s in it or ersons who w d re r a h be o ool i iot , p oul p o c the K n w th the m sh o n his f e and ha a m dd i g i ble i ac , t t u y sh d be re ar d for him ha he m h not see bath oul p p e , t t ig t i had w in the w r A nd so he e the K n in h s s o ate . t y k pt i g m nn r for hr rs noran of his wn m sh this a e t ee yea ig t o bl e i . At last one day he bade his bo ndmaid mak e a bath for im ho h ha the woman was ma n the a h h . He t ug t t t ki g b t d h av h er s ro f hi h r too s ow an e o s o s wh . l ly, g e a t ke e ip She e me d and re roa hed the K n w h his b ca vexe , p c i g it blemish ; whereupon he gave her a blow with his sword

and di v ided her in twain. hen wen o ff and n d n L o h R u dhraidhe He t t plu ge i to ug , wh ere he r ma ned da and n h and f h the e i a y a ig t, oug t

- H e f erwards a r d o n th s rfa f sea monster. a t ppea e e u ce o

the L h h v n th e h ad of the sea-mons er in his oug , a i g e t h nd so ha the U s r men saw him and he s d a , t t all l te , ai “ ” h m : am the s r r 0 men of U s er ! H e to t e I u vivo , l t h L h an hen des nded n o t e d d ed. t ce i t oug , i After this the F eini demanded eric-fine for their bond m d and h t r n f th r n A n ai t e res o atio o ei la d. bala ce was r m E h i h l h st uck between the cri es . oc a d Be buid e was k d wh e nder the r n of F r us who n ille il u p otectio e g , , bei g the kin of rov n e was nt ed to h e n c umhals g a p i c , e itl eig t e , both as irar-fine and honour-price for the violati on of his ' ' n Me B rzl zslz I s es 1 i l . 1 9

protection there were also du e to him ni ne cumhals for

his ha f rar-fine andha f hono r- r e in m ens on l i l u p ic , co p ati for D rn h n r ro h d him w th his em sh s o o avi g ep ac e i bl i ,

h s was wen -sev n c umhals due t F er that t i t ty e o gus. H onour-price was demanded by the F e ini for the killing

of the ed and for h w n - hr c u mhals wer pl ge, t at t e ty t ee e

im Buidhe was n ed to h no r- r payable by h . e titl o u p ice for the n of his da h er six c umhals for his ran killi g ug t , , k

n r -f r ill of th m r n H r was that of a Ai e o g e iddle a k . e r er was n ed to fo r cu mhals so ha the men f b oth e titl u , t t o the South demanded thirty- three cumhals and the men o f the North demanded twenty- sev en; and a balance was s r e ween he m and it was fo nd tha an e ess t uck b t t , u t xc of six c u mhals was du e the men of the Nor for by th, 1 f n h r D lin as a n r r which the land o I b e eb e w ag i esto ed.

This cu rious sto ry throw s much light on the state o f s lavery in I re land before that nation

r r s f . rs eceived the Ch i tian aith In the fi t p lace, the w r cu m/l a! m s f m n o d ean a e ale slave, and this bei g the unit o f cu rrency show s that s lavery w as d e ep ly r s s o f ooted in the ancient in titution the peop le .

r as m as c o m Then , Do n being given a bond aid , a

ensation fo r r m o f her s o n s w s fr p the c i e , ho that ee

s r r H er p erson s might ea ily be educed to slave y. s w r s m o f s dutie e e i ply those a hou ehold slave , and she was by no mean s detained as a hos tage in

Her m s r her w honou rable captivity. a te beats ith

rs w w s he r and his ho e hip hen he think lazy ; , though her r r s s r m w spi it e ent this t eat ent , yet the blo is not as s E her mentioned an inju tice . ven death is held

s r fo r he r r s to be de e ved ude peech to the King, and compen s ation is only due fo r the w rong done

1 n s Mar v ol — S e cku i. . 1 , . pp 7 7 7 . 1 2 0 S lav ery and S erfdom

r s m o f c o m en to h er father and b othe r. The yste p

fo r r o f r f o r m sation eve y kind inju y to li e li b , w r r r ws w as mm hich uns th ough the B ehon la , co on m m to all ancient nations . The inute and co plicated

s n r m s o f di ti ctions and efine ent the fines , and ex

m ns o f Br ws is w m e ptio the ehon la , hat ight be e w r w as s o f r f s s expect d , hen the e a ca te p o e ional

w rs w s r s la ye , by ho e decisions eve y di p ute had to be s ettled . The re is very little in thos e laws relating to

s s s w w r slave , but incidental notice ho that they e e

s s s regarded a chattel . Thu

Distress o f three days [by which is meant that the person injured could retai n for three days any property of the n red h he o d his hands o n w th i ju t at c ul lay , i out n rr n an o n r- a m for d ma s for n th i cu i g y c u te cl i a ge ], cutti g y w od for rea n th nd for n r s d to th o , b ki g y la , i ju y cau e y f n e th h ed and th we r for s ar n th hors s e c , yploug l , y i , c i g y e , for arr n off th et an m s fo r r nd n in th m c yi g yp i al , g i i g y ill , for a n ossess o n o f th ho se for str n rn t ki g p i y u , ippi g it, bu in or o en n for rr n off th o ndman th g it, p i g it, ca yi g y b , y n ma b o d id. (p.

' Caz zz- L anav ma o r L aw o f S In the , ocial Connec

t s o f s nn o ns are s for ion , eight uch co ecti legi lated — The chief w ith his aigillne tenants the Chu rch w ith he r tenants o f eccles ias tical land s the father w ith his daughter a daughter w ith h er b ro ther a son w ith his mother ; a fos te r- s o n w ith his fo s ter mother ' a tutor with his p up il ; a man w ith a

m n s r s wo a . The re pective ight o f thes e variou s

r s are m wn fo r s n p a tie inutely laid do , in ta ce The w oman may entertain half the company o f the

’ 1 2 2 S lav ery ana S erfdom who settled in Ul s ter refu s ed to hold land on these

rms s o f E te , and obtained the exten ion the nglish “ s m r o r s r yste to that p ovince, the Ul te Tenant ” s s r R ight . Thi u vival o f the wors t p art o f the

r s s m ou r o w n has t ibal y te , even to day, been the chronic s ou rce o f difficulty in the relations betw een

r r . m s landlo d and tenant in I eland In ancient ti e ,

s o f s s o f s rfs s the ab ence a cla e bound to the oil , r m fr m r and not liable to be e oved o it, p obably delayed the emancip ation o f the slaves ; fo r it left

m n w s r fr m no iddle co dition bet een lave y and eedo , such as w e have seen in cou nt ries u nder the opera o f r tion the modified R oman law . The e does not

m an s r fo r s as m see to be y olid g ound suppo ing , so e w r rs s w ite have done , that the di tinction bet een the

‘ ’ ‘ - — s aer zenant and aaer l enaw can rightly be rendered “ ” “ rms fr - n r - r by the te ee te ancy and se vile tenu e . In both cases the chief s u pplied s tock to the o ccu

r o f s aer- l enant his s p ie the land . The had tock w n s r for w as ithout givi g any ecu ity it , but he

is f m r n bound to attend h chie on ilita y expeditio s . ’ — The aaer tenafl t w as requi red to give s ecu rity for

f r m r r s w as o . the tock , but not eligible ilita y se vice

‘ The t rue di s tinction betw een s aer- zenant and the

’ ‘ aaer—zenanl s ms r r s r ee to be, that ce tain I i h t ibes r rs r have been conque ed by othe , and educed to the pos ition o f t ributaries ; and when land in their

s s w w as po ses ion , but hich they did not cultivate , m m rs o f —r r r occupied by e be a non t ibuta y t ibe, the occu pants had to p ay the t ribute levied o n the

- w m m r . s w r s aer tenants land The e e e , hile the e be s ’ a —nan s o f the t ribu tary tribe were a er te t . In this ' in Me B ritts/z I s es 1 2 l . 3

’ ohn Do nov an s s m sen s e the learned Mr. J O tyle the “ ' ’ serfs in his treati s e on the Trzees ana Cas ioms

’ The O Mailfinnains were originally a nobl e Scotic or M es n fam who were n sh d fro m he r own err il ia ily, ba i e t i t i

r and w re o ed to se in H - Man as serfs to y, e blig ttle y y, to ’ Kell T h ra r Duald acF irbis the O . e e d an M y cel b te tiqua y, , in his interesting Preface to his smaller geneal ogical w r om ed in 1 6 6 6 es u s th e fo ow n n o k, c pil , giv ll i g accou t of the six classes o f pleb eian famili es in anci ent I reland Th l n T uaha D 1 . e remnant of the F irbo gs a d t e

Dannanns.

2 Th d s nd n s of the o or M es n n . e S e ce a t c tic il ia obility, who l eft their o wn territories and were obliged to enslave mse v s n r h r r the l e u de ot e t ibes . hos r e h n s were n r n 3 . T e t ib s w ose la d co ve ted i to

- m sword nds or who were ns a d ene es. la , e l ve by i D s endan o f h M es an no who s he r . s t e 4 e c t il i bility, lo t t i

d n and ands for h r r m s ord n to the law. ig ity l t ei c i e , acc i g hos who r s n from ommon s d rs 5 . T e we e de ce ded c ol ie an f r n r d o eig e s. 6 Th n an f s h am w h the . e desce d ts o the laves w o c e it s ns o f M es s n o re and and who were n er o il iu i t I l , ev able

h r 8 n . to et on e s . O . . . o g bey d t i ca te ( p cit p 5 , te )

“ ’ his r r R Do no v an m r s M r. O In Int oducto y e a k ,

m r r llan f m e o S t. Gre gives so e ext acts o the s f ,

b s m Du ald Mac F irbis w w ho w y the a e , hich sho the territory was occu p ied by the conquerors

It was at thi s period the race o f C olla da Chrioch m to m r e from O ir hialla and he sa d : editated ig at g , t y i “ N mero s are the eroes and r a is our o a on u u h g e t p pul ti , our r ha n m ed and we ann find r m t ibe vi g ultipli , c ot all oo in an one r w rr n m n urse s y p ovince ithout qua elli g a o g o lve , 1 2 4 S lav ery and S erfdom for nobles cannot well bear to be confined ; and they “ al so said L et us see which prov i nce of Banba is h nn s in on and in wh m s F r o s t i e t p opulati , ich o t i b lg n h Th r n f remain and let u s narrow it o t em. e p ovi ce o nna h is in the oss ss n of hes Attacots ex Co ug t p e io t e , c e tin h h a r to our re and let us p g t at t ey p y t ibute lative, ”

it. attack (O p. cit. p .

r r s ad r rellan w It is athe to ead that S t. G sided ith the n rs r rs m i vade , and by his p aye gained the the v ictory and the des t ructio n o f the un fo rtunate

r s Fi bolg .

S m r fro m r w r o f M r o e ext acts anothe o k . ’ O Do nov an w w has s , ill explain hat been aid above

‘ r a r—z naats conce ning the s e e .

O f the s ame tr bute it w as heard i , , W th out n u s t c e w thout t rann i i j i , i y y, Thri ce fifty o xe n o n a day hi ther l T o s upply th e p o ughing. Alth ough th e L uigh ne bring hither Th e r tr bute for th e r te rr to r i i i i y, It is no t th e tr bes h ere are nob e i ig l , h 1 But the gras s and t e land (are liable) .

rr r o f L u i hne o r Gaile an a The te ito y g , g , anciently

b s r o f irbo l s who elonged to an en laved t ibe the F g ,

s n r w r r inhabited thi cou t y do n to the thi d centu y . The s ame w ork s how s ho w completely s laves w ere n r regarded as chattel s in ancie t I eland .

h E ntitled is the rapid King of L aeg aire (a territory in E . M eath) T o ten stron s teeds in h is terr tor g i y, T en bondme n ten ar e w omen , l g ,

T en hounds ten h orns for dr n n . , i ki g

1 z fi s 1 0 Tlz B k o R t . . e oo f g , p 5

1 2 6 S lav ery and S erfdom w r r r e e encou aged by him and his s uccesso s . We have p res erved to us a powerful letter o f remon “ s t rance which he add ress ed to the Christian

s s o f r r n o f ubject the ty ant Ca oticus , Ki g the

W s m r o f r el h , co plaining bitte ly the savage in oad

o f o f his s rs who s rr a band oldie , had lain and ca ied into captivity a great number o f his recent converts :

O n the very day after they had receiv ed as neophytes the hr sm of on rma on wh e shone on the r for C i C fi ti , il it i e heads and h e st wo re he r wh t ro es he w r , t y ill t i i e b , t y e e man ed and s a n w th the sword the o -m n n gl l i i by ab ve e tio ed. A nd s en ter a ho r st who m a h fr m I t a let by ly p ie , I t ug t o his nfan w th som er s e n h he wo d i cy, i e cl ic , b ggi g t at t y ul r st re u s som o f the re o r the a t ed es e o e p y b p iz captiv , wh m h had n bu t the a h h m o t e d . y take , y l ug e at t e I se h ou h refore e rn s who are ho and be ec y , t e , a e tly ly m e of h r that o u w no t f a ter h se w d hu bl ea t, y ill l t t e icke men and ha ou w ne her a e foo d nor dr n w h , t t y ill it t k i k it h m nor re e e the r a ms nt he do n n e w h t e , c iv i l , u il t y pe a c it man ears and l era the serv nts o f God and the y t , ib te a , a ed h ndma ds o f hr s for wh m H e was r ed b ptiz a i C i t, o c ucifi an d is the s o m o f the hr s ans o f R o m d ied. It cu t C i ti e and Gaul to send holy men to the F ranks and other n ons w h man ho sand so d to r deem t e ati , it y t u li i , e bap iz d Yo u who s a h m and s hem to fore n t s . cap ive l y t e , ell t ig nat ns who n w no t God de v r the mem ers of io k o , li e b hr s as were to den of wo v es The h r h C i t, it , a l C u c men s and wa s ov r her sons and da h rs not s n la t il e ug te , lai the s w rd s n wa to d s n nds wh r sin is by o , but e t a y i ta t la , e e 1 more grievous and abounds more shamelessly .

He conju res w hoever recei v es thi s letter to read it “ b f r r s e o e Ca oticu and all the people, that they

1 ’ S ee ori inal iv en in Miss Cusac s L e o S t. P atrick v ol . 11. g , g k if f , 6 6 p. 4 . ' in Me B ritts/z I s es 1 2 l . 7 ma r s r for y libe ate the baptized captive , and epent ’ ” r r thei r mu rder o f the L ord s b eth en .

s f r n who w r s The e un o tu ate captives , e e old into s r s ma r s lave y to the Pagan Pict , y p e hap have p repared the w ay fo r the s ub s equent conve rs ion o f m and m o n s o f the Picts by S t. Colu ba the k Iona .

L f rw r s r 6 8 s ong a te a d , in the yea 4, Bede tell us that

rid K n o f the N or h m r ns s en Beort his n , i g t u b ia , t , enera w h an arm n re and and m s ra was e g l , it y, i to I l , i e bly t d h h rm ess na on wh h had a w s n m s t at a l ti , ic l ay bee o t fr n h n h 1 ie dly to t e E gli s .

The I ris h A nnali s ts add that the S axon s

S ared ne her the eo e nor the er and rr d p it p pl cl gy, ca ie 2 off to he r sh s man a es and m h t i ip y c ptiv uc booty .

Bede att ributes the mi s fortunes that fell upon N orthu mbrians s r s r and the to thi at ociou out age, the I ri s h hi s torians s ay that w hen n rid was

his r r A ldfrid who s succeeded by b othe , had tudied for m rs r any yea in I eland ,

Adamnan the s n A o f n was s n to , ai tly bbot Io a, e t that country fo r the purpose of reco v ering the captives and ’ 3 r er arr e off rid s ra es p op ty c i d by n pi t .

m n s o f f r s The o k Iona had , be o e thi , been zealous

m o f o f s r in the itigation the evils lave y, both

m s n s is r S s . a ong the Pict and axo Thu , it elated

A f N o rthu mbria m o f S t. A o idan , the postle , a onk

1 2 I v 2 6 F ou r M asters 8 E . i . . I . . p. , p 3 5 . 3 L ani an iii. 6 . g , p . 9 1 2 8 S lav ery and S erf dom o f r s o f him Iona , in the inte e ting sketch by Bede, that

H e never gave money to the p owerful men of the w r d but o n mea if he ha ened to n r n hem o l , ly t pp e te tai t ; and o n the n rar wha soe er f s o f mo n he , co t y, t v gi t ey r ed from the r h he e ther d s r ed th m to the eceiv ic , i i t ibut e u se o f the o r or s o w d h m in rans m n s h as p o , be t e t e o i g uc h n f f r 1 ad been wro gully sold o slaves.

S is s r r r m till , it adly t ue that slave y e ained in

r r r r s I eland to a ve y late p e iod , and the B i tol merchants d rove a th rivi ng t rade in s laves w ith the

E r s o f w e f n I ri sh . ven tow a d the end the t l th ce tu ry m E s s w r r any ngli h laves e e in bondage in I eland , ’ L r To o le A r s o f u S t. O ntil au ence , chbi hop Dublin , m n r S A rm 1 1 0 to oved a Ple a y ynod at agh , in 7 , recognize the invasion o f S trongbow as a s ign o f

r w r s fo r r s Divine ange ith the I i h thei laveholding, and the whole clergy i ss ued a peremptory admoni

E s r re who tion , that all the ngli h th oughout I land m s o f s r s be ight happen to be in a tate lave y, hould r s r r We r e to ed to thei r o riginal libe ty . do not hea o f s r r O r r mw l lave y again in I eland , until live C o el s old thou s ands o f the p eop le and s hipped them o ff as s r s is s r to laves to Ba badoe , and it a t ange thing read that the B ri s tol merchants w ere the agents in

s s r f r - f m o f thi dete table t a fic , and evived the ill a e r r r f r E thei p edeces s o s in the twel th centu y. ven in r s r w E m r the p e ent centu y , hen d und Bu ke took p art w ith Wilberforce in the abolition o f the slave r r t m r him fr m t ade , the B is ol e chants ejected o his

for seat that city. 1 E iii 2 H . . . p . 5 .

’ I 3 0 S lav ery ana S erfdom

If a man w sh to marr his fema e s a he has a s i y l l ve, l o r all ha h ha But if afterwards h ower o e s e s. e p v t t , h w h to s h r h nn e a ow An s o d s e e o b ed. d ul i ell , ca t ll if he ma es u his m nd to se her we ommand him k p i ll , c to be ondemned and the ndm d to be a ed nder c , bo ai pl c u 1 the protection o f the pri est .

n m r o f r s M o f O S . s s the a gin an I i h the Go pel , f rm r L ff f rw r s L ichfield r o e ly at landa , a te a d at unde

n m o f o o f is r r S t. the a e the Bo k Chad , the eco d o f the manu mi ss ion o f a s lave and his family on p ayment o f a su m o f money w hich cannot now be as certained . M “ A n n n W s S . Br a cie t el h , called the ut y ” T w s o w s u s y y g, G ent , tell

In the ear of hr s 2 6 owe the d son of y C i t 9 , H l Goo , ade K n of all Wa es wen to R me and hr e C ll, i g l , t o , t e Th r a on h wen h r as B sho s w h him. e e s e e w i p it t ey t t , to consult the wi se in what manner to impro v e the laws of Wa es and to s r n the aws o f h r o n r es l , a ce tai l ot e c u t i and es and the ws in for e in Br a n d r n citi , la c it i u i g the r An af r sovereignty of the Empero s o f R ome. d te obtain in nfo rma on of hes h n s and the o nse of the g i ti t e t i g , c u l w se he re rn d to Br n where we onv o i , t y tu e itai , Ho l c ked all the heads of r es of the o ntr and h r ass s n s t ib c u y t ei i ta t , and all the w se and rned s s a and la in i lea , eccle ia tic l y, a co mbined session at the White H ouse upon Tav (near th e s e of Wh nd A e in arm r nsh re in it itla bb y C a the i ) , Dyv ed (or West Wal es) ; and after the laws had been made and om wr n ow the d all c pletely itte , H el Goo ,

‘ a om an d r n es of the Welsh and hr B sh s cc p ie by P i c , t ee i op , and the Ar hd a on of L ndaff w n n to R om to c e c a , e t agai e, Anas s s to r ad the law and to see if r Pope ta iu , e , the e

1 Cou ncils &c . S tubbs and Haddan . 1 Can. 60. , , , p 37, I 1 in Me B ril iM I s les . 3

r r h law f in A nd were anythi ng cont a y to t e o God it . as here was no h n m a n a a ns was c on t t i g ilit ti g g i t it, it rmed and was a ed th e law of owe the ood from fi , c ll H l G 1 h me forward t at ti .

s w s o f w r e rs ns are e In the e la , hich th e ve io xtant,

ne Dimetian Gw e ntian es the Ve dotian , , and Cod ,

o n is m o s r Bu t fe in littl e menti ade f lave y . a w s tances w ill show that it w as a p ractical reality in

s Wales in the tenth centu ry . Thu

Three p ersons who are no t to receive galanas

o od- hue the h rd is a ondman here is no (bl ) , t i b , t galanas for him ; o nly p ayment o f his worth to his 2 h r h f mas r e t e wo o eas . te , lik t a b t

' r m the A nomalou s Wels/i L aw s s b F o , p ubli hed y ’ o r rs if m n s s o n m Th pe, it appea that a bond a beco e a r o r r o r s m r ns cle ic , a ba d , a ith, he the eby gai h is fr m his s s are n m n ss eedo but on bo d en , u le 3 o f r t hey belong to one these p ivileged clas s es . There were certain p rivileges b e l o ngi ng to eve ry t r r W s m w are s m r ue bo n el h an , hich thu enu e ated

hree or na r e es o f e er na C mro the T igi l p ivil g v y tive y , r n and fr o n o f fiv e free erws res nder the g a t uiti (ac ) , u privil eges of his origin as an innate Cymro ; and the i ssue of an aillt (alien) and stranger obtain thi s in the fo r ers n ener n e ma e marr es ha u th p o (g atio ) by l giti t iag , t t is in the de re of s sor the r e e o f ar n , g e ei ; p ivil g be i g d f ns v arms w h h r m ems for ha is not a o wed e e i e , it t ei e bl , t t ll but to an i nnate Cymro o f warranted descent ; and the p rivilege of raith (or verdict) under the protection o f

1 Cou ncils &c . S tubbs and Haddan v ol i 2 , , , . . p . 09 . Thor e v ol i 3 . . . . O . cit. ii. 2 p , p 599 p p . 3 7 . ’ 1 3 2 S lav ery aaa S erfdom his chief of kindred ; and at the age o f growth of r he are s wed on C mro and n bea d t y be to up a y , upo a 1 mra W shw m n wh h h marr Cy es ( el o a ) en s e s all y.

“ r are s r w s r Taeo s as The e eve al la elating to g ,

ne f s the v illani were called . O o thes e enact

There are three arts which a taeog is not to teach his son w tho erm ss n o f his lord s h rsh s m th i ut p i io , c ola ip, i

r f and ard sm for if the .ord ss n the c a t, b i be pa ive u til ons r be v en to the s ho ar or n the sm th n r t u e gi c l , u til i e te his sm h or n ard r d d in son he it y, u til a b be g a uate g, nn f r ar ns h 2 ca ot a te w ds e lave t em. Three persons whose privileges increase in one day the rs is wher h r h is ns r d in taeo fi t , e a c u c co ec ate a g re w h the erm ss n of the K n man of t v it p i io i g, a that

r i n- wnsh wh m h b a n . e. e o o e t eo i t ev ( vill i t ip) , ig t a g the m rn n mes on ha n h a fre man The s o i g, beco t t ig t e . econd

is where the K n nf rs one of the w n - fo r f s , i g co e t e ty u o fice of r e d r on rs n who f r the ffi a p ivil ge cou t a pe o , , be o e o ce was en him was taeo and f er was n giv , a g, a t it give , m s fre man The h rd is er who on beco e a e . t i a cl ic, , the f re he re e s the ons r n the son of a day be o c ive t u e, bei g 3 i n h n h a r m n taeo s o f . g, t at ig t ee a If a chu rch be built by permi ssion of the King within

a taeo - r and h r r es ff r n M ss in gt ev, t e e be a p i t o e i g a it,

and be r n - s r is to fre n it a bu yi gplace, uch a t ev be e he ce r 4 forwa d .

There are two laws which seem to hint at

ne f r r s s lavery in penal form. O o which p esc ibe “ ” r that There are th ee thieves liable to be sold . A nd another enacts

1 Tho cit. v l 1 r e o . o . 1 . . 0 . p , p p 5 4 9 i i a c t . 15 . O p p . 437 445 p 543

’ 1 34 S lav ery au a S erfdom

’ r o w n n r f r s w n thei , u til thei athe death , he they ’ s e e r f r s ucc ded to thei athe tyddyn . With this e \ ce tio n re w as r r th p , the nothing he edita y about e

o n s ; tae o s no r We s h ldi g The g had t ue l h blood , and the refo re the y w ere con s idered to have no f m r s r i a . s er ca t no t a ily ight They ha ed p p , and

r ti taeo m p e s rp es . The g ight not bea r arms ; he

’ m w his r s rm ss n me ight not , ithout lo d pe i io , beco

s r o r r s m o r r no r s his a chola cle ic , a ith , a ba d , ell s ne o r o rs E e n if w r r w . m r i , honey , h e v he e e to a y

fr W s w o m n his s n s the n n a ee el h a , de ce dant till i th

r f e r r m taeo s . his deg ee e ained g But a t that , de s c endant m m his fr r s and me ight clai five ee ac e , beco

o f new n r tae o the head a ki d ed . Yet the g had a no menial s ervices to p ay. He had to p y his ’

s in f fo r f s e . w due ood the chie tabl In G ent ,

s w r in w n r s ow s flitch s the e e e i te a , a alted , ixty

s o f w r o f w s loave heat b ead , a tub ale , t enty heaves

o f s e n fo r s r n s . In s mm r oat , and p ce the e va t u e 1 o f r w s s and r a tub butte and t elve chee e b ead . In No rth Wal e s fou r e rw s o r Wel s h ac res w ent

n s - fo r t dd ns m s r to a tyddy , ixty u y y co po ed a t ev ;

and f r s m c mwd o r f- r fi ty t ev ade a y , hal hund ed , “ w its r w m r hich had cou t , ith a ae and can

h ello r as f rs r o f w m g , o fice ove it , each ho had

fou r t rev s fre e fo r his s uppo rt . Honey w as a

m r n m in f - r s o f the aeo very i p o ta t ite the ood ent t g.

u if s e H is lord could buy it all p he cho . The w ax w as valuable fo r candles at the altar and for ’ A sw rm o f s w as the chief s hou sehold . a bee equal

fo r L a in value to an o x ready the yoke . The w

1 mmu nit 1 08 . eebohm E u lis/i Villa e Co . S , g g y, p '

r t /i I e . in Me B i ts sl s . 1 3 5 o f Bees in the Gwe ntian Code has a s eparate

s f w s s ection to itsel f. It begin as ollo

The origin of bees is from Paradise ; and on account of th e sin o f man he ame from hen e and he t y c t c , t y were ess d God and h refor the M ass anno bl e by , , t e e, c t 1 be without wax .

taeo fr w as e t m r The g, though not ee , y o e like

R m n colonus S v illein and the o a than the axon , w W was r taeo s hen ales conque ed finally, the g

m v illani o f r of W s w beca e the the P ince ale , ithout n r r n bei ng subject to any i te mediate lo d . I fact ’ ribe s me n n w r fr t s . they e e ee, only not holding la d The ancient Wel s h law s s upp ly the k ey to that cu riou s sys tem o f w hich remnants are to be found

m r s o f E n n r s in any pa t gla d at the p e ent day, and which seem to have been univers al in medi aeval n illa m s . o f v nu s m s e ti e , viz , the la d a being co po d o f n m r o f s m s r s o f f an r a u be all t ip hal ac e each , s r d r w r s n r o r m . catte e ove the hole p a i h , a o This s s m w as r s o f co - o r c o - r y te the e ult tillage, op e ative f rm w m r o f n n - f rm rs a ing, by hich a nu be te a t a e clubbed together to get thei r p loughi ng done by a

m n m o f n r co bi ed tea oxen , ge e ally eight . The Venedotian Code traces back the meas u res o f n m o f D v nw al who is le gth to the ti e King y , s uppos ed to have reigned over B ritai n s ix hund red

rs f r r yea be o e Ch ist .

They made the measure of the legal erw by the

r - rn hr n ths f r e - rn i h ba ley co . T ee l e g o a ba l y co s an i nc ; three i nches in the palm breadth ; three palm breadths

1 o r e A nc ent aw o al s v Th i L s W e o l. i. p , f , p . 7 39 . 1 3 6 S lav ery and S erfdom

in the f fo r f in the sh r o e and in th oot u eet o t y k , eight e d and w v in the a era o e and s e fiel yoke ; t el e l t l y k , ixte n in the n o e and rod a in n th to h n lo g y k ; a , equ l le g t at lo g e in the h nd of the dr v er w h the m dd s of yok , a i , it i le pike th on o in her h nd of the driv er and as at l g y ke the ot a , far as he can rea h w h rod s r h n o u h c ith t at , t etc i g t is arm are the two s r s of the erw ha is to sa the , ki t , t t y, breadth o f the legal erw ; and thirty of that is the length

o f the erw.

F r s erws are to be in er dd n ou uch ev y ty y . F our n in v r ran r har l n F r r n i tyddy s e e y di (s e a d) . ou a d rs in v f r a l e v ery ga ael (holding or arm) . F ou g v ae s in ev ery wn h F r re s in v er ma n l tr o s . e o man ev (t ip) ou t v e y ( or) . And twelv e'i 'ms maenols and two trevs in every cymwd r n 1 (p ovi ce) .

A E n s m s r w m pplying this to gli h ea u e , it ould see

o r r w r s that the pole pe ch , hich is five ya d and a f w as o f o f hal , the length the long yoke the

c arruc a o r m f r r s . r m s , tea ou ab ea t Fo ty ti e the

o f ro d m f rr w - o r f r n length this akes a u o long, u lo g. A st rip one pole w ide and a fu rlong in length is r f r o f s r s m r a ood ; and ou the e ood ake an ac e .

f- r s The hal ac re strip is two oods ide by side . The Welsh laws say

W r sha n a e in co- w n h r is hoeve ll e g g tillage ith a ot e , it r h for hem to v s r for erf rm n and ig t t gi e u ety p o a ce, m o n h nds and f r he h v done h utually j i a ; a te t y a e t at, to keep it u ntil the tye be completed ; the tye is twelve ws er . The first erw belongs to the pl oughman the second to the irons the man who contributes them) ; the third to the outside sod ox ; the fourth to the outside

1 — Tho r e v ol . i. . 1 8 18 . p , pp 5 7

1 3 8 S lav ery and S erfdom

fr m S L w r no r fr m o the axon o lande s , o the Dal riadic S wh o m fr m r n fr m cots ca e o I ela d , but o the

r s m n 1 abo iginal Caledonian e tioned by Tacitu s . The L ow landers follow e d the mano rial sys tem o f

S s w r f s s the axon , hich the latte ound e tabli hed

he R m s s by t o an . The S cot carried thei r t ribal s e m fr r yst m w ith the om I eland . B o th w e re modi fied by the ci rcu ms tances o f the p arts o f the

n r n . r n M r cou t y they i habited But , acco di g to .

