“Korku Sinemasında Vampir Filmleri Ve Korku Sinemasının Tarihsel Sürecinde De Ğişen Vampir İmgesi”

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“Korku Sinemasında Vampir Filmleri Ve Korku Sinemasının Tarihsel Sürecinde De Ğişen Vampir İmgesi” T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Radyo Televizyon Sinema Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi “Korku Sinemasında Vampir Filmleri ve Korku Sinemasının Tarihsel Sürecinde De ğişen Vampir İmgesi” Mesut AYTEK İN 2501030394 Tez Danı şmanı Yard. Doç. Dr. Battal ODABA Ş İstanbul, 2006 KORKU S İNEMASINDA VAMP İR F İLMLER İ VE KORKU S İNEMASININ TAR İHSEL SÜREC İNDE DE ĞİŞ EN VAMP İR İMGES İ MESUT AYTEK İN ÖZ Bu çalı şmada korku ve korku sineması hakkında tanımlayıcı bilgilerin ardından tür içinde önemli bir alt tür olan vampirlerin özellikleri ortaya konup, korku sinemasının tarihsel sürecinde de ğişen vampir imgesi, bu de ğişimi belirgin şekilde gösteren kriterler, sosyal yapı, ekonomi, mekân, dı ş görünü ş ve fiziksel yapı, teknoloji, bakımından açıklanmaya çalı şılmı ştır. Bu do ğrultuda tür içinde kült olan ve de ğişimi açık şekilde gösteren iki klasik, iki de modern vampir filmi, örneklem olarak ele alınmı ştır. Bu filmler birçok kez izlenerek içerik analizleri yapılmı ş, belirledi ğimiz göstergeler do ğrultusunda ne gibi de ğişimlerin ya şandı ğı gözlemlenmi ştir. Çalı şma sonucunda vampirlerin korku sinemasının tarihsel sürecinde de ğişimi ve olu şan yeni vampir imgesi, örneklerle ortaya konmu ştur. ABSTRACT In with this study, it is intended to pinpoint the general information on horror and vampire films and the transformation of the vampire image in the horror genre. In this context four cult vampire films have been choosen from classical and modern horror films. These films are analysed using content analyse and the results are used to explain the transformation at the vampire image in horror films. 2 ÖNSÖZ Korku sinemasında vampir filmleri ve korku sinemasının tarihsel sürecinde de ğişen vampir imgesi ba şlıklı bu tezde sinemanın içinde her daim popüler olan ve klasik, kült bir karakter olarak sinema seyircisinin zihninde yer eden vampirlerin de ğişen yapılarını ortaya konmaya çalı şılmı ştır. Amaç, sinemanın vazgeçilmez türü olan korku sinemasının en önemli alt türlerinden vampirlerin sinemasal süreçte geçirdi ği de ğişimi ortaya koymak ve sonuçta olu şan yeni vampir imgesini somut bir şekilde, hayal gücümüzde canlandırabilecek bir kalıpta açıklamaktır. Bu ba ğlamda öncelikle korku sineması hakkında bütüncül bir şekilde, korkudan ba şlayarak, özelden genel do ğru tüme varım yöntemiyle bir açıklama yapılmı ştır. Birinci bölümde yer verilen bu açıklama da korkunun tanımı, kaynakları, sinema ile olan ili şkisi, korku sineması, korku sinemasının tarihsel geli şimi ve korku sinemasının konu ve içerik yapısına göre alt türleri hakkında bilgiler verilmi ştir. Esas konuya zemin te şkil eden birinci bölümden sonra ikinci bölüm de vampirleri aynı sistematik yapı içinde ele alınmı ştır: Vampirlerin tanımı, kaynakları, özellikleri, sinema ile olan ili şkisi, vampir filmlerinin geli şimi ve vampir filmlerinin alt türleri ana ba şlıkları altında türe dair açıklayıcı bilgiler verilmi ştir. Vampir filmlerinin de ğişimini ortaya koyan ve de ğişen imgeyi tanımlayacak üçüncü ve son bölümde