Study of Circulation Spaces in the Schools of Dhaka in Terms of Safety
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STUDY OF CIRCULATION SPACES IN THE SCHOOLS OF DHAKA IN TERMS OF SAFETY SADIA BINTE AMIN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE March, 2019 Department of Architecture BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Dhaka, Bangladesh. ii CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION It is declared that this thesis or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of degree or diploma. Signature: ------------------------------------------ Name iii TO MY PARENTS iv ACpKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Almighty Allah for being able to complete my task successfully. I am also very grateful to my supervisor Mohammed Tarek Haider, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, BUET, for his valuable guidance, untiring support and continuous supervision throughout my research work. My sincere gratitude is also extended Professor Dr. Nasreen Hossain, Head of the Department of Architecture, BUET, Professor Dr. Md. Ashikur Rahman Joarder, Department of Architecture, BUET , Dr. Nayma Khan, Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, BUET and Professor Dr. Nizamuddin Ahmed for their valuable suggestions and kind advice. I am extremely thankful to Moushumi Ahmed, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University (BU) for her guidance and encouragement to my work. I would like to thank all the Principals of relevant School of Dhaka City for allowing me to carry out survey in their schools and rendering their valuable support. I feel extremely honoured to receive the accurate requisite data and information from concerned students & staff of the above institutions mentioned on time as and when sought. I would also like to mention the support of Emdad Hossain Riyad and Sakib Abdullah Khan, student of the Department of Architecture, AUST and Architect Rafi for helping me in conducting survey and gathering information. My heartfelt gratitude to my parents (Retd Gp Capt M Ruhul Amin, psc, Engg and Begum Laila Binte Mohammed Ali) for co-ordination of my visit to different schools and encouraging me to complete this work successfully. At the end I must express my gratitude to all concerned of BUET for their support for timely completion of my research work. v ABSTRACT School plays an important role in children's physical and mental growth. It is expected to be a place where students, teachers and ancillary staff work and learn without the fear or threat of accident. Study shows that, children lose over 10 million school days each year due to injuries alone, while an average of 22 lost school days per 100 students. Another study states that, the risk of being injured in an uncontrolled area as playground, corridor, stair and wash rooms in a school is 6.3 times greater than in a controlled area. At present many schools in Dhaka city have overcrowded and difficult-to-manage circulation routes due to poor physical conditions, improper planning, building age and inadequate maintenance. But there are still very few quantitative means used for assessing safe circulation provisions. As a result, school based accidents or incidents remain unaddressed because of unavailability of relevant data which can be linked to design measures while designing new schools. So the research is aimed to analyse and find the circulation areas of school buildings in terms of safety codes and standards in the existing context. The present thesis investigated the existing physical condition of circulation areas of the public secondary/higher secondary schools within Dhaka city. The Circulation areas of all case schools were analysed on the basis of national and international codes and standards related to school circulation areas. Information about accident occurrences within last one year were graded through questionnaire survey. Total 200 students age group range of 10 to 13 years , 25 from each school chosen at random were surveyed to identify number and type of accidents that happened within school circulation areas along with its location and time. The integrated result of physical analysis and questionnaire survey would fulfil the objective of the research work. The findings showed that, the existing horizontal circulation areas of all eight schools were up to the mark, where (8-36) % of total vertical circulation areas of all eight case schools were below the bench mark set by codes and standards analysed in the study. The occupant‟s number was found (15-50) % greater than its capacity according to standard. The overall physical condition was found very poor in 87.5% cases due to old age of the structure and low maintenance which poses threads of accident. By considering all these issue and increasing awareness in this topic more effective designing measures can be taken while designing new building or any general renovation work. Keywords: School circulation, school safety, school accident. vi TABLE OF CONTENT DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v ABSTRACT vi KEYWORDS vi CHAPTER ONE: PREAMBLE 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Background of the Study 2 1.3 Problem Statement 3 1.4 Specific Aim of the Study 6 1.5 Objectives of the Study 6 1.6 Possible Outcome of the Study 6 1.7 Methodology 6 1.8 Limitation of Study 8 1.9 Structure of The study 8 1.10 Reference 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Defining Safety 13 2.3 Safety in School 13 2.4 Why Safety in School is Important? 