S rs r ff r kene , the Highlande appea to have di e ed very s lightly from the I ri s h and Wel s h in thei r r s s s m o f domes tic in s titution s . The I i h y te Tanis tr r and s w as r y p evailed , the Tani t not gene ally s b his s o n o ne o f his r rs ucceeded y , but by b othe

n r was r f s the . C cho en by cla The e anothe hie tain , the o f o mo s t o w rf s o f head the p e ul hou e the clan , “ ” w ho w as To is ich o r rs in called the , fi t battle, becau s e in the ab sence o f the chief he had to take

mm w f w as r s the co and , and hen the chie p e ent ,

mm n the r w n in he co a ded van , and the ight i g

M r s s . S battle . kene ay

We mu st be careful to draw a proper distinction e ween the nativ i or na men of h and ro er es b t tive Hig l p p ti , and the serv i c itivi or cumerlaclz the t er of wh h fi g , la t ic wer s a s and the same as the We sh caetlz and e l ve , l , might be bought and sold either with or i ndependent of h Th na v e man wa h nan h t e land. e ti s t e te t w o v a ed the so and who ossessed o r S and culti t il, p , all ve cotl , es e a in th e h nds d n e and r n d but p ci lly Hig la , a efi it ecog ize es e in th n as he rf rm hi rv tat e soil . So l o g pe o ed s se ices

1 Tlie H z /zlanclers c tland W l i m F ene S o . i l a S g of By . k , l 2 v s 1 8 . o . 3 7 n Me B r tisn I s es I i i l . 3 9

he was no t to be remo ed from his and nor d his v l , coul f m hi a h h r r n r rea er ro l ord exact ro m ig e e t o a. g t p or on of a o r han wh was due and of r h a s p ti l b u t at , ig t ccu

h r r r v h r tomed to be v n. e e e t erefo gi e T i g at p i ileg , e, was that they held their farms by an i nherent right wh h was not der ed from he r ord and from wh h ic iv t i l , ic n r m v h And in h s wa we find he could ot e o e t em. t i y that all old Highland ali enations of land included the ’ ti ao cli ta t r s ertinenti u The serv i an na v is c s er a p b s . d

' u itivz wer the o rs and a a o rers o f the s f g e c tta ctual l b u oil , ho were a s s es and oss ssed no e r h s w b olute lav , p e l gal ig t 1 of station or prop erty .

M r s s w N rm r . S kene ay that hen a o an ba on

ss ss o f r r obtained po e ion a Highland p ope ty, the Gaelic nativ i remained in actual poss ess i o n o f the s r h im s m m r oil unde , but at the a e ti e p aid thei cal is o r r o f and p , t ibute to the head the clan , him w ar M r S s s r follow ed to . . kene tate that the e

w r s erv i m n r nf rs e e no a ong the Highla de s , and i e

from thi s that they were not a conquered race .

E if f w r m n o f ven the act e e ad itted , the a alogy

r r s w u s s f r othe count ie ould not lead to thi in e ence . In E ngland many o f the nativ i w ere doubtl es s

s o f r r o s r s descendant the conque ed B it n ; and the e t ,

w r r r r S ns o r A . axo ngles , e e conque ed in thei tu n

We have al ready s een w hat a large p roportion o f the population o f E ngland w ere in s erfdom at f n the ti me o the Domes day S u rvey . The conditio

o f s rfs w e r v illani o r bordarii the e , heth , had

r m m r m e al eady been uch a elio ated , though e an i

1 old 1 1 1 2 f . i . . . pp 7 , 7 1 40 S lav ery and S erfdom

a io n r n p t had sca cely begun . O e o f the laws o f

W m r r as illia the Conque o , cited by Ingulph , the

A o f r w as bbot C oyland ,

They who hold the land by customary rent shall not be troubled fo r anythi ng b eyond thei r p roper payment ; nor shall it be lawful for the lords to remove the culti v ators from their lands so l ong as they pay the proper 1 service.

s m fix it o f r Thi gave the y tenu e , though that

fix it w as r r r fo r y not volunta y on thei p a t, the next law run s

The nativ i those born on the property in a state of V l n e who de r fr m th r nd o h not to i le ag ) pa t o ei la , ug t change their q uarters nor to seek re ception before do ing th r r s r wh h er a ns to th r an The e p ope e vice ic app t i ei l d. n who ar s fr m the and wh r he is orn ative dep t o l e e b , and m s to an her nd no o ne sh r n him or co e ot la , all etai his ds sha a se him to re rn to do his s r e goo , but ll c u tu e vic , m l o. as it appertains to hi . ( )

r law o f n r r r But anothe the Co que o , p obably

r m r o f w s intended to inc ease the i po tance the to n , became the cau s e o f emancipation to many o f

n w as the more enterp ri s ing villei s . It thi s :

If serv i (and a fortiori v illani) shall have dwelt without r roa h for e r and da in our s or o ur ep c a y a a y citie , oro hs wh h are fen ed w h wa or in our f r fied b ug ic c it a ll , o ti a es he e me fro m ha da fr and he ma pl c , t y b co t t y ee, t y y r of h r s er for r be f ee from the yoke t ei vitude eve . (lxvi . )

Blo mefield his H is tor o N or olk s , in y f f , quote a

s o f s law as as I 1 2 w ca e appeal to thi late 3 , hen

1 i Thor e v ol . . . 8 1 p , p 4 .

1 4 2 S lav ery and S erfdom advanced from a me re tenancy at w ill into w hat is “ M o f s s till called copyhold . any the villein had no doubt foll o w ed thei r lo rd s to the C ru s ades and

o r w rs n r rms m fr . the a , and havi g bo ne a beca e ee “ ” r R hi s m fr s s M . s s Villein beca e ee , ay eeve , in “ H is tor o E n lis/i L aw if r r s r n y f g , thei lo d g a t o r give them any free es tate o f inheritance to ” r f L aw as r rs . s o descend to thei hei The Cou t ,

w e s s n r w s o f r f have ju t ee , th o the onu p oo u pon ” 1 a i r s r the man who claimed another s h s s lave o e f. r E mancip ation w as facilitated in a va iety o f w ays . A villein could not indeed p u rchas e his o w n free

do m m s m him , but he ight get o e one else to buy

r r s e him fr m from his lord in o de to t ee . S o e times the lo rd w ould liberate at once all the bond

men r r s r r fo r on a pa ticula e tate, in etu n a fixed

rent to be yearly ass es sed o n the inhabitants .

as L r s s But, inga d ay

The progress of emancipation was sl ow ; the improved condition of thei r former fellows served only to embitter the discontent of those who still wore the fetters of servitude ; and in many places the villeins formed a ns for he r m s r and a ed hem associ tio t i utual uppo t, av il t selv es of every expedient in their power to free them h r In th r ar sel v es from the control of t ei lords . e fi st ye ’ of R ichard the Second s reign (1 3 7 7 ) a complaint was laid before Parliament that in many districts they had purchased exemplifications out of the Domesday Book ’ in the K n s r and nd r fa s n er re a n i g Cou t, u e a l e i t p t tio of that record had pretended to be discharged of all

1 R v i Edit F inla n v 1 2 ee es o . c t. . so ol i . . , p y , . . p 5 in Me B ritis/t I s e 1 l s . 43

mann r of ser d h as to h r d es and he r e vitu e, bot t ei bo i t i en r s and w d not s ffer the of rs of he r o rds t u e , oul u fice t i l 1 r r u either to levy di st ess o to do justice p on them.

When we come to trace the abolition o f s erfdom in s s s w e s ee r s s s the e i land , shall the va iou cau e that combined to pu t an end to both kinds o f s r e vitude .

1 L in a d H ist v l iii 2 r o . . . 8 . g , . p 5 R E L E CTU IV .

H L ITI N r E R F DO M I N EN GL AN T E ABO O o S D.

S E R F DO M di s appeared in thi s ki ngdom earlier than

r r E r . r f r in any othe count y in u op e The e o e , in

r r s o f o f rf m t acing the p oces the abolition se do , it w m s w ill be o t convenient to begin ith E ngland .

We E n r s s s fo r say gland , and not the B iti h I le ; ,

w e w s r s as have sho n , although lave y exi ted in

r n w f r w e I eland u til the t el th centu y, yet do not find in I ri sh hi s tory any evidence o f that middl e state between slavery and freedom which w e call s rf s w m m. ma r e do It y be aid , and ith uch t uth, that p ractical s erfdom has exi s ted in I reland down o u r own s o f f r r to days in the hape o ced labou , r s r s u m rr r r s e t iction pon a iage, and unce tain ent ,

u r o f . s s nde the penalty eviction But the e condition , w r r ff r s fr m s rf m ho eve ty annical , di e e sentially o e do for s rf fr m o ne the e could not be evicted , excep t o r o f m r r no r th p a t the ano to anothe , had he e

' w r o f u if w s W p o e giving p his holding he i hed . e may therefore di s mis s I reland altogether from o ur

r s r is u p e ent inqui y . It not easy to obtain any acc r f r ate in o mation about serfdom in S cotland . In all r N r r S b p obability o the n cotland , eing a colony fr m r r r cu m the o I eland , planted the e I ish sto s, and

’ 1 6 A oolition o S er aoni in E n an 4 f f gl d.

fr - s fr m the m n o f ee tenant indeed , o fixed a ou t the

r n w s s n e t , one ould be di po ed to thi k that they

r — n we re f ee te ants .

N o w n rs s E n n w e , to co fine ou elve to gla d , need not re capitulate the evidence al ready given o f the e xi s tence o f s e rfd o m fro m the earlies t S a x o n times

to the N rm s o f s r o an Conque t , and the di appea ance

o f s rf m in s n r s o e do the ixteenth ce tu y ; that , though l e gally no t ab o li shed until the time o f

r s S o n r s Cha le the ec d , it had p actically cea ed to

s m w S ir o m s S m w r exi t at the ti e hen Th a ith ote ,

as A m s s r o f n E r s the ba ado Quee lizabeth in Pa i ,

i r n o mm o nw f h s w o k o the C ealth o E ngland . We ’ saw s fr m m r s n o f R ectitu aines al o , o the co p a i o the

S in u laru nz P ers onaru m o f n r w g the te th centu y, ith the r o s s e r s o f eou r and cotz es va i u vice the g , all in

r o r w rr s r s o f labou kind , ith the co e ponding se vice

v illanus cottariu s the r e r the and in thi te nth centu y, w hen the s e rvices o f the v illanu s w ere commuted fo r so m m s mm n m r uch oney, that thi co utatio a ks the gradual i mp roveme nt in the co ndition o f the v illein his r s s o f fr , and app oach to the tatu a ee tenan t But here w e are s topped by a ques tion which it is impo rtant to have s ati s facto rily an s w ered before

r We w e pass on to the abolition o f s e fdom . have a s s u med that all holde rs o f land except thos e

i o r l n n r e rf s r e as s oc/ unann iberi te e tes w s . de c ib d , , e e s

s h as w r s o m m s n n Thi , ho eve , been eti e i digna tly denied ; and the ques tion des e rves a mo re complete

n s e r f r r s e s . We e inv tigatio hall , th o e, give the g ound u pon w hich we maintain the real s erfdom o f the t er dom in E n an A éoli ion of S f gl d. 1 47

E s v illani and w s how s m ngli h , it ill be een o e modern w riters have not u nnatu rally been led i nto

s s n m fr m the mi stake o f uppo i g the ee en .

L e t u s rs o f s r n w then , fi t all , a ce tai hat position

“ v illein o f E s law o u r the held in the eye ngli h , and ’ rs o r s s s Commenta fi t auth ity hall be Black tone ries . Black s tone w as by no mean s inclined to admit the

r o f s r o r r s r r s o f ights lave y, to e t ict the libe tie the

s w m s r o f r ubject ; yet, hen he co e to t eat the tenu e

' o f and s r o f s s land , the hi to y copyhold , he ay

Now w h re rd to the f - and or s a es he d in it ga olk l , e t t l v en e h s was a s es o f en r ne her s r ill ag , t i peci t u e it t ictly fe d N orman nor Sa on m ed and o m o nded u al, , x but ix c p u of h m all hes ns e on n r n to t e . T e villei , b l gi g p i cipally rds of man rs w r e h r v illeins re ardants h is lo o , e e it e g , t at , nn d to the m n r or and or e s h wer in ross a exe a o l l e t ey e g , or ar e th is nne ed to the rs n of the ord at l g , at , a x pe o l , fr m one o wner t an h and transferable by deed o o ot er. They could not l eave their lord without his permission ; if the ran wa or w re r o n d from him m h but y a y , e pu l i e , ig t m d and re ered n e s s or o h r be clai e cov by actio , like b a t t e h h h n sma l or ons of n e s . d d d d c att l T ey el , i ee , l p ti la by way of sustaining themselves and families but it was at the mere w of the ord who m h d s oss ss h m ill l , ig t i p e t e wh n er he ased and was on n s r s e ev ple , it up villei e vice , and he r s r s wer not o n ase n r n t i e vice e ly b , but u ce tai In m n both as to thei r time and quantity. a y places s a fine was a a e to the ord if the e n res m d al o p y bl l , vill i p u e to marry his daughter to any one without l eave from t he rd and the mm n law the ord m s lo ; , by co o , l ight al o bring an action against the hu sband for damages in thu s r r th h r n pu loi ning his property . F o e c ild e o f vill eins were a lso in the same state of bondage with their parents ; 1 8 A dolition o S er dom in E n an 4 f f gl d.

wh n he w r a ed in L a n nativ i wh h av r se e ce t y e e c ll ti , ic g e i to the f m a n o f a e n who was a ed e ale appell tio vill i , c ll a

h v nei e. T e law howe er r e ed the ersons of f , , p ot ct p ’ v e ns as the K n s s e s a a ns atr o s n r es ill i , i g ubj ct , g i t oci u i ju i o f the ord : for he m h not or ma m his v e n l ig t kill i ill i , ho h he m h ea him w h m n s n e the v n t ug ig t b t it i pu ity, i c illei had no a o n or rem d at law a a ns his o rd in cti e y g i t l , but th e as o f the m rder o f his an stor o r the ma m of c e u ce , i

i. hi wn r n Bk . v s o p e so . ( . ii c . )

It is ve ry clear from thi s that Black s tone held that all the va riou s grades o f villein s w e re ju s t as

r s s r m much s e f as tho e ecently e ancipated in R u ss ia .

Bu t ma r s ma no t e , it y be u ged , Black tone y hav exami ned the ancient reco rd s w ith that c ritical acu men that is the especial glo ry o f modern re

N o w r is r s f- s u fficie nc t s earch . the e a ce tain el y abou

s m o f o u r m r r s w f m s s o e ode n c itic , hich o ten i lead

m n n an n n r dis them in exa i i g a cie t reco d . They

o r a s e r ns s n w the c ve entenc , appa ently inco i te t ith

ner r s s and ge ally eceived idea u pon the ubject, ju mp to the conclu s ion that older w riters have all r r s new been in the da k until they evealed thi light . Whereas it often tu rn s out that they have over looked the context o f th e p ass age on which they

r We w r f r f r . have ounded thei novel theo y ill , the e o e, go back to the mos t ancient o f commentators upon

E s law r A r o f r s ngli h , the lea ned chdeacon Ba n tap le ,

r r who m s r w o r Hen y de B aeton , co po ed his g eat k on T/ze L aw s and Cu s toms of E ngland about the r 1 2 0 w r s o f r o f yea 7 , to a d the end the long eign

s s m o f V w as in Hen ry the Thi rd . The y te illenage f w s m Bracton m s n ull s ing at thi ti e, and u t have bee

1 0 A oolition o S e d m in E n an 5 f rf o gl d.

h w r s and s ed. And s are d o k , but fixed pecifi t e e calle lean ascri ticii and n r h ss he are fr men g p , eve t ele t y ee , se th h h do serv wor s et h do becau , al oug t ey ile k , y t ey

' not do them by reason o f the (serv il e) co ndition of he r rs ns bu t on o n of the nd t o n o f h r t i pe o , acc u t co i i t ei n r t An h holdi gs ( a ione tenementoru m) . d so t ey are a ed lebce ascrzoticii e s h en o s h r e e c ll g j , b cau e t ey j y uc p ivil g h he nn be r mov d from the e e so n as t at t y ca ot e e gl b , lo g he a the ens ns due to wh mso er the demesn t y p y p io , o ev e o f our rd the K n sha r a n nor can h be c om lo i g ll pe t i , t ey ll d to h d h n m n n s he h here p e e ol t at te e e t u le s t y c oose. T is al so another sort of men on the manor of our l ord the K n and hes h d of the d m sne and the i g, t e ol e e , by s me s ms and n-s rv es as h se s m n ned a cu to villei e ic , t o ju t e tio , and are not in na e nor are h ndm n they ville g , t ey bo e serv i nor wer h the on st h h d b ( ) , e t ey at C que , but t ey ol y r a n a reem n wh h h ha m de w th the rds a ce t i g e t ic t ey ve a i lo , n s m f h h r an m n a d so o e o t em have c arte s d so e ot. There are also other sorts of men who hold freely and

’ in fr s a e and m ar ser new feofiment ee oc g by ilit y vice by , d s s n th n A s nder th d m n an e s . e n thi i ce Co que t l o, u o i io

of rds here are fre m n ossess d as serfs serv i lo , t e e p e ( ) , and who some mes r m he r er and who ma ti p oclai t i lib ty, y n the s a of ndmen serv i ho h h be s d to e . ai b i t te bo ( ) , t ug t ey are fr on the sam r nd h ondm n ma sa d ee, e g ou t at b e y be i to be in th e s of fr men wh n are f s and tate ee e they ugitive , ’ f l out of their l ords power. ( o .

r r s s Fu the on again , he ay

The holding does not change the statu s of the freeman m r h f h F or fr m n ma any o e t an that o t e serf. a ee a y o d s m e n d n wh r n s to the h l a i pl ville age, oi g ateve belo g n and n r h ss he w be fr s n e he do s ville age, eve t ele ill ee, i c e h s on n of n and not on n of t i accou t the ville age, accou t his own r n so can r w n pe so , and he dese t the villenage he ’ A eolition o S e dom in E n lan f rf g a. I 5 1

he as s n ss h e has e n e nsnared b s erf- w ple e , u le b e y a ife nativ am to do th s and had one in to her in ( ) i , g vill en a h d r en his de ar n r e and s e o . F o h r i g , c ul p ev t p ti g t e e s s m e ena e to wh h e on s ser n er a i pl vill g , ic b l g a vice u c t in and ns e ed in wh h a man anno no w in the u p cifi , ic c t k v n n wh serv e m s be done the ne morn n as e e i g at ic u t xt i g, where one is ound to do wh e r is omm nde b at ve c a d him.

A a n e n- s a do s not a er the s a s of a fr g i , vill i oc ge e lt t tu eeman

n m r han fre -s a But a ho h h a o e o . t s r y t e c ge , lt ug e e vic es

of the e n-so me ed the nan w not vill i cage beco fix , te t ill o n h s o n h e a free ho d n e a s he t i acc u t av l i g, b c u e does h s s er on a n of the ho d n and not on a t i vice ccou t l i g, cco u nt f hi w n w h ma h o s o n ers a . o e r e o d p o lity H ve , y l it by ed and s a ed ser es et a r emen and fix tipul t vic , y by g e t ons n of the ords for f or in feof and in h s se c e t l , li e , t i ca , the agreement and consent of the l ords make it free for him s n e the wor s are ed and s e ed a tho h , i c k fix p cifi , l ug r But t the wor s done a a e &c . a e ser e. o k , t ll g , , vil give merchetum for da h r mon o h r h n s does not a ug te , a g t e t i g , e on to freemen on a n o f the r e o f fr b l g , ccou t p ivil ge ee o d and hen on the dem snes of our ord the K n bl o ce e l i g, a distincti on will be made between freemen and vill ein sochmanni who are orn on the d mesn and fr m , b e e, o n A ancient times have held their land in vill e age . l so between simple v illeins and those who are so by circum s n s and ho d d and s d ser s sti u ta ce , l by fixe tipulate vice p l ed re m n a h h h res m the n at by ag e e t, lt oug t ey e ble villei sochmanni he r nd t n is not the same a s ; yet t i co i io , bec u e in the ers n of the o ne h re is a fr h d n and in p o t e ee ol i g, r f h i n It the pe son o t e other there s ville age. ( )

It w ill be seen that the distinction s d rawn out

s s o f Bracto n s w r in these pas age , ho clea ly that

s r r s o w r r s rfs w villein , p ope ly called , e e eal e ; hile t he m o f fr m in case he entions , ee en holding land 1 2 A oolition o S er dom in E n an 5 f f gl d.

e fo r - se r s w villenag , and doing it villein vice , hile

ms s w re fr r n s fo r they the elve e ee , eadily accou t the mi s take that has been made by thos e w ho have r r n as s rf fr m ega ded the villei not a e but a ee an .

f n in r in r The act that the villei F ance , the late m s w as fr m has s s s s iddle age , a ee an , doubtle a si ted

rm s m s was m m r to confi thi i take . But it uch o e eas y to obtai n freedom in France than it w as in

E s e r ffs r o f s rf ngland , becau e th e the o p ing a e and

fre - w m w as fr w r s E if a e o an ee ; he ea , in ngland , ,

r n Br v illanu s w fr acco di g to aeton , a lives ith a ee w oman in a free tenement the offs p ring w ill be ” “ s rf serv u s A nd is s rf who a e ( ) he called a e , is begotten o f one o f a free nation who has united

ms e f w v illana e w r hi l ith a living in vill nage, hethe ” m rr o r that union be a a iage union not .

A is s m n m r w r rs gain , it u pposed by a y ode n ite that in e arly S axon times the vill e i ns we re free

men as r w r n r s , but that the oyal po e i c ea ed , the condition o f thes e tenant - farmers became more

m r r s fr m fr m s n and o e g ievou , until o ee en they a k

l s E his fs s r. har e n s r . M C i to e Thu , lton , in valuable

w r T/ze Ori ins o E n lis nH is tor s s : o k , g f g y, ay

The whol e country passed in time u nder the power of h K n the h r h and the h n s and as the t e i g, C u c , T a e ; jurisdictio n of the l ords was gradually converted into wn rsh of the ands in h r d s r s the d s ndan s o e ip l t ei i t ict , e ce t f fr m n f n r n ro s ren s and ser es and in o ee e ell u de o e u t vic ,

rf nd ndm n . many cases became se s a bo e . (p

r f o f s s r In p oo thi he add a note , giving an ext act from the R ecord o f the Cou rt o f Common Pleas

' 1 A oolztion o S er dom in E n an 5 4 f f gl d.

n the one hand the mm n of the as ern O , village co u ity e t districts of Britain was connected wi th a settl ed agri re wh h r n da n e r er han the R man cultu ic , appa e tly ti g a li t o n s on and m r v d d r n the R o man o a on i va i , i p o e u i g ccup ti ,

was arr d o n en h nder ha hre -field f rm o f c ie at l gt , u t t t e o

the n- field s s em wh h e am the sh e of the ope y t , ic b c e ll n The a in its r E nglish village co mmu ity . equ lity ya d lands and the si ngle successi on which preserved this a we hav e fo nd to be ar n mar s not of equ lity u app e tly k , an or na fr d m no t of an or na d a m n igi l ee o , igi l allo i l allot e t ” on the erman mar s s m of s ed serfdom G k y te , but a ettl — nder ordsh a sem - serv e n n m n a u a l ip i il te a cy, i plyi g m re s fr he r a n for fe or at w and e u u uct, t o etic lly o ly li , ill , arr n w h no nheren r h s o f nh r n But c yi g it it i t ig t i e ita ce. h s s rfdom as we h s en r son to was t i e , ave e ea believe, , to the m ss s of the e e not d rada n a a e p opl , a eg tio , but s e war ut f a n m r n ra t p up d o o o ce o e ge e l slavery. er a n d r n the we h ndred ars r wh h C t i ly u i g t lve u ye , ove ic the d re En sh e v den ends the end n has i ct gli i ce ext , t e cy en wards m r and m r f fr m n h r be to o e o e o eedo . I ot e w r s as m w n on d r n h s w v h n r o d , ti e e t u i g t e e t el e u d ed rs the s erfd m of the old ord r of h n s has en yea , o e t i g be r d a r n u nd r h se n uen s wh e r g a u lly b eaki g p u e t o i fl ce , at ve he ma ha e n wh h h e r d d the new rd r t y y v bee , ic av p o uce o e f h n 1 o t i gs.

We have al ready attempted to des cribe the daily

f o f E s s rf m s li e an ngli h e in the iddle age . The

o f his r o f n ss s value labou , and the cost the ece itie

o f f r f and m r li e , have been ca e ully calculated co pa ed w m r M r r R r ith ode n equivalents by . Tho old oge s

in his r s n m S ir Centu ries o Work inte e ti g volu es , f “ and Wa es . M r. R rs s s g oge ay , that excep t that the thi rteenth centu ry villager w as greatly better

1 n li l a munit . 8 E g slt Vi l ge Com y, pp 437 , 43 . S e d m in E n 1 A oolition of rf o ngla d. 5 5

’ o ff r w as n o n r s s , the e little change i duced the u tic condition in many p arts o f E ngland from the middle o f the thi rteenth to the beginning o f the ” 1 n r s ms u n m ni eteenth centu y. He u p the i co e and the expenditu re o f a man farmi ng tw enty “ r s o f m s m ac e land , and co p ute that he ight be

s l fr m r o f his f rm u pp ied abundantly o the p oduce a ,

m f w s o f his o wn ro debiting hi sel ith the co t p duce,

and r s laying aside 2 05 . a yea (equivalent to at lea t 1 2 o f o u r r s m w w r f r £ p e ent oney) , ith hich he ea te , as r m r s m n r his oppo tunity ight a i e , he ight i c ease

r his r r e for his holding, po tion daughte s , p ovid w w m r or u t f rw r his s o n ido ed othe , p o a d in the

r o r s m r s . S Chu ch , any i ila advantageou calling uch may be fai rly taken to rep res ent the receipts and

r o f s s m w n r wh o w r expenditu e tho e all lando e s , e e,

fr s s o m r s as I have equently tated , nu e ou in the ” 2 “ r r A ll ss s o f f thi teenth centu y . the nece itie li e in

r r rs w r w as r w r o dina y yea , hen the e no dea th , e e

M w as f abundant and cheap . eat p lenti ul ;

s o f p oultry found everywhere ; eggs cheap e t all . The poores t and meanes t man had no abs olute and insu rmountable i mp ediment p u t in his w ay o n his r r if w s his r ca ee , he ould eize oppo tunity ” 3 m i r w fo r u s o f t. and ake use It is pe haps ell , who talk complacently o f the advantages o f civili i r rs r z at o n r m M . R , to be e inded by oge , that the e is collected a population in o u r great town s which equal s in amount the whole o f thos e who lived in E ngland and Wales s ix centu ries ago ; but whos e

m r s w m s are m r condition is o e de titute , hose ho e o e

1 it 1nd 3 Iota 8 O c . . 8 . . 1 . 1 p . p 4 p . 77 . p . 4. 6 A e lition o er dom in E n an 1 5 o f S f gl d.

s w s m s are m r n r w s qualid , ho e ean o e u ce tain , ho e

r s s are m r ss s o f p o pect o e hopele , than tho e the p oo res t s erfs o f the middle ages and the meanest ” 1 d rudges o f the medi aeval cities .

R o rs We cannot agree w ith M r. ge in thinking that the E ngli s h s e rf w as be tte r o ff than the

m s r French peas ant in the iddle age . The F ench rf w s m n his se al ay aintai ed hold on the land , which the E ngli s h s erf los t w hen he became

m s s ms r o f e ancipated , and thi ee to be the o igin o u r p resent pauperi s m ; w hile the French peas ant

r r r o f s w s is the p op ieto the oil hich he cultivate ,

h as s o fr m m o f his m and been o the ti e e ancipation . But it is ti me that w e s hould p ass on to the occas ion o f the cess ation o f s erfdom in E ngland .

We s ho w r o f E w r have een , in the eign d a d the

rs m m s in o f r s Fi t , oney p ay ent lieu labou due , had

m r fo r s beco e the p actice the villein , though not

r r m m e n for the bo da s o r cottiers . The oney co p sation w as more easy to collect than the labou r dues to enforce and ready money w as often more u s eful to the lo rd than the forced labou r o f the

w ma s a s f m o f s rf. s e e Thu y y a ely that , in the ti e E w r r m s was r d a d the Thi d , the co pen ation gene ally u s e m s s w in , excep t on the ona tic land . But hile

E w r w as n his r s r d a d gai ing victo ie in F ance ,

m r f rm f a o e o idable oe had invaded E ngland . ’ E w r s r r n ss o f d a d daughte , the P i ce Joan , died the p lague on he r w ay to be married to Don Ped ro o f s s m r 1 8 Ca tile ; and in the a e yea , 34 , the Black m r r r Death ade its appea ance at B idpo t, and

1 1 86 . P .

1 8 oolition o S er dom in E n an 5 A f f gl d.

Thi s s how s that the lo rd s fou nd thems elves compelled to make ne w compos itio ns w ith thei r

s in s tenant villenage , and that they accep ted a le s

m m s r f r . f oney co pen ation than he eto o e In act , to “ f M r R rs u s e r ss o . the exp e ion oge , The p lague ” 1 n s r n s r had almo s t e ma cipated the u vivi g e fs . In

K n r m o n r vain did the i g , by p ocla ati th ough the s r ffs o f f r m o f he i each county , o bid the p ay ent n higher w age s than u s ual . In vai did he p u ni s h

s s who s his m by heavy fine tho e di obeyed andate .

r rs w r m s rs o f s n The labou e e e the a te the ituatio .

A t s w r m n s s m e s was la t , hen Pa lia e t a e bl d , a tatute

s s n p a ed , enacti g

n nd r s e rs of a e whe her s rf 1 . No ers e p o u e ixty y a g , t or free sha de ne to nder e farm o r the , ll cli u tak lab u at ’ wages which had been cu stomary in the Ki ngs twenti eth

e r e he v d m r hand se wer re s y a exc pt t y li e by e c i , e gu larl en a ed in some me h n a raf wer ossessed y g g c a ic l c t, e p

f r v m an or were o rs of an Th r o e e s e d. e o d p i at , ccupi l l was to ha the rs a m to th e o r of his serfs and ve fi t cl i lab u , those who decline to work for him or for others are to be sent to the common gaol . m r sonmen is de r d a ns ersons who 2 . I p i t c ee ag i t all p may quit service before the time which is fix ed in their m n agree e ts . N o o her han the old wa es are to be en and 3 . t t g giv , the remedy against tho se who seek to get more is to be ’ r sought in the l ord s co u t. L r s o f manors a n m r han the s mar 4 . o d p yi g o e t cu to y r m amount are to be liabl e to t ebl e da ages . Artific rs are to be a to the s m nd ons 5 . e li ble a e co iti ,

1 cit 2 2 O p . . p . 7 . t n o S e dom in E A ooli io f rf ngland. 1 5 9

s dd rs ann rs farr ers sh em ers a ors sm hs car a le , t e , i , o ak , t il , it , r ar tt rs r r a d h r enters m sons e s e e e s n o e s . p , a , til , p g , ca t , t

6 F o d m s be so d at reas na e r es. . o u t l o bl p ic

m ar s r for dden to e - od ed a r r A s e o e s . 7 . l t ictly bi abl b i l b u 8 An e ess of wa es a n or d can be se ed . y xc g t ke pai iz ’ for the K n s u se o w rds the men of a f e n h i g , t a pay t fi t e t S mm r and w n r a and tenth lately granted. u e i te w ges may differ; but town population is not to migrate to the m 1 country in sum er.

