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Historic Preservation and Academic, Government, And CONFLICT AND COLLABORATION: HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND ACADEMIC, GOVERNMENT, AND NONPROFIT SUSTAINABLE REHABILITATION PROJECTS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1989-2005 A Thesis Presented by Gregory A. Tisher to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Specializing in Historic Preservation February, 2008 2 Abstract Since the 1980s, an increasing awareness of how human industrial activities, including the construction and operation of buildings, contribute to worldwide environmental degradation has led many in the global architectural profession to reexamine their own practices and instead adopt a series of environmentally-sensitive approaches broadly know as sustainable or green design. Many observers have noted that sustainable design strategies used in historic building rehabilitations can be at odds with historic preservation aims, thus putting the supposed allies of sustainability and preservation in conflict rather than collaborative comrades in defense of scare resources, natural and cultural. In many ways, the history of sustainable rehabilitation in the United States from 1989 to 2005 can be defined as one of conflict and collaboration. This document investigates American sustainable rehabilitation practice during that seventeen-year period in an effort to: (1) examine significant process, design, and preservation aspects of pioneering and representational American institutional sustainable rehabilitation projects; (2) categorize those projects into “historical” periods based on timeframe and theme; (3) identify significant themes of change over time, emerging trends, and, as possible, the mechanisms driving this change; and (4) assess what the discussed projects imply and offer in answering whether good preservation and good sustainable design can be practiced collaboratively. In addressing that latter aim, the empirical evidence assembled in this document suggests that an alleged mutually exclusive and intrinsic choice between good historic preservation and good sustainable design is an unnecessary and false choice. 3 Acknowledgments Listed below are many of the individuals, who kindly sharing their knowledge, guidance, and enthusiasm, influenced and shaped this document. Without their help, this project would not have been possible and their assistance is greatly appreciated. Errors of fact and judgment are, of course, exclusively mine. Site visits played a significant role in crafting this document. Help for site visit research came from: Willem Beekman (Greenpeace); Elizabeth Braun (Woods Hole Research Center); Robert Cline (National Geographic Society); John Delemarre (Vermont Law School); Jean DiTullio (Western Pennsylvania Conservancy); Beth Ann Grummitt (U.S. General Services Administration); Joe Hackler (Woods Hole Research Center); Melanie Kintner (Cleveland Green Building Coalition); Kathy Lease (U.S. General Services Administration); Debra LeFree (University of Michigan); Peter Miller (Vermont Law School); Richard Neal (National Geographic Society); LaShon Philson (Greenpeace); Jennifer Pizza (Greenpeace); Keith Robinson (Black River Design); Rev. Laura Tisher (United Church of Christ); Kevin Toth (Dick Corporation); Kara Wienand (Western Pennsylvania Conservancy); Bruce Wolfe (Van Dyke Architects); and George Woodwell (Woods Hole Research Center). A number of individuals assisted with the project’s photographic research and kindly granted permission for image reproduction: Sarah Beazley (Chicago Department of Environment); Dale Bentley (Preservation North Dakota); Charles Benton (University of California at Berkley); Michael Burns (Michael J. Burns Architects, Inc.); Chris Cary (Leddy Maytum Stacy Architects); Bruce Demartini (Thoreau Center for Sustainability); Joseph Donahue (EwingCole); Michael Ernst (Woods Hole Research Center); Brad Fanta (Mithun Architects + Designers + Planners); Patricia Hurley (Trinity Church in the City of Boston); Karen Jania (University of Michigan); Jenna Mack (Event Emissary); Laura McDaniel (North Dakota State University); Sarah Mechling (Perkins Eastman); Mary Christopher Moore (Felician Sisters); Janet McLaughlin (S/L/A/M Collaborative, Inc.); Lara Nelson (University of Michigan); P.J. Norlander (Arcadia Publishing); Melanie Picco (Design Collective, Inc.); Frances Pruyn (Cooper Roberts Simonsen Architecture); Paul Richer (Richer Images); Douglas Royalty (Business Week); Peter Vanderwarker 4 (Peter Vanderwarker Photographs); Sharon Venier (Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary); Bruce Wagar (Gastinger Walker Harden Architects); and Lauren Paige Zabelsky (Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania). Other individuals