Bolivia Travel Guide
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Mitigation of Environmental Extremes As a Possible Indicator of Extended Habitat Sustainability for Lakes on Early Mars
Invited Paper Mitigation of Environmental Extremes as a Possible Indicator of Extended Habitat Sustainability for Lakes on Early Mars Nathalie A. Cabrol*a, Edmond A. Grina, Andrew N. Hockb aNASA Ames Research Center/SETI Carl Sagan Center, Space Science Division, MS 245-3. Moffett Field, CA 94035- 1000, USA; bUCLA. Dpt. of Earth & Space Sciences. 595 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567. ABSTRACT The impact of individual extremes on life, such as UV radiation (UVR), temperatures, and salinity is well documented. However, their combined effect in nature is not well-understood while it is a fundamental issue controlling the evolution of habitat sustainability within individual bodies of water. Environmental variables combine in the Bolivian Altiplano to produce some of the highest, least explored and most poorly understood lakes on Earth. Their physical environment of thin atmosphere, high ultraviolet radiation, high daily temperature amplitude, ice, sulfur-rich volcanism, and hydrothermal springs, combined with the changing climate in the Andes and the rapid loss of aqueous habitat provide parallels to ancient Martian lakes at the Noachian/Hesperian transition 3.7-3.5 Ga ago. Documenting this analogy is one of the focuses of the High-Lakes Project (HLP). The geophysical data we collected on three of them located up to 5,916 m elevation suggests that a combination of extreme factors does not necessarily translate into a harsher environment for life. Large and diverse ecosystems adapt to UVR reaching 200%-216% that of sea level in bodies of water sometimes no deeper than 50 cm, massive seasonal freeze-over, and unpredictable daily evolution of UVR and temperature. -
Salt Lakes and Pans
SCIENCE FOCUS: Salt Lakes and Pans Ancient Seas, Modern Images SeaWiFS image of the western United States. The features of interest that that will be discussed in this Science Focus! article are labeled on the large image on the next page. (Other features and landmarks are also labeled.) It should be no surprise to be informed that the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) was designed to observe the oceans. Other articles in the Science Focus! series have discussed various oceanographic applications of SeaWiFS data. However, this article discusses geological features that indicate the presence of seas that existed in Earth's paleohistory which can be discerned in SeaWiFS imagery. SeaWiFS image of the western United States. Great Salt Lake and Lake Bonneville The Great Salt Lake is the remnant of ancient Lake Bonneville, which gave the Bonneville Salt Flats their name. Geologists estimate that Lake Bonneville existed between 23,000 and 12,000 years ago, during the last glacial period. Lake Bonneville's existence ended abruptly when the waters of the lake began to drain rapidly through Red Rock Pass in southern Idaho into the Snake River system (see "Lake Bonneville's Flood" link below). As the Earth's climate warmed and became drier, the remaining water in Lake Bonneville evaporated, leaving the highly saline waters of the Great Salt Lake. The reason for the high concentration of dissolved minerals in the Great Salt Lake is due to the fact that it is a "terminal basin" lake; water than enters the lake from streams and rivers can only leave by evaporation. -
The Endemic Gastropod Fauna of Lake Titicaca: Correlation Between
The endemic gastropod fauna of Lake Titicaca: correlation between molecular evolution and hydrographic history Oliver Kroll1, Robert Hershler2, Christian Albrecht1, Edmundo M. Terrazas3, Roberto Apaza4, Carmen Fuentealba5, Christian Wolff1 & Thomas Wilke1 1Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany 2National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 3Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Peru 4Instituto de Ecologıa,´ Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia 5Departamento de Zoologia, Universidad de Concepcion, Chile Keywords Abstract Altiplano, Heleobia, molecular clock, phylogeography, species flock. Lake Titicaca, situated in the Altiplano high plateau, is the