It w as found p ractically impossible to p revent “ ” r r evas ion s o f thi s S tatute o f L abou e s . Taking

r fr m 1 0 1 00 rs the pe iod o 3 5 to 4 , it appea that the value o f agricultu ral labou r o f all kind s w as fi fty

er r rs f o f r p cent . highe than in the fi t hal the centu y, w hile the p rice o f agricultu ral p roduce remained

r r o f r n n w hat it w as befo e . The p ice eve ythi g o w hich lab o u r w as e x pended i ncreas ed eno rmou s ly s o that the landlo rd had to p ay dearly fo r every

w s and n thing that he i hed to buy , could o ly obtain r m l w r r an ext e ely o p ice fo w hat he had to s ell .

O n r s rf as w as fr the othe hand , the e , ell the ee

r r f n r w as as labou e , ou d eve ything that he needed

as r w his r was r s cheap eve , hile labou daily i ing in

r fo r his r- r value . He had ba gained labou ent , and

w as fr i If ff w o ee to choos e h s market . the baili uld

him his r w if no t r w r n give p ice , ell ; , the e e e p le ty o f s w o r s r hand anted in the next village , a ho t

B s s o ff. s r r di tance e ide , the ag icultu al pop ulation

w r r s r m r r s e e no longe in catte ed ano ial g ou p , each

1 a 2 Edw III was made mo r s trin e nt w af r St t. 3 . . e g t o years te ’ i more b wards and st ll so Edw . III e S ee R eev e H istor , y 34 . . x . s y o lislt L aw v l ii 2 2 —2 E n o . . . 6 . f g , pp 7 7 - 1 6 0 A éolition o S er dom in E n an f f gl d.

i s olated from the othe r ; there w as an active band

o f o rs who s n s in agitat , kept the pea a t one locality

e w w w as n o n s w r acquaint d ith hat goi g el e he e , and thu s e nabled the s erfs and free labou re rs o f the fou rteenth centu ry to res i s t s ucces s fully all at

m s rr S o f L r rs te pt to ca y out the tatute abou e .

m r w e s s e m r The o e tudy the ubj ct , the o e con

v inced e m M r o r w beco e that . Th old R o gers is right ’ in s aying that Wycli ffe s poo r pries ts had honey comb e d the mi nd s o f the u p land folk (as the p eas ant ry w ere des c rib ed) w ith w hat may be called ” r m 1 eligiou s s ociali s . We cannot be accu s ed o f u nfai rness toward s Wycli ffe if w e tak e o u r e s timate o f his political

r R L w h o e s fr m M . has r id a o eginald ane Poole , ca e f e his r s D e Civ ili D ominio o r ully dited t eati e , , ” O n L o r s w s his r o f Civil d hi p , hich contain theo y

e rnm n and th e r s o f r r M r gov e t ight p op e ty . . Poole s ays

W ffe e ns his oo the ro os t on of wh ycli b gi b k by p p i i , ich the latter part was al ready noted as dangerous by Gregory the E v enth in 1 ha no one in mor a sin has an le 3 7 7 , t t t l y r h to an f of God wh on the o her hand ev er ig t y gi t , ile, t , y man s and n in r e has not on r h to has in t i g g ac ly a ig t , but , fa all th e fts of God All ordsh of man ct, gi l ip , na ra or is nferred on him God as the r m tu l civil, co by , p i e A hor in ons ra on o f his re rn n on n to ut , c ide ti tu i g c ti ually G od the service due unto Him ; but by the fact that a man o m ss on or mm ss on omes of , by i i co i i , bec guilty m r sin he d fr ds his L ord- in- h ef of the s d o tal , e au C i ai f r Wh r s r e and onse n n rs f r . e vic , by c que ce i cu o eitu e e e

1 ’ IV rl and Wa es . 2 . o g , p 54

ti n e d m in E n an 1 6 2 A éoli o of S rf o gl d.

r W ff m r r It is t ue that ycli e ade a ese vation . He “ f m r stated it in his a ous p a adox , God ought to ”

w Mr. e s s obey the devil ; by hich , Pool ay , he “ meant that no one can es cape from the duty o f

s w rs s w r obedience to exi ting po e , be tho e p o e s ” never s o dep raved . It is difficult to i magine that Wycliffe w as so igno rant o f hu man natu re as to s uppos e that men

rr s r s r fr m would be dete ed , by thi e e vation , o p utting n r his f n m r n s as s i to p actice u da ental p i cip le , oon as r r they got an opportunity . The ve y pa adoxical

f rm w r r w as m r r o in hich the ese vation ade, ende ed

m r r r as f it all the o e ce tain to be ejected , in act it M r r R r s s was . . Tho old oge s ay

’ ByWycliffe s labours th e Bible men had been intro uc d to the new w r d of the O ld s am n to d e o l Te t e t, the h s r of the h man r to the r m ard n and i to y u ace, p i eval g e the o n w r d wh r the rs ar n s of man n y u g o l , e e fi t p e t all ki d l d s m t and w re the n es rs of th e ro ive by i ple oil, e a c to p ud no e and n h as w as of the d wn- r dd n s rf bl k ig t, ell o t o e e r h r h f ra e m s and despised bu g e . T ey read o the b v ti e when her was no n in sr w n r man did t e ki g I ael , he eve y h wh h was r h in his o wn s and sat nder his t at ic ig t eye , u

own ne and nd r his own fi - r n ne d r n vi u e gt ee, o a i g to make him afra B m f all the r r d. ut s o i o t , p eache w d dwe on his own r o on man of God oul ll p ot type, the , the wise prophet who denounced kings and pri nces and ’ h h r es s and od s omm ss n m d h m ig p i t , , by G c i io , a e t e like ’ u nto a potter s vessel in the day o f His wrath ; or on h t os o d ud es who w r a o s e n to s a n . e b l j g , e e ze l u ve l yi g And when they told them that the lords had determined to dra h m to h r old s rf m the r r g t e back t ei e do , p eache s rs to m of the n r of man could di cou e the atu al equality , A oolition o S er dom in E n n 6 f f gla d. 1 3 — ! of f all n s r s and r s s— th the act that ki g , lo d , p ie t live by e fr s of the ar and the r of the h s ndm uit e th labou u ba an, and that it would be better for them to die with arms in th ir h nds h n to r s w ffor n e a t a be th u t back, ithout an e t o th r r n o sh m f s r fr m wh ei pa t, i t the a e ul lave y o ich they had 1 been delivered.

’ r s r R r The e eems g eat p robability in Mr. oge s t r r o f s was re ci i heo y, that the ising the pea ants p p tated m r o f r s by atte pts , on the pa t the landlo d , to in s i s t u pon the s erfs p erforming thei r labou r s er v s s o f r m ice , in tead paying the ve y inadequate oney c ompensation which had by thi s time become

r r r s gene al . The popula account connects the i ing w ith an insult to the daughter o f Wat Tyler by the collector o f the obnoxious p oll - tax but there m ust have been some deeper and more general

s s o w - r r s cau e to have occasioned ide sp ead a i ing.

s S his Constitu tional H is tor Bi hop tubbs , in y, s ays

The rising of the commons is one of the most por tentons phenomena to be found in the whole of our Th n f th r er w s r s r . e o e hi to y exte t a ea ov hich it p ead, the extraordinary rapidity with which intelligence and communication passed between the different sections of the r the r of r s s wh h com evolt, va iety c ies and cau e ic bined to r m s r wh r des its p oduce it, the y te y ich pe va r n its s dd n s its r er o ga ization, u e collap e and indi ect p m n res s s n r m or o c on a ent ult , give it a i gula i p tance b th n N r and s h s and stitutionall a d s a . y oci lly o th out , ea t w r out w n so s or of m est, it b oke ithi h t a space ti e as m s m ss to s s to h r an ake it i po ible uppo e it ave a isen, like

1 s o W rt: d Wa s 2 S ix Centu rie f o an ge , p. 5 5 . 1 6 A eolition o S er dom i n E n an 4 f f gl d.

n nf r n fr m m r r n r of accide tal co lag atio , o e e o di a y contact 1 r mate ials .

r s o f E w r r r s The ustic ssex e e the fi st to i e .

s m m o f A s u s W S t. al ingha , a onk lban , tells that “ ” w r s w m w e nativ i or bondi they e e tho e ho call ,

s rfs r w accoli r that is , e , togethe ith the , pe haps L fr r r . u ee labou e s They flocked p to ondon ,

r w r r s r w r c ying that all e e to be lo d , and the e e e

A s s as s to be no more s erfs . oon the pea ants o f

w r s rf m r o f Kent , he e e do had died out, hea d it,

ss m in r n they too a e bled la ge ba ds , and filled the

r s w r m ro oad to a ds the et polis , seized upon all r ms r r m m p ilg i to Cante bu y, and co pelled the to

r mm s swea loyalty to the King and the Co on . The Princess o f Wales w as s topped by them on her ” w a L r M o f y to ondon , and the Fai aid Kent had

1 “ - Norfol S uffol C ambrid e E sse IIertford Middlese k, k, g , x , , x , H ants S usse ent and S omerset are mentioned in the R olls o f , x , K , , m nt Huntin don in the R ecords o f Ev esham M ona t arlia e s er . P ; g , y F or ent D ev on C ambrid e and H erts the resentments of the K , , g , p r in th Ar hiv o f anterbur At Cambrid e th j u ies are extant e c es C y . g e to wnsfol burned the charters of the Univ ersit before Ma I k y y , 1 8 1 the ma or and bailiffs seem to hav e oined th e rev olt in une 3 y j J , v a a h oll or to h av e taken ad antage o f it to tt ck t e C eges . Besides

the southern seats of rebellion, F roissart (c . 7 6 ) mentions L anca ” i n m r ad o ri i n Durha as e t se . O . c t v l sh re or L incol a d . o . , Y k, , y ( p ii . Bi tubbs m ntions Dev on and cites the an r . p shop S e , C te bur A rchiv es which the resent writer has no t been able to y , p “ consult bu t h e also sa s ni hton describes the risin in D ev on y , K g g ’ ir v ok r l hr u h ni sh e c . Now I ha e lo ed ca efu l t o hton s . ( , y g K g n ain all u account of the rebellion, and can ot find the f test sion to

Dev onshire so that this u suall most accurate historian must either , y hav e made a clerica rr r r av e rusted to the reference o f l e o , o h t some other author o n this oint I hav e been unable as et to find p . y f v his rebellion any proof o De onshire hav ing tak en part in t .

iti n o e E n 1 6 6 A bol o f S rfdom in gland.

s r w him is n and from him we ma t ate ith ; he you g, y

n a fa r nsw r and if not we m s rs s . obtai vou able a e , u t ou elve ” m n ur n n 1 seek to a e d o co ditio .

The A rchbishop heard o f these inflammatory r B rr im ha angues , and had John all a ested and p ri s oned fo r three months but as s oon as he was r r r r s and s eleased he etu ned to his old cou se , oon

m r s W r s “ had to be i p i oned again . hen the i ing

w as r s M took place , he in p i on at aidstone ; but

mob s r s r f r r r the p eedily elea ed thei avou ite o ato , who m w r o ne joined the on Blackheath , he e about hund red thou s and ill - clad and half- armed p eas ants w r s m r rs f e e a se bled unde the leade hip o Wat Tyler. r ro John Ball p eached on his usual text , and p c eeded to exhort thi s u ndi s ciplined c row d to “ shorten by the head the lords s p i ritual and m r s w r en te po al , the judge , the la ye s , and all p and inkho rn men who belonged either to Westmin s ter r f o r s r s . s ws Hall to the Cou t Ch i tian The e ello , .

are o f m m s r o f said he , all the ene ie to the libe ty mm s ar r e . W the Co on , and not to be endu ed hen are s r r w they de patched , se vitude and p ove ty ill die w ith them. Hitherto they had ob s erved a certain degree o f

r no w r . mode ation . But they decla ed Ball to be a r m fr m p ophet sent to the o Heaven , and that he was the only pers on fit to be at once A rchbi s hop f r r r r A o f o Cante bu y and L o d Chancello . council w ar was w was the held , in hich it decided that way s hould be cleared for Ball by the A rchbi shop .

1 Clz ronicles, 0. ix . 1 6 A oolition of S erfdom in E ngland. 7

b u t r r s eing p to death , and that ce tain othe obnoxiou p ers ons s hould be executed w ithout the formality s l o f r . ss roc a a t ial Having done thi , they i ued a p m m o f mm ation in the na e the King and the Co ons , making no mention o f the Bishops o r the T e m

r . w as rs 1 2 p o al nobility This on Thu day , June ,

1 8 1 f o f r s r s . w s 3 , being the east Co p u Ch i ti The lo e t p art o f the L ondon mob fraternized w ith the r f w m r r ustics , and the ollo ing o ning they ente ed

s rr r the city, the citizen being te ified at thei

r r r s nu mbe s . They bu nt to the g ound the tately p alace o f the Duke o f L ancaster in the S avoy — the Duke w as then in S cotland and th rew his

s r w s r gold and ilve p late and je el into the iver. O ne who w as r n o f for him , sec eti g a p iece p late f w as w his fire fo r sel , flung ith booty into the ,

r f ss r f rm rs s they p o e ed to be e o e and not thieve .

w r s o s ru r fo r But they e e not c p ulous about liquo , ’ they d rank s o much o f John o f Gaunt s good w r - tw o o f m w r ine, that thi ty the e e unable to

s fr m r r s e cape o the bu ning p alace, and p e i hed in m its r . s r as uins They de t oyed the Te ple, the

- r rs o f w rs r r head qua te the la ye , and bu nt all pa ch m s s r - r s and rs ent , deed , ent oll , pape that they could la R f r m s m fr m y thei r hands on . ein o ce ent ca e in o

r S t. A n Ba net and lba s , and then they sent a m ss we r m n e age to the King in the To , de a ding to have the A rchbi s hop and the L o rd Treasu rer and

r rs s r m othe obnoxious p e on handed ove to the . n w as o f f The Ki g a youth fi teen , and though he

w r w - rm s rs s had t elve hund ed ell a ed oldie , yet uch

rr r s m s te o ee ed to have eized u pon all , that on ' 1 6 8 A oolttion o S er dom in E n an f f gl d.

r m r w r F iday o ning, hen the King had idden out M E nd n r to ile , they actually i vited the d unken , brutal mob to enter the fortress and s earch for

ms s the elve .

r r m They ushed ac oss the oat , p ushed one r r rr r s w rm anothe th ough the co ido s , and a ed all

r ss fr m r m r m ove the p alace . Pa ing o oo to oo , they r r r m s eached the oyal ap a t ent , and did not even r s - r m o f r ss o f W e pect the bed oo the P ince ales . They t reated the highes t o f the nobles w ith the m s rr f m r r r r s w o t te ific a ilia ity , st oked thei bea d ith r s r m rm f thei filthy hand , and g eeted the in te s o

s m jocular endearment . They eated the selves on ’ rs o f chai state and even on the King s bed , and r f r h r asked the P incess o r a kiss . They p obed e bed w ith thei r p ikes on p retence o f searching for r m w r s s he f r r. thei ene ie , so that ainted ith te o

A t last they found the Archbi s hop . S imon de S udbu ry had p repared for his fate w ith the cal m r f c ou age o a martyr. He had sp ent the night in

r r n r s was m p aye and pe itential exe cise , and aking his thank s giving after Mass when the yell s o f the mob s ou nded nearer and nearer the chapel . They r him fr m w r rr him w d agged o the To e , and ca ied ith

o f r m w r w r m shouts t iu ph to To e Hill , he e the ain r A r body o f the rioters w e e assembled . The ch bi s hop attempted to reason w ith his mu rderers . H e r m m m r r w as e inded the that u de a heinous sin , t w as r s r s hat he a p ie t and an a chbi hop , and that his mu rder would comp el the Pope to lay England r r men o f u nde an inte dict . But the Kent laughed f w r him s r . was s r s to co n He a inne , said the e ollo e s

A dolition o S er d m i n E n an 1 70 f f o gl d.

r ns an of m d n and s d ran h m exto tio , by y the o e, houl g t t e

peace. men fr m h n for m h be nfran 3 . That all o e ce th ig t e chised to and s in e r n t or h buy ell ve y cou ty, ci y, b oug , wn fa r m r or r w h n the re m of to , i , a ket, othe place it i al E n ngla d.

. no r of nd h d n in or s r i 4 That ac e la , ol e bondage e v ce, should be holden but for fou r pence and if it had been h n for ss in f rm r m s sh not h r f r olde le o e ti e , it ould e ea te be n 1 e hanced .

r r n s m s The King had at fi st g a ted the e de and ,

r rs s s w o f and gave cha te igned and ealed , ith one

r r r s o f his banne s , to the ep esentative each county ; but w r r was s s hen Tyle decla ed that he not ati fied , r f r r r r and th eatened u the out age , the King evoked

the charters .

W s A hen the p ea ants o f S t. lbans had obtained r m n fr m r r m thei de a ds o the King they etu ned ho e, and w ere met by a band o f villeins and s ervants m s s . sent by the A bbot o f S t. A lban to appea e the ’ s r A s s But the villein bet ayed the bbot cau e, and fr r w mob r ate nized ith the and , unde the guidance o f W m Grindecobbe r one illia , app oached the abbey,

s w r n r rfs r . aying that they e e no lo ge se , but lo ds They compelled the A bbot to give them all the r s r rs o f wh co m oll and cha te the abbey, ich they mitted m s r s m to the fla e , b oke in p iece the ill s s as o f r s r r tone , the tokens thei e vitude, th eatened to des troy the w hole abbey and mass acre the m s s s r r r w r r onk , unle a ce tain cha te e e p oduced , w hich the A bbot declared w as at Westmins ter.

1 towe S u rv e L ondon . 2 88 . S , y of , p S e d tn A oolition of tf o in E ngland. 1 7 1

Du ring the next three days they extorted letters

f m m s s n for rfs o f o anu i io all the se the abbey .

W rr r ss hen the insu ection had been supp e ed , the rs r s r r r King s ent office to e to e o de at S t. A lbans

f r s m ffi s s rr n r and , a te o e di culty, the villein u e de ed

e of m m s m th deeds anu is ion , and p ledged the selves to pay a fine for the damage they had done Grindecobbe r w r to the abbey. and othe s e e executed . S m r s s w m r s w r i ila cene , only ith o e blood hed , e e

r - - E m r S t. s enacted at Bu y d unds , and othe place s o f S ff N rf m r in the countie u olk , o olk , Ca b idge ,

r n o f r L S ff . O e incoln , and ta o d the leade s , called S r w f r his m f w Jack t a , be o e execution , ade the ollo ing con fes sion o f the des ign s o f the rebel s to the L ord Mayor o f L ondon

At the same time as wee were assembled upon Black h and had s n the K n to m u to us our heat , e t to i g co e p , r s was to h slaine s h n h s s r s and pu po e ave all uc k ig t , qui e , gentlemen as should have gi v en their attendance thither Bu s f r K n d n him. t a o wee w k upo the i g, oul have ept him m n us to end the m h m r a o g the , that people ig t o e h re a red t u s S h wo d boldly ave p y o . it they ul have h h wh ts e r wee did the s m ha thoug t t at a o ve , a e d been

n his hor . F n wh n wee had en do e by aut ity i ally, e gott w r n h ha wee n e d not to fe r an f r po e e oug , t t e de a y o ce w m be m d a a ns u s wee w d h slain hich ight a e g i t , oul ave e s no m n as m h h r ha en o ns ] all uch ble e ig t eit e ve giv c u el , or made any resistance against u s especially wee would ’ h slaine the Kn s of R h d s f S n ave ight o e o t. Joh s ; and wee w h d the K n ms f and lastly ould ave kille i g hi el , all men of ss ss ns w s s m n s n ns an po e io , ith bi hop , o k , ca o , d parsons of Churches ; only friars and mendicants wee 1 2 A oolition o S er dom in E n an 7 f f gl d.

w d h e s r h m s f d for m n oul av pa ed, t at ight have u fice i is ration of the s r m n Wh n w ha t ac a e ts . e ee d made a r ddan of all h s wee wo d s d w s i ce t o e, ul have devi e la e , according to which laws the subjects of the realme sh d h d. F or wee w d h r d n s oul ave live oul ave c eate ki g , as W r in K n and h rs in h r n att Tyle e t, ot e ot e cou ties. (Stowe )

The contemporary collector o f the F ascicu li

Z iz anioru m o r s o f r s s , Bundle Ta e , tell us that, w s rr hen the in u ection had been quelled , and the as A s w S t. King at lban ,

The for s n B of en r was r a e aid Joh alle, Cov t y, the e nd mn d R r r s n as of r s n co e e by obe t T e ilia guilty t ea o , dr wn n an r r An h n h to d d d. d w be a , ha ge , qua te e e e saw h he was nd mn d he d to him W m t at co e e , calle illia o r n B sh of L nd n and f rw rds of Can (C u te ay) , i op o o , a te a i W L kn et r and S r r ee and mr. hn t bu y, alte , ight ; Jo Profete no r and her onfess d to h m , ta y ; t e c e publickly t e that for the space of two years he was a disciple of W cliff and fr m him had rne the h r s s wh y , o lea d e e ie ich h H e so s h her was a r n he taug t. al aid t at t e ce tai organized band (comitiva) of the sect and doctrine of W cliff who had ons r d h r nd of c on y , c pi e toget e a ki f der on and had o nd h ms s o r nd e ati , b u t e elve to g ou the whole of England p reaching the matters of the said W cliff wh he had h m so h s y , ich taug t the , that t u all r w d a r in his r rs o r n England togethe oul g ee pe ve e d ct i e. And then he named the said Wycliff as the principal hor of the o and in the s nd N o s aut pl t, eco place ic la 1 rford and hn A s n and L r n Bedenam He , Jo to , au e ce ,

1 ’ n-R and l h sc al R e isters S ee Prebendary Hingesto o p s Ep i op g . “ S ta brd . 2 1 . rebendar R ando l h adds : L au rence Bede j , p 4 P y p man [Bednam is a corru pt fo rm of the nam e which was also spelt ‘ ’ - ountr man a Cornish F ell ow o f was a west c y , ,

A eolition o S er dom in E n n 1 74 f f gla d. h ow it is po ssible to acquit Wycliff o f the most r di rect complicity w ith the R ebellion . The e were

w s s r m E no la again t he esy at that ti e in ngland , and the st rong Cou rt influence o f the Duke o f L ancaster p rotected him from anything beyond sp i ritual censu res . W r m met f rm m hen Pa lia ent , the King in o ed the

r his r r r that he had evoked cha te s , but u ged u pon

e m w r w as s th the question , hethe it not advi able

fr s r mm to en anchi e thei villeins by co on consent . “ But the L ords and Commons declared that this

ns n w n e r s co e t they ould ev give , not to ave them

r m r s elves f o all pe i s hing together in one day .

rs f rw r 1 1 R r r f Ten yea a te a ds , in 39 , icha d e used his ass ent to the p etitions o f the Commons that the s ons o f s erfs s hould not be allowed to frequent

rs s o r f rfs the Unive itie , that ugitive se should be seized w ithout regard to the freedom o f the city A o r borough where they w ere harbou red . lthough r r m w r o f m ejected by Pa lia ent , the o k e ancipation w r f rw r w ent apidly o a d ; and , though still ackno law n w as s r ledged by the , ville age ilently d opp ing r rs out o f the life o f E ngland . In the late yea “ o f E dward the Thi rd w e find villein - tenants by ” 1 r o f r copy o f cou rt roll . In the eign Hen y the “ ” 2 r are s r Fou th they called tenant by the ve ge,

r n o f E w r r S ir R rt but in the eig d a d the Fou th, obe

f s of mm s Danby, Chie Ju tice the Co on Plea , and

his s s r S ir m r f rw r s ucces o , Tho as B ian , a te a d laid “ w — r s m do n , that the copy holde doing his cu to s s r s if ut his r and e vice , should , p out by lo d , hav e

1 2 L ittleton Tenants er le v e e 1 H en. IV. . , 73 . p rg , 4 34 er dom n E n an 1 A dolition of S f i gl d. 75

” 1 s ss him u an action o f tre p a against . Th s dis

his rf fr r tinctly establishing pe ect eedom. The th ee v olumes of the Paston L etters extend from 1 42 2

o 1 m rs o f t 509, and contain , a ong the lette , leases

s o f r s r s r r o f land , account ents , di t aint , epo ts s w r s o r b ff w s m rr te a d aili s , ill , and a iage settle ments yet in none o f them can w e find a s ingle m o f o r m o r ention , allusion to, any bond an , villein ,

rf rs . r are s to se , as a living pe on The e bequest

r m f m m o f se vants, ale and e ale, but no ention

m o f manumission . The ention the w itnesses in ’ “ the case o f S ir John F asto lf s w ill being o f free ” “ c s ws t o f r ondition , ho tha the idea se vile con d was fr s m s o f o r ition e h in the ind the people, at 2 ir was any rate o f the law . S John Paston accused o f having had a serf for his grandfather ; but he r f r E w r r p oved , be o e d a d the Fou th in Council , that his ances tors had been gentlemen s ince the “ s his m r b Conque t , and that othe possessed ond men w r m , hose ancesto s have been bond en to the ancestors o f the s aid John Paston sithen the time ’ ” 3 that no man s mind is to the contrary G randis s o f E r who 1 6 m ei son , Bi hop xete , died in 3 9 , e an

1 ’ R eev es H istor o E n lislt L aw ii 6 . y f g , . p . 5 5 2 We take at random fiv e specimens of these witnesses John

Dawson husbandman a riculto r literatus liberae conditionis. , ( g ) , ,

ohn G rd n e a coo illiterate and of free condition. J y y g , k , , R obert In b s o f L ondon entleman illiterate and of free con g y , g , ,

dition. Henr Clar e of Blo wfield husbandman illiterate and y k , , , f free c n i n nd o o d tio . ohn Tov o f aistor a ricultor literatus a J y C , g , , ’ of free on i n c d tio . His mother was S ir J ohn s washerwoman.

v ol . ii. It is ri n man the ( p. cu ous that while the ge tle and coo can neither read norwrite two out of three of the husbandmen k , 3 are lettered ersons. Vol ii 2 8 1 p . . p . . 1 6 A oolition o S er dom in E n an 7 f f gl d.

rfs who w r cus tu mariz p ated all his se , e e ( ) holders o f f r o f his m r o f a e ling land , on ano O tte ry f M ar . R s rs o s ff r S t. y The egi te Bi hop S ta o d contain r rs o f m m r fr m 1 0 five cha te anu ission , anging o 4 5 to 1 1 8 r s o f r r 4 , that is , in the eign Hen y the Fou th and

who w as Chief ustice f f . L o th e o Fi th ittleton , J C m

mon r E w r r w s Pleas unde d a d the Fou th , and ho e n s r w w decisio s have till g eat eight , lays do n the

law as r about villenage , both to the tenu e and as

rs s o f s s s to the pe on villein , as an exi ting in titution . m o f R r r In the ti e icha d the Thi d , one John Huston , b rought an action again s t the Bi shop o f E ly fo r i r claiming h m to be his villein . In the eign o f

r S f s F row ike Hen y the eventh, Chie Ju tice gave a r w w w as eading u pon villenage, hich sho ed that it

r s not then obsolete . In anothe ca e it w as held that if the lord granted the villein a lease for

r o r f r was eu even one yea hal a yea , the villein fr r E anchised . Hen y the ighth executed at Knoll a deed o f manumission et ab omni j ugo s erv itu tis liberasse r r o f to Hen y Knight , a tailo , S toke m r w E r o f m Cli sland , Co n all , and John le, the sa e ” 1 r s p a i h .

1 E r mm s In 5 74, lizabeth g anted a co i sion to

W m L r r r s r r illia Cecil , o d Bu ghley, the High T ea u e , and S ir Walter Mildmay Chancellor o f the E x “ r admitte R cheque , to accepte, , and eceive to be M anu m s ed E nfranchesed m r s u cche y , , and ade F ee, and s o many of our Bondmen and Bondwomen in w r r r Blood , ith all and eve y thei child en and S e uelism theire L m q , Goodes, andes, Tene ents and

1 R mer F ad iii 0 y , . x . p . 47 .

1 8 A eolition o S e m n E n n 7 f rfdo i gla d. the effect o f the abolition o f s e rfdom ? In the case “ o f thos e villein s who held thei r land by copy o f r R r m fr the Cou t oll , they had al eady beco e ee

s m r few o f s rf w r tenant . But co pa atively the e s e e

s and for r s m in this po ition ; , the e t , e ancipation , i fr r rs s r ndeed , eed thei pe on , but it did not secu e to n r them a s ingle rood o f la d . P obably this was not much felt at fi rst fo r the fifteenth centu ry was the o f E s r r M r golden age the ngli h labou e , though . R ogers s ays that he los t in the s ixteenth all that

two r r s he had gained in the p eceding centu ie . The S tatute o f L abou rers laid dow n that any villein unemployed could be taken and p u t to labou r by o f u t . r any one , on pain being p in gaol Unde R ichard the S econd no s ervant could dep art out o f r w r w w m the hund ed he e he d elt ithout a testi onial ,

f o f s m and , in de ault uch testi onial giving the causes o f his w r o f his r r w as ande ing and the date etu n , he to be pu t in the s tock s till he gave secu rity to

i No o f r s ex who r r h s s r . etu n to e vice child eithe , had been employed in hu s band ry u p to twelve years o f age might be app renticed to any other craft and no child could be app renticed unless his

f 2 3 r o r her f r o 0 . athe had land to the value a yea , 1 s s o f attes ted by two Ju tice the Peace . In the eleventh year o f Hen ry the S eventh it was enacted

b s s rs that vaga onds, and idle and u p ected p e ons , s hould be set in the s tock s three days and three

s s r w r nights , be u tained only on b ead and ate , and

u t o f w w f rf r o f 1 8 then p out the to n , ith a o eitu e . on 2 s who m m r I 0 u r r tho e gave the o e . In 5 3 nde Hen y

1 R eev es o . cit 11 6 . l b iii. 1 . , p . . 4 5 . 34 ti n o S e dom in E n an 1 A boli o f rf gl d. 79 t he E was ighth , a vagabond taken begging at the fi rst time to be w hipped out o f the p lace at the end -o f a cart until his body w as bloody : and he w as to take an oath to retu rn to the place w here he w as

r r man s b r r . o n , and the e labou as a t ue ought Tho e found a second time in a state o f vagrancy were

n be w r rt o t only to hipped , but to have the u ppe p a F or o f the gristle o f the right ear clean cut o ff. a third offence he was to be committed to p rison

b s fo r w r y a Ju tice , and then indicted ande ing and l r if f u w as s ff r oite ing ; and ound g ilty , he to u e death as a felon and enemy o f the common ” 1 w ealth . E ven these s avage law s failed to s upp res s v a grancy and the clique that gove rned E ngland in he m o f E w r S I s t na e d a d the ixth , in 547 , p a sed a “ l aw r m o f w m r s , the p ea ble hich la ents the inc ea e o f r m be m r vagabonds , and decla es the to o e in ” m r r r s to nu be than in othe egion , and then goes on

(o rdain

an rs n ma r n s n d w a That ype o y app ehe d tho e livi g i ly , an r n and er n w h m m n n de i g loit i g about it out e ploy e t, bei g r n s ou t of or the like and r n h m f r se va t place, a b i g t e be o e wo s s who r f two w n sses or con t Ju tice , , upon p oo by it e fession of the ar w r h ffend r to be p ty, e e to adjudge suc o e a nd and to s him to m r d w h a vag bo , cau e be a ke ith a ot r on r s w mar of V and d him i on the b ea t ith the k , a judge to be a slave to the person who brought him and pre n him and his rs for tw o rs. se ted , to executo , yea The rs n was to k him n r d w r or sm r n pe o eep upo b ea , ate , all d i k, and r f s m and s him w r a n e u e eat, cau e to o k, by be ti g,

1 iii 2 2 0 . pp . 59, 6 . . o lit on o er d m in E n an 1 8 0 A o i f S f o gl d.

n n or o h rw s in an w r or r he s d chai i g, t e i e, y o k labou plea e , r If s h s a a s n d h mse f fr m be it eve so vile . uc l ve b e te i l o his mas er w h n the two ears for s e o f fo r een t it i y , the pac u t da s h n he was to d d ed two s es to y , t e be a ju g by Ju tic be m r ed o n the foreh ad or the a of th e he w h a a k e , b ll c ek , it h ot r n w h the s n of an S and far h r ad ud ed to i o it ig , t e j g be a slave to his master for ev er ; and if he run away a h m f n n r s nd me e was to be de ed . A e s n eco ti , e a elo y p o to wh m man was ad d ed a s v had a h r o a ju g la e, ut o ity to

u t r n of r n a o his ne arm or le . An p a i g i o b ut ck , , g y h d o f the a e o f fiv e ears and nd r fo r een wan c il g y , u e u t , d r n w h or w ho s h v a onds m h a n e i g it it ut uc ag b , ig t be t ke , and adjudged by a Ju stice to be serv ant or apprentice to the a r hender wen ears of a e if f ma pp e till t ty y g , a e le, and twenty-four if a man- child ; the child to be treated as s and n shed w h r ns or o h rw se if he a lave, pu i it i o t e i , Th mas er m h ass n an r n f r run away . e t ig t ig d t a s e such 1 a s f r the wh e or an ar o f he r m sl ve o ol y p t t i ti e .