ise be ş ana ba şlık altında, sosyal hayattaki de ğişim, ekonomik yapılarındaki de ğişim, mekânlarındaki de ğişim, görünü şlerindeki ve fiziksel yapılarındaki de ğişim, teknolojilerindeki de ğişim, örneklemler do ğrultusunda, klasik vampir filmlerinden Nosferatu, Bram Stoker’ın Drakula’sı, modern vampir filmlerinden Bıça ğın İki Yüzü, Karanlıklar Ülkesi, kanıtlarla desteklenerek sinemanın tarihsel sürecinde vampirlerin de ğişen yapıları ortaya konulmu ştur. 3 Bu tez çalı şmamda, yo ğun temposuna ra ğmen bana vakit ayırıp, bilgisini ve tecrübelerini benimle payla şan, güler yüzü ve samimi tutumuyla tezimin bu hale gelmesinde büyük eme ği olan tez danı şmanım, sevgili hocam Yard. Doç. Dr. Battal Odaba ş’a, her zaman desteklerini arkamızda hissetti ğimiz, engin görü ş ve bilgi birikimlerini bizlerle payla şan ve nitelikli eserler vermemiz için bizi her zaman te şvik eden saygı de ğer hocalarım, ba şta dekanımız sayın Prof. Dr. Suat Gezgin’e, bölüm ba şkanımız, sevgili hocam Doç. Dr. Ne şe Kars’a ve üniversiteye ba şladı ğımız günden bugüne, maddi ve manevi her konuda bize yardımlarını esirgemeyen, ne vakit olursa olsun kapılarını açık bulabildi ğimiz, kıymetli hocalarım Yard. Doç. Dr. Ergün Yolcu’ya, Yard. Doç. Dr. Ceyhan Kandemir’e ve bugünlere gelmemde katkısı bulunan tüm hocalarıma sonsuz te şekkürler. Tez konumu seçmemde bana yön veren, çalı şmam sırasında özgün eserleri ile yardımcı olan ve sinemamızda korku türünün tanınmasına büyük emekleri geçen Giovanni Scognamillo’ya, Kaya Özkaracalar’a ve merhum Sadi Konuralp’e te şekkürler. Sonsuz sabırları ile beni hayatımın her safhasında oldu ğu gibi bu zorlu dönemimde de destekleyen, dünyaya daha geni ş bir perspektifle bakmamı sa ğlayan ve iyi bir e ğitim almam için ellerinden geleni yapan aileme, vefakâr doksan9’a, yüre ği güzel genç kalemlere, dertlerimi dinleyen, beni motive eden, kahrımı çeken, samimi tutumları ile moralimi düzelten, her daim yanımda olan tüm dostlarıma ve gülen perim, çitlenbi ğim, ilham mele ğime te şekkür ederim. Mesut AYTEK İN İstanbul, 2006 4 İÇİNDEK İLER ÖZ-ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………….....................……iii ÖNSÖZ ………………..................…………………………………………………………....iv İÇİNDEK İLER ...................................................................................................................vi KISALTMALAR L İSTES İ……………….............………………………………..ix Giri ş…………………………………………....................…………………….1 1. KORKU VE S İNEMA ………………………………......................…...4 1.1. Korku……………………………...…………………………………….4 1.1.1 Korkunun Tanımı……...........................................................5 1.1.2 Korkunun Kaynakları……..……………………………….7 1.2. Korku ve Sinema İli şkisi……………………………………….……..12 1.2.1 Korku Sineması……………….…………………….……...14 1.2.2 Korku Sinemasında Ses ve Müzik Kullanımı…….………30 1.2.3 Korku Sinemasında Mekân Kullanımı…………………...35 1.2.4 Korku Sineması ve Edebiyat İli şkisi…..…………………..38 1.3. Korku Sinemasının Tarihsel Geli şimi…………………………..……41 1.3.1 1910–1930 Arası Korku Sineması………………….….…..42 1.3.2 1930–1940 Arası Korku Sineması……………………..…..46 1.3.3 1940–1950 Arası Korku Sineması……………………........50 1.3.4 1950–1960 Arası Korku Sineması………………………....54 5 1.3.5 1960–1970 Arası Korku Sineması………….……………..60 1.3.6 1970–1980 Arası Korku Sineması…………….