only ancient lake in South America. This 2- to 3-My-old (where My is million years) water body has had Correspondence a complex history that included at least five major hydrological phases during the Thomas Wilke, Department of Animal Ecology Pleistocene. It is generally assumed that these physical events helped shape the evo- and Systematics, Justus Liebig University lutionary history of the lake’s biota. Herein, we study an endemic species assemblage Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26–32 (IFZ), 35392 in Lake Titicaca, composed of members of the microgastropod genus Heleobia,to Giessen, Germany. Tel: +49-641-99-35720; determine whether the lake has functioned as a reservoir of relic species or the site Fax: +49-641-99-35709; of local diversification, to evaluate congruence of the regional paleohydrology and E-mail: [email protected] the evolutionary history of this assemblage, and to assess whether the geographic distributions of endemic lineages are hierarchical. Our phylogenetic analyses in- Received: 17 February 2012; Revised: 19 April dicate that the Titicaca/Altiplano Heleobia fauna (together with few extralimital 2012; Accepted: 23 April 2012 taxa) forms a species flock. -
Field Excursion Report 2010
Presented at “Short Course on Geothermal Drilling, Resource Development and Power Plants”, organized by UNU-GTP and LaGeo, in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, January 16-22, 2011. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME LaGeo S.A. de C.V. GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: SHORT OVERVIEW OF THE STATUS IN BOLIVIA, CHILE, ECUADOR AND PERU Ingimar G. Haraldsson United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme Orkustofnun, Grensasvegi 9, 108 Reykjavik ICELAND [email protected] ABSTRACT South America holds vast stores of geothermal energy that are largely unexploited. These resources are largely the product of the convergence of the South American tectonic plate and the Nazca plate that has given rise to the Andes mountain chain, with its countless volcanoes. High-temperature geothermal resources in Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru are mainly associated with the volcanically active regions, although low temperature resources are also found outside them. All of these countries have a history of geothermal exploration, which has been reinvigorated with recent changes in global energy prices and the increased emphasis on renewables to combat global warming. The paper gives an overview of their main regions of geothermal activity and the latest developments in the geothermal sector are reviewed. 1. INTRODUCTION South America has abundant geothermal energy resources. In 1999, the Geothermal Energy Association estimated the continent’s potential for electricity generation from geothermal resources to be in the range of 3,970-8,610 MW, based on available information and assuming the use of technology available at that time (Gawell et al., 1999). Subsequent studies have put the potential much higher, as a preliminary analysis of Chile alone assumes a generation potential of 16,000 MW for at least 50 years from geothermal fluids with temperatures exceeding 150°C, extracted from within a depth of 3,000 m (Lahsen et al., 2010). -
Bolivian Salt Flats & Andean Culture
B O L I V I A UYUNI HIGHLANDS EXPLORER Essential Bolivian Salt Flats & Andean Culture DURATION: 10 days / 9 nights SEASON: May through November DEPARTURES: Guaranteed with a minimum of 4 and maximum of 12 participants TRIP RATING: Easy/Moderate Natural history, Cultural & Archaeological Tour, Grade (II) – This expedition style soft adventure is an activity-oriented program. It includes scenic overland travel up to 7 hours on a day, walking tours and day hikes of 2-3 hours. It takes place at high elevations reaching a maximum of 13,420’ at Potosi. To allow for gradual adjustment to the altitude, we begin the program touring Sucre (9,215’) 2021 DATES : On request any week during the season for a minimum of 4 travelers INTRODUCTION: Bolivia, one of South America’s most colorful, natural and insulated nations, captures the imagination of adventure travelers. It comprises the most intact indigenous culture on the continent, with dozens of native languages still spoken alongside