Thi s is p erhap s the mos t at rociou s law that eve r

s r S - B o f r s n r di g aced the tatute ook a Ch i tia count y,

is m s w as s and it so e con olation to kno , Black tone “ s s r o f n no t tell us , that the p i it the natio could

r s m s n b ook thi condition , even in the o t aba doned r s r f r s S w as r ogue , and the e o e thi tatute epealed in tw o years The S tatute o f Hen ry the

r r E ighth w as sub s tituted fo it . In the eign o f

E s r w s o f s m r Queen lizabeth , eve al la a i ila kind w r ss S ir m s S m s r e e pa ed . Tho a ith give the p actical scop e o f them in thes e w ord s :

And if an n man nmarr w h s r y you g u ied be it out e vice, h m e d to et him a m s er wh m h he s all be co p lle g a t , o e m s r for h eare or s he sh n sh u st e ve t at y , el e all be pu i ed

1 2 v i iii 2 mm nt k i R ee es o . c t. . 6 6 . Co e b . c 1 , p 4 , 4 3 . . . 4 .

t n n E n an 1 8 2 A ooli io of S erfdom i gl d.

to k n se s r of L n s f the be ta e by i u e the a d it el , by K n and L rds of the fee as to h f the r s the i g o , al p ofit , till s s and L ds w r res r d B h s m ns Hou e an e e to e . y t i ea the h ses n u did of n ss nf r Dw r ou bei g kept p, ece ity e o ce a elle ; and the p roportion o f L and for occupation being kept u of n ss nf r w r not to p, did ece ity e o ce that d elle be a B r or r man of s m s s an h t egga Cottage , but a o e ub t ce, t a m h nds and S r n s and set the on ig t keep Hi e va t , Plough 1 go ing.

’ Bacon s idea w as that it was mos t i mp o rtant to

u E n m r as m keep p the glish yeo an y , the ain f rm F o r s s r s trength o the a y . he ay p esently

T o m e o d nfa r r r men r d not in ak g o I nt y it equi eth b e , s r or nd n f sh n in s m fr and en fu a e vile i ige t a io , but o e ee pl ti l m nn r er f r if a S a run mos to N m n a e . Th e o e t te t oble e and n men and ha the s an m n and h Ge tle , t t Hu b d e Ploug men be as he r wor - fo s and a o rers or se but t i k lk l b u , el m r rs wh h are ho sed Be ars ou ma ee Cottage ( ic but u gg ) , y y h od a a r n er d s a e ands of F ave a go C v l y, but ev goo t bl b oot

Thi s p ass age s hows that land w as falli ng out o f

r w as f cultivation , that the e a di ficulty in keep ing u f rms o f w r s m re n p the a t enty ac e and o , o ce held no w s as r o f the in villenage , but enclo ed pa t

r r s had domain o f the lo d . That the cottage cla s r r r s o f fo r r o wn no longe thei five ac e land thei use, “ s rs r but were mere hou ed begga . The poo had r s s al ready begun to d i ft into the tow n . The di so lutio n o f the monas teries by Hen ry the E ighth must w n hav e aggravated thes e evil s enormou s ly . God i

s o f s s o f s m r m s r ays the di olution the alle ona te ies,

1 H t r o H nr v n Edit 1 6 6 . is o e Me S e e M . . y f y , pp . 43 , 44 7 A oolition o S er dom in E n and 1 f f gl . 8 3

These things of themselves were distasteful to the r s r E h one did as wer m share i vulga o t. ac it e clai a n h h h r h But the mm t e goods of t e C u c . co iserati on of so man to the n m r of at e s ten ho y people, u be l a t t u san who wer w an w rn n en hr s ou t of d, e, ithout y a i g giv , t u t d rs and o mm d to the m r of the w r d was a oo c itte e cy o l , n r a 1 more forcibl e cau se of ge e al di st ste .

It is very doubtful whether even the copy holders on the abbey lands could make good thei r “ ” ms ss r s rfs f ms s fr clai , and the le e e ound the elve ee

fr m s rf m fr m indeed o e do , but ejected o the land on w r f r f rs r hich thei o e athe had lived , and handed ove to the tender mercies o f the greedy cou rtiers o f

r o r r o f s w ~ f n Hen y, to the ope ation tho e ne a gled r law s which p uni shed p overty as a c ri me . F oude s how s that unde r E d wa rd the S ixth thes e evils n r became w o rs e a d wo se .

L eases as they fell in could not obtain renewal ; the

-ho er wh s f rm had en h e d his f re copy ld , o e a be l by o fathers so l ong that cu stom seemed to have made it his own f nd his nes or his r n dru ed o r ms f , ou fi e t qua pl , hi el w Th A ct nst th n ithout alternative expelled . e agai e pulli g down of farmhouses had been evaded by the repai r of a room which might be o ccupied by a shepherd ; a s ingle furrow would be driven across a meadow of a h ndr d r r h i s to e t was s n e r . u e ac e , p ov t at till u d the plough The highways and the villages were covered with forlorn and o s f m s now r d d to r who had utca t a ilie , e uce begga y, been the occupi ers of comfortable holdi ngs ; and thou s n s of d s ss ss d nan s made h r wa to L n n a d i po e e te t t ei y o do , clamou ring in the midst o f their starvi ng children at the

1 i A nnals . . Ed t. 1 . , p 84 6 7 5 A éolition o S e dom in E n an 1 84 f rf gl d. doors o f the c ou rts of law for redress which they could 1 not obtain.

M r r R o rs f r r w n s r . Tho old ge , a te evie i g the hi to y o f s s ix n r rs s s his the la t hu d ed yea , ay , that to “ m E w as its w s r ind , ngland at lo e t deg adation du ring the twenty yea rs w hich inte rvened betw een the d e s t ruction o f the monas te ries and the resto ” 2 rr n rati o n o f the cu e cy . Thu s the i mmediate con sequence o f the abolition o f n o r s rf m in E s m as ville age e do ngland , ina uch the emancipated s e rf w as ejected from his holding

n w as r o f fr f on the la d , the c eation that ight ul

m n o f r s m w is s r a ou t pau pe i , hich at once the di g ace

r o f r s E m r and dange the B iti h p i e .

W e r E r hen H n y the ighth , and the gua dians o f E w r S r r d a d the ixth had dest oyed , unde the

r o f s rs s s s p etext u pe titiou u e , all the institutions by w hich p ov e rty had hitherto been relieved in E n n w as f n n s r r m gla d , it ou d eces a y to p ovide so e

A r w e s r s s s . S ub titute cco dingly, find eve al tatute o f n E r s Quee lizabeth , e ulting at length in that r S o f 1 6 00 w r celeb ated tatute , hich di ected the ” m o f rs rs o f r w r appoint ent ove ee the poo , and o k hou s es fo r each p ari s h o r di s trict ; and authorized them to ass ess the inhabitants fo r the maintenance “ o f m m the la e , i p otent , old , and blind , and such o ther among them being poor and not able to

A ct f o f o ur r w r . s o k Thi , the oundation p esent m of s r L w r m u . Poo a s , is va iously esti ated by any

R rs s M r. T . oge say

1 1’ ’ stor v 1 1 2 W rk nd k a es . Hi y, . p . . o a l g , p . 574

E E L CTUR V .

SL AVE R Y I N BR ITISH C O L O N IES .

“ A L TH O GH as B s s law o f U , lack tone say , the

E rs and w no t n r s ngland abho , ill e du e the exi tence of slav e ry w ithin this nation and now it laid

w s v o r r s do n , that a la e neg o , the in tant he lands ” 1 E m s fr m in ngland , beco e a ee an ; yet at the

m s w r s - r w as ti e that Black tone ote, the lave t ade in r ma p racti s ed extensively B itish colonies . It y be w r fo r few w r s ell , the e e, to add a o d on the

E s s - r r ngli h lave t ade , and esp ecially on the t ans r p o rtatio n o f free B riti s h s ubjects into slave y . M r r E w r s in n i o f W . hen B yan d a d , the begi n ng

r s n r w r his H is to o Me Wes t the p e e t centu y, ote ry f “ I ndies n m s ad r t , he had to co te plate the p ospec o f reasonable beings (in the E ngli s h islands ” 2 n r only) in a s tate o f barbarity a d s lave y . r s u r r r in 1 2 The Po tugue e , nde P ince Hen y, 44 , commenced the t raffic in n e gro es th rough Gons alez r n as r o f r s m for s m M r s eceivi g, p a t the an o o e oo i h

n is r m s m r s rs te . H p i one , blacks count y en , ti ulated

his s s s n m r s s s for by ucce , fitted out u e ou hip the s m r f in 1 8 1 f r o n the a e t a fic , and 4 they built a o t o f L r Gold Coast , and the King took the title o d

1 2 mm nt k i it ii . Co e b . c 1 . O c . . . . 4 p . . . p 39 ' av er in B ritts/z o onies 1 S l y C l . 8 7

f 1 1 r s f r o G . uinea In 5 7 , Cha le the Fi th g anted a p atent to certain p erson s for the exclu s ive s upp ly o f r s to s neg oe annually Hi p aniola , Cuba , m m r R . as Ja aica, and Po to ico The li itation to n u mber was due to the s ugges tion o f the cele brated L as s s w r r r fo r Ca a , hose bitte eg et having in any w ay contributed to the en s lavement o f the negroes has been ably p roved by S ir A rthu r 1 H elp s . The fi rst E ngli s hman to engage in the slave

r was r s b r S ir t ade the noto iou uccanee , John “ w s who his s s r Ha kin , , in voyage , di cove ed that

r s w r r m r neg oe e e ve y good e chandize in Hisp aniola , and that lots o f negroes might eas ily be had on the coas t o f Guiney ; he res olved to make t rial ” r f 1 6 2 s fo r S rr L the eo , and in 5 ailed ie a eone, w r s ss ss r he e he oon got p o e ion , pa tly by the

w r r r m s o f 00 r s o d , and p a tly by othe ean , 3 neg oes , w m s s and m ho he old in Hi paniola, ca e back w s s E w as ell ati fied w ith his succes s . lizabeth

r s r r r eage to ha e in so luc ative a t ade, and appointed Hawkin s to the command o f a naval

r w fr m m 1 6 squad on , hich sailed o Ply outh in 5 4,

s n r M r E w r on the ame efa io u sie rrand . d a ds justly “ s him r r call a mu de re and a robber.

1 6 1 8 m s r r In , King Ja e the Fi st g anted an exclu s ive charter to S ir R obe rt R ich and others fo r rai s ing a joint s tock fo r a t rade to Guinea ;

r s rs r r r 1 6 1 and Cha le the Fi t e ected by cha te , in 3 , a s econd Company to enjoy the sole t rade fo r

- r rs . In 1 6 6 2 r m was thi ty one yea , a thi d Co pany

1 L i e o L as Casas re face . iii f f , P , p x . er 1 8 8 S lav y in B ritisk Colonies .

r r r S w inco po ated by Cha les the econd , ith his

r r o f r o f b othe the Duke Yo k at the head it , to s u pply o u r West Indian p lantation s w ith r f r . 1 6 2 neg oes annually In 7 , the ou th and last “ ” m R A fr m Co pany , called the oyal ican Co pany, w as s s r s r n e tabli hed , unde the highe t p at o age, and

r s v o f r expo ted good to the alue a yea .

A f r R o f 1 6 8 8 s m m te the evolution , thi Co pany ca e

r w as r w to an end , and the t ade th o n open . The B riti s h monopoly in the slave - t rade p as s ed through

r s s s o f r s r f r va iou pha e p o p e ity and ailu e ; and , in 1 1 1 2 s fr m L r L r l 7 7 , 9 ship o ive pool , ondon , B isto , and L ancas ter t ran s ported negroes from

fr s m r s A ica to the colonie . The total nu be o f laves

r r r s r t anspo ted by the B iti h , F ench , Dutch , Danes , r s m w M r E w r and Po tugue e at the ti e hen . d a ds

is r n composed h wo k w as annually. O M r 2 1 80 R ss was a ch 5 , 7 , the oyal a ent given to the

A ct fo r A o f S - r r the bolition the lave T ade, th ough

r r ff r o f M r W rf r the p e seve ing e o ts . ilbe o ce . But it was not until 1 8 3 3 that the A ct fo r the E manei

atio n o f s r s rr r was s p all laves in B iti h te ito y p as ed , with an indemnity o f to the slave pro r p rieto s .

r w r r o f r The e is, ho eve , anothe phase B itish s r w m m r w lave y, hich co es o e distinctly ithin the

o f s w r o f r r scope thi o k than that neg o slave y, i z . f r v r w s . Mr. u , the t a fic in hite slave F o de gives p roof o f a s ale o f S paniards at Dover in 1 57 1

x r r n r s was w n s The e t ao di a y pectacle actually it e sed, of Spanish gentlemen being disposed of openly in Dover

' S av er in B ritts/t o onies 1 90 l y C l .

are b the erse r if r s s h r m is beaten y ov e ; they e i t, t ei ti e h se n an o rs r ser n doubled . I ave e ve ee beat a va t with n the e the o d has f w d for a ca e about h ad, till bl o ollo e , a fault that is not worth the speaking of and yet h e

m s h e en or w rs w f ow. r h u t av pati ce, o e ill oll T uly, I ave s n s h r e h re d n to ser n s as did not ee uc c u lty t e o e va t , I h n n hr s n h d n t n r t i k o e C i tia could ave o e o a othe . (O p .

C1t : ' Pp 43 ,

L s s r w s w M r. igon tell a to y hich ho s that this

r w as m r m m s r se vitude not e ely an allot ent to a a te , “ ” s rv m r r but the e ants actually beca e his p op e ty, m s o that he could sell the again .

There was a planter in the island that came to his “ n h o r and s d to him : N r h r ou eig b u , ai eighbou , I ea y have lately bought good store of servants out of the las t h ha am fr m En nd and r w h s ip t t c e o gla , I hea it al , that ha r n you want provisions. I ve g eat wa t of a woman serv n and w d d to m an h n if a t, oul be gla ake exc a ge ; ’ ou w me h s m of r wom n s sh y ill let ave o e you a fle , you ’ ” m f m s r shall have so e o y hog flesh. S o the p ice was ’ set r nd for the s s and S a g oat a pou hog fle h, ixpence ’

for the w m n s es . The s s w r set u o a fl h cale e e p, and the n r had a m d was extream fat lasie and pla te ai that , , good h r n m was H ono Th man r for nothing; e a e r. e b ought ' r fat sow and ut in one s and H onor was a g eat , p it cale, put in the other ; but when he saw how much the maid o w h his sow r off r n and w ut eig ed , he b oke the ba gai , ould h s h s as h s ma s m not go on. T ough uc a ca e t i y eldo ’ h en et tis an rd n r h n h r s r app , y o i a y t i g, t e e, to ell thei servants to one another for the time they have to serve ; and in exchange receive any commodities that are in Ib d i . the island. ( . p ' r i B ritts/i e S lav e y n Coloni s . 1 9 1

These pas s ages s how only too clearly w hat was the f w f s ate that a aited not only elon , but those who w ere shipped out to the p lantations as “ ” s o f s w ho w no w s ervants . In the ca e tho e ould

’ e r rs rm o f r b called political p isone , the te five yea s w as as w s r s ervice extended indefinitely, ill ho tly

be s een . ’ r ur s s L b The e is a c ious pa age in igon s ook, w hich s hows that some remnant o f the old Catholic i ris s m o f dea that Ch tian could not be ade slaves ,

rs A s still remained among these p lante . lave to w hom L igon had explained a compass w as s o impres sed w ith his s u p erio r knowledge that he declared his intention o f becoming a Christian ;

for r s w as be he thought to be a Ch i tian , to ” w w s w endowed ith all those kno ledge he anted .

I promised to do my best endeavour ; and when I m m s to the m r of the n n ca e ho e poke aste pla tatio , and told him that poor Sambo desired much to be a But his nsw r was the o f Chri stian . a e , that people that isl n w r rn d the ws of En nd and a d e e gove e by la gla , by ws we not m hr s an s I those la could ake a C i ti a lave. him m r s was far d ff r n fr m for told y eque t i e e t o that, I him to m s a hr n His ns r desired ake a l ve a C istia . a we as h was r h r was r ffer n in h w , t at it t ue t e e a g eat di e ce t at n n r s n no m r but bei g o ce a Ch i tia , he could o e account him and so s had of m as a slave, lo e the hold they the s s m n m hr s ns and h m ns lave , by aki g the C i tia ; by t at ea should open such a gap as all the planters in the i sland m o was s r m an r w rs hi . S d ould cu e I t uck ute, poo m out of the r as n n s as n s Sa bo kept Chu ch, i ge iou , ho e t, and as good a natured poor soul as ever wore black or d Ibi . . eat green. ( p 1 2 S av er in E ritisk o onies 9 l y C l .

This s c ruple as to holdi ng Ch ri s tians in s lave ry

s s m s r r s who doe not ee to have di tu bed the Pu itan ,

r r r s as r s n p obably did not ega d Catholic Ch i tia s .

A n m w s w how s r exa ple, hich ho s little c u ple thes e planters had in making s laves o f free s has in m s f rm native , been given , an e belli hed o , in the eleventh nu mber o f l e Spectator by S ir ’ R r L s r is icha d S teele . igon o iginal as fo llow s

As for the nd ns we h few and s f I ia , ave but , tho e etcht fr m the ne h r n s nds s m fr m the m n o ig bou i g i la , o e o ai , W ha n n wh h we ma s a s. e d a d n w m n ic ke l ve I ia o a , s in the h se who was of e n sh e and a lave ou , exc lle t ap

r for was re r h ba . The nd n colou , it a pu b ig t y I ia

dw n n r the sea- oas n the ma n nd an elli g ea c t, upo i [la ], E n sh sh ut n ba and s n som of h r m n gli ip p i to a y, e t e e e ash oar to tr wha s or w er h o d find , y t victual at t ey c ul , f r in m s r h r But th n n o so e di t ess t ey we e . e I dia s per c eiv in h m to o u so far n the n r as h g t e g p i to cou t y, t ey w r s r h d not ma a safe r r a nter e e e u e t ey coul ke et e t, i c pted m in h r r rn and fe th m h s n he the t ei etu , ll upon e , c a i g t m n o wo d and n d s rsed h re some w re i t a o , bei g i pe t e , e m But a n man am n taken and so e kill ed. you g o gst h m s r n fr m the r s was met h s nd n t e , t aggli g o e t, by t i I ia m d who n rs s h f in w him ai , upo the fi t ig t ell love ith , and hid him close from her countrymen (the I ndians) in e and h r fed him h d s f o dow a cav , t e e , till t ey coul a ely g n shoar wher the sh n h r e n to the , e ip lay at a c o , exp cti g r n But at as s n th r rn of h r f e ds . m e etu t ei i l t, eei g the

n the shoar sen the on - o for h m and r h upo , t l gb at t e , b oug t h h wh n h m ashoar in h m awa . But t e o e t e y y ut , e ca e the B r d s f r the ndn ss of the o r m d a ba oe , o got ki e p o ai , had n r d her f for his s f and s d her that ve tu e li e a ety, ol fr rn s h And so r for s a who was as a e. a l ve, ee bo poo h I r for her s er r . bid. . Ya ico, love, lo t libe ty ( pp 5 4,

1 S av er in E ritisk o oni 94 l y C l es.

the expedient o f allow ing the chieftain s to ex p a r ms s w r m r o f f w r t iate the elve ith a ce tain nu be ollo e s .

n i - f A r S r Wm. r r cco di g to Petty, thi ty ou thousand

f rs me n e rilis ted rm s o f r n o fice and in the a ie F a ce , 1 S A r r o f . r pain , ust ia, and the ep ublic Venice Thei wives and child ren w ere next to be disposed o f ; and the s ame author tell s us that not less than six thou sand boys and women w ere t ransported W s w r L s s w r to the est Indie , he e ynch ay they e e

is r s are sold fo r s laves . H wo d

They sent away to the most remote part of the I ndies m n dro s of old men and o hs as mu d a y ve y ut , a v t ltitu e f r ns and ma r ns ha the form r m ass r o vi gi t o , t t e ight p thei

v s in h rd s r and the a er ma n n h ms s li e a lave y, l tt i tai t e elve n M n r s s m st ev en by their o wn prostitutio . a y p ie t ( y ee) are sen aw to the s ands of the nd es ha t ay i l I i , t t they m h be so d a on and set to the m s ig t l by ucti , be o t 2 r f n m o in w st n a o deg ading o fices a d e pl yed t i i g tob cc . ha n r n a n The number of exiles s eve bee scertai ed. After thi s drain the morality of the I rish peopl e was protected by the following articl e of the I rish R epublican “ mm ss o ners : ha r sh women as e n too Co i i T t I i , b i g n mero s now so d to mer h n s and rans r d u u , be l c a t , t po te to V r n a N ew En and am or oth r n r s . i gi i , gl , J aica, e cou t ie , h ma r hems s h r a r where t ey y suppo t t elve by t ei l bou .

r er . (Po t , p

1 P olitical A natom o Ireland . 1 . y f , p 3 3 2 Cam/Jrensis E v ersu s . Gratianus L u cius L nch ublished By ( y ) . P h l i 66 2 and dedicated to C ar es the S econd. R e rinted b the n 1 , p y

l ic ociet The abov e assa es will be found in v ol . iii. . Ce t S y. p g pp 1 1 8 2 , 98 . 3 b Edito r R v i v l i 2 . Note e M atth w l O . c t. o . . . . e el p p 4 y , K y, “ wh o sa s in anothe r note . 6 2 that he heard fro m a erson y , p , p who in he West Indie in 1 800 that the Irish lan e was t s , guag ” w nl o en in he island of Mon rr t as then commo y sp k t tse a . r n E rit k e 1 S lav e y i is Coloni s . 95

The E ditor quotes a letter on the state o f I reland — 1 6 2 1 6 6 r S . ( 5 5 ) by Fathe Quin , J

' Whole cargoes of p oor Catholics are shipped to B r do s and the s ands of Am r h h s a ba e i l e ica, t at t u s tho e whom shame pre v ents from being murdered by the sword may fall u nder the doom of perpetual banish

men . S x sand h n r d n t i ty thou , I t i k, have al ea y bee shipped ; the wives and children of those who were banished in the beginning to Spain and Belgium are now n n 1 se te ced to be transported to America.

It is mos t difficult to get authentic information

s f r . Mr M r about the e un o tunate exiles . au ice L enihan s ays

’ F a her O H arte an who r h to L mer t g , b oug t i ick the s andards a n O wen R oe had n the a en of t t ke by , bee g t h nf ra n at h r f F ran W t e C o ede tio t e Cou t o ce. e now n h n of F a h r H arte an the e r 1 6 0 k ot i g t e g till y a 5 , hen r hm n i t K w s e s d as s es n S . s and I i , ol lav itt f r r hr the d o n n s and e on d o s . o a j i i g i l , p titi e a p ie t T ugh the Adm ra da P oenr the on was d in i l y, petiti place ’ h n L m r h r Har e an s ds. was es Fat e t g a He a i e ick J uit. n r h m f ar fr m ur w H e o e ed s and d s d o . v lu t e i el , i appe e o vie As he s o e r sh En sh and F r n h he was r p k I i , gli , e c , ve y fit for ha m ss on wh h was w s s d w h r s t t i i , ic al ay upplie it I i h Jesui ts from L imerick for more than a hundred years is h h h h r H ar an m afterwards. It t oug t t at Fat e teg assu ed the name of De Stritch to n m ra to , avoid givi g u b ge the En sh for in the r 1 6 0 rd n to rs gli ; , yea 5 , acco i g lette wr t en rs af r the n an r sh F r i t five yea te petitio , I i athe De Stritch was welcomed and bl essed by the I rish of K t s h ard th nf n f hr S t. e ss s o s n f i t , e co e io t ee thou a d o hem th wen d s s d as m r m r h n t , en t i gui e a ti be e c a t to M on serr m e n m rs of r sh as w d rs t at, e ploy d u be I i oo cutte ,

1 11nd 8 2 . p . . 1 96 S lav ery in E rztisk Colonies . re d his r e hara r to h m and s en the veale t u c cte t e , p t m rn n s m n h h o i g ad i istering t e sacraments and t e day in. h w n 1 Wo d to hr w d s in the s of the E n sh. e i g o , t o u t eye gli

The s ame w riter add s

B f re we the r sh s s we ma sa on e o leave I i lave , y y e w r m r h r In 1 6 F a r d o e e r m ss n es . o about t i i io a i 99, the ar l r in h nd f Mar n G ane S . . S r t e s o g , J , upe io i la ti ique, asked for one or two I rish Fathers for that and the n h r n s ands wh w r f of r sh for eig bou i g i l , ich e e ull I i ; , on n es r e r s ads of men s and c ti u he, eve y y a hiplo , boy , r s ar r m d r rr d off m n for gi l , p tly c i pe , pa tly ca ie by ai ce for r os s of s v ra are on ed the E n s : pu p e la e t de, c vey by gli h r n 2 f om I rela d.

A r r r s Inns ruck ve y a e little book , p ubli hed at p M M r s in s M . 1 6 . . O . in 5 9 , by F o i on , , state

Besides those whom they slew after a treaty had en n red n and mn s rom s d h s nt be e te upo a e ty p i e , t ey e i nto perpetual e xile men and women from divers 3 h n d m to ff r n n r f th w r d parts of t e ki g o di e e t cou t ies o e o l . An 1 6 m se f saw h n s law rr d out . s 5 7 , I y l t i i iquitou ca ie into iniquitou s e x ecution in the city of L imerick in r nd nr n s ern r of the s me I ela , by He y I gold by, Gov o a A r n n n m of Thomond n med city. ce tai oble ge tle an , a D n onn r was s of h r o r n r s in a iel C e y, accu ed a b u i g a p ie t his hou se and convicted on his own confession (although th r s had s f - n fr m th o rn r h ms f e p ie t a e co duct o e G ve o i el ) , a r f And n as he s d out nd d d o . ecla e guilty death the ai ,

1 2 im rick B M auri nihan E Ibid 6 L e . ce L e s . 668 . . . 6 . y , q , p . p 9 3 - k Tlz renodia H iberno Catlzolica . 1 6 . The co of this wor , p py in the Grenv ille L ibrar of the British M useum has the followin y , g ’ “ note in Thomas G renv ille s own handwriting: I hav e not been able to trace any other copy ; probably few if any copies from ” Inns ruck were circulated in this r The boo onl p count y. k y co n 2 e of lar e rint 1 m ntai s 7 pag s g p , 8 o.

' 1 8 S av er in B ritts/z o n 9 l y C lo ies .

to omm nd theire s r sha to the u tmoste c a tay hea e, I ll oss of m n s to se r to kee e h m p ibility ea e be u d, labou p t e ’ 1 w us in rs n of r hi hn s mman ith pu ua ce you g e co ds.

r r mw M r- r o f r Hen y C o ell , ajo Gene al the Fo ces r wr s Thu rlo e S m r 1 1 1 6 in I eland , ite to , epte be , 5 5

r e rs of th ns n and ou I ec ived you the 4 i ta t, give y m h r ama any t ankes for you relation of J ica . I have endeavoured to mak e what improvement I could in the short time allotted me toucheing the furnishinge you w h recruite of men and s of o n e r s it a , a upply y u g I i h irl n nin h n w m h es . Co cer e t e n o g g you ge o e , alt ugh we m s u se for takein e h m u et n s u t ce in g t e p, y it bei g o m h for r wh o d and to of soe r uc thei o e g o e, likely be g eat n to the is not in the s do adva tage publique, it lea t ubted that you mayhave such number of them as v ou shall ? think e fitt to make u se uppon this account

A S m r 1 8 wr gain , on epte be th , he ites

I shall not need to repeate anythinge aboute the irles not n to answerr o r ex ectationes g , doubt i ge but y u p to the full in that ; and I think it might bee of like n e to r affa r s h ir and o rs h r if ou adva tag you i e t e , u ee , y should thinke fitt to send or younge boys of h f r m n n 1 2 or 1 4 yeares of age to t e place a o e e tio ed. W d w s r m and h w d of use to e coul ell pa e the , t ey oul be ou and who n ws h ma be m an s to y ; k o , but t at it y a e e

- 3 En sh men m n r her hr s an s. make them gli , I ea e at C i ti e

r hill S r r Thu rloe S m r L ord B og to ec eta y , epte be

1 8 th :

m n and m s ou m s de r wh ou F or wo e aid , y u t cla e at y h m on sh - or and wha h r nd ns will give t e ip b d, t t e co itio

1 2 Ilzi tat P a ers iv . . Ibid. . 2 . d. . 0. Thurloe, S e p , 7 p 3 p 4 1 S lav ery in E ritisk Colonies . 99

r m ar l u ma a w n h r. F o be eev e o sh ll be, he t e yp t, I y y et m n more out of r and han he r wh h h g a y I el t e , ich I t oug t 1 n o u f not impertinent to mi de y o .

mw 2 h hu rlo e w r s nr r S . t T ite to He y C o ell , ept 5

I returne your lordship most humbl e thanks for the letter I received from you touchingtransporting of I rish ? girles to Jamaica A gain he writes

I did hope to have giv en your lordship an account by thi s post of the bussines of causinge younge wenches and youths in I reland to be sent into the West-Indies ; n m hin s r d comittee of but I could ot ake t ge ea y . The the o ns h irles and as man hs c u ell ave voted g , y yout f h 3 k n u or r s &c. be ta e p t at pu po e,

r - r R n f r m Thi ty th ee oyalist aval o fice s co p lain , on m r 0 1 6 Dece be 3 , 5 5 ,

That those who usurp the present power in England most barbarou sly have sold and sent away many of those our friends (free-born subjects to the crown of England) for slaves into some of the foreign planta‘ 4 ns nder the r n w r c o s & . ti u p e e t po e ,

Thi s t ransporti ng o f free s ubjects into slavery s R s r n r fr m did not cea e at the e to atio , as appea s o e r o f r ar an l f G e . w as the l tte Fathe g In act, it r applied equally to all pe sons convicted . Thus, 1 666 in ,

The resolutions about the Scotch rebel s is to hang all m n s rs and ffi ers of the mm n s r one in n i i te o c ; co o o t, te is to e or for d to nfess n and the re be xecuted, ce co io , st an a n 5 sent to pl t tio s.

