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Demokratins Förgörare Demokratins förgörare Bim Clinell Stieg Larsson Hans Lindquist Anna-Lena Lodenius Heléne Lööw Marina Taloyan Demokratiutredningens skrift nr 28 SOU 1999:10 010Demok.p65 1 1999-11-17, 10:38 SOU och Ds som ingår i 1999 års nummerserie kan köpas från Fakta Info Direkt. För remissutsändningar av SOU och Ds som ingår i 1999 års nummerserie svarar Fakta Info Direkt på uppdrag av Regeringskansliets förvaltningsavdelning. Beställningsadress: Fakta Info Direkt, Kundservice Box 6430, 113 82 Stockholm Tel: 08-587 671 00, Fax: 08-587 671 71 E-post: [email protected] Omslagsbild: Gunnar Smoliansky, Bildhuset Grafisk formgivning: Susan Nilsson, Jupiter ISBN 91-7610-912-7 Elanders Gotab, Stockholm 1999 ISSN 0375-250X 010Demok.p65 2 1999-11-17, 10:38 Förord Innan den här dagen, den 30 november 1999, nått sitt slut, kom- mer svenska medborgare att manifestera sin avsikt att förgöra demokratin. De kommer att använda sig av sina grundlagsfästa demonstrations- och mötesfriheter för att bekämpa grundlagens etiska grundval och demokratiska teori. Med de följande analyserna av vår samtida främlingsfientlighet, rasism och nazism vill Demokratiutredningen höja medvetenheten om demokratins undergrävare bland dess mer eller mindre reflek- terande vänner. Vår förhoppning är att skriften skall bidra till att öka den svenska folkstyrelens intellektuella motståndskraft. Demokratiutredningens ledamöter har inte tagit ställning till skriftens innehåll. Erik Amnå Huvudsekreterare 3 . Innehåll Nynazismen – förtrupp eller eftersläntrare Hans Lindquist .......................................................... 7 Media och rasistiska organisationer – en historisk exposé Heléne Lööw ............................................................ 59 Svenska cybernazister och cyberrasister Marina Taloyan.......................................................... 91 Det heliga raskriget – terrorism och judehat Stieg Larsson............................................................ 135 Bemötande av främlingsfientliga och populistiska partier i kommuner och landsting Anna-Lena Lodenius.................................................... 157 Svensk högerpopulism i franskt ljus Bim Clinell ............................................................... 201 5 . Nynazismen – förtrupp eller eftersläntrare Hans Lindquist Det snåriga landskapet Europeisk högerextremism ökade aktiviteten under 1990-talet. I några stater är ultrahögern inte längre en alltigenom marginell företeelse i politiken. MSI med rötter i Mussolinitidens fascistparti är således ett medelstort parti i Italien. Gravt främlingsfientliga Front National i Frankrike, National Front i Storbritannien samt Nationaldemokratiska partiet (NPD) och Republikanerna i Tysk- land är ytterligare exempel. På senare år rapporterar massmedia allt oftare om våld, rashets och antisemitism från sekter, som helt öppet hyllar nazismen. Högerextremismen är inget entydigt begrepp och minst av allt någon organisatoriskt enhetlig rörelse. Förutom ett fåtal större partier finns ett otal sinsemellan konkurrerande sekter och grupper av mer eller mindre tillfällig karaktär. Till extremhögern eller ultrahögern räknas också relikter av 1930- och 40-talens fascistiska, nationalsocialistiska och auktoritärt konservativa rörelser och regimer. Att i dag upprätta en komplett, detaljerad karta över höger- extremismens snåriga landskap är tämligen lönlöst. Situationen ändrar sig oavlåtligt och en perfekt detaljerad, storskalig karta skulle inte förbli aktuell särskilt länge. Mer angeläget är att under- söka och belysa tendenser och trender så att förloppet blir be- gripligt. 7 NYNAZISMEN – FÖRTRUPP ELLER EFTERSLÄNTRARE En knippa tendenser Samtliga ovannämnda tendenser behöver naturligtvis inte föreligga samtidigt, för att en organisation meningsfullt skall kunna be- nämnas högerextrem. All högerextremism är således inte antisemitisk och var det inte ens under mellankrigstiden. Den italienska fascismen tog inled- ningsvis avstånd från den tyska antisemitismen. Mussolini erbjöd tvärtom skydd åt judiska flyktingar från Tyskland. Först under andra världskriget, sedan Mussolini och Italien slutgiltigt hamnat under Hitlers inflytande, anammade Italien antisemitismen. Inte heller attraheras alla högerextremister av den tyska natio- nalsocialismen. Under andra världskriget fanns franska fascist- ledare, som av patriotiska skäl fördömde den tyska ockupations- maktens politiska linje. En ärkefascist och uttalad antidemokrat – men likväl fransk patriot – som Philippe Barr‘es anslöt sig således till Charles de Gaulle i London under kriget och vägrade kon- sekvent att samarbeta med general Petains quislingregim. Att försöka fastställa nazismens ”innersta väsen” är sannolikt ett fåfängt företag. Somliga pekar på antisemitismen, andra på