14 2.5 School Accidents 14 2.5.1 Type of Accidents 15 2.5.2 Accident Rate by Age 16 2.5.3 Accident Rate by Gender 16 2.5.4 Time of Occurrence of Injuries 17 2.5.5 Location of Occurrence of Injuries 17 2.5.6 Mechanisms of Injury 17 2.5.7 Part of Body Injured 18 2.5.8 Nature of Injury 18 2.6 Desirable Improvements 18 2.7 Definition of Circulation Area 19 2.8 Types of Circulation Area 19 2.8.1 Types of Circulation as per Use 20 2.8.2 Types of Circulation as per Direction 20 2.9 School Circulation 20 2.10 Corridor 20 2.11 Types of Corridor 21 2.12 Stair 22 2.13 Types of Stair 23 2.13.1 Types of Stair as per Geometry 23 2.13.2 Types of Stair as per Use 25 2.14 Codes and Standards of School Circulation Design 26 2.15 Codes and Standards of School Corridor Design 27 2.16 Codes and Standards of School Stair Design 27 2.16.1 Riser and Trade of Stair 28 2.16.2 Nosing of Steps 28 2.16.3 Length of Flight of Stair 29 2.15.4 Width of Flight of Stair 29 vii 2.16.5 Landing of Flight of Stair 30 2.16.6 Head room of Stair 31 2.17 Spatial Stair 31 2.17.1 Tapered Tread Stair 31 2.17.2 Spiral and Helical Stair 32 2.18 Handrail of Stair 33 2.19 Guarding 34 2.20 Conclusion 34 2.21 Reference 35 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 38 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Selection of City and children 39 3.2.1 Selection of City 39 3.2.2 Selection of Children 39 3.3 Selection of School 39 3.3.1 Location of the Case Schools in Dhaka Metropolitan City Map 40 3.3.2 Getting Permissions for School Survey 41 3.3.3 Selection of Sample Size 41 3.4 Data Collection Methodology 41 3.4.1 Interview with Teachers, Staffs and Students 41 3.4.2 Questionnaire Survey 41 3.4.3 Collection of Physical Dimensions 43 3.4.4 Taking Images of Case Schools 43 3.5 Preparing Existing School Drawings 43 3.6 Conclusion 43 3.7 Reference 44 CHAPTER FOUR: FIELD INVESTIGATION 45 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Field Investigation 47 4.3 Criteria for Field Investigation 47 4.4 Selected Case schools for Detail Investigations 47 4.5 Detail Investigation of Case school A: Sher-E-Bangla Nagar Government Boys' High 48 School 4.5.1 General Information 48 4.5.2 Programme Analysis 49 4.5.3 Build Area Analysis 49 4.5.4 Exiting Circulation Area Analysis in Term of Safety 53 4.5.5 Horizontal Circulation Area Analysis 53 4.5.6 Vertical Circulation Area Analysis 54 4.5.7 Analysis of Exiting Guarding Design in Terms of Safety 57 4.5.8 Analysis of Informal Interview and Questionnaire Survey 58 4.6 Detail investigation of Case school B: The Government Laboratory High School 60 4.6.1 General Information 60 4.6.2 Programme Analysis 61 4.6.3 Build Area Analysis 61 4.6.4 Exiting Circulation Area Analysis in Term of Safety 65 4.6.5 Horizontal Circulation Area Analysis 65 4.6.6 Vertical Circulation Area Analysis 67 4.6.7 Analysis of Exiting Guarding Design in Terms of Safety 69 4.6.8 Analysis of Informal Interview and Questionnaire Survey 70 viii 4.7 Detail investigation of Case school C: Dhanmondi Government Boys' High School 72 4.7.1 General Information 72 4.7.2 Programme Analysis 73 4.7.3 Build Area Analysis 73 4.7.4 Exiting Circulation Area Analysis in Term of Safety 77 4.7.5 Horizontal Circulation Area Analysis 77 4.7.6 Vertical Circulation Area Analysis 78 4.7.7 Analysis of Exiting Guarding Design in Terms of Safety 81 4.7.8 Analysis of Informal Interview and Questionnaire Survey 82 4.8 Detail investigation of Case school D: Khilgaon Government Boy's High School 84 4.8.1 General Information 84 4.8.2 Programme Analysis 85 4.8.3 Build Area Analysis 85 4.8.4 Exiting Circulation Area Analysis in Term of Safety 90 4.8.5 Horizontal Circulation Area Analysis 90 4.8.6 Vertical Circulation Area Analysis 91 4.8.7 Analysis of Exiting Guarding Design in Terms of Safety 93 4.8.8 Analysis of Informal Interview and Questionnaire Survey 94 4.9 Detail investigation of Case school E: Banani Model High school 96 4.9.1 General Information 96 4.9.2 Programme Analysis 97 4.9.3 Build Area Analysis 97 4.9.4 Exiting Circulation Area Analysis in Term of Safety 100 4.9.5 Horizontal Circulation Area Analysis 100 4.9.6 Vertical Circulation Area Analysis 103 4.9.7 Analysis of Exiting Guarding Design in Terms of Safety 104 4.9.8 Analysis of Informal Interview and Questionnaire Survey 105 4.10 Detail investigation of Case school F: Vashantek Govt.