1 2 3 1‘ id 1 . 11nd Ib . . . . . Ibid. Ibid p 4 p 5 5 p . 75 . p . 360. 5 Calendar State a ers Colonial 1 66 1 2 P p , ( p . 43 . ' 2 av er n B r t s/t n e 00 S l y i i t Colo i s .

S m s r s r 1 66 o e ob e vation on Ba badoes in 7 , note that the re are

Not v 6 0 o ns dera r r rs and abo e 7 c i ble p op ieto , ffe v e men of wh h two - h rds are of no re n e cti , ic t i putatio and e o r and er r a r r sh d r d littl c u age, a v y g e t pa t I i , e ide h ne r a wh a H a ns d m n by t e g oes s ite sl ves . s i pecte a y an a ns and s e n r or for En sh S p l t tio , e thi ty ty gli , cotch, and r sh wor in the ar h n su n w ho sh r I i at k p c i g , it ut i t, sho e or s o n and n ro s h r r d s in od , t cki g; eg e at t ei t a e , go ond on wh h the wh e ma end n r d for c iti ; by ic ol y be a ge e , now there are many thou sands o f slaves that s peak E n sh and if h re are m n ead n men s s in gli , t e a y l i g lave a an on e ma s wro h n to r pl tati , th y y be ea ily ug t upo bet ay it, s n th r m s f fr m 1 e pecially o e p o i e o eedo .

When the infamou s Judge Jeffreys held his ” Bloody A ssize after the s uppres sion o f Mon ’ m s r o f who outh ebellion , out those escaped the “ w s r w r gallo , above eight hund ed e e given to different pe rs ons to be trans po rted fo r ten years ” 2 s r to the Wes t Indies . The hi to ian says that

w r r rs m ith espect to p isone ade in the field , it was r m o f E m a gued [in the ti e lizabeth] that to the , as they might lawfully have been pu t to death on

s an f r o f m s the pot , y ate sho t death u t be con s idered a favou r: hence they w ere often tran s ferred

b f o r s r who m m y gi t ale to othe s , e ployed the as

s o r ru r m r fr m m laves , by c el t eat ent exto ted o the

A f rw r s o r r r r r s ms . thei elatives exo bitant an o te a d , w hen colonies had been es tabli shed in the Wes t

s s me n w r r India I land , these unhappy e e gene ally

s fo r r r r m old a high p ice to the p lante s , to se ve the

1 2 Ibid. an 1 66 . L in ard v ol. . . 1 8 1 . . 7 g , x p

' v er in B ritts/i o nies 2 0 2 S la y C lo .

m d and n ed an r a n law s or co plete e d ; y ba g i , , u age, s m in h s s and to the n r r in an w s not cu to t i i l co t a y, y i e, 1 withstanding.

Pitman at fi rs t b rought much gain to his master b his r f ss o n his r f s n r y p o e ion , but e u i g to p actise u r f nless he got bette ood than the slaves ,

My angry master could not content himself with the r ex on of his n n m h rms and ba e ecuti ca e upo y ead, a , a k h h he a ed so n h r n a f r o s b c , alt oug pl y lo g t e eo , like u i u f n er n he had s in es so e c , u til plit it piec ; but he al confined me close prisoner in the stocks (which stood in an n a sed to the s or h n he of ope pl ce) , expo c c i g at the sun wh r rem ned a o we ho rs n l m , e e I ai b ut t lve u , u ti y m s r ss mo d h r w h or shame or r for i t e , ve eit e it pity , gave de ? my release

’ Pitman s b rother died o f his hards hips ; but he

m f r s f r m r hi sel cont ived to e cap e , and , a te any hai

br s s E . eadth e cape , got back to ngland Hen ry and William Pitman both appear in the ” “ L s s o f R s as s i t convicted ebel , having been old ” s s o f r in B r s w s and di po ed he e a badoe , ith eventy

n s 6 8 . rs r r o f r E . 1 othe , by o de Geo ge Pe ne, q , 5 The

“ li s ts contain the names o f 7 9 2 p ers on s to be thus 3 s s of s m o f s o . di po ed , but o e the e died on the v yage

1 ' A R elation of Me Great S uj crings and S trange Adv entu res of n M H enr P itman Clz iru r eon to Me late D u ke i M o mou 1 68 . y , g f , 9 ’ — 8 0 . R e rinted in Arber s E n lisk Garner v o l . v ii. . p g , pp 33 34 2 I oid 6 . p . 34 . 3 — L is s 6 dited b . C . S ee Tlie Ori inal t &c . 1 00 1 00 . E g , , 7 y J “ — The Edito r sa s : It must no t be ima ined H otten . 1 . , pp 3 5 344 y g that the fo llo wing pages furnish by any m eans a complete list of the m ri a We learn incidentall that shi s e arly settlers in A e c . y p left En land almost dail fo r America but no records o f them g y , , ” rs r main Introd or of their passenge e . ( ) S lav ery in B ritts olonzes

’ There is no allusion in B ryan E dwa rds s tor of Me Wes t I ndies to this reduction o f free B ritish subjects to s lavery ; but it is too w ell attested to be u r f r w e u r t do bted , and the e o e have tho ght it igh to inv estigate it in connection w ith the subject o f rf m Slavery and S e do . L E R E CTU VI .

THE A BO L ITIO N O F S E R F DO M I N E R E U O P .

IT s m m r n r ee ed o e co venient, in the fi st place, to r o f s rf m r s t ace the abolition e do in the B itish I les , w here it di s appeared long befo re it was abolished r E r r f r . r w in othe u opean count ies But , in o de to ollo

s w r r r s o f E r out the ubject ith ega d to the e t u ope , w e mu s t ret race o u r s teps and go back to the ninth

r r o f s rf r centu y , and ecall the condition the e s unde 1 r his s s r Cha lemagne and ucces o s .

We s aw how s rf r then a e , at any ate on the abbey

s m s m r o f mf r land , enjoyed uch the a e deg ee co o t, and m r s r ss as ate ial and p i itual happine , a tenant farmer under a good landlo rd does at the p res ent

. fr m day He could not be evicted o his holding, and he could appeal to custom for the maintenance

it m s f o f his p rivileges . But u t be con ess ed that much o f his happiness depended upon the di spo u f his r O n s itio o lo d . the abbey lands and on the royal domain s he w as comparatively s ecu re ; but not s o on the p roperty o f inferior and more

r r r o capriciou s lo ds . The cha tula y f the A bbey

r r s f r n s o f m s r o f S t. Be tin t ace the o tu e that ona te y

1 — S ee L ecture 11 . . 8 1 pp 73 .

2 6 A kolition o S e dom in E aro e 0 f rf y .

was w o f r m he taxable at the ill the lo d , and ight

s w r - was r r o f him be et to do any o k that equi ed . ’ r if m rr w r s rm s Thi dly , he a ied ithout his lo d pe is ion

r fr w m o r s rf o f r r eithe a ee o an the e anothe lo d ,

f rf his r o r a r o f he o eited tenu e , at le st a pa t it ,

s L s w w m . ithout any co pen ation a tly, hen he died , u nless he had relations living in the s ame house w him his rs n r r w his r ith , pe o al p ope ty as ell as tenu e i m r r h s r . s eve ted to lo d Cu to , especially on the r w r m s C o n and Chu ch lands , ade the e chains so light as to be hardly felt ; but it is easy to s ee h ow m m o f r they ight beco e , in the hands a ty an nical r s o f m r his s rfs lo d , the cau e infinite ise y to e . Thi s partly explain s how it came to pass that the

r w ho m s m r cle gy, ade little ha te to e ancipate thei o wn s rfs w r r e , e e diligent in inculcating on p inces and nobles the merit o f emancipation . The Kings o f r m n s F ance took the lead in the e a cipation , although there are few instances du ring the tenth and eleventh centu ries . r m w f r f w e F o the t el th centu y to the fi teenth, m m r s r r r o f m n eet w ith nu e ou oyal cha te s e a cip ation .

r fr s 1 2 s fs o f S t. s w r 1 The e Deni e e en anchi ed in 5 ,

s o f O r s in 1 1 8 0 o f A rr 1 2 2 o f tho e lean , uxe e in 3 ,

rm 1 2 s o f rr f S t. Ge ain in 50 ; tho e Pie e onds and Chatenay by Queen Blanche in the s ame thi rteenth r c s rfs r m s . entu y, and all the e in the oyal do ain on

rd o f 1 1 o f e 1 6 the 3 July, 3 5 , Dauphin in 3 7 , and in

r o r s rfs o f p a t f B ittany in 1 484. The e the Duke o f Bu rgu ndy w ere emancipated in the twel fth

r s rfs m s o f centu y. The e on the vast do ain the r A o f rm des re w r m g eat bbey S t. Ge ain P s e e ade t n er dom in F rance 2 A koli io of S f . 0 7

1 free in the thi rteenth centu ry . The motives o f these emancipations are frequently exp ressed in the W L S rf m charters . hen ouisthe eventh abolished se do “ r s 1 1 80 is in O lean in , he says he incited to this

his r m fo r s act by oyal piety and cle ency , the alva

o f o u r s s o f o u r s rs tion oul , and tho e ance to , and

o f o ur s o n . 1 1 1 r s o f s that Philip In 3 , Cha le Valoi “ m rfs o f s e ancip ated the se his county , becau e the m r w is f rm m o f ou r hu an ace, hich o ed in the i age ” L r r fr r r o d , ought gene ally to be ee by natu al ight , “ s f ms f m w fo r and becau e he elt hi el oved ith p ity,

r m s o f ou r own the e edy and alvation soul , and in ” 2 r o f m mm r fi conside ation hu anity and the co on p o t.

s s m r ss as in Thi la t entioned conside ation doubtle ,

s s m m m . S all hu an action , had no all influence o e

m s is s A r s ti e it p lainly tated , as by Hugh , chbi hop

o f Besan o n r r o f m n who g , in a cha te e a cipation , “ s r m r s s s : s gives eve al econo ical ea on , and add Tho e

who are m r m n r w r bound by o t ai neglect thei o k ,

are w r fo r rs r saying that they o king othe , and the e

f r s r s and r fo r o e they poil thei holding , do not ca e

m r r ow n s r w r if o e than thei ojou n on it , he eas, they w ere certai n that it w ould remain to thei r r w r r m w b r hei s , they ould labou and eclai it ith ea ti ” 3 s m s s . 1 r r ne In 3 54, Guillau e Choi eul , in a cha te s o f A r m L a R r to the inhabitant ig e ont , and ivie e, “ says that his serfs left the houses to fall into r s r uin , and abandoned the count y to w ithd raw

1 Garsonnet Histoire des locations er etu elles 88 , p p , p. 4 . 2 Allard E sclav es S er s &c. 2 6 , , f , , p . 4 . 3 ’ ’ Perrecio t L E tat Civ il aes P ersonnes &c v ol iii , , . . . P reu v es,

n 1 2 . 2 1 . . 6 , p 5 2 0 8 A oolition o S er d m in E u r f f o ope.

fr w w m our into the ee to ns , hich has uch desolated ” 1 heart . A nother motive seems to have been the great lack o f money that Kings and nobles experienced o f f r r Th in the beginning the ou teenth centu y . e

r o f L s in 1 1 dec ee oui the Tenth , 3 5 , did not set the s rfs fr fo r ff r m fr m for e ee nothing, but o e ed the eedo

r w w as w w ff r a p ice , hich it ell kno n they could a o d m w r to give . But these e ancipations e e not always

o r accepted w ith eagernes s . N soone w ere s ome o f s rfs s et fr s e the e ee , than they ha tened to giv

s a r r r them elves s se fs to the Chu ch . The child en o f s rfs fr w m who w r fr e and ee o en , e e ee by the

r s law r f rr o f r F anki h , p e e ed the condition thei

r s rf fathe s to that o f their mothers . The e s o f rr f s m r w Pie e ond , e ancipated by Philip the Thi d , ith the p rohibition against their marrying s erf w ives r o f r r s rf m s m in unde pain etu ning to e do , lo t no ti e r r mm cont avening the dec ee, and i ediately app lied to Parliament to ratify thei r retu rn to their former w as r r f s tate . The King obliged to th eaten to d a t

m rm war- the into the a y, and to levy a heavy tax ? upon them A nother cause o f emancipation was the rise o f mm r o f r sa village co unes . The pasto s the Chu ch w the count ry constantly ravaged by the incessant w ars o f one p rince or noble again s t another ; which w ars the royal authority w as not powerful r r s A nd r u enough to ep e s . in thei Co ncils they p revailed u pon the nobles to s wear to keep the o f not m s r m Peace God , and to ole t cle ics, onks,

1 2 — Allard o cit. . 2 8 . [bid 2 1 2 . , p . p 4 pp. 5 54

1 A 6012 75072 o S er dom in E u ro e 2 0 f f p .

r s s w rf n r The C u ade , again , po e ully co t ibuted

s r tow ard s the emancipation o f the e fs . The b rotherhood in arms which they conferred u pon

who r in m and r s all took pa t the , the eadine s w ith w hich many a nee dy noble would s ell to

his se rfs r fr m e n in thei eedo , alik te ded the

e r n m se s r s w s m . r a di ectio In any ca , the lo d e e

r f m s in r s s w leaving thei a ilie thei ca tle , ithout any other p rotecti o n than the fidelity and good w ill o f thei r tenants and s e rfs ; and w e read

o f m r n ev e o f his o e than one oble , on the

r r n o e r his dep a tu e , calli g t g the all dependents , and biddi ng them p ublicly to p roclaim any

r s r w m s ff r n g ievance unde hich they ight be u e i g, in o rder that he might do them ju s tice and

m res o if f r s e n ake tituti n , need be , be o e tti g out 1 n r- o in r o o fa o ff . f the expediti n Thus , a va iety

w s r s s f rw r w r o f ay , did the C u ade help o a d the o k n emancip atio . To retu rn to the s ubj e ct o f commu nities o f s rfs s r e w e find r s o f m e , e pecially in F anc , t ace the n from a very early period . In the ni th centu ry the P oly/p iq u e o f I rmino in forms u s that farms

mans i w r f two s m ( ) e e o ten cultivated by , and o e

me s r f m s who r w r ti th ee a ilie , lived togethe , and e e

’ ’ ‘ s ocz z cons orzes domu s called , , Thus

r f m s n rs s s th ee a ilie , ni e pe on in all , cultivated even f t e en bon nie rs (about s ixty acres) o land . Beau m r r n r m s m r anoi , in the thi tee th centu y, ention si ila

“ s M ss e lin ou rnal o w S tat s s . a e e ocietie , in his j f

General o 1 8 s s o f o s f 4 4, p eak a h u e in the village

1 5 L s x xv H ist. de ou i ir i il . S e de J o nv le , . , ' ’ ' A oolztzou of S oufo om t u m o 2 1 1

( o f s r o f w Chuc , in the di t ict Caen , hich contained

f m m r s s rs ten a ilies , co p i ing eventy pe ons , living 1 an o r n t ogether d w ki g in common . Thi s ki nd o f life w as found advantageous e ven for free p easant s ; but the benefit in the

f s rfs o r mo iu rta l s as mm s o mo oo w . ca e e , , i ense The f m s ns r r r f a ily thu co tituted neve died no he iot, elie , or s ucces s ion fine fo r decease could be exacted ; r r and , above all , the land did not eve t to the

A nd s w as s s r o f lord . thu e tabli hed the p incip le “ ' cu s tomary right : S erfs o r mo z u moutablos cannot

r r w s to leave p ope ty by ill , and do not ucceed one ” 2 far m r ss s o as m . anothe , unle they live in co on Thes e ass ociations w ere not neces s arily fo rmed o f

rs s s o f pe on united by the tie blood , yet they

r w r f s and f rm natu ally e e o ten thu united , o ed a

r r r f o f r pat ia chal household , a t ibe . The loa b ead w as r o f s and the natu al typ e such a ociety, thus its

’ m m rs w r oom au z is who e be e e called p , that , those

s m e at r r r. w thei b ead togethe Thu , hen they ade u r m s s r o f p thei ind to epa ate, the head the c m r r n s m o pany, acco ding to the ecog ized cu to , took a kni fe and divided a large loaf into seve ral n mm 3 r s s . p ieces , acco di g to the divi ion in the co unity

s ss s who w The e a ociation elected a head , , ith the

o f r m m rs o f mm n advice the elde e be the co u ity , acted as thei r rep res entative in buying and s ell rr w m n o r ing cattle , bo o ing oney, givi g accepting a

1 it 2 . Allard o . c . . , p pp 34 , 343 2 ' id e L oisel Institu tions Cou tu m zéres i M . . S e . . . p 344 , , 74 3 1 d 6 from Tro lon D u Contrat do r f 1 n . . e ace p 34 , p g, P , v p . xxx . ' ' ’ 2 1 2 A oo/ztzou o S o aom m E u uo e f uf p .

s &c . r m r r is lea e, It should be e a ked that the e no t race o f w hat are called communi s tic ideas in

r m ss E r these p i itive a ociations . ach one cont ibuted his his r and r t capital , labou , his skill , and the p ofi s o f the common labou r formed a fund which b s s m elonged to the as ociation . But , at the a e

m m m r r s r r r rs ti e, each e be p e e ved the p op ieto hip o f the good s that he p os s ess ed before he ente red

s M r r w as the a sociation . o eove , each bound indi

s r his ow n rs s s vidually to u ppo t pe onal expen e ,

a r r s such s giving his daughte s thei dowry . The e

rs m rr s s daughte , though a ied out ide the as ociation ,

r s rs n o f r yet , p ovided they p a sed the fi t ight thei

m rr f r mm r f r s r a ied li e unde the co on oo , p e e ved r r s F or r thei ight in the association . all othe s res idence w as a necess ary condition o f remaining 1

m m r o f m . a“ e be the co pany The advantages ari s ing from thi s common labou r and p rofit made many o f thes e association s so p rosperou s that they did not care to have thei r co ndition altered ;

s r m o f m w r f and thu , in Bu gundy, any the e e ound

o f r s at the beginning the eighteenth centu y , till

’ m umzu mortaoles r o ff r no inally , and bette than thei

r In s m mm enfranchi sed neighbou s . o e co unities

o f A r r o f m m uve gne, one pa t the co pany e ployed

m s r w r s the selve in cutle y, hile the e t cultivated the f f rm r w r u t land . The w ages o the o e e e p into mm rs w ss the co on pu e , hile the a ociation lived on 2 r r rs the p oduce ai s ed by the othe .

1 llard o i A . c t. . 8 , p p 34 . 2 ’ ' l bia note from Dareste H istoire dos Classes A mcoles . p . 35 5 , , g , P 2 3 5

E r 2 1 4 A ooiitiou of S erfdom iu u ope .

I - f i s me mbers to the well b e i ng and happines s o t . It should fu rther be noticed that in France the “ ” llanus w as s rf in s m s v i not a e , the a e ense

His as in E ngland in the thi rteenth centu ry .

s w r in m o r r w r due , hethe oney labou , e e fixed ; whereas in E ngland they w ere at the w ill o f the

r : r s m lo d in F ance, he could give te ti ony against

is r in r o f s in E n n his h lo d a cou t ju tice ; gla d , evidence agai ns t his lo rd w as not admi ssible . In

1 i r n P ro ert and its P rimitiv e M . de L av ela e in h s wo o y , k p y F orms has an interestin cha ter o n the F amil Commu nities , g p y amon the Southe rn S clav onic R aces in Croatia and S erv ia in g , , which he shows that the S erv ian laws h av e av oided alike the English extreme of merging all mano rial property into immense estates and the F rench e treme o f so subdiv idin ro ert that the , x g p p y “ The result of E n lish law o ccupier canno t get a liv ing from it . g has been to tak e landed property ou t of the hands o f those who ’ v t it and to accumu late it in v ast Zati uu o ia fo r the bene t cu lti a e , f , fi The b ct of o f a small nu mber of families o f princely o pu lence . o j e F rench law o n the contrar is to secure th e o ssession of the soil , y, p to the reatest number b means o f the e u al div ision of inherit g , y q Bu t thi resu lt is o nl attained b an e ce siv e su bdiv ision ances . s s y y x , which o ften cu ts th e fi eld into strips th at are almost too small for cultiv ation and which is therefore o o sed to an sound s stem of , pp y y maintainin the famil m a riculture . The S e rv ian laws b co g , y g y munit ma e ev er man co -owner o f the land w hich h e cultiv ates y, k y , h am e time reserv in to the holdin s their suitable e tent at t e s p g g x . B means of this association th e adv anta es of small ro erties ar y , g p p e d with h o f a ricu ltu re on a lar e cale The cultiv ators unite t ose g g s . may employ the farming implements and distribution of crops customar o n lar e farms while the rodu ce is div ided amon the y g , p g r i untrie h il labou ers, the same as n co s w ere the so is subdiv ided ” r mit v e P ro er amon a mul i of mall wners . P i t t tude s o i . 1 g ( p y, p 9 1 , ’ Tr M L av ela e confesses that the z uaru a a En . . Yet s t i g ) . y g , h s s stem is called in s ite of its man adv anta es is fallin into y , p y g , g

ruins. In Cro atia the Diet in which the N ational art was , p y redominant recentl 1 8 v oted a law forbiddin the formation p , y ( 74) g of n mmuniti s 1 note ew co e . (p . 94, . ) A ootitiou o S e dom iu F ru ee 2 1 f rf u . 5

France there w as a vas t variety in the degrees o f

s rf m r w r n m r s f s fo r e do , and the e e e u e ou acilitie p as s ing from the lowe r to the highe r grades ; and

s w s m o f r m s o f s rf m w r thu , hile o e the e ain e do e e to be fo und in that country even o n the eve o f

r R in r n r the G eat evolution , yet no othe cou t y in E u rope had the p eas ant ry s ucceed e d in gaining and retaining pos s es sion o f s o much free hold

r n e land . Thi s is rema ked u p o by De Tocqu ville 1 as f r one o the cu iou s facts about the R evolution .

O n r m ns L s S x the oyal do ai , oui the i teenth abol ished in 1 s r m s o f s rf m 7 79 the la t e ain e do , the

f o re mu imu orte. 1 2 s o In 77 , the philipp ic V ltai called univers al attention to the grievances o f

s as the s erfs o f the Canon s o f S t . Claude . Thi w — in Franche Comté and it w as p reci sely there and in Bu rgundy that the communities o f s e rfs had

r r s n r p evailed to the g eate t exte t , and educed 2 L rr n rf m ss o . se do to the lightest po ible y ke In o ai e , w hen the remnant o f s e rfdom w as aboli s he d th ere

1 1 w as mm fo r tw o s s o f r e in 7 7 , it co uted bu hel y 3

as m s fo r s r s . O r annually , a co po ition all e vice the n ma f rs o f insta ces y be ound , but the outbu t the R evolution s wept aw ay every ves tige o f s e rfdom r from the s oil o f F ance .

1 Edit F rance be ore the R ev ol u tion . 0. En . . f , p 3 ( g ) 2 i 8 — Perreciot who w rote in 1 86 Allard o . c t. . . , p pp 3 3 395 , 7 , states that o ne -third o f the inhabitants o f F ranche - Comté w ere

then mainmortables . S ee his wor alread uoted ii. . 1 1 no te . k y q , p 9, 3 areste o . c it. . 2 1 . D , p p 3 A o /iti u o e m in E u r 2 1 6 o o f S rfdo ope.

2 — ma , Ger n y.

L et fr m r n rm m us pass o F a ce to Ge any . Halla “ tell s u s that at the final s eparation o f the French from the German s ide o f the Charlemagne E mp i re

r o f r 8 r w as r by the T eaty Ve dun in 43 , the e pe haps h ardly any di fference in the co nstitution o f the two ” 1 m n r s m w as rm kingdoms . The a o ial yste fi ly

r rm w s o f e s tabli shed th oughout Ge any . The la the A lle manni and o f the Bavarian s alike recog n the s o f coloni and s erv i as ize po ition the the , on

e r s s f R f m th F anki h ide o the hine . The eudal syste w as e s tabli shed in Germany at a somewhat later

r in r n is r f r p e iod than F a ce . It ve y di ficult to t ace “ ” any ves tige o f the Free Village Community “ ” w hich under the name o f Mark has p layed s o

m r n r in m r r s A s i po ta t a p a t ode n political theo ie .

r s r m o f r in F ance, lave y, at the ti e the sep a ation ,

w as f s m m r s r a t beco ing e ged into e fdom. The

' korzgeu o f the German manors w ere the as eripti

lebae w Zeioez eu er o f m e rm g , hile the g edia val Ge an “ ” law r o f s . although he epudiated the title lave, w as as much the p rivate p roperty o f his lord as

R m w o ss s w r s erv u s . s t the o an The e cla e , ho eve ,

m m f and leibei enen beca e in ti e con ounded , the g

m s rm beca e attached to the oil . The eno ous

n m r o f s r w r u be captive taken by Hen y the Fo le ,

his s o f r r in conque t Hunga y in the tenth centu y , mu s t have plentifully s upp lied the country w ith s laves too rude fo r any but agricultu ral labou r ;

’ 2 1 8 A oo/ition o S er aorn in E u r e f f op .

o f e rf In 6 A f s s . o and then the 9 7 , the bbey

A r o M m n s S t. n uld at etz e a cip ated the inhabitant

o f M o rv ill o n f r r n condition o thei paying a e t .

1 2 8 nr o f r n r In 4 , He y Duke B aba t libe ated all the

r r labou e s on his domain s, and freed them from n 1 the mai mo rte .

s o f fr s w h ff r The exi tence the ee citie , hic a o ded

s m s rfs who r f m a ylu to e had taken e uge in the ,

re m w as has tened on the emancipation . B en the fi rs t city s o p rivileged by Frede rick the Fi rs t in In 1 2 2 r r 1 1 86 . 0 S , F ede ick the econd p ublished

n r r s o f r n f r for ge e al dec ee at the Council F a k o t , biddi ng serfs o r s laves to take refuge in any o f

m r s in 1 2 0 r n the I pe ial citie ; but , 3 , he g a ted the charters o f asylu m to the cities o f R ati s bon and

n 2 R o f s r . 1 1 2 0 Vie na In 7 5 and 9 , udolph Hap bu g granted to tw o citi e s o f the no rthern league the p rivilege o f enfranchi s ing a refugee after only one ’ r s s r r ss o f m n yea ojou rn . S till the p og e e a cipation r n w as much s l o we r in Germany than in F a ce . Where free peas ants and s erfs are mingled

r tw o ss s togethe , the cla e have a tendency to

m m E r s rfs w r s a alga ate . ithe the e ill i e to the

o f the fr s s o r fr s level ee p ea ant , the ee p ea ants, as was s w R m coloni w s the ca e ith the o an , ill ink to

o f s rfs r r the level the e , acco ding to the gene al r tendency of the country . In F ance the tendency w as w r fr m F r v illein to a ds eedo , and so the ench i was fr w in rm as in E n land w as ee hile Ge any, g , he

r N s m o f r r a f. o se doubt, the va t a ount p op e ty held by the great monas teries in Germany made

1 Allard, E sclaves, &c. p. 2 99 . ’ a in in German 2 1 A ddition of S erf o y. 9

serfdom less opp ress ive ; and the p resence o f s o — many P rince Bi s hops at the Diet p robably tended to mitigate the s eve rity o f the law s relating to the

rfs w r o f the rm n r s se . Yet the p o e Ge a ba on in

r o w n l s es . was r thei ittle tat exceedingly g eat, and

i r r s R r s s s often arb t a ily abu ed . obe t on ay that the great body o f the peop le w as kep t in a s tate but

r In s m little removed from ab solute s e vitude . o e

o f rm o f w s s s w r p laces Ge any, p eop le the lo e t cla e e s o r w r o f r m s e rs as enti ely in the p o e thei a t , to be ” 1 r r subjected to pe sonal and domes tic s lave y . He then goes on to des c ribe w hat w e know to have

n rm o f s rfs been the o al condition e , and continues

s s r s w r r w The e exaction , though g ievou , e e bo ne ith

b s w r s m r p atience , ecau e they e e cu to a y and ancient ; but w hen the p rogress o f elegance and r as w as s r luxu y , ell the change int oduced into the

art o f w ar m r n o f r , ca e to inc ease the expe se gove n

m and m ss r fo r r s ent, ade it nece a y p ince to levy

o r s r s occasional stated taxe on thei subjects , uch

m s new r r i po itions , being , appea ed intole able ; and rm s in Ge any, these dutie being laid chiefly u pon b r w r s s r o f f ff ee , ine , and othe nece a ies li e , a ected

m m s s s m n the com on p eop le in the o t en ible an er. The addition o f s uch a load to thei r former bu rden s ” 2 air In 1 2 6 fl ew r m deS . d ove the to p 5 , they to “ arms near Ulm in S u abia : The p eas ants in the

co i mtr r s r adjacent y flocked to thei tanda d , s r fr m r and the contagion , p eading o p ovince to

m s r r o f r r rm . p ovince, eached al o t eve y p a t Ge any r r m r m Whe eve they ca e, they p lunde ed the onas

1 /z k 1 Mid 2 . lzarles t/ze F b i 8 . . C ifi , . v. p. 3 . p 33 2 2 A o /ition o S e dom in E u ro 0 o f rf pe.

teries w s o f r r r r , asted the land thei su pe io s , azed

r m r w m r all thei castles , and assac ed ithout e cy p ers on s o f noble bi rth who w e re s o unhappy as ” 1 to fall into thei r hand s . A Catholic might be suspected o f unjust p rejudice if he were to s ay that this ri s ing o f the p easants w as the natu ral ’ r o f L rs r C/zris tian L ibert esult uthe t act on y, in which he had exhorted the Germans to th row o ff the yoke o f the p riests and monk s ; but it is not p ossible thu s to evade the testimony o f the P rotes R r who tant obe tson , says

These commotions happened at first in p rovinces of ’ Germany where L uthers opi nions had made little r r ss and n d w p og e ; bei g excite holly by political causes, no nn on w h the d s n s in re n had co ecti it i puted poi t ligio . ut the hrenz r n s s n r s in w B p y, eachi g at la t tho e cou t ie hich R f rm o n was s sh d r d new s r n the e o ati e tabli ed, e ive t e gth fr m r ms an s ar to m and r s to s o ci cu t ce peculi the , o e a till

r r h of r n . The R f rm n wher g eate pitc ext avaga ce e o atio , r was r n re s d d and nn n eve it eceived, i c a e that bol i ovati g wh w it r M n wh ha s r s . e o d pi it to ich it o ed bi th , the courage to overturn a system supported by everything wh h mmand r s or r r n w r not ic can co e pect eve e ce, e e to be r w d an u hor how r or e r ove a e by y a t ity, g eat v ne able

so r. N o n r n did s r of r eve soo e , the , the pi it evolt br out in r n r n s to eak Thu i gia, a p ovi ce ubject the E r o f S n the nh n s of w h w r m s lecto axo y, i abita t hic e e o tly c n r s to L r n sm ss m new an o ve t uthe a i , than it a u ed a d ’ r n m s M n r on f L m d ro s f rm. e o rs o e a ge u o Tho a u ze , uthe d s s had r w n rf s n r i ciple , acqui ed a o de ul a cenda t ove the m nds f r m n m th i o the people . He p opagated a o g the e w es and m s n s s n s To aim ild t o t e thu ia tic otion . at no h n m r n r n w r of n l t i g o e tha ab idgi g the po e the obi ity, 1 Cfiarles t/ze F /1 bk i ifi , . v . p. 333 .