führerkulten, andra åter, som filosofiprofessorn Harald Ofstad, på nazismens allmänna förakt för svaghet. Vad som är en rörelses ”innersta väsen” beror i hög grad på vad vederbörande granskare själv finner väsentligt. Vid granskningen av en politisk rörelse hittar man en rad ten- denser. För nazismens del antisemitism, etnocentricitet, auktori- tetstro, ledarkult, våldsdyrkan, ett romantiskt förhållningssätt till naturen och historien, förakt för svaghet, militarism etc. Dessa företeelser kan liknas vid tågorna i ett långt rep. Inga tågor löper hela vägen från repets ena ända till den andra. De ligger omlott. När tillräckligt många ”bruna, svarta eller mörkblå” tågor löper parallellt på en bestämd sträcka av vårt tänkta (från filosofen Ludwig Wittgenstein lånade) rep, kan avsnittet ifråga meningsfullt etiketteras som nazistisk, fascistisk eller kanske enbart höger- extremt. 8 HANS LINDQUIST Vad är nynazism? ”Nynazism” används stundom i debatten som samlingsbegrepp för en rad företeelser från traditionell fascism och nationalsocialism av 1930-talsmodell till våldsinriktad, främlingsfientlighet, rasism och antisemitism överhuvudtaget. Sådant språkbruk bidrar knappast till ökad klarhet. De större och mer framgångsrika organisationerna på yttre högerkanten är i dag övervägande populistiska, främlingsfientliga och/eller allmänt kulturkonservativa partier, som åtminstone officiellt bekänner sig till den parlamentariska demokratin. Termen ”nynazism” skall här reserveras för rörelser, som tillkommit efter 1945 och: ♦ officiellt framträder som nationalsocialistiska eller hävdar väsentliga moment i 30-talsnazismens rasideologiska och politiska program. ♦ använder etablerade nazistiska symboler och manér eller ägnar sig åt kult kring Adolf Hitler och andra nationalsocialistiska förgrundsgestalter eller kring den klassiska fascismens/ nazismens symboler och traditioner. Om således en antidemokratisk målsättning föreligger tillsammans med Hitlerkult, organiserat våld mot invandrare, politiska mot- ståndare, arrangerandet av rockkonserter med ”vit maktmusik” samt spridning av skrifter där förintelsen omnämns som en ”judisk propagandalögn”, kan den aktuella rörelsen på synnerligen goda grunder klassificeras som nynazistisk. Ett missnöjesparti däremot, som kritiserar invandringspolitiken men inte ägnar sig åt rasistiska och antisemitiska utspel och offici- ellt bekänner sig till demokratin och följer demokratins spelregler, kan inte utan vidare klassificeras som ”nynazistiskt”, såsom stund- om sker i debattens hetta. Om högerrörelser generellt stämplas som ”fascistiska” eller ”nazistiska” förlorar begreppen sin deskriptiva betydelse och antar snarast karaktären av politiska invektiv. 9 NYNAZISMEN – FÖRTRUPP ELLER EFTERSLÄNTRARE Sak samma inträffar om socialistiska vänsterrörelser slentrian- mässigt klassas som ”kommunistiska”. För 1980- och 90-talens nynazism bör dessutom följande särskilt påpekas: ♦ Grupperna inspireras påfallande ofta av nordamerikanska före- teelser som vit-maktsekter med historiska rötter i Ku Klux Klan, ”Identitetskyrkor”, privatmiliser, ”survivalism” och en del organisationer med inriktningen ”out law”, dvs. att leva ett liv bortom lagen, vilket ofta innebär ett krig mot samhället. ♦ Likheten med kriminella motorcykelorganisationer och andra slutna brödraskap med ”out law” och ”survival” som livsstil är påtaglig. ♦ Nynazismen förknippas allt oftare med ”vit-maktmusik” med rötter i skinheadgruppernas undergroundkultur, som i sin tur anses härstamma från punken. ♦ Vit Maktmusiken är sannolikt nynazismens i särklass slagkraf- tigaste propagandaresurs med räckvidd till ungdomsgrupper långt utanför de nazistiska och rasistiska organisationerna. Internationella nätverk Under 1980-talet började nynazismen uppträda mer aggressivt än tidigare. Dels hade ett generationsskifte inträffat. Skinheads i 20- årsåldern började ersätta veteranerna från 1950- och 60-talen. Dels började influenser från extrema amerikanska sekter att göra sig gällande i Sverige och Europa. Tendensen skildras mer in- gående i avsnittet om amerikansk sekterism i blågul förpackning. Även här är det fråga om små grupper, eller sekter – inte om politiska partier i gängse bemärkelse. Man kan emellertid tala om internationella, tämligen löst sammanknutna nätverk av nynazister. Ideologiskt spelar internationella strävanden en vida viktigare roll för nynazismen än vad de gjorde för den traditionella, starkt nationalistiska 30-talsnazismen. Dagens nazister är i likhet med gårdagens fientligt inställda till FN och andra internationella organisationer. Men de uppfattar sig 10 HANS LINDQUIST själva som inbegripna i en internationell, ”arisk” kamp för den vita rasens överlevnad. Europeiska och amerikanska nynazister har så- ledes solidariserat sig med Sydafrikas vita
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