…………..65 1.3.7 1980–1990 Arası Korku Sineması……………….………..74 1.3.8 1990–2000 Arası Korku Sineması………….…….……….76 1.3.9 2000 Sonrası Günümüz Korku Sineması………….……..81 1.4. Korku Sinemasında Konusuna Göre Alt Türler………….………...90 1.4.1 Şeytan Filmleri………………………………...…….……..93 1.4.2 Vampir Filmleri……………………………………..……..96 1.4.3 Seri Katil ve Sapık Filmleri………………………….…....99 1.4.4 Do ğaüstü Yaratıklar ve Canavar Filmleri……………...102 1.4.5 Do ğanın İntikamı………………………………………....106 1.4.6 Di ğer Filmler……………………………………………...109 1.4.6.1. Hayalet Filmleri………………………………….109 1.4.6.2. Mumya Filmleri……………………………….....110 1.4.6.3. Zombi Filmleri…………………………………...112 1.4.6.4. Cadı Filmleri……………………………………..115 1.5. Korku Sinemasında İçeri ğine Göre Alt Türler………………….…117 1.5.1 Slasher Filmleri………………………..……………….…118 1.5.2 Gore Filmler…………………………………………...….121 1.5.3 Giallo Filmleri…………………………………………….122 1.5.4 Splatter Filmler…………………………………………...123 1.5.5 Snuff Filmler…………………………………………........124 2. VAMP İRLER VE S İNEMA ………………………………………………126 2.1. Vampirler……………………………………………………………126 2.1.1 Vampirlerin Tanımı……………………………………..128 2.1.2 Vampirlerin Kaynakları……………………………...…132 2.1.3 Vampirlerin Özellikleri…………………………………146 6 2.2. Vampirler ve Sinema İli şkisi……………………………………….152 2.3. Korku Sinemasında Vampir Filmleri……..…………………...…..153 2.3.1 Vampir Filmlerinin Tarihsel Geli şimi……………….…154 2.3.2 Vampir Filmlerinin Alt Türleri………………...……….173 2.3.2.1. Klasik Vampir filmleri…………………...…......174 2.3.2.2. Erotik ve Pornografik Vampir Filmleri……….176 2.3.2.3. Modern Vampir Filmleri…………………….....180 2.3.2.4. Di ğerler Vampir Filmleri…………………….....181 3. KORKU S İNEMASINDA DE ĞİŞ EN VAMP İR İMGES İ…...…185 3.1. Sosyal Hayattaki De ğişim………………………………………..…..186 3.2. Ekonomik Yapılarındaki De ğişim………………………...…….…..192 3.3. Mekânlarındaki De ğişim…………………………………....…….....193 3.4. Görünü şlerindeki ve Fiziksel Yapılarındaki De ğişim………….......194 3.5. Teknolojilerindeki De ğişim………………………………..……..….197 SONUÇ ……………………………………………………………………………….…201 KAYNAKÇA …………………………………………………………………………206 EKLER …………………………………………………………………………...…..…224 7 KISALTMALAR L İSTES İ ABD Amerika Birle şik Devletleri a.g.e. Adı Geçen Eser a.g.m. Adı Geçen Makale BBFC British Broadcast Federation Censorship bkz. Bakınız bs. Basım BY İ Bıca ğın İki Yüzü Çev. Çeviren İmdb İnternet Movie Database KÜ Karanlıklar Ülkesi MPAA Motion Picture Association Of America RKO Radio Keith Orpheum SU Silah Uzmanı vb. Ve Benzeri 8 Giri ş Korku, insano ğlunun kaçmaya çalı ştı ğı, ho şlanmamasına ra ğmen, varolu ştan günümüze ya şamaya mecbur oldu ğu ve olaca ğı temel duygulardan bir tanesidir. Çünkü korku insanın içinde, bilinçaltında bulunmaktadır. Nedeni iç etkenlere ba ğlı oldu ğu kadar da dı ş etkenlere de ba ğlıdır. Bu ba ğlamda insanı korkutan bazen böcekler, bazen depremler, bazen sapık katiller, bazen yükseklik, bazen yılanlar bazen uzaylılar bazen nükleer enerjiler bazen radyasyon olmaktadır. Hem ruhbilim hem de tıp bilimi tarafından ele alınan korku insano ğlunun hayatındaki sarsılmaz varlı ğını onun eserlerinde yer alarak da göstermi ştir. Sinema da bu temel eserlerin verildi ği ve korkunun görsel dile döküldü ğü önemli sanat dallarından bir tanesidir. Hemen hemen her türlü korkunun ele alındı ğı sinema kendi türünü
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