’ 2 2 2 A ootition o S er aom in E u ro f f pe.

mad o u if r dog that bites y you do not dest oy it .

r m no s m r The e ust be leep, no patience , no e cy ; ” 1 are r o f e they the child en the d vil . Yet the

m s o f s r s rfs s et f r de and the e poo deluded e , as o th

e r w r s s m s o nr in th i t elve a ticle , do not ee u easonable .

m r n o f s They de anded eductio tithe , the aboli

o f s rf o m the re s r o f tion e d , to ation to all fishing

n r s and o f m w - s and hunti g ight , the eado land and

mm s w n to co on hich had o ce belonged the people,

m o f f r r r o f the itigation o ced labou , the ight cutting w f r s s r o f fr ood in the o e t , the ight holding eehold o f n m r a f land , and holdi g o tgage on the l nd o

rs and o f n s othe , the abolition the fi e p aid to the lord on the death o f a p eas ant by his w idow

r n re n W L . s and o pha child hen oui , Count Palatine o f R s Melanctho n his o n o f the hine , a ked p i ion “ e se r es R f rm r r w as th a ticl , the e o e eplied , That it his s n o n rm s ettled co victi , that the Ge an had been granted a great deal mo re liberty than w as bene

fic ial s o r n r to peop le ude and u cultu ed , and that , as

rnm n s c an w r ma s Gove e t do no ong, they y confi cate

mm s and f r s s no o ne the co unal land o e t , and has a right to comp lain they may confi s cate the wealth ” 2 o f r and r s s s m the Chu ch, no e i tance hould be ade . This unhappy in s u rrection threw back fo r at least

r m o f rm s r a centu y the e ancip ation the Ge an e fs .

s s s r fr m s The Bi hop had di app ea ed o the Diet , and there w as no o ne to p lead thei r cau s e w ith the “ ' r ss A f us r . t o w 1 60 p ince the Diet G t o , in 7 , the

s n s w r r s m coloni w ho pea a t e e decla ed to be i p le ,

1 xv i 1 i i 8 American E Walch . . S ee Alz o . i . . dit , 9 g p 5 , . 2 l . c . Alz og. p . 59. e d n German 2 2 A oolition of S rf om i y. 3

r u ss s s o f r w e e bound to give p po e ion thei lands , even o f thos e that they m ight have held from ” 1 f r n r m mm m r s r o s . ti e i e o ial , at the de i e thei la dlo d

n 1 6 2 1 n m r o f n m w as I , an u li ited ight taxi g the

ss re r s and if s e rfs w s a u d to the lo d , the i hed to

1 6 6 the ru n w w r . 0 a ay, they e e flogged In , p enalty o f d e ath w as dec reed agai ns t thos e w ho should In m r 1 6 1 6 l r . eave the p incipality Po e ania , in , the “ s s w r re s rfs r o f pea ant e e decla d e , and dep ived all ” 2 r s e r s rfs civil ight . In the ighteenth centu y, the e o n the ro yal domains o f P ru s s ia w ere emancip ated ;

M f rms u s but . de Tocqueville in o that

In no ar of erman the ose of the e h en p t G y, at cl ig te th n r was serfdom as et om e e a o shed and in ce tu y, y c pl t ly b li , the greater part of Germany the peopl e were still literally a h m all h aseri ti lebe s in t e m dd e a es. A os t e p g , i l g l t s oldi ers who fought in the armi es o f F rederick the nd and of Mar a Theres wer in r a s rfs Se e . co , i a, e lity e In mos of the erman s a s as as 1 8 8 as n t G t te , late 7 , a pe a t o d not his doma n and if he t ed he m h c ul quit i , qui t it ig t rsu d in all a es wherev er he o d be fo nd and be pu e pl c c ul u ,

r h a f r H e o n th r m r v his b o ug t b ck by o ce . c uld ei e i p o e ond on nor h n e his a n nor marr w h the c iti , c a g c lli g, y it out r To the rv f good pl easu e of his master. se ice o that mas r a ar or on o f his me was du L a o r te l ge p ti ti e . b u r n s corv ées e s ed to he r fu e en and a s r d e t ( ) xi t t i ll xt t, b o be in s me of hese o n r s hree d in h o t c u t ie t ays t e week . The p easant rebuilt and repaired the mansion of the ord ar ed his rod to mar e dro e his arr l , c t p uce k t, v c iage, ’ and w n on his erran s e er ar f e t d . S v al ye s o the peasant s early life were spent in the domestic service of the

1 Dollin er T/ze C/iu re/t and til e / mre/z s C e . 2 En lish g , , p 9 . ( g

Trans . The w ho le cha ter o n The Chu rch and Civ il F reedo m ) p , , i rth areful u s wo c st d . Ibid y . p . 93 . 2 2 A oolitio o S e dom in E u r e n, o 4 f rf p .

m nor- s r e h a hou e . The se f was oblig d to till is in a er a n manner nder the e e of the m s r field c t i u y a te , and he o d n h r r m r a w c ul eit e dispose o f it no o tg ge it at ill . In som as s he was om e d to se its r d e e c e , c p lle ll p o uc ; in others he was restrained from selling it his obligation 1 to the ro nd was s cultivate g u ab olute.

Thes e s ervices are legalized by the code o f r r r r d F ede ick the G eat , although that code decla e

rf m r r s o - that se do , p ope ly called s m as s s rs r was ina uch it e tabli hed pe onal se vitude,

s r r s erbau ter aboli hed , but the he edita y ubjection ( mun /tea w r s se g ) , hich ep laced it , and e tablished the s w as r o f s r e obligation , ce tainly a kind e vitude . Thes provi s ion s o f the code w ere p ubli shed by his suc

s s r the m o f r R ce o at ti e the F ench evolution . S erfdom w as aboli shed in Germany at the follow ing dates

In 1 n Bad n in 8 . I h n r in 8 0 n n 1 . I e , 7 3 Ho e zolle , 4 h w an n in th m r S es d o s e e s e e . In Nass c l ig H l t i , a y a au , in 1 8 08 In r ss a on the r a d ma ns as ear as . P u i , oy l o i , ly 1 1 In n me the ode o f F red r in r a 7 7 . a by c e ick but e lity hr h in 1 8 0 In B r a n 1 8 0 8 o r ss . i . In t ug out P u ia, 9 ava i , W ha L in 1 8 In wed es and D mo d 0 . S s tp lia ippe et l , 9 i h

m r n fr m 8 0 n D rm fr m 1 8 1 o 1 1 . I ss s d 1 . Po e a ia, He e a ta t, o Wiirt m r r m 1 8 1 In n r fr m 1 8 1 I be f d . n e . O g, o 7 l e be g, o 4 M n r fr m 1 8 2 0 In n fr m 1 8 2 In e e . S . ckl bu g, o axo y, o 3 h n r ar n n 1 8 In A r In o e o e n S m . s os H z ll ig i ge , 3 3 u t ia, J eph S e nd e F reder had o s the harsh r the co , lik ick, ab li hed e k nd of s rfd m as r as 1 8 2 in its m d i e o ea ly 7 , but itigate form it l asted until

1 F rance be re th l ti n k 11 c fo e R ev o u o , b . . . i. 2 v man l d ll me her D e Toc u e ille o cit. note v i. A Ger a te s q , p . y own e eriences in Mec lenbur -S chwerin when she was v isitin xp k g , g

' tit 2 2 6 A oo ion of S erfdom in E u rope.

not at wor efore da h o n the es a e he w d k b ylig t t t , oul be mn t r n h B s des th s c o nd ed o so or t e ast nado . e e p i b i i i , th e p easant was forc ed to give so many days to carting; h e had a s to o n o the f r s to wood and wh n l o g i t o e t cut , e h is ro r e r wen out h n n he had to ea the w o s p p i to t u ti g, b t o d for game h e had al so to pay a tax o f a dorin for each o f his h s and to furn sh the h n of the ha u ut , i kitc e c tea er r w th two a ns two h ens n n n ev y yea i c po , c ick , i etee and fiv f s e nds o t er. egg , pou bu t If the ro r etor h mse f marr d or a one of his p p i i l ie , g ve

da h ers in marr a e ea h easan had to for - two ug t i g , c p t give ty

t fur h r v - f th re ers or o n s s ons at ha f r e . I e k utz , i p o i i l p ic ro r e or w as thrown in o r son th e easan s w r p p i t t p i , p t e e t s Did h r obliged o sub cribe to pay his ransom. t e p o

rietor a end the D e the easan a d a D et- tax h p tt i t, p t p i i ; t at ’ is he had to f rn sh a er a n su m for his mas ers , u i c t i t n D an d his rand e e ses at the t me. id the eas s xp i p t i til b y, he a d two fl orins for ea h as of in fa ou t of p i c c k it ; ct, ev ery ki nd of harv est he had to pay a nineteenth part to his ord and enth ar to the er and the s m l , a t p t cl gy , a e w t he as due on his ees shee a s and s . it b , p, go t , pig In e h n for th s d s sed form o f s erfdom the xc a ge i i gui , law gave him permi ssi on to app eal to the King when he w as nd mn d to de h or s n en d to r e a co e e at , e t ce ec ive ndr d ows w h a s and a s the r v es of hu e bl it tick , l o p i ileg m n an r s n a mer han or r s and of beco i g a ti a , c t, a p ie t, n nn bei g e obl ed.

S uch was the condition o f the peasants in

r r r r r o f s r H unga y du ing the ea lie pa t thi centu y . s M . Ti sot asked if he w ere better o ff s ince his m co p lete emancipation by the revolution in 1 848 .

” No he is no e er off answered the old B ri. , b tt , e “ B f r 1 8 8 we had no nd e a se n hos who e o e 4 , la , b c u o ly t e were noble could become possessors of the soil ; con ‘ ’ A ootition of S eiyaom in H u ngary. 2 2 7

sequently we had nothing which they could take from ’ n w if we don a the s—and God u s . But o , t p y taxe — knows they are augmented every y ear they can seize u r nds and s our furn re and our n and o la , ell itu clothi g,

rn u s out n the r ad ha f- n d and r w h tu i to o l ake , utte ly it out F rm r the ro r e or a u s e d and r s r s. e ou ce o e ly, p p i t g ve a fi l ho s wh h d not a n aw fro m us and so a u e, ic coul be t ke ay , we had no s for n e we had is r to cau e a xi ty , it t ue, give ’ him two or r d s r in th e w and our w s th ee ay labou eek , ive had to o to the ha and s n af r - a was g c teau pi , but, te all , th t

W di n t s ffer in ad e rs : in s f not much. e d o u b y a ca e o fam n the ro r e r had w s n h rn in his i e, p p i to al ay e oug co But in th r sen da ou r n r s to s r u s. e g a a ie uppo t p e t y, y nd rs nd the s n is a fr en and he has n u e ta , pea a t ee citiz , o l onger the right to have recourse to the liberality of his rd he s his h to the s a and bad lo ; pay tit e fi c l , good rs F rm r the rd as r o w d his yea alike. o e ly lo , a ule, all e peasants to bring their o xen and sheep and horses to r n Th of our o s us g aze on his la ds. e keep cattle c t

n h n and we had n eno h to a e our e ds. ot i g, oxe ug cultiv t fi l “ But since 1 848 the peasant has been obliged to s s of his as he was not to f and ell uch cattle able eed, r orr ws in consequence the land is dete iorated. He b o hi f enough from a Jew to enable m to buy a pair o oxen . ’ But if h r is not d r ha r he n a , t e e a goo c op t t yea , ca t p y h h h r t e s e as s n d and his r e is s d. bill ig e , p op ty eize These ruined peasants engage themselves to the great r r e rs and in s wa m s ss of r s p op i to , thi y co po e a cla pa iah — r f w — r r poo ello s much worse off than the forme se fs. T u m u h r o s t e s n has n h n m s e s. p, pea a t o ly c a ged a t He is to-da in the w r of the ew or of s m r y po e J , o e ich ” r wh r n r hi s o ws no ar s for m. peculato , neithe k o c e “ ” Was s mana d r form r ? sk ju tice ge bette e ly I a ed, n n n m n r co ti ui g y i qui ies . “ B er r n to our d as for the n rm n ett acco di g i e , i te i able /ition o er n E u r 2 2 8 A oo f S fdom i ope.

w r nknown All was rr d ern f r cases e e u . ca ie pat ally be o e r who s d s on the s wh s n w the lo d, ettle the ca e pot ; il t o

one m s run eas ten m s to the . Bes des u t at l t ti e judge i , ’ n s m n d n s n h n m r han pu i h e t id t co t a yt i g o e t a flogging, ” - 1 whilst to day justice ruins you .

m r rf m s r f r In Den a k , se do had di appea ed soon a te r its conversion to Ch i s tianity . You will notice

s r o f E that in the ea te n counties ngland , peopled

re b s r w r f w r to a g at extent y the Dane , the e e e e e

f w r v illani m m r s oon slaves and e e , and any o e

' manni and Zioeri liomznes than in any other part o f m r o f r o r w r E . ngland The nu be the cotta s , lo e

s o f s rfs ma fo r cla s e , y be accounted by supposing them to have been the remai ns o f the Saxon f r s rf m. m r s population educed to e do In Den a k it el , s erfdom reappeared in the tw elfth centu ry w ith

s m o f f s s m the e tablish ent the eudal y te . In the

s r of s rfs w as ixteenth centu y, the condition the e rendered far mo re grievou s by the s ecularization o f m n s r s w r rfs the o a te ie , he e the se had enjoyed

r r . r o r compa ative libe ty D . D llinge quotes an 2 E s s r A ff ngli h hi to ian , llen , to the e ect that the change in the s ixteenth centu ry for the Danish

was s s p easants mo t disastrou . He says

The inhabitants of the great ecclesiastical properties had to exchange the mild rule of the clergy for the heavy k f n s yo e o the oble .

1 nknown Hu n ar B Victor Tissot En lish Translation U g y. y ( g ) , v ol ii 2 — 1 1 . . 6 , 88 . 2 ’ Dollin /z Allen s er T e C/zu rofi and til e /zu re/tes . 8 g , C , p 5 ; H istor tire Kin dom o Denmark which was v oted a riz e y of g f , p b th o n a n i d y e C pe h ge S ociety as the best work of its k n .

A éoiition o r d 2 30 f S e f om in E u rope.

The s rfs w d n s in the rm or d s r to fr e oul e li t a y , e e t the ee wns m r or L iibeck or em ra and set h m to , Ha bu g , ig te, t e s s fr n n n the d and n rm o elve ee, leavi g o e but age i fi t w h w n th a m m n a r s o e es e. S e n s a l bou it out age t t o oble , o g the rs n Bernstoff man d h r s rfs and fi t Cou t , e cipate t ei e , paid day- wages for the labour they required on their ’ s m a d th s rf s la o r and the an w h s . S e e d t e tate o e v lue b u , l i his e wh h he had for his s s s en e and con cottag , ic ub i t c , r d amo n n o a d on the f rm w h ve te the u t i t ebt up little a , hic the serf had to a n er s for and r m in the p y i t e t edee , but h n meantime was full propri etor of t e la d. O n the wh e the f assa s and serfs am r r e r ol , eudal v l bec e p op i to s of he r se r d n s s m rem n n s e to t i ve al hol i g , o e ai i g ubj ct a few s r d s s h as r a n r s of wood e vitu e , uc ce t i ca tage peat, , ’ or orn r n da s w r in ha m or harv s c , ce tai y o k y ti e e t, r r s r s r in the o s at ce tain ate , but all fixed , egi te ed b ok of r and a e ond r r r n the local cou t, pl ced b y a bit a y exactio n h n h nd or s n on th r 1 or r ss n o t e o e e . opp e io a , eva io othe

— R u i ss a. 3 .

Hitherto w e have been con s idering s erfdom as a

o f s s m condition thing that exi ted in the iddle ages ,

o r m s s r ou r r w at o t in the la t centu y, but evie w ould be incomplete if w e neglected to look at serfdom as it existed less than thi rty years ago in

w as 1 8 6 1 s r R . A ussia It only in that the T a , lex

m R s s s rfs r S . ande the econd , e ancipated the u ian e M In the volumes o f Mr. ackenzie Wallace we have a well - diges ted account o f R uss ian serfdom

r s fr m w r s p ast and p e ent , gleaned chiefly o the o k n o f M . Bélaéf fr m ow rs s , and o his pe onal inve ti n r h w M . W o gatio s . allace begins by explaining

1 mark nd tke D u e/t ies 2 L ain N otes on D en a 1 . S . g, , 85 ' ’ n er a in R s 2 A ootitio of S f om us ia. 3 1

R m rfs and s u s the ussian peasants beca e se , tell that In the earliest period of R u ssian history the rural was om os d of r d s n A t p opulation c p e th ee i ti ct classes. the o om o f the s a e s ood the s av es wh o w r v er b tt c l t l , e e y he r n m ers were o n n a m n numerou s . T i u b c ti ually ug e ted r soners of war fr e men who v un r s d by p i , by e ol ta ily ol h ms es as s s nso n de rs and t e elv lave , by i lve t bto , by

c ertain categories of criminal s . Immediately ab ove the s es were the free r t ra a o rers who had no lav ag icul u l l b u , rm nen d m e wandered a o the n r pe a t o icil , but b ut cou t y, and settl ed temporarily where they happened to find

wor and sa sfa or remu nera on. In the h rd k ti ct y ti t i place, d s n fr m hes two ass s and in some res e s i ti ct o t e cl e , p ct h her in the so s a e w re the easan s ro er ig cial c l , e p t , p p ly

so called . h se e san s w re sma farmers and wer T e p a t e ll , e ss ss rs of and in r rt or s fr and wer po e o l p ope y u u uct, e r mm n The o mm n w members of a ural co u e . c u es ere fr e r m e or ra ons wh h e e d h r offi c e p i itiv c po ti , ic l cte t ei e r rs fr m mon the he ds o f fam es and sen bea e o a g a ili , t ’ delegates to act as judges or assessors in the Princ e s S m of the omm nes ossess d and o f he r Court . o e c u p e l t i wn wh s o hers were se ed on the es es of the o , il t t ttl tat nd ro r etors or on the tens v o m ns o f the la ed p p i , ex i e d ai In the er as ea m n s r s . e s n a d a e o a te ie latt c , the p a t p i fix d r r n in mon r d e or o r a rd n to yea ly e t ey, p o uc , lab u , cco i g the terms of his contract with the proprietor or th e monastery ; but he did not thereby sacrifice in any way As n as he ha fu his p ersonal liberty . soo d lfill ed the n a m n s s a ed in the n ra and s d e g ge e t tipul t co t ct, ettle n s w h the o wn r o f the and was fr accou t it e l , he ee to h change his domicile as e pleased. If we turn now from these early times to the eighteenth r we find h the os n of the r ra o a n centu y, t at p itio u l p pul tio ’ 2 2 A o ition o S er a m n E u ro e 3 b l f f o i p .

has n re han ed in h h n e ti ly c g t e i nterval . T e di sti ction w n s s a r t ra a rers and s n s has bet ee lave , g icul u l l bou , pea a t m l All a r s ha co plete y disappeared. three c tego ie ve m d her n o a mm n ass e serfs who elte toget i t co o cl , call d , are regarded as the property of the landed proprietors of 1 the State.

A n I mperial ukaz o f Peter the G reat seems to

r r s o f s for r s s eg et this tate thing , the Tsa ay The

r r rs s r s n m s r s p op ieto ell thei pea a ts and do e tic se vant , no t f m s as even in a ilie , but one by one , like cattle ,

is w r ls w e w r fr m done no he e e e in the hol o ld , o w ” 2 hich p ractice there is not a little w ailing . Yet was r m 1 6 nothing done to e edy the evil and , in 7 7

r S who r f ss m Cathe ine the econd , p o e ed the ost

r r s m s a libe al and philanth op ic enti ent , by an uk z ,

A 2 2 nd r rfs o f ugust , dep ived the se all legal r n mm if s rf s p otectio , and co anded that any e hall d r r s n ns his m s r a e to p e e t a petition agai t a te , he s hall be p uni shed w ith the knout and t ran sported 3 fo r f in k li e to the mines o f Nertch s . The binding o f the peas ant s to the s oil w as the 4 r r s w as fi st stage in thei r loss o f libe ty. Thi in the

r s o f r r fr mm s inte est ag icultu e , and the ee co une w ere as anxious to retain the cultivators o f the r r r W land as the pri nces o r landed p op ieto s . hen the various i ndependent p rincipalities became con c entrated in s r m o f M s w w as m r the T a do o co , it o e

1 R u ss ia. V v D . z i \ allac ol . ii 2 2 Mac en e e . . . By k , pp 34, 35 2 3 A ril i 1 th 1 2 1 . O . c t . . 2 6 . p s , 7 p p 3 4 This w as done b the Tsar o ris Go dunof who at the be in y B , g ning of the sev enteenth centu ry abo lished the right which the p easants had hitherto enj oyed o f changing their domicile on ’ t G eor e da S . g s y.

n o E u ro 3 4 A bolitio of S erfd m in pe.

s ro r o rs ' madc w s fo r r pea ant , the p p iet la the egu

o f s n s ms e e s and e nfo r d lation the pea a t the lv , ce

m e s s m r m the by fin and co rpo ral p uni h ent . F o

s w s f r e r and s thi they ent a tep u th , began to ell th e i r peas ants w ith o ut the land o n which they w r s e e s e o f fo r n s fl r n e e ttl d . In t ad biddi g thi ag a t

s o e rnme w n e abu e , the G v nt i k d at it , and even

s s s s as o n s o f exacted due on uch ale , the ale s s n b m r a o f s r lave . Fi ally , y i pe ial uk z the T a

A e s in 1 6 and o f F r r in 1 6 8 l xi 7 5 , eodo the Thi d 2 , th e right to s ell pea s ant s w ithout land w as fo rmally r o n e r ‘ re u t s ec g ized . Pet the G at p the fini hing s ro e t he r o f t he R s s n s n t k to deg adation u ia pea a ts , by o rdering a cens u s to be taken in w hich all the

r o s s s s o f r r n— s va i u cla e the u al pop ulatio laves,

o m s s r s r r o r rs s s d e tic e vant , ag icultu al lab u e , pea ant

—s be ns r in o ne e o r hould i c ibed cat g y, and equally

e to - tax in o f n - w liabl the poll , lieu the la d tax hich 1 Th e ro had lai n e xclu s ively o n the p e as ants . p

rie to rs w r m e r s s fo r r s rfs p e e ad e pon ible thei e , and “ ” the free w ande ri ng peopl e w ho did not w i s h to

n r rm w e r o r e r n r o f n e te the a y e d ed , u de p ain bei g s n le s s r e ms s e t to the gal y , to in c ibe th elve as members o f a commu ne o r as s erfs to s ome

ro r r m n r r r a p p ieto . By aki g the p op ieto p y the

- fo r his s rfs as if e w r s s o r poll tax e , th y e e lave

l aw s m s cattle , the ee ed to anction the idea that

they w ere pa rt o f his goo d s and chattel s . The

fr R s ee labou re r no longer exi s ted in u s ia . The di s c o ntent o f the s erfs u nde r thi s change

r s s s ru n w in thei po ition led thou and to a ay, and

1 - Vide o cit . . 2 . p . , p 45 ' d m n ss ia 2 A bolition of S erf o i R u . 35

the Gov e rnm ent autho rize d the p rop rietors to

“ r s r u r s erfs w o t r l S r or t an po t n uly ith ut ia to ibe ia ,

‘ n e r th e t o s e t h em m s . 1 6 2 nd to the i e In 7 , Pet

' ‘ Thi rd a b o li s hed the obligat o ry s e rvice of the

‘ n e s and th e s rfs x as th e s obl , e e pected that noble

“ wve re 'no o r o s e r s r r l nge b und to ve the T a , anothe

' u kaz w ould be i s s ued e mancip ating them from ' ’ m s e rvice to thei r lo rd s . They even i agined that

s d r e s s t uch a ec e had been i ued , but hat it had b ee n s u pp re s sed by the n o ble s ; and w hen P e te r

w as s s s s in 1 im him a a inated 7 4 5 , they agined to ' 1 e a m r r fo r e r e r R m rs have b en a ty th i lib ty. u ou

’ ' w r s r s e fr m his s s s s ns e e p ead that he had e cap d o a a i ,

a nd re n e r r Do n w ho e c a p te d appea ed on the , x ited the s erfs ‘t o revolt and mas s ac re d all the p rop rieto rs

h f his s H e w as s o o fe w o ell into hand . n de ated

’

and the s rr o w as e e . e e r s s o r in u ecti n qu ll d P t con t ,

C r n th e S e o n fo n h e r c athe i e c d , u d it policy to ulti

' the f o r o f n e s and r n h e r re vate av u the obl , du i g ign

z s e r e s o f s rf o rs the mi i the e s w ere at thei r w t .

S rfs w e r o s o and e as r s s e e b ught and ld , giv n p e ent ,

s m m e s in n re s and s n s t m o eti hu d d thou a d at a i e ,

w o r wi o n s m m s f m s ith th ut the la d , o eti e in a ilie , 2 s o meti me s i ndividually The o nly legal r e s tric

. tio n w as that they c o uld no t be s old by p ublic

- No w auction . and then cas es o f extraordi nary

r e m to rs o f s r w r c u lty ca e the ea the T a , and e e

s e s s s o f rf r n w r p uni h d , but the e in tance inte e e ce e e

o ffe r r o rs as s s too excepti nal to a ct the p op iet a cla .

A er a n ad a ed Salt ko ff a ord n to the a c t i l y c ll y , cc i g uk z, h ad d nh man to r ures in the c rse o f ten o r kille by i u t , ou 1 2 . cit. 2 Mid O . . 2 p p 47 . p . 49 . 3 ti n m E u r e 6 A o i o o S er do in o . 3 b l f f p

e en ears a o h ndred o f her serfs h efl o f the el v y , b ut a u , c i y fe ma e sex and amon them se v eral ' o n r s o f l , g y u g gi l 1 n r l r f e l e v e o twe v e yea s o age . A lady had mu rdered a s e rf boy by pricki ng him wi th a en n fe e a se he had ne e ed to ta e ro e r are p k i , b c u gl ct k p p c 2 f tam ra t mm tted to his har o a e bbi co i c ge .

Catherine the S ec o nd s ecularized the mo nas te ries and ns e o f e r n s to the , i t ad giving th i la d no s as e e n o n in En n and ble , had b d e gla d

rm n s he ~ r s fo rm e m n o S Ge a y, t an ed th i t tate

r ne w a s b he r s o n e me s ne s . s d Cathe i ucceeded y ,

“ rs o ne o f w s e rs s w as s et Paul the Fi t , ho fi t act to at ‘ libe rty Kos ciu s ko and the Pol e s wh o w e re in

' r s o and f r rs m s n m e s re s p i n , o the fi t ti e di ti ct a u w ere tak en b y the G o v e rnme nt fo r the p ro tection

r s s an a r s o f the s e fs . He i ued uk z that the s e f

' s ho uld no t be fo rced to w o rk fo r thei r mas te rs

o re n r a s If] he w e r m th e s m tha th ee d y t ek . F o acce s o n o f his s o n A x r in 1 8 0 1 R ss i le ande , , the u ian Governme nt mad e many ab o rtive atte mp ts to

“ ' m ro h c o nditio n o f th e r e t e s fs . Th e s r i p v u e T a N ich o las ab o li s hed the cu s to m o f givi ng land ‘ w ith p e as ants as grants to his cou rtiers h e p lac e d s o me r s r o n th e o w e r o f ro r e rs and e t iction p p p i to , s m s n s o f s rfs W r m n o e thou a d e e e actually e a cipated .

S w rs o f th e r r e r w e r till , the legal p o e p op i to e

n rm s Th e w s o w e o ou . la laid d n that

The p ropri eto r may impose on his s erfs every ki nd of

' a o r ma ta e fro m them mone d es obrok and l b u , y k y u ( ) , de mand of hem erso nal s erv e w th h s o ne restric t p ic , i t i t o n tha the sho d no t here be r ne d and that i , t y ul t by ui ,

1 2 ’ [bi . d . 2 1 a 2 . s . . 2 p 5 p 5 .

it on o S e d m in E u ro e 2 3 8 A bol i f rf o p . w a s m o f r y, they had little cau e to co plain thei M r. W s s p o s ition . allace ay

However paradoxical the statement mayseem to those who are in the habit of regarding all forms of slavery fr m the sen m n n o f v ew is n es na o ti e tal poi t i , it u qu tio ble that the conditi on of serfs u nder such a propri etor as I have supposed was much more env iable than that of the r ra a r r Ea h fam majority of English ag icultu l l bo u e s. c ily had h s of its o wn w h a a a e arden one or a ou e , it c bb g g , mor hors s one or two ows sev ra sh r e e , c , e l eep, poult y, r r m m n s a share of the omm na nd ag icultu al i ple e t , c u l la , and everything el se necessary for carrying on its small farm n r ns and in re rn for h s had to i g ope atio ; tu t i , it supply the proprietor with an amou nt of labour which r f f r nstan r was no m ns ess v . I o s f by ea opp i e , i ce, a e had hr d s ns two of th m m h wor for the t ee a ult o , e ig t k r r r wh s he h ms f and the rem n n son p op ieto , il t i el ai i g h F r m could attend exclusively to t e family affairs. o “ those events which u sed to be call ed the visitations ” h ha n fear f rma n o f God e d o o e n e n ru ned. , b i g p e tly i f hi ho s was rn or his d d fr m the I s u e bu t, cattle ie o “ or s r s of bad ars eft him w o s d plague, a e ie ye l ith ut ee for his e ds he d a wa s un n m rar fi l , coul l y co t upo te po y

ss s n fr m his m s er. was r e d too a i ta ce o a t He p ot cte , , against all oppression and e xactions on the part of the f a s for the when h r was an a se for o fici l ; police, t e e y c u its n rf ren d to the ro r e or who was to i te e ce, applie p p i t , n f r hi h h rf a certain extent respo sibl e o s serfs. T us t e se m h r n on en d fe and die at a r e ig t live a t a quil , c t te li , ip ld a e w h a n e n ns s ha s rfa e was o g , it out h vi g b e co ciou t t e g 1 a burden.

was in M r 1 8 6 s f r s It a ch , 5 , oon a te the conclu ion

o f r m War s r A r the C i ean , that the T a , lexande the

1 cit . 2 8 2 O p . . pp 5 , 59 . ’ tion S er aom in Russia 2 A boli of f . 3 9

s to his s : is r S econd , sugge ted noble It bette to aboli sh serfage from above than to aw ait the time : w w s s f fr m w hen it ill begin to aboli h it el o belo , and he requested them to con s ider how thi s could be

ut n . p into executio They did not take the hint ,

' and he app o inted a s ec ret committee o f the great officers o f S tate to fo rmulate the p rinciples on 1 he w hich the emancip ation could be effected . T experiment w as fi rs t t ried on the L ithuanian n s who w r s r r w as oble , e e Pole , and then a ci cula s M rs s o f N ss R ss r r ent to the a hal oble e in u ia p ope , saying that the L ithuanian nobles had recognized ” s o f r n s s s the neces ity libe ati g the pea ant , and thi ” noble intention had afforded peculiar s atisfaction

o r fr m to His Majes ty. S b oad a hint o an auto

r S r m s c atic ove eign could not be i taken , and the P res s hailed the raising o f the ques tion w ith bound

n s s m Mr. W r less e thu ia . allace gives a g aphic des cription o f the excitement evoked

The morali sts declared that all the prev ailing vices re the ro of serf and h m r ro ress was we p duct age, t at o al p g impossible in an atmosphere of slav ery the lawyers asserted that the arbitrary authority of the proprietors overthe peasants had no firm legal basis ; the economi sts explained that free labour was an indispensabl e condi tion of industrial and commercial prosperity ; the phil o Sophical historians showed that the normal historical development of the country demanded the immediate abolition of thi s superannuated remnant of barbarism and the wr ers of the s n m n sh n red it e ti e tal , gu i g type pou forth endless effusions about brotherly love to the weak 2 h r and t e opp essed.