Spanish. Bolivia is home to the world’s most high-altitude capital city, La Paz (11,930' feet above sea level!). World-famous Salar de Uyuni – the planet’s biggest salt flat – has become an iconic landscape, with its vast otherworldly whiteness. Visitors who venture into landlocked Bolivia are warmly received in its pleasant Spanish- colonial cities. The history-rich mining town of Potosi and vibrant local markets give a snapshot of traditional Andean life. A visit to the mythical Lake Titicaca, a crown jewel of the region, completes the Bolivian highland experience. Accompanied by an expert local guide, we begin in Sucre, Bolivia (9,215’), where we walk the cobbled streets of the city’s colonial section, visit other historical monuments and tour the colorful native market at Tarabuco. -
Phylogenomics of the Hyalella Amphipod Species-Flock of The
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Phylogenomics of the Hyalella amphipod species‑fock of the Andean Altiplano Francesco Zapelloni1,3, Joan Pons2,3, José A. Jurado‑Rivera1, Damià Jaume2 & Carlos Juan1,2* Species diversifcation in ancient lakes has enabled essential insights into evolutionary theory as they embody an evolutionary microcosm compared to continental terrestrial habitats. We have studied the high‑altitude amphipods of the Andes Altiplano using mitogenomic, nuclear ribosomal and single‑ copy nuclear gene sequences obtained from 36 Hyalella genomic libraries, focusing on species of the Lake Titicaca and other water bodies of the Altiplano northern plateau. Results show that early Miocene South American lineages have recently (late Pliocene or early Pleistocene) diversifed in the Andes with a striking morphological convergence among lineages. This pattern is consistent with the ecological opportunities (access to unoccupied resources, initial relaxed selection on ecologically‑ signifcant traits and low competition) ofered by the lacustrine habitats established after the Andean uplift. Lakes with an uninterrupted history of more than 100,000 years (ancient lakes) may be considered as natural laboratories for evolutionary research as they constitute hotspots of aquatic animal speciation and phenotypic diversity1. Changes in lake size and episodes of desiccation are considered to be critical factors in the speciation and extinction of lake faunas, with the creation of new habitats afer lake expansions as the primary driver of intra-lake diversifcation2–4. For instance, cichlid radiations in the East African Lakes seem to have been trig- gered by lake expansions afer periods of intense desiccation, with the surviving species flling up empty niches afer lake reflling2. -
Signature Andes: Highlands of Peru, Bolivia and Chile
16 days 11:13 01-09-2021 We are the UK’s No.1 specialist in travel to Latin As our name suggests, we are single-minded America and have been creating award-winning about Latin America. This is what sets us apart holidays to every corner of the region for over four from other travel companies – and what allows us decades; we pride ourselves on being the most to offer you not just a holiday but the opportunity to knowledgeable people there are when it comes to experience something extraordinary on inspiring travel to Central and South America and journeys throughout Mexico, Central and South passionate about it too. America. A passion for the region runs Fully bonded and licensed Our insider knowledge helps through all we do you go beyond the guidebooks ATOL-protected All our Consultants have lived or We hand-pick hotels with travelled extensively in Latin On your side when it matters character and the most America rewarding excursions Book with confidence, knowing Up-to-the-minute knowledge every penny is secure Let us show you the Latin underpinned by 40 years' America we know and love experience 11:13 01-09-2021 11:13 01-09-2021 This thrilling private journey captures the natural and cultural highlights of the southern Andes of Peru, the altiplano of Bolivia and the salt flats straddling the border with Chile. Arrive in the vast metropolis of the Peruvian capital, Lima, and move on to historic Cusco, the former Inca capital and a treasure trove of Inca stonework and colonial architecture. -
INORA N° 58, 2010