generously provided information and answered questions in person, over email, and by telephone: Elaine Adams (U.S. General Services Administration); Kristin Baron (National Park Service); Gay Bindocci (U.S. Department of the Interior); Nancy Boone (Vermont Division for Historic Preservation); Paul Bruhn (Preservation Trust of Vermont); Amy Cahill (U.S. Green Building Council); Megan Camp (Shelburne Farms); Jean Carroon (Goody Clancy, Inc.); Kirsten Childs (Croxton Collaborative Architects); Art Chonko (Denison University); Chris Cochran (Vermont Division for Historic Preservation); Justin Cook (Ohio Historic Preservation Office); Ann Cousins (Preservation Trust of Vermont); Randolph Croxton (Croxton Collaborative Architects); Suzanne Churchill (Shalom Baranes Associates); James Duggan (Preservation Unlimited); Judith Ehrlich (Vermont Division for Historic Preservation); Doug Farr (Farr Associates); David Field (National Trust for Historic Preservation); Shirley Fortier (University of Vermont); Nathan Gehlert (National Geographic Society); Mary Jane Gentry (Shelburne Farms); Eric Gilbertson (Vermont Division for Historic Preservation); Karl Goetze (Efficiency Vermont); Andrea Hamberg (Peoples Coop); F.W. Hoffman (Granville Historical Society); Carl Jahnes (HRJL Architects, Inc.); Nan Jenks-Jay (Middlebury College); Isabel Jenson (Building Research Establishment); Alisa Kane (City of Portland); Abram Kaplan (Denison University); Doug Koepsell (University of Michigan); Karl Lasher (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection); Ann Lattinville (Massachusetts Historical Commission); John Leeke (Historic HomeWorks); Cynthia Liccese-Torres (Arlington County Historic Preservation Program); Robert McKay (Michigan State Historic Preservation Office); Joyce Meredith (Denison University); Sandy Miller (U.S. Navy); Michelle Mullarkey (University of Vermont); Regina Nally (U.S. General Services Administration); Sharon Park (National Park Service); Donald Petit (Cleveland Landmarks Commission); Joshua Phillips (Preservation Maryland); Douglas Porter (Preservation Trust of Vermont); Stephen Rooney (Truex Cullins & Partners Architects); Melissa Schmidt (U.S. General Services Administration); Lisbeth Schwab (New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission); 5 Ann Sears (Falmouth Historical Commission); Andrew Shapiro (Energy Balance, Inc.); Chris Strayer (Village of Granville); Stephen Smith (Smith Alvarez Sienkiewycz Architects); Ryan Snow (Green Building Alliance); Robert Thomson (Presidio Trust); Martha Twombly (Cape Cod Commission); Emily Wadhams (National Trust for Historic Preservation); Alec Webb (Shelburne Farms); and the Washington, D.C., staff and summer 2005 interns at the U.S. General Services Administration’s Center for Historic Buildings. Staff at the following institutions also greatly aided the project: Archives and Special Collections, Doane Library, Denison University, in Granville, Ohio; the Falmouth Historical Commission, in Falmouth, Massachusetts; the Library of Congress, in Washington, D.C.; the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, in Columbus, Ohio; the Pittsburgh Historic Review Commission, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Special Collections, Bailey-Howe Library, University of Vermont, in Burlington, Vermont; and the Virginia Room, Arlington County Central Library, in Arlington County, Virginia. Finally, I owe significant thanks to: Thomas Visser (Director, Graduate Program in Historic Preservation, University of Vermont), my thesis advisor; Robert McCullough (Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Historic Preservation, University of Vermont), member of my thesis committee; Jeffrey Marshall (Director, School of Engineering, University of Vermont), chair of my thesis committee; family, friends, and fellow University of Vermont historic preservation colleagues; and, of course, Lizzie André, who accompanied me to “just one more green building” again and again and again. 6 Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter One: National Pioneers, 1989-2002 .................................................................... 17 Audubon House ............................................................................................................ 19 EPA National Headquarters.......................................................................................... 26 Presidio of San Francisco.............................................................................................. 35 Chapter Two: Local Demonstration Projects, 1996-2003 ................................................ 45 Burke Building.............................................................................................................. 50 Barney-Davis Hall
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