1 2 it. 2 id O . c . . M . 2 p p 73 p . 77 . 2 A o ition o S er dom in E u 40 b l f f rope.

Du ring 1 8 5 8 committees o f nobles were formed

m s r r r in al o t eve y p ovince to conside the question . But at length the Commission w orking under the immediate s upervi s ion o f the Tsar received I mperial authority for a law w hich declared the s erf person fr m r o ff r mm ally ee, a ked clea ly the co unal land ’ fr m r o f r r r s s r s f rm o the est the p op ieto e tate, t an o ed r r m m the labou dues into yea ly oney pay ents , and f r m o f m acilitated the ede p tion the by the p easants ,

' w ss s o f n fr m r m ith the a i tance loa s o the Gove n ent .

W r r m rfs was ith ega d to the do estic se , it enacted that they should continue to serve thei r mas ters d r two r r f r u ing yea s , and that the ea te they should

m fr s m be co pletely ee, but hould have no clai to a s r o f 1 ha e the land .

A s m w s r w as r ight ell be upposed , the e g eat

ss f o n r o f s who w r di atis action the p a t the noble , e e

s r r r thu called upon to sac ifice, not only thei ight to t he s r o f s s r r e vices the p ea ant , but a ve y conside able s lice o f what they had regarded as thei r o wn land b ut many o f them shared the benevolent s entiments

o f s r saw r was . the T a , and all that esistance useless The peas ants were by no means so delighted w ith m t h m . e change as ight be exp ected They i agined , m n w of s in any insta ces , that the hole the e tate In r o f M w belonged to them . the p ovince osco , o ne commune s ent a deputation to the p roprietor

f rm him w to in o that , as he had al ays been a good mas ter the M ir would allow him to retain his

1 W lla e estimates that at the time of Mr. a c cit. . 2 . O p . p 95 r w r easant serfs and e mancipation the e e e p ,

domestics .

’ tion o S er m in E u r e 2 4 2 A boli f f ao op .

h i ma r f All h s h o d oo to t e r s e or s or . as c ul l k , t upp t t i h r n n h r r now c ome to an end. T eir b u de s a d t ei p ivi es h n s w awa t e h r and n r d leg ave bee ept y og t e , bee eplace

- - ear defined n end n u n s e a re ns. by cl ly , u b i g, ela tic l g l latio T hey have now to pay the market price for every stick of r w d wh he rn for er lo wh h h fi e oo ich t y bu , ev y g ic t ey r re for re a r n he r h o ses and for r r d o f equi p i i g t i u , eve y oo

“ h h t ra e he r a n w land on w ic o g z t i c ttle. Nothing is o

' Th man t to be had grati s . e de d o pay is encountered If co w d es or h rs is en the er s e . s o at ev y t p a i a o e t l , owner can no l onger go to the proprietor with the hope f r v n a res n or at eas a n w h n eres o ecei i g p e t, l t loa it out i t t, m s if he has no read mon a to v but u t, y ey, pply the illage

s r r who r ons ders w n or r er n . u u e , p obably c i t e ty thi ty p ce t a n m ans or an ra e f n m m s by o e ex bit t t o i terest. So eti e it even happens that the peasant has to pay without e n an re rn wha e er as for nstan wh g tti g y tu t v , , i ce, en ’ his a s r n the ro r t r s ds an d n c ttle t ay i to p p ie o fiel , acci e t that may easily occur in a country where walls and h r a m s n w h an ed es a e n n. F orm r on s g l o t u k o e ly, uc s on he s a d w h s o d n o r w h a i h occa i , e c pe it a c l i g it l g t as n wh h was soon f r o n now he has c tigatio , ic o g tte , but fin to pay as a e a sum which is for him considerable . h n n of h s and of the o h r n a s and T i ki g all t i , t e adva t ge d s d n es of his new os n he has n r m i a va tag p itio , atu ally uch d f in m n to a ener n s n and is i ficulty co i g g al co clu io , rh s s n r wh en on n as d wh h r his p e ap quite i ce e , bei g ke et e new s n is r h n the old he s r h s po itio bette t a , c atc e the back o f his head and r s in m s ed do f on eplie , a y tifi , ubt ul t e, “ H ow shall I say to you ? It is both b etter and worse ' ’ 1 —R ak v am I lute/to i kkuaz /ze

It is impossible to p u t back the hands o f the c lock o f time ; and it w ould be nothing less than

1 cit 2 Op pp . 35 , 353 ’ t n S er a m n Russia 2 A boli io of f o i . 43

c riminal to attempt to b ri ng back either s lavery o r e ven s erfdom i nto any count ry from w hich

is it has been aboli shed. But it a conviction that

h as m r s f s r m m s i p essed it el t ongly upon y ind , ince f w s s s w e I have been ollo ing out the e tudie , that o ught to be very s low in pas s ing condemnation u pon thos e by whose influence slavery w as

s r s s abolished , becau e they did not , in the inte e t o f r w as s rr the poo , think that it advi able to hu y o n m m o f s rf r the co plete e ancipation the e s . Ch isti anit r r w a fo r m s y p epa ed the y , and acco p li hed the deliverance of the s lave ; she prepared the w a fo r r o f r s s y , but a va iety othe cau e actually

ff m o o f s r n f. O e e ected , the e ancip ati n the e thing is certain : the abolition o f serfdom in E u rope has

m s r s r ms by no eans solved tho e g eat ocial p oble , upon the solution o f which depends the happiness o f m r the hu an ace . N O TE O N A E 1 6 P G 7 .

re endar Hin eston- R andol h wh o is ed t n B sh o P b y g p , i i g i p ’ G rand ss on s R e isters h as ind sent me the fo ow n i g , k ly ll i g “ s e men o f his manu mis s ons . D u Can e sa s zVo v itas p ci i g y y , ” i m uod nativ itas N at v a s rv it de e u s . q , i

flf anu missio —U niv ers is Ch r st F idelibus ad uos re , i i q p h m n s entes L itere erv enerint o annes etc . salutem in D o o p J , , i ’ i —N ov erit U n v ers tas v estra no s W ill lm u m s emp ternam . i i e Godefra filium nat v no s tr in M anerio nostro de Ch udde y, i i i h am manumis iss e et ab o mn serv itu te er res ente s , , i p P I a d n r l eru m reddidis se . t o ec no s nec ali u is s ccesso ib qu , q u no ster a u d s erv itu tis s eu na v itatis in co r ore redicti , liq i y p p VVillelmi c amare seu v end care oterim us s eu oterit in l i p , p , D d In cu u s re i etc . atum in M n ri nostro e fut r m . a e o u u j , l 0 K l n Chu dde e h e X a e das anuarii 2 Anno etc . g , J [3 ,

’ F rom th e R e is ter o B is/to okn ao Grau rlisson g f p j , v l fo o 1 0 2 b o . ii . li

I e 2 46 nd x .

Cotarii cottiers 8 1 1 6 F er us in of Ulster S tor o f , , 95 , 9 , 45 , 4 , g , K g , y ,

1 1 &c . 1 8 2 . 7 , C onstantius L aw s o n slav er 0 F eu dal S stem its ori in and , y, 4 , y , g , 0 effect in redu cin slav er 1 5 . g y, 7 - — tilla e 1 6 1 2 1 . F rance S e rfdo m in Co g , 3 , 3 7 , 4 , , 7 5 8 0 ; l Decrees o n slav er o f abolitio n o f 2 0 — unci s 2 1 . C o , , 4 5 y — d 6 66 . F ran s Slav r u nder A e 6 6 . g , 5 , k , e y , 5 3 h 1 2 8 a . Arm g , 6 allicanu A u erre . G s S t. liberatedslav es x , 4 , , 45 . r l F ham stead 6 . G a ane . o n Ir Ber ish slav es 1 6 . k p , 4 g , , 9 man l lch th 6 8 . Ger S av er in 8 1 C e . y , y, y , m halo ns 6 8 . serfdo in 2 1 6 ab i i C , , ; ol t o n re

E one 6 1 . tarded b L u ther 2 2 2 p , y , m lish d 2 nd n 1 1 1 . acco e 2 L o o , p , 4. 8 6 1 6 Germain des rés t — O rleans . S . . , 3 5 , 5 , , 5 P , , 7 5 79 6 randisson B manci a R heims 6 . G . e tes serfs , 59 , , p , p , 6 2 n n . 1 . R oue , 4 7 5 , 44 I V 60 n M r b li l T oledo I I. I . Gree . on a o tion o f s av r , , 59, , , , e y,

1 0 . 66 . 9 — h r W lsh anons 1 2 1 . G re or t e G eat t. s e C S ee o es . , 9 33 g y , , P p i h in slav r f T C ro mwell sold Ir s to er G e or o o urs S t. o n F ran ish y, g y , , k — l v m 1 2 8 1 1 1 . s a er 6 serfs rem ov ed fro 3 , , 93 , 97 99 y, 5 ;

v 8 . o il n u l Cu merlae/z a S co tch sla e 1 s o cr e t to 6 2 6 . , , 3 , 5 7 y , , 3 m/tat an Irish female slav e Gre o r Naz ianz en t on Cu S . a , , g y , , i h lav e s o 2 . 1 1 1 1 . s 7 , 9 B p , 3 l f ru al m t to s av es . uerard M ho w fr m b ril o e s e S . G . ee en ecame Cy J , , , 33 , , rfs 2 n di i n rf se , 7 o con t o o f se s, ’ aer-tenant aaer-olanna unfree on the P ol tieon o f Irmin D , , , 7 3 ; yp o,

1 2 2 1 2 . . , 5 7 5 l lav 1 1 D anes so d s es , 1 . rev iv ed serfdom in twelfth H allam on slav es o f Chur h 6 c , 5 , 2 8 centu r 2 . . y, 73 i x 2 H arte an alias D i ch F m o re o ress v e insi teenth 2 . e S tr t . pp , 9 g , , ,

Dev onshire serfs 1 02 1 0 1 v isits Irish slav es in S t. itts , , 4, 75 , K ,

1 . 1 77 . 95 Do mesda Boo statistics of y k, , 97 ,

1 0 I natius o f Antioch t. on slav es 3 . g , S , ,

3 7 ~

H . n D m d 1 0 1 In D o m f E llis Sir o o es a . e o s o 6 1 0 . , y, , , 4, 7 E lton rfd 1 2 Ir land n 2 m . r M r. C . on se o e slav e i 1 1 1 8 , , , 5 , y , 4, E manci ation o f slav es 8 ancient law s o f 1 1 1 1 p , 3 7 , 3 , , 4, 5

1 1 0 1 2 1 2 8 1 2 r med b t atric 1 1 6 . 1 08 1 efor S . 45 , , , , , 5 , y P k, 1 6 1 88 2 06 2 1 0 2 18 2 2 Irish tribal s stem 1 2 1 1 2 2 7 , , , , , 4, y , , ;

2 2 2 2 2 . lebeian tribes 1 2 free tri 7 , 39, 4 p , 3 ; E nnodius Deed o f manumission bu tes and serv ile 1 2 conv erts , , , 5

. enslav ed b Welsh in 1 2 6 39 y K g, ; E ictetus a slav e 2 I rish sold as slav es b rom p , , 4. y C E ita hs Christian nev er hav e w ell 1 2 00 liberated E n p p , , , 93 , ; g the wo rd serv us lish slav es 1 2 8 , 35 . , .

rw Welsh a re 1 1 ac uerie Th o f 2 0 n. E a c . e e cesses , , 3 J q , x , 9 I dex 2 n . 47

H n iu s III v ustinian L aws of 2 1 o or . a ro ed O rder J , , 9, 39, 4 , ) pp r M erc f 6 Gre o IX. o f or 4 , 47 g y f y redem tion of slav es xl p , .

L actantius o n Slav er i . ius II . condemned ne ro y, xxx x P g

L abo ur de raded 8 2 8 8 . slav er xlii. 8 . g , 4, , , 4 y, 3

L abour di nit o f 2 . L eo . condemned slav er in , g y , 7 , 47 X y

L as Casas adv ocate o f slav es v i S ain and ortu al lii. , , , p P g , x m l 8 au l III . co nde ned s av er in 3 . P y

mmu niti in ri liii. L av ela e o n C o es Ame ca 8 8 . y , x 3 , 4

C ro atia 2 1 n . U rban VIII . re eated con , 4 p m XIV . de nati n xliii. L eo III . see o es . enedict o X P p B , VII ond mn d n L u cian o n deca o f A rt . ius . c e e e ro y , 9 P g liii slav er . y, x M l n iti r d m l acau a o abol on o f se f o Gre o r XVI. aboured for y , g y

8 same end liii. 7 . , x M ar ial on slav es 6 1 L e III L etter n l v t . o . o S a er , , 3 X y, tabl s _ M ainmor e 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 x xv n. , , , 5 . M ar in f To u r i P mi n - Ma t t o s S t. uard an of o ta ae a S r. slav e r r , g , , y , l v 6 i i s a es . v i v i 1 2 , 7 x , xxx , 3 , 3 . M ansi in e/m ales et serv i/es 6 g , 7 , 77 . ’ M ontalembert F acts related b R ectitu aineon serv ices due 1 0 , y, , 5 . 6 R eev es on E n lis/i L aw 1 2 1 7 , 7 5 g , 4 , 75 ,

1 1 80 . 77 , N ewman ardinal n r l v C on R man R e an M . o n Chu ch s a es o 6 . , , , , , 5 Slav er v ii R oman slav er 2 6 a R o man y, x . y, 4, ; nt r ainm n 1 1 1 2 R m e e t e t, , ; o an ’ ’ l L awr n li v i l u stica 8 R man To o e S t. r O , e ce , berates l a , 4 ; o ladies E n lish slav e 1 2 1 s 8 . c ruelt 1 8 . g , y, , 9

P aeda o u s th e a slav e 1 1 alv ian n sa o f Trev es 6 . S o c . g g , , , 3 , k , 5 5 P t i r m r h tland d m in 1 — 1 a r c S t . efor s e on L aws Sco S erf o . k , , B , , , 3 7 39 mm ri f n lav es 1 1 1 1 1 6 e co unicates S c the ser s ot s . 5 , x y , , , 5 “ ar ticu for lav - h n m E n li h V ll C o s s e u tin 1 2 6 eebo h M r. s i a e g, . S , g g P ela ia li r l mmu ni 1 1 0 1 1 0 St. be ates s av s 6 o t e . C g , , 4 y, 9 , 93 , , 5 ; P eeuliu m o f slav es 2 0 o n radual im rov e ment in con , 3 , 39 , 45 , 5 . g p

enne a risto l slav e dealer 2 0 1 ditio n o f serfs 1 1 . P , B , . , 5 3 , 54 itman H enr su r eon sold as S ent /i ns l l/br th e reh on L aws P , y, g , , B , l a s av e 2 0 1 2 02 . , , — lautus o n slav es 1 1 6 2 S eneca o n s lav es 2 . P , 7 , 4 , 4. , 4, 5 P lin on lav man Em ir s es 2 . S erfdo m in R o e 0 y , 3 , p , 5 m .P o e Cle e nt I . on slav es p , 3 7 . 54 - — — Calli tus on slav e marria es . ih F rance 6 8 0 2 0 2 1 x g , 37 , 5 , 4 5 . r lib ra a 2 — Gre o I. t l m n 1 6 2 2 e es s av es 2 in G er . g y , 5 ; y, 4 defends slav es and coloni in H un ar 2 2 —2 2 8 , 5 3 . g y, 5 . A ia m in in dr n I . a ta ed slav e in Denmar 2 2 8 . k , marria as v lid x i es a . 2 in wed n 2 2 g , 6 . S e , 9. A l n e a de r III . declared that in Ital and S ain 8 8 x y p , 4 , 5 . no ne is b nature a l i E n land 1 — 1 06 1 6 —1 s av e xl . n y , g , 9 , 4 77 . Inno cent III a rov ed T rini in R u ss ia 2 0—2 2 . pp , 3 4 . tarian O rder x l Serfs were ori inall coloni 0 , . g y , 5 , 2 48 I ndex .

’ ' h d from T ad a a Welsh h m s d 1 how distin uis e o e tea 1 . 5 ; g y y , , 33 ’ slav es 0 confused w ith T e twel v e “elsh acres lo u h , 5 , 53 ; y , p g 6 in mm n them u nder F ran s co o 1 6 . k , 5 , 5 7 ; , 3 distingu ished u nder C harle ma ne 6 o f Abbe s 6 6 Ul ian on slav er 1 6 2 0 2 1 g , 9 ; y , 5 , 7 , p y, , , . —80 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 Ulster T enant-R i ht o ri in o f 7 3 , 9 , 7 , 45 , 7 , 9 , g , g ,

2 2 8 lif in the ninth centur 1 2 2 . ; e y, “ ” 8 their Cu stoms 6 79, 0 ; , 7 , 80 8 1 in lude v illani col o rii Villani in F rance free c l ni 2 , c , , , o o , 8 , bordarii 1 0 1 6 —1 2 e man 1 2 2 1 in E n land serfs , 4, 4 5 ; 5 , 4 ; g ,

ci ation o f see L ectu res IV . Villeins re ardants 8 1 p , g , 9 , 47 ; abov e Co tarii i and VI. nativ , 99 ; , 93 f 2 its bondi 1 6 i Slav er three e ochs o ; , 4 n S a on ebur y, p , — ; x , g cflect o n w or in men 8 and eneat 1 0 their serv ices k g , 4 ; g , 4 ; , on inv ention and art 8 o n their h oldin s 8 , , 9 ; 94, 95 ; g , 95 , 9 ; h a ers 1 —1 o n the ro o rtion in different ounti t e m st , 3 9 ; p p c es, ’ l v 2 0—2 8 abo lished b Dev onshire on B s rn s a es . O be s , y 97 ; , p Christianit alo ne 2 0 1 2 8 mano rs 1 0 emanci atio n of y , 9 , 9 , , , 3 p , li 1 2 means used in its abo 1 1 0 b B . G randisson 1 9 ; ; y p , 75 ; tion 2 — 1 8 modi ed into means of emanci ation 1 0 , 9 4 , 5 fi p , 4 ,

serfdom 0 1 . 1 2 their conditio n steadil , 5 , 5 , 5 9 4 ; y

Slav er in F rance 6 6 0 . im ro v ed 1 in th e thirteenth y , 5 , 9 , 7 p , 5 3 ; man 8 1 centur 1 ho w af e t d b in Ger . c e , y, 5 5 ; y y — al nd ain 8 2 8 . th e lac Death 1 b h in It a S , 4 , 5 7 ; t e y p — B k y in E n land 1 06 1 1 . tatute o f L abou re rs 1 8 g , 3 S , 5 ; ’ — W cliffe s so iali m 1 in Wales 1 2 1 . b c s 60 , 9 33 y y , ; n — ir r b llio n u nd r W l in Irela d 1 1 1 2 8 . the e e e at T er , 9 y , mands 1 in tland 1 8 . 1 6 de 6 tenan Sco , 3 3 ; , 9 ; ts “ i h oloni s 1 8 —2 co o f court-roll 1 n t e C e 02 . b , 5 y py , 74 ; R man onditi n f le al mentio n f Slav es, o , c o o , 4, last g o under l o u o b th 1 1 0 1 1 et t n hire l z a e . 5 , , ; , 7 ; E i , 77 v arious kinds of 1 0 1 1 le al , , g ro tection of b a an Em Wales Slav er and S erfdo m in p , y P g , y , erors 1 b Christia m , 7 ; n E 1 2 I 37 p y 9, — erors 0 their i slav es 1 2 02 . p , 39, 4 ; Wh te , 93 m s 2 0 clas d wi m n i at l na e se th cattle frid S t. e a c es s av s , ; , Wil , , p e , 2 1 marria e o f under a an g , p g ism 2 1 u nder Christianit 6 William the Con uero r L aws of , ; y, 3 ; q , children o f 2 2 d s rted 1 1 0 1 1 , ; e e 1 1 2 , 1 3 , 4 , 4 . to Alaric 2 8 see E manci ation William of M almesbur on Danish , p , y hri ia i lav C st n t S er . slav e trade 1 1 . y, y , Smith S ir Thomas Common lsh L aw s — anons 1 2 1 0 , , We , C , 9, 3 w ealt/i o E n land 8 — 1 aws of Howel the o od 1 0 f g , 7 9 . L G , 3 s stem o f co - tilla e 1 6 1 y g , 3 , 37 Taeo a Welsh colonu s 1 2 1 l nd di tribu tion 1 1 of g, , 3 , 33 . a s , 33 , 34 ; Tanistr in Ireland 2 1 1 . fo d r nts 1 o e . y , , 34 in cotland 1 8 Wul an su r s d ristol slav e S . st e se , 3 , p p B Theo dosius C o d o f e 6 . ra e 1 2 , , 4 , 49 t d , 1 . Trev a \ Velsh v ille in- townshi W cliffe his so cialism 1 60 1 6 1 , p , y , , ,

1 2 . his dis i les 1 6 1 2 1 . 3 c p , 5 , 7 , 73

N E W B O O K S U S T J O U T .

’ nt I nati s L o ol a and h r B S TE WA T Sai g u y T e Ea l y J esu its . y R Wi m re han 1 0 R O SE . th o t 0 Ill us trations b H W and y . . H. C .

rew r and L . Wain T he w l r u B e . h o e b o ght o u t u nde r th e imme diate s u erinte ndence o f h R ev W H t e . E re S . p . . y , . J S u r R al v o H an m l b in l e o 8 . dso e o u nd C oth e tra ilt rice p y y , x g . P

1 5 . net Ver su itable fo r a ri Gif . z e o r t 5 ( y P . ) The L et ers of th e a e F ath er Geor e Por er S J A C t l t g t , . . , R H

O D m v . d BIS O P F O M BAY e 8 0 . Cloth 5 6 . H B . y , 7

Acts Of th e En ish Mar rs hith erto u n u blish ed. the gl ty , p By

R ev O H . O E S . With a reface b th e Rev O . J HN P LL N , J P y . J HN

M O IS S . . u arte rl S eries Vo l Crow n 8 v o cloth in RR , J , Q y ( . , ,

two st les s . 6d. y , 7 The Chris ian Vir in in h er F ami and in th e Wor d H er t g ly l . r e s and h er Mis sio n a m l Vi tu t th e Present T ime . Handso e y b ou nd in blu e clo th leathe r bac ilt to 6 3 , k , g p , . “ T he aim o f th e rese nt boo is to sh o w ho w all those wh o p k , w h ethe rfro m ch oice o rnece ss it are le d to liv e with th e ir families y , o r alone in the w o rld ma b c onse cratin and s anctif in their y, y g y g s tate lead a life no t o nl u se ful and m eritorio us b ut amiable , , y , and ple asant to th ems elv es and to socie ty in general T h e translatio n bears th e imp rim atu r o f th e C ardinal A rchbish o p of Westminst r T blet e . a . The Blind A ost e and A Heroine of Charit B the late p l y. y ’ AT EE O M E A A With a re face b th e C ardinal Arch K HL N R . P y ” i W s min l l f n ar ri b sh o o f e t ster. Vo el s o the S a ctu S e es. p . 3 , B y C ro w n 8 v o c lo th ilt s 6 d , , g , 4 . . ’ M r de Sé u r s th e lind A o stle life is a tor o f o u r o wn g . g ( B p ) s y time and tells o f the h ero ic c ou ra e in w hich in s ite o f total , g , p blindnes s h e labo ured for thirte e n ears reachin h earin c o n , y , p g, g fessio ns and ev e n contribu tin boo after bo o to o ular C atho lic , g k k p p literatu r M adame L e ras th e H eroine o f Charit w as the noble e. g ( y) h earted w oman to wh om S t Vince nt de au l e ntrus ted the w or . P k ” o f fo undin th e rde r f h i rs harit — Catk olie Times o o t e S ste o f C . g y . ’ wh t do e ith it An A u obio a h M Time and. n r I v w . y , a e t g p y.

F . C . A With o rtrait o f the A u thor C rown 8 v o By BURN ND . P . ,

clo th s . , 5 “ ’ In rw av es w ith a ar l ti io us lo t Mr Bu rnand s im ressions te e p t yfi c t p . p of his b o h ood and ou th e s eciall o f that erio dwhich h e s ent y y , p y p p at H ol shade E ton T u dor Colle e Co w brid e and S t y ( ) , g ( g ) , . ’ ’ l f h es erien es i lds to r a h o t e e c e M . B ede s (C u dd eston) . E c xp y

u rnanda little bud et o f ortraits of the ru lin ow ers. Dr. eate B g p gp K , C anon L iddon isho Wilberforce and oth er celebrities liv in , B p , , g d u ises T h a h nd dead are iz a n r heir is . e u t or f a , recogn ble u de t g o H appy T h o ugh ts is an acu te analys t of th e sensatio ns and u ncon sciou s reflectio ns of boyho od as w ell as o f manh o od: F or v arious d nter ainin —Times r asons h n l m wi l b fo u n e . . e , t e , this v o u e l e t g mmed at I i ely. l th rne With Selec The Autobiography of Archbishop Ul a o .

tio n r m is le e rs A G STA T E O O SIA D A E . s f o h tt . By U U H D R N ’ f th e S aint s Character and . A S tud o Ireland and St , Patrick y , W MO IS of o f the resu lts of his A ostolate th e R ev . . p . By . B RR , rat r the O o y. ' h Ve o r Si t ears o f th e L ife of St. atric . B t e r Succat ; , x y Y P k y y M r R BE T A R ev . O G WE g . R R D LL . S E L E C T IO N

F R O M BURNS AND OATES’ CATAL OGUE OF PUBL ICATIONS .

->t < T W K. C S . G AL L IES, . . ( . . )

F rmatio n o f Christend m o o . Vols I II an . . , . , d

(all ou t o f print . ) F Chu rch and S tate as seen in th e o rmation o f Christen m 8 v 2 l do o . c o th ou t of rint , , pp 47 , ( p . ) ’ The T h rone o f the F ish erman built b the C ar enter s , y p S on the R oo t th e ond and th e C ro wn o f Christ , , B , endom D em 8 yo 0 I O . y 6 Th e H o l S ee and the Wande rin o f the N ati ns y g o . D m v e y 8 o . ’ ’ r R 1n M hamm l m ete s oc o ed s F ood De 8 v o P k . y . It w ou ldbe q u 1te s u pe rfl u o u s at this ho u ro f the day to re comme nd ’ Allie s w ritin s to E n lis h C atholic s Tho s e o f o u r reade rs w ho M r. g g reme mbe r the artic le o n his w ritin s in the K a t/1012 36 no w th at g , k he is e s te emed in G e rman as o n o f r re mo s w r rs y e o u fo t ite . m R ev z e'w D uél .

AL L IES MAR . , Y from S t hn Chr sostom With introduction L eav es . o J y , W Alli C rown 8 v clo h 0 b T . . e s C . S . G o t 6 0 y , K . . , ‘ ’ M is s Allies L eav e s are de ligh tfu l reading ; the E nglish 15 re markabl u re and race fu l a e afte r a e re ads as if i t w e re y p g , p g p g mme nt t r h r ro te s tant has e v e r s u r r nal . N o co a o C at o lic o o igi , P , asse d S t oh n Chr so s to m i n the now led e o f o l Sc ri tu re p J y k g H y p , and his learning w as o f a kind w hich is o f se rvice now as it w as at ” h n h n n his w r t he time whe n t e i habitants o f a g reat city u g o o ds .

Taélet .

AL L NATT, C. F . B.

dra ri T hird and Enlar ed Edition. Cloth o 6 C athe Pet . g o “ Inv al u able to t he cont ro v e rs ialis t and t he theo lo ian and mos t g , u se fu l fo r edu ca ted me n in u irir1g afte r t ru th o r anxio u s to k now th e p os itiv e t e s t imo ny o %hris t ian antiq u it y in fav o u r o f Papal ” —M n cla1ms . o t!z .

Which is the T ru e Chu rch ? F ifth Edition The Ch u rch and th e S ects

Dit o . d S eri s t , Ditto S econ e . ANNUS SANCTUS mns o f e r f r the Ecclesiastical ear Hy th C hu ch o Y . Translated from th e S acred O ffi ces by v ario us Au thors with M odern O ri inal and oth e r H mns , , g , y , nd an di f arli r V r ions S elected and a Appen x o E e e s . Arran ed b O BY S IP EY M A g y R H L , . . o u lar edition in two arts each 1 o 0 P p , p Ins tiff bo ards o 3 6 lain Cloth lettered o 0 P , 5 Edition de luxe 0 I O 6 ’ SE L E C TI O N F R OM B UR N S 69° OA TE S

ANSWERS TO A THEIS TS : OR NOTES ON r ll th R e v A L am In e so . e be rt o v e r co ies g By . . , ( p ld in Ame ri a N inth e diti n a e r so c . o ) . P p . Clo th

B. N . T he es u its : their F o u ndatio n and H is to r 2 v ols J y. . cro w n 8 v o clo th red e d es , . g — ' The bo o is u s t w hat it ro fe s s e s to be a o u l a r lz z s fo r k j p p p y, w n r w e ll- no w n s o u &c —M on t/z dra f o m r e s . k c . KER VEN F A THE A U USTI BA , . R G N . Ho l Wis do m o r Dire ctio ns fo r the ra e r of Con y ; , P y tem latio n &c E tracte d from T reatises w ritte n p , . x h n a r us m S b t e Ve F the F . A u t a er O and y . g B k , . . B . , edited b Abb o t S w eene D D eau tifu ll bo u nd y y? . B y in h alf le ath e r We e arne s tly re c o mme nd this mo s t be au tiful w o rk to all o u r d s We are s u re th a t e v e r o mmu nit W 1 11 u s e it as a o ns n t re a e r . y c y c ta

manu al . If a n e rs o ns h av e frie nds in c o n v e nts w e c anno t co nc e iv e y p , a be tte r re s e nt t he can ma e t h e m o r a be tte r c laim t he c a n hav e p y k , "y m w ith o -lV o n t he ir ra e rs t han b ro v idin the a c . ee/e1 p y , y p g py y R i eg s ter. HA BORROMEO , L IF E OF S T. C RL ES . F ro m the Italian o f ete r G u is s ano 2 v ols P . . “ A s tanda rd w o r whic h has s to o d the t e s t o f s uc ce e din a e s It k , g g "; l h n s r h rl s E n a e in an lis h dre s s . is ce rtain y t e fi e t wo k o n S t . C g

DEN EV H S . of th e Or or Edi ed b W . BO R . , ( at y) t y. ’ D ante s D iv ina Co mme dia : Its s co e and v al ue p . F rom th e G e rman o f F A C IS H E T T I G E D D R N N R , . . \ Vith an e n rav in o f D ante C ro w n 8 v o 0 IO g g . All th at Ve ntu ri a tte mp te d to do h as be e n no w app ro ache d with

D r. t n r w ho t h far reate r o w e r a nd le a rnin by e t i e . as e au tho r g p g H g , ‘ ’ o f th e A o lo ie de s C h ris t e n th u ms a nd as a re at C ath o lic the o lo p g , g " is e mine ntl w e ll u ali e d fo r th e tas he has u nde rta e n ian . g , y q fi k k i The S a tu rday R ev e w. ’ a ral li i n in V l I f Dr H ttin er s N tu R e o . e o o e g B g . . g E v ide nces o f Chris tianit Edited W ith an Intro y. ,

du ctio n o n Ce rtaint b th e R ev . H S o wden y, y . . B .