S ! ! Tigui Cocoïna (Tchad) "# ! D’après Choppy $ % & ' $ et al., 1996 (Arte rupestre ( S ) ) N° 58 - 2010 nel Ciad) #+,--.-/- 11, rue du Fourcat, 09000 FOIX (France) France : Tél. 05 61 65 01 82 - Fax. 05 61 65 35 73 Etranger : Tél. + 33 5 61 65 01 82 - Fax. + 33 5 61 65 35 73 Responsable de la publication - Editor : Dr. Jean CLOTTES email : [email protected] S S Découvertes ................................. 1 . Discoveries Divers ................................... 13 . Divers Réunion - Annonce ......................... 29 . Meeting - Announcement Livres ......................................... SOMMAIRE 30 Books DÉCOUVERTES DISCOVERIES LA GROTTE DU PACIFIQUE (CHILI) THE PACIFIC CAVE (CHILI) Première grotte ornée de l’archipel de Patagonie First decorated cave in the Patagonian Archipelago En 2000, puis en 2006 et 2008 s’est déroulée, dans In 2000, then in 2006 and 2008 a wide-ranging series l’archipel de Madre de Dios au Chili, une série d’expédi- of Franco-Chilean geographical and speleological expedi- tions géographiques et spéléologiques franco-chilienne tions took place in the Madre de Dios Archipelago. The d’envergure. Les prospections menées tant sur les îles research carried out both on the islands and on the littoral que sur le littoral ont permis la découverte de nom- enabled the finding of numerous caves. Among them, the breuses cavités. Parmi celles-ci, la grotte du Pacifique, Pacific Cave, discovered on 21 January 2006, contained découverte le 21 janvier 2006 contient des peintures parietal paintings and archaeological remains on the floor. pariétales et des restes archéologiques au sol. C’est la This is the first discovery of parietal art that can be unam- première découverte d’un art pariétal attribuable sans biguously attributed to the Kaweskar Indians1, a nomadic ambiguïté aux Indiens Kaweskar1, peuple de nomades de sea people now vanished. -
Explora Atacama І Hikes
ATACAMA explorations explora Atacama І Hikes T2 Reserva Tatio T4 Cornisas Nights of acclimatization Nights of acclimatization needed: 2 needed: 0 Type: Half day Type: Half day Duration: 1h Duration: 2h 30 min Distance: 2,3 km / 1,4 mi Distance: 6,7 kms / 4,2 mi Max. Altitude: 4.321 m.a.s.l / Max. Altitude: 2.710 m.a.s.l / HIKES 14.176 f.a.s.l 8.891 f.a.s.l Description: This exploration Description: Departing by van, we offers a different way of visiting head toward the Catarpe Valley Our hikes have been designed according the Tatio geysers, a geothermal by an old road. From there, we to different interests and levels of skill. field with over 80 boiling water hike along the ledges of La Sal They vary in length and difficulty so we sources. In this trip there are Mountains, with panoramic views always recommend travelers to talk to their excellent opportunities of studying of the oasis, the Atacama salt flat, guides before choosing an exploration. the highlands fauna, which includes and The, La Sal, and Domeyko Every evening, guides brief travelers vicuñas, flamingos and foxes, Mountains, three mountain ranges on the different explorations, so that among others. We walk through the that shape the region’s geography. they can choose one that best fit their reserve with views of The Mountains By the end of the exploration we interests. Exploration times do not consider and steaming hot water sources. descend through Marte Valley’s sand transportation. Return to the hotel by van. -
48 PORCO El Análisis Del Municipio De Porco Permite Delimitar
Diagnóstico Integrado de la Mancomunidad Gran Potosí PORCO El análisis del municipio de Porco permite delimitar unidades fisiográficas, que se subdividen en: Gran Paisaje, Paisaje y sub Paisaje, formando procesos de cadena de montañas y depresiones. GRAN PAISAJE A nivel fisiográfico corresponde un solo grupo geomorfológico que es la cordillera Oriental. PAISAJE Fisiográficamente es donde se diferencian las características más importantes de la zona en relación al suelo, la geomorfología del material parental que se encuentra distribuido en el área, de acuerdo a su distribución natural, presenta: • Serranías • Colinas • Pie de Monte • Llanuras o Altiplanicies • Lechos de ríos y Arroyos SUB PAISAJE A este nivel fisiográfico se considera mayor cantidad de criterios diferenciadores, teniendo como unidades fundamentales: • Sucesión de serranías altas • Sucesión de serranías