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Från Nordiska Motståndsrörelsen Till Alternativhögern

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Från Nordiska Motståndsrörelsen Till Alternativhögern Från Nordiska motståndsrörelsen till alternativhögern En studie om den svenska radikalnationalistiska miljön Redaktörer: Magnus Ranstorp Filip Ahlin 1 Förord Försvarshögskolan fick i december 2018 i uppdrag av Center mot våldsbejakande extremism (CVE) vid Brottsförebyggande rådet (Brå) att genomföra en lägesbeskrivning av hur påverkan och hot mot det demokratiska samhället från högerextremism/vit makt samt omgivande miljöer manifesteras i Sverige på lokal nivå. Studien skulle även omfatta ideologiska strömmingar inom och utanför Sverige som påverkar den ideologiska kärnan. Denna omfattande och väl genomarbetade rapport består av bidrag från erkända internationella- och nationella experter på radikalnationalism och vidgar perspektivet om den radikalnationalistiska miljön i Sverige – från dominerande nationalsocialistiska aktörer till den så kallade alternativhögern. Därmed belyses ett tidigare obeforskat område i svensk kontext, vilket ger ny kunskap om såväl de specifika formerna för informationspåverkan inom de aktuella miljöerna och samspelet dem emellan. Likaså beskrivs också den radikalnationalistiska miljöns internationella kopplingar samt hur radikalnationalistiska miljöer på social media påverkar terrorattentatshotet från främst ensamagerande gärningspersoner. Även främmande makts påverkan i relation till radikalnationalism i Sverige och Europa undersöks. Sammantaget är denna studie viktig och relevant då den ger en samlad helhetsbild av den svenska radikalnationalistiska miljön, vilket tidigare saknats i svensk kontext. Därtill är det också första gången som Nordiska motståndsrörelsen som organisation belyses på djupet – såväl dess digitala plattformar samt former för finansiering. Den svenska alternativhögern och dess relationer till andra radikalnationalistiska element inom- och utom Sverige beskrivs likaså för första gången i en akademisk kontext. Studien är även unik i det avseendet att Säkerhetspolisen bidragit med ett kapitel om den våldsbejakande högerextrema miljön. Slutsatserna leder också till tänkvärda förslag om nya kunskapsbehov. Lars Nicander Chef, Centrum för Asymmetriska Hot- och TerrorismStudier (CATS) ISBN-nummer: 978-91-88975-01-0 Errata 2020-08-31: sida 345, fotnot 1365, citatet har förkortats från tidigare version. 2 Innehåll Förord ................................................................................................................ 2 Sammanfattning ................................................................................................ 6 Om författarna .................................................................................................. 11 Kap 1. Inledning ................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Introduktion ............................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Teoretiska och begreppsmässiga utgångspunkter ............................................................... 18 1.3 Budskap/konspirationsteorier ................................................................................................ 28 1.4 Litteraturöversikt ...................................................................................................................... 41 1.5 Metodologiska överväganden ................................................................................................. 56 Kapitel 2. Nationalsocialism och rasideologi .................................................... 78 2.1 Grundarna - den första generationen fascister och nationalsocialister ............................ 78 2.2 Övervintrarna och efterkrigsgenerationen ........................................................................... 81 2.3 Mot en ny radikalisering – 80 och 90-talet .......................................................................... 82 2.4 00- talet – Partiernas återkomst ............................................................................................ 84 2.5 Ideologi – definitioner ............................................................................................................. 87 2.6 Förändringar efter andra världskriget – sekter och idéförbund ....................................... 88 2.7 Antisemitismen – ideologins kärna och utgångspunkt....................................................... 89 2.8 ”Det förråda folket” och det pågående ”folkutbytet” ........................................................... 91 2.9 Folkgemenskapstanken och ”den sanna demokratin” ........................................................ 92 2.10 ”Drömmen om ett nationalsocialistiska nordiskt utopia” ................................................ 95 2.11 Sammanfattning ...................................................................................................................... 97 Kapitel 3. Framväxten av högerextremismen i Sverige ................................... 100 3.1 Tjugo- och trettiotalen ........................................................................................................... 100 3.2 Krigsåren ................................................................................................................................. 106 3.3 Övervintrarna ......................................................................................................................... 108 3.4 Generationsskifte .................................................................................................................... 111 3.5 Nya partier och organisationer .............................................................................................. 114 3.6 Brottslig verksamhet från 1990-talet till idag ..................................................................... 115 3.7 Försök till ett parlamentariskt genombrott ......................................................................... 117 3.8 Nazistiska partier ställer upp i val ........................................................................................ 119 3.9 Nya idéer och organisationsformer ..................................................................................... 123 3.10 Något om antalet högerextremister ................................................................................... 126 3.11 Sammanfattning .................................................................................................................... 127 Kapitel 4. Den våldsbejakande högerextrema miljön ...................................... 133 4.1 Utvecklingen de senaste åren: förändring i två breda teman ........................................... 133 3 4.2 Aktörerna ................................................................................................................................ 136 4.3 Aktiviteter och brott ............................................................................................................... 138 4.4 Förmågehöjande aktiviteter: resor och finansiering ......................................................... 143 4.5 Sammanfattande diskussion................................................................................................. 143 Kapitel 5. Nordiska motståndsrörelsen – den samlande kraften inom den nationalsocialistiska miljön i Norden. ............................................................. 146 5.1 Bakgrund .................................................................................................................................. 146 5.2 Ideologi och politik ................................................................................................................ 147 5.3 Struktur .................................................................................................................................... 154 5.4 Utvecklingen från SMR till NMR ......................................................................................... 159 5.5 Aktiviteter i den fysiska miljön ............................................................................................. 165 5.6 NMR:s politiska bana ............................................................................................................ 170 5.7 Aktiviteter i den digitala miljön ............................................................................................ 178 5.8 Budskap i social media .......................................................................................................... 183 5.9 Brottslighet .............................................................................................................................. 185 5.10 NMR:s kopplingar till systerorganisationer i Norden ..................................................... 189 5.11 Nordisk Styrka, utbrytare ur NMR ..................................................................................... 194 5.12 Perspektiv på NMR:s inkomstkällor .................................................................................. 196 5.13 Perspektiv på Nordisk styrkas inkomstkällor ................................................................... 201 5.14 NMR:s kopplingar till alternativhögern ........................................................................... 202 5.15 Slutsatser ............................................................................................................................... 207 Kapitel 6. Påverkan på det svenska samhället ................................................ 239 6.1 Svenska städer ........................................................................................................................
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