C ro wn Sv o , clo th th r v olu mes in re arati n (O e p p o . ) o f th ho li D o c t f t t u n A s an able s tate ment e C at c rine o Ce r i de , a d a defe nce from th e R o manis t o int o f v ie w o f t h e t ru th o f C hris t ian , p , ' it it w as w e ll w o rth w hile t ransla tin Dr. ran z e t tin e r s y, g F H g ’ A o lo ie de s Chris te nth u ms o f w hich the rs t art is no w u b p g— , fi p p d. S ts man lis he co . E T E BRIDGETT, R V. . . Discipline o f D rink “ The his to rica l info rmatio n w ith w hich t he bo o k abo u nds giv e s v ide nce o f de e re s e arch and atie nt s t u d a nd im arts a e r e p p y , p p mane nt inte re s t to t h e v o l u me w hich will e le v at e i t to a po sitio n n o e b w o r —The o f a u tho rity and impo rtance e j y d y fe o f Its c mpee s .

A f row . ’ ur L ad s D o w r how E n land Wo n th at Title O y y ; g . N ew and E nlar e d Edition g . This boo k is th e able s t v indicat io n o f Catho lic de v o tio n to O u r ad draw n fro m tradition that w e now of m the En lis h lan L y, — , k g Tabl et. guage .

’ 6 SE L E C TI ON F R OM B UR N S 63° OA TE S

W L L F A THER CAS A . .

Catholic L atin Ins tructo r in the Principal Church O flices and De v o tio ns fo r the f C h ir , Use o o s, C o n v ents and Mission S cho o ls and f r S elf-T eachin , o g. l m le e 1 v o . co t , p M O r art I. co ntainin Be nediction ass S erv m at P g , , g Mass and v ario u s L atin ra e rs in o rdinar use , P y y Ma a eant : A T ale of T intern A em S econd y P g . ( Po ) edition Poems L ra C atholica co ntainin all the rev iar and Missal y , g B y H mns w ith o thers from v ario us sour s 2 ce . mo y , 3 , clo th red ed es 0 , g 2

CA THOL IC BEL IEF : OR . A SHORT AND

S im le E osition o f Cath olic D o ctrine the p xp . By Ver R ev ose h F aa di Bru no D D T enth y . J p , . . edition rice 6d ost free P . p , l th l t r d C o , et e e , Also an editio n o n better a e r and b u nd in l th with p p o c o , gilt lettering and ste e l frontis piece U 6

CHAL L ONER , BISHOP .

Meditatio ns for ev e r da in th e ear N e w e ditio n y y y . . R ev ised and edited b th e R i h t R ev o hn Virtue y g . J , D D isho o f o rtsmo u th 8 v o th e dition 0 . . , B p P . . 5 3 And in o ther bindin s g .

’

H S ee u arterl S en es. CO L ERIDGE, REV. . J . ( Q y

DEVAS , C. S . Studies o f F amily L ife : a contribu tion to S ocial S cience C rown 8v o 0 . 5 We recomme nd these pag es and th e re mark able e v ide nce bro u gh t toge the r i n the m t o th e carefu l at te ntio n o f all w ho are interes ted i n ’ - h nit — r z n w l in o f o u r commo n u ma G ua a a . the e l be g y . ’ — h nd latin . S a tu rda R ee/z Bo th t ou ghtfu l a s timu g y et a. T THEODOSIA DRANE, AUGUS A .

f ien n m anions Histor of S t. Catherine o S a a d her Co y p .

A new e ditio n in tw o v ols . 0 1 2 It has bee n re serv ed fo r the au tho r of the pre se nt wo rk to giv e u s

f athe rine . e rha s th e reate s t a complete biog raphy o S t . C P p g s ucce s s o f the w rit e r i s the way in which she h—as co nt riv ed to mak e v Ta5 1et. th e Saint hers e lf li e i n the p ages o f the boo k . HA L ES Ab of Gl s ow MOS T REV C R . . E RE . Y , , ( p a g ) The Histor o f S t C u thbert : o r An A cco u nt o f his y . , ife D e ase and Miracles T hird edition Illus L , ec , . . trated with ma s charts &c and handsomel p , , . y bound in clo th R o al 8 v o 0 1 . y 4 A handsome w e ll a ointed v o l u me in e v e r wa w o rth o f its , pp , y y y The chie f i m res s io n o f t h e who le is the illu s t rio u s s u bj ec t. p pictu re of a g reat and good man drawn by a s ympathe tic hand. Sp ectator. A TAL G E F P BL I CA TI ON S C O U O U . 7

A F BER, REV. F REDERICK WIL L IAM ,

All for Jesus 0 5 Bethleh em 0 7 Blessed S acrament 0 7 C reator and Creature 0 6 ’ E thel s oo o f th e An els 0 B k g . 5 F oot o f the Cross 0 6 G rowth in H oliness 0 6 Hymns 0 6 o tes o n D octrinal arid S iri tual S ub ects 2 v ols each 0 N p j , . 5 oems a new edition i n re aration P ( p p ) . Precious Blood 0 5 S ir L ancelo t 0 5 S iritual C onferences O 6 p . DD L ife and L etters o f F rede ric William F aber . . k , , rie st f th e O rator of S t hili N eri B ohri P o y . P p y J Edward Bowden o f the same Congregation 0 6 0 HEN F OL E REV. R Y, Y, R ecords o f the English Prov ince o f the S ociety o f l S ries I net 1 6 esu s Vo . L e . J . , II S ri II III IV net 1 6 Vol. . , e es . , . II ri V I VII net 1 1 0 l I S e es V . VIII Vo . . , . , . , . X XI net 1 6 Vol IV . S eries I . . . X ,

Vol. V S eries XII. with nine hoto ra hs o f , P g p M art rs net 1 1 0 0 y . l Diar and Pil rimBo o f the En lish Co l Vo . VI. o , y g k g le e R ome T he Diar from 1 to 1 with g , . y 5 79 773 , hi a and Histo rical N o es The il rim Biograp c l t . P g Book o f th e Ancient E nglish H ospice attached to th Co lle e fr m 1 80 to 1 6 6 with His torical e g o 5 5 , N otes net 1 6 0 Vol VII art the F irst : G eneral S tatis tics o f th e Pro . . P Vince and Collectane a iv in io ra hical N otices ; , g g B g p it M emb rs and o f man Irish and S c tch esuits of s e y o J . With 2 0 Pho tographs net 1 6 0 ll ctana Com le ted Vol VII art th e S econd . Co e e . . P , p , With A e ndices C atalo ues o f Assumed and R eal pp . g N ames Annual L etters Bio ra hies and M iscel . ; g p

lanea. net 1 6 0 As a bio ra hical dic tionar o f E n lis h e s u 1ts it de serv es a g p y g J , in e v e r we ll s e le cted librar and as a co lle ctio n o f marv e l lace y y, , o u s occu rre nces e rsec u t io ns mart rdoms and e v ide nces o f the , p , y , re s u lts o f faith amo n s t the boo s o f all who be lo n t o the Catho lic — , g k g m a o i s t Ch u rch. G e l g . F ORMB REV HENR Y, . Y.

Monotheism : in th e main deriv ed from the Hebre w natio n and the L aw o f Moses The rimitiv e R eli . P ion of the C it of R ome An historical Inv esti a g y . g m U ! ) n D e 8 vo. tio . y 3 ’ 8 S E L E C TI ON F R OM B UR N S 61° OA TE S

IS DE SAL E T WORKS OF . F RANC S , S . THE T ranslatedinto th e E n lish L an u a e b th e Ve r R ev g g g y y . C ano n M ack e u nde r the directio n o f the y , Ri h t R e v isho H edle g . B p y, B . Vo l I L ette rs to e rsons in th e Wo rld Clo th 0 6 c . . P . £ The l e tte rs mu s t be read in o rde r to co m rehe nd t he charm and " p — 5 Ta 1et . s wee tne ss o f the ir s tyle . — h r tis n h v f Vol 11. T e T e a e o t e L o e o G od F ath er . . ’ C arr s translatio n o f 1 6 0 has be e n taken as a basis 3 , bu t it h as bee n mo de rmz e d and th o roughly re v ised and co rrecte d o c . 9 To tho s e who are s e e k ing pe rfe c t io n b—y t h e path o f co nte mplation h v o l w an rmo u r o f he l S a tu rda R e t is u me ill be a y p y em w . Vol III T he Cath olic C o ntrov e rs O 6 c . . y. s n o nc v h w l r h w N o o ne who ha o t re ad it can c e i e o c ea , o co nv ine i n a nd ho w w e ll ada te d to o u r re se nt n e eds a re the se co nt ro v e rs ial g, — p p leav e s . Tabl e t . Vol IV L etters to e rsons in R eli io n w ith intro . . P g , “ du ctio n b ish o H edle o n S t F rancis de S ales y B p y . ” and th e R eli io u s S tate 0 6 g . Th e s inc e re ie t and oodne s s th e rav e wisdom the now le d e p y g , g , k g ‘ o f h u man natu re the t e nde rne s s fo r it s w e a ne s s and the de s ire fo r , k , its e rfe c tio n t hat e rv ade t h e l e t te rs ma e t he m re nant o f in p p , k p g ion r s r n The t rans lat io n a nd e dit in hav s truc t fo all e io u s pe rso s . g e ’ —S eo ts man bee n admirably do ne . O th er v ols in re aratio n . p p L W P TER J GAL EY, REV . E , (S . . reciou s e arl o f H o e in th e M e rc o f G od The P P p y , . T ranslated from th e Italian With reface b the . P y

R ev F ath e r Gallw e Clo th u l . . y. 4 u r s n Ri alis m and n h e A n li an rders L ect e o tu o t g c O . ls r ma b had s e ara l 3 8 I 2 v o . O e te y p y . ) alv a e r h Wr ck A few M e mories o f the S g f om t e e .

Dead reserv ed in F u ne ral Discou rs es . With , p

ortraits . Cro w n 8 v o 0 o P . 7

GIBSON, REV. H . Cate chism M ade E as ein an E lanatio n of the y. B g xp Chris ian D rin F ifth ditio n 2 v ols clo th 0 6 t o ct e . e . . , 7 This w o rk mu s t be o f p rice le s s w o rth to any w ho are e n gag e d i n It i s th e be s t boo o f t he ind a ny fo rm o f ca tech e tical ins t ru ctio n . y k k ” ' t hat w e h av n n E n i —l s lz M n t/fl i rz o . e s e e gl s h . y G L L I OW, J OSEPH . L iterar and io ra hical His to r o r iblio ra hical y B g p y, , B g p r n lish C atho lics F ro m th e D ictiona y o f th e E g .

re ach w ith R ome in 1 to th e re sent Time . B , 5 34 , P ’ Vols I a d [I lot/z aem edek . 0 1 l . ] . n ] . c . , , y 5 O ther v ols in re aration . p p The atie nt re se arch o f M r G illo w his c o nscie ntio u s re co rd o f p . , minu te artic u lars and e s eciall his e hau s t iv e biblio ra hical i n p , p y x g p fo matio n i n co nn h ame are be o nd rais e r ec tion wit e ac h n . , y p Qu a rterly R ew ewf

ra ed. D m v 0 . T h e Haydock Pap ers . Illust t e y 8 We comme nd this colle c tio n t o the a t t e n tio n o f e v e ry o ne t hat is inte re s t e d in t h e re co rds o f th e s u ffe rings and s tru ggle s o f o u r

a nce s to rs to h and do w n t he faith to t he ir c hildre n. I t is in the pe ru sal o f s u ch de tails th at w e bring h o me to o u rs e lv e s t h e t ru ly h e roic sac rifi ce s t h at o u r fo re fathe rs e ndu red in tho s e dark and di — s mal time s . T a bl e t .

’ 1 0 S E L E C TI ON - F R OM B UR N S 69° OA TE S

T L L IGUORI, S . A PHONSUS .

N ew and Improv ed T ranslation o f the C omplete Works o f S t Al h onsus e dited b th e late Bish o Cofii n . p , y p

Vol. I T he Christian Vir u s an h M ans f r b . t e , d t e e o O tainin them Cloth ele ant g . g O r separately 1 f o ur L rd sus Chris I . The L ov e o o e t 2 T reatise o n ra er [n the ordinar editions a . P y . y great part of Mir work is omitted) ’ A Christian s rule f L if 3 . o e Vo l II T h e M steries o f the F a1th—The Incarnatio n . y ; containing M editations and D ev o tions o n the Birth and Infanc o f esus Christ &c suited for Adv ent y J , . , d Chris mas an t . Cheap e dition Vol III The M steri es of the F aith—The Blessed . . y S acrament Cheap editio n l IV Eternal Truths— re aration for D eath Vo . . P p Cheap edition Vol V T he R edem tion Meditations o n the assion . . p P . Cheap e dition esus hath lov ed us s e aratel J ( p y) . Vol VI Glo ries o f M ar N ewedition . . y. With F rontis iece clo th p ,

L IVIUS , REV. T. (M . A

S t eter isho of R ome o r the R oman E isco ate . P , B p . p p o f the rince of th e A o stles rov ed from th e P p , p F athers His tor and Chronolo and illustrated b , y gy , y ar umen s fr m o th er sou rces D edicated to his g t o . D em 8 v o c lo th O 1 2 Eminence C ardinal N ewman. y , A book which des e rv e s carefu l at t e ntion. In re s p ect o f lite rary ualiti es s u ch as e f e ctiv e arran e me nt and corre c t and l u 01d q , g , dic tio n this e ssa b an E n lis h Catho lic s c holar is no t u nworth , y, y , y g ” — a w o m i s e dic ted. T/ze S im . o f Cardinal N e w m n, t o h t i d a Explanation o f th e Psalms and C anticles in th e Div ine a slate d O f ce . S T A P O S S L IG O I . T r n fi By . L H N U U R L IV I S C S S R m he Italian b T O MAS . fro t . y H U , . Wi h r f c b his Emin nce Cardinal M A I G t a P e a e y e NN N .

C ro wn 8 v o , clo th To nu ns and o thers w ho now li t tle or no atin the bo o will k L , k ” — D u blin R ev iew . be o f imme ns e impo rtance . ther iv iu s has in o u r O inion e v e n im rov ed o n the o ri inal Fa L p p g , t w l nd s o far as th e arrangeme nt of the boo k go es . N e w prie s s il fi ” — i M n t! z . it es p ecially u sc nl . o Mar in th e E istles o r The Im licit T eachin of y p ; , p g th e A o stles concernin th e le ssed Vir in set p g B g , n their w ritin s forth in dev out comments o g .

Illu strated from F ath ers and o ther Au thors , and

r fa b r d r Cha ters C rown 8 v o. p e ced y int o ucto y p . Cloth L I A TI N S I I CA TAL O GUE OF P UB C O .

[ANNING, CARDINAL .

England and Ch ristendom F ou r Great E v ils of the Da th edition Wra er y. s . pp Cloth tf l i n Wra F ou o d S ov ere t of God. rd edition er g y 3 . pp Clo th

Glories of he S acred H ear h e diti n t t. 5 t o r nd h Wra r ou s of F ait Cloth . th edition. e G . 9 pp Clo th Inde endence f th Hol z ud edition p o e y S ee . Internal Mission o f the H ol Gho st th e dition y . 5 Miscellanies v o ls h set . 3 . t e N ational Education Wra er . pp Cloth Petri Priv ilegiu m R eli io Via oris rd edi i n l h g t . 3 t o , c ot Wrapper S ermons o n Ecclesiastical S ub ects Vo ls I II j . .

and III. each Sin and its C onse uences th edition q . 7 T em oral Mission o f the H ol Gho st rd edition p y . 3 T em o ral o w er of th e o e rd edition p P P p . 3 T rue Story o f th e Vatican C ou ncil. z ud edition The E ternal riestho o d th edition P . 9 T he O ffi ce o f the Chu rch in th e Higher Catholic Educatio n A asto ral L ette r . P Wor in s of the H ol S iri t in th e Church of E n land k g y p g . R e rint of a letter addre ssed to Dr use in 1 86 p . P y 4 Wrapper Cloth L ost Shee F ound A S ermon p . O n Education Rights and Dignity o f L abour

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In hand oc et siz e y p k . h e Blessed a r T S c ament, th e C entre o f Immu table T ru th Wra er , pp Con dence in G o d Wra er fi . pp O r the tw o bou nd to ether Clo th g . Holy Gospel o f O ur L ord Jesus Christ according

to S t. ohn Clo th J . H ol Gho st the S anc tifier Cloth y . f L ov e o J esus to Penitents . Wrapper Cloth

Office of theHol Ghost u nderthe Gos el Cloth y p .

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L ife of the Curé o f Ars o u lar edition 2 . P p ’ 1 2 S E L E C TI ON F R OM B UR N S 69° OA TE S

D IL L E ME A , REV. P . Meditations o n th e G o sp e ls fo r E v ery Day in the T rans la in o n lis r m Year. ted t E g h f o th e new Edi tion e nlar e d b the es an o n Mis sio naries u nde r , g y B c ,

th dire ctio n e W . . e o f th R ev . H E re S Clo th . . y , J T his wo r has alre ad bee n trans late d into L atin ( k y , Italian S anis h e rman and D u h G tc . , p , , ) We h av e care fu ll e amine d th e s e M edi ta tio ns and are fain to y x ,

co nfe ss that w e admire the m v e r mu c h . The are s hort s u cc inc t y y —, h lw s th oint d w nde rf l s t iv e b . it a a to e an o u l s u e . Ta /e t p y, y p , y gg

T . . . MIVAR T, PROF . S . GEORGE (M . D F R S ) N ature and T hou h t S eco nd e ditio n g . “ The co m le te co mmand o f the s u b e c t the w ide ras t he p j , g p , s ubtle t the readine s s o f ill u s t rat io n t he race o f s t le co nt riv e y, p , g y , ” r th n o f th s las s to re nde is o e e mo t admirable boo k s o f its c . r r R v iew Britis /z Qu a te ly e . A hiloso hical C atechism F ifth e ditio n P p . u d b o me the v ade m e zem o h l nt —T b et It sho l e c c f Cat o ic s tu de s . a 1 .

ME HO MRS . MONTGO R N . Y, d b be ost R ev or rt r A rov e z M . Ge e P o e A rcbbisbo o pp y g , p f B o ba m y. The Div ine S eq uence : A T reatise o n C reatio n and R edem tion Clo th p . ‘ T he E ternal ears With an Intro ductio n b th Y . y e h m M os R e v . G eor e ort r Ar bish o o f B ba t e c o . g P , p y Cloth T h i ine Ideal C lo th D v . e . A w ork o f o riginal tho u gh t care fu lly dev e lo ped a nd e xp res s ed in l u cid and ric hly image d s tyyle m — Th e w ritin o f a iO u s th o u h tfu l e arne s t w o an. C1z u rclz g p , g ,

R ev iew . “ — m u ll o f t ru th and s o u nd re as o n and co n de nce . A erican F , , fi

Ca tholic Book N ew s . HN S MORRIS , REV. J O ( J . ) L etter ooks o f S ir Amias oule t kee er o f M ar B P , p y ueen o f S co ts D em 8 v o I O Q . y u l s f o u r C ath olic F o re fathe rs related b th em T ro b e o , y lv s S eco nd eries 8 v o clo th se e . S . , . Third S e ries

The L ife o f F ath er ohn Gerard S T hird edition J , . J. , rewritten and enlarged M ar rd m f Thomas ecke t eco n The L ife and t o o S t . S d y . B and e nlar ed edition In one v olume lar e ost 8 v o g . , g p , clo th xv i 6 2 , pp . xx . , 3 , o r bo und in w o arts clo th t p , IS EV W B of th e Or o M RR R . r . O . , ( at y )

T he L ife o f S t atric A o s tle o f Ireland. F o u rth . P k, p e ditio n C ro w n 8 v o clo th . , ‘ ’ The s ec re t o f ath e r M orris s s u cce s s is t h at h e has o t t he F , g ro e r k e to th e e traordinar the m s te rio u s life and charac te r o f p p y x y, y ’

at ric . H e has ta e n t he S ain t s o w n au t h e nt ic w ritin s as S t . P k k g ” — f w h il 1 ris lz E l es z as tica l R ecord. t he o u ndatio n e re o n to bu d. cc ’ t h d bio r h f reland s A os tle Promis e s to be come e s tandar g ap y o I p . F o r clear s ta te me nt o f fac ts and c alm u dicio u s dis c u s s io n o f con , j trov erted oints it s u r as s e s an w or w e now o f in t h e lite rature p , p y k k ” — A meri an Ca t/zol ic u a rt erl . o f th e s u bj ect . c Q y

’ I 4 SE L E C TI ON F R OM B UR N S 69° 0A TE S

Edite d b the R ev H QUARTERL Y SERIES y . . m s bli Colerid e S . . 6 v olu e u shed to date . g , J 7 p S election . if and L etters o f S F ran is av i r B The L e t. c e the X . y Co le rid e 2 H . v ols R ev . . . S . 0 1 0 6 J g , ] £ T he Histor o f the S acred assion F ather L u i y P . By s de la alma o f the S ociet o f esus T ranslated P , y J .

from th e S anish . 0 p . 5 0 L ife of Dona L ou isa de C arv a al L ad Th e j . By y mall edi i n Georgiana F u llerto n. S t o f r sa h ife and L etters o S t. T e e v ols R ev T e L . . 3 By .

H . C olerid e S . each J . g , . J i f M ar Ward M ar C ath erine Eliz abe Th e L fe o y . By y th Chalme rs o f th e Institu te o f th e lessed Vir in , B g . v H C ol rid i d b th e R e . e e 2 ls E d te . S v o y . J g , J. . he u rn of the in Discou rses o n the L a r T R et K g. tte Da s th e R ev H Cole rid e S y . By . . J . g , . J. iou s Affections towards G od and th e S aints Medi P . tations for ev er D a in the ear and for the y y Y , rinci al F estiv als F rom the L atin o f the Ven P p . .

N icolas L ancicius S . , J . T he L ife and T e aching o f J esu s Ch ris t 1n Meditations for E v er D a in the ear B F r Nicolas y y Y . y . Tw o v ls ino S . o . A v anc . 0 1 0 , J T h e B aptism o f th e King : C onside ratio ns o n the S acred assion th e R ev H Colerid e S P . By . . J . g , . J. . h e M oth er o f th e in M ar du rin th e L ife o f T K g. y g L rd O ur o .

Th e H ours o f th e Passion. T aken from th e L ife of Cbrzrt by L u dolph th e S axon Th e Mo th er of th e Chu rch Mar du rin th e rst . y g fi Apostolic Age f S rid et o f Sw d n ife o t. e e th la . e e te F . Th L B g . By J

A . artrid e M . P g f Th e T eachin s and Co u nsels o S t. F rancis av ier g X . F rom his L e tters — iden of E ad r. G arcia Moreno res t cu o 1 8 2 1 1 8 . , P 75

m h F rench of th e R ev . . A h F t e ert . ro . e C S S R P B , . . By L ady H erbert f t A lo nso R o dri u z The L ife o S . e B F rancis y g . y Goldie of th e S ociet of esu s , y J

. A u s ine S e lected and a L etters o f S t gu t . rranged by r H Allies Ma y . A Mart r fro m th e uarter-Dec —Ale is Clerc S y Q k x , . J . By L ady H erbert VO M E S O N THE L I F E O F O U R L O LU RD . Tbc Hol In a y f ncy. Th e Preparation o f the Incarnation

T h e N ine Month s . Th e L ife of ou r L ord in h W t e omb. ’ O r L ord s Infan T he Thirt ears . u c and E arl L i y Y y y fe . Tbe P u blic L i e o ur f f O L ord. The Ministr of St ohn a tist y . J B p CA TA L O GUE OF P UBL I CA TI ON 1 S . 5

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L ord with Intro ductor Cha ters and Indices . , y p i n T w o v ls . S eco nd e dit o . o o 1 5 T he Wor s and Words o f o ur S av iou r ath ered from k , g th e F ou r Go sp els 0 7 S r f h e o s els H arm nisedfo r e di a The to y o t G p . o M t tion 0 7 F u ll lists on a lication pp .

B RAM , MRS . A EL .

n h L Emmanu el . B ei g t e ife o f O u r L ord J esus Chris t re ro du ced in the M steries o f th e T abernacle p y . Mrs Abel R am au thor o f T he mo st eautifu l By . , B amon th e Children o f C row n 8 v o c loth 0 g , 5 0 The fo u ndatio n o f the s t ru ctu re i s laid w ith th e g re ate s t s k ill and th e de e es t no w le d e of w h at co ns t itu te s t ru e re li io n and e v e r p k g g , y c hapte r e nds w ith an e lo q u e nt and s ou l uns piring appe al fo r o ne o r o the r o f th e v irtu e s w h ic h th e dif—fe re nt s ce ne s in the life o f O ur v w Ca tbol z T i mes . S av iou r s e t p ro mine ntly i nto ie . c E WAL TER J B RICHARDS , R V. . .

l f cri tu re H is to r Bein an A nal sis o f the M anu a o S p y. g y Histo rical o o s o f the O ld T e stament the R ev B k . By . W Rich ards D D O blate o f S t Ch arles In . J . B . , . . , . s ecto r o f S cho ols in th e D iocese o f Westminste r p . Clo th o 4 0 H appy indeed will tho se childre n and you ngpe rs o ns be who acqu i re i n the ir e arly days t he ines timably p re cio u s k no w ledge m r —T l e t w hich thes e boo k s i pa t ab .

E H I D. of th e Or or . DER R V. . RY . ( ) , at y ’ r v rs A R e l to Dr. L ittledale s Catholic C ont o e y . p y “ ” lain R easons S i th editio n 0 2 6 P . x athe r R de r o f the Birmin h am O rator h as now fu rnis hed F y g y, s t rl l this as sailant from w itho u in a s mall v o lu me a ma e y re p y to t. The ligh te r c harms o f a brillian t and g race fu l s t yle are adde d—to t he r tr v rs I rz s lz s o lid me rits o f this handboo k o f co nte mpo ra y co n o e y.

SOUL IER , REV. P .

L ife o f St hili Beniz i o f th e O rde r o f th e S erv ants . P p , o f Mar C row n 8 v o 0 8 y. O A c lear and inte re s ting accou nt o f t he life and labou rs of this —A m erz cem C a tlzo l z c u a rterl e mine nt S e rv ant o f Mary . Q y “ — ’ - m t B bl z n R ev z Ver s cho lar li e de v ou t and co le e . a ew . y k , p ’ 1 6 B UR N S 6 1° 0A TE S P UBL I C/ 1 TI ON S .

R EV R h ON . . of t e Ora or STA T . N , ( t y ) A M e no lo o f E n land and Wale s o r rie f Mem gy g , B o rials o f th e ritish and E n lish S aints arran ed B g , g acco rdin to th e C alendar T o ether w ith th e Mar g . g t rs o f th e 1 6 th and 1 th ce ntu rie Co m ile d b y 7 s. p y o rder o f th e Cardinal A rchbish o p and th e B isho ps r v ince o f \ V mi D m o f the o es t ns te r. e 8 v o c lo th P y , THOMPS ON EDWARD HEA L , Y, T he L ife o f e an ac u e s O lie r F o u nde r o f the J J q ,

S eminar o f S t. S u l ice N e w and E nlar ed Editio n y p . g . l t i 6 2 8 o st 8 v o c o h . v P , , p p xxx . “ It ro v ide s u s w ith u s t w hat w e mo s t ne ed a mo de l to loo u to p j , k p and imi tate ; o ne w ho s e c irc u ms tance s a nd s u rro u ndings w e re s u Ffi cie ntly lik e o u r o w n to admit o f an ea s yand dire c t applicat io n to o u r a n —D u o R z l d t ie s d da il O c u i s . o w n p e rso na u y c pat o n 1m ev ew . if and lor f S h L e G es o t. ose H usband T he i J p , o f Mar F o s te r F ath er o f esus and atron o f the y , J , P

Univ ers al Chu rch . G ro undedo n th e D issertatio ns of C anon Anto nio Vitalis F ath er o sé Mo reno and o th er , J , C r w 8 v l wri ers o n o c o th . t . v i 88 , , p p xx . 4 ,

UL L A THORNE , AR CHBISHOP . Endo w me nts o f M an &c o u lar e ditioh , . P p . ' G rou ndw o r o f th e Chris tian Virtu e s : do k . Chris tian atience d do o . . P , E cclesiastical Discou rs es

M mo ir o f ish o VVillso n e B p . HBISHO HAN A R C P st . VAUG (0. ) , , ’

ife and L abo u rs o f S T h o mas o f A u in . I h e L t. q brid ed and e dited b Dom ero me Vau han A g y J g , d Editio n Vo l I Be n d1 n S . . S eco n . e cti e O . . B ( ,

L ibrar C row n 8 v o . A ttrac tiv e l bo u nd y . y o ularl w rit te n in t he be s t s e ns e o f th e w o rd s k iltu ll av oids P p y , , y all w e ariso m e de tail w hils t o mit tin no thin tha t 15 o f 1 m 0rtanc e , g g p ’ in th e incide nts o f t h e S aint s e is te nce o r fo r a cle ar u nde rs tandin x , g me i o f th e natu re and th e p u rp o s e o f tho se s u bli t heolo g ca l w o rk s

hic s o man o ntiffs and no tabl L e o X III . h av e ro no u nce d o n w h y P , y , p ” ’ - mm nd ns . r . s u ch re mark able and re p e ate d co e atio F eem an s 7 ou r na l WIL F RID WARD, i n r l l th es o f R el1 o . A e to o u lar ositiv ism Th e C o g p y p p P . “ — ec ta to r Ve ry w it ty and inte re s tin g . Sp — /z r k r R e ally mo del s o f w h at s u c h e s s ay s s ho u ld be . C u c Qu a terly

R ev iew . J WATERWORTH, REV . . T h e C anons and D ecrees of the S acred and (E cu menical il o f T re nt celebrated u nder th e S o v ere i n Co unc , g l uliu s III and i IV tran ffs au . us o nti . P , P J , P , W b th e R ev . ATE W O T T o w hich slated y J . R R H . are p re fixe d E s says o n th e External and Internal e C ou ncil A new edition D t r o f th . em His o y . y

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CARDINAL . WISEMAN , le o f th e C atacombs 5 6d and T a . F abiola A 3 . . Also a ne w and sple ndid editio n p rinted o n large u arto a er e mbe llish ed w ith thirt one fu ll - a e q p p , y p g ra ions and a coloured ortrait of S t A es illu st t , p . gn .

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