bajas • Sucesión de colinas • Colinas aisladas • Pie de monte dentado • Pie de monte no dentado • Terrazas • Coluvio aluviales • Aluviales 48 Capítulo I Aspectos Físicos y Espaciales A.2.1.3. Topografía POTOSÍ El municipio se encuentra ubicado en dos zonas de vida: Estepa Montano Sub Tropical y Bosque Húmedo Montano Templado, donde predominan rocas volcánicas y sedimentarias, con topografía muy accidentada. Siendo así, la topografía está constituida por un paisaje de colinas de diferente altitud, alternado por cañones y quebradas; en escasa proporción se observan mesetas y planicies intermedias. YOCALLA En Yocalla, la topografía se caracteriza por presentar pequeñas laderas en pendientes de mesetas muy altas con presencia de montañas moderadamente altas de cimas agudas, pendientes largas, moderadamente disociadas, interrumpidas por planicies. También se observa la presencia acentuada de profundas quebradas y ríos que son afluentes del Pilcomayo, caracterizando la topografía irregular del municipio. -
Lake Titicaca
Lake Basin Management Initiative Experience and Lessons Learned Brief Lake Titicaca Mario Francisco Revollo Vargas* Maximo Liberman Cruz Alberto Lescano Rivero 1. Description Drought and floods are the natural hazards that have the greatest environmental, social and eco- nomic impact on the Bolivian-Peruvian high plateau (altiplano) which includes the hydrological basin of Lake Titicaca, the Desaguadero River, Lake Poopo and the Salt Lake of Coipasa, collec- tively designated by the acronym TDPS. Through good management, the system can be regulated in benefit of the people who live in the region. Territorial Scope The project area (Figure 1) includes the hydrological basins of Lake Titicaca, the Desaguadero River, and lakes Poopo and Salar de Coipasa (TDPS system). The TDPS system is located in parts of Peru, Bolivia and Chile, spread between latitude 14° 03' to 20° 00' South and between longitude 66° 21' to 71° 07' West. The total area of the system is 143,900 km2 and includes the sub-region Puno in Peru and the departments of La Paz and Oruro in Bolivia. The basins included in the TDPS system have the following characteristics: Lake Titicaca This paper was presented at the Lake Basin Management Initiative 2 Regional Workshop for Europe, Central Asia and the Americas catchment area: 56,270 km 2 held at Saint Michaelʼs College in Vermont, USA, 18-21 June - average lake area: 8,400 km 2003. The workshop was organized by LakeNet in cooperation with SMC and the International Lake Environment Committee medium altitude: 3,810 m above sea level 3 with funding from the Global Environment Facility, U.S. -
Prostart Standards and Courses
ProStart Content Area: BMM Grade Level: HS POS: 2 Approved by the Nebraska State Board of Education, November 2016 Fundamentals of Food and Nutrition Course Description This course is designed to provide students with the base foundation knowledge of food selection and preparation needed to successfully fuel the human body through consumption of food and resulting food energy. With a beginning foundation of nutrition, students will learn basic preparation skills and the short-term and long-term wellness consequences as a result of nutritional intake, as well as being exposed to careers related to the food industry. Course Code: 090107 Endorsements to Teach: FACS Programs of Study to which this Course applies HSE.HS.3 Nutrition and Wellness HSE.HS.4 Food Science BMM.HS.1 Culinary Arts BMM.HS.2 ProStart BMM.HS.1.3 Identify and apply the elements of meal planning, meal preparation, and meal service. BMM.HS.1.3.d Identify basic table setting and meal etiquette. BMM.HS.1.7 Demonstrate professional food preparation techniques for all menu categories. Review and apply culinary terms and abbreviations, equivalents, recipe yields, and BMM.HS.1.7.a proper measuring techniques with correct equipment. (Mise en place, equivalents) Select and explain the appropriate use and care of small appliances and equipment for BMM.HS.1.7.b specific product preparation and culinary applications. BMM.HS.1.8 Apply proper procedures for knife handling and knife use. BMM.HS.1.8.a Identify types, use and care of knives. BMM.HS.1.14 Explain current dietary recommendations. BMM.HS.1.14.a Appraise reliable sources of nutrition information.