THE CHICO HISTORIAN VOLUME 28 2018 The Journal of the CSU, Chico History Department The Chico Historian "Cautious, careful people, always casting about to preserve their reputation and social standing, never can bring about a reform. Those who are really in earnest must be willing to be anything or nothing in the world’s estimation, and publicly and privately, in season and out, avow their sympathy and despised and persecuted ideas and their advocates, and bear the consequences." - Susan B. Anthony On the Campaign for Divorce Law Reform (1860) The Chico Historian Cover Art & Design Photograph of Trinity Hall, ca. 1969. Constructed in 1933, today it is the home of the CSU, Chico History Department. In the foreground is the Peterson Rose Garden, planted in 1957. (Used with permission: “Trinity Hall,” SC28564, Northeastern California Historical Photograph Collection, Meriam Library, California State University, Chico [ca. 1969]). The Chico Historian History Department California State University, Chico 400 West First Street Trinity Hall Room 223 Chico, California, 95929-0735 (530) 898-5366 The Chico Historian is an annual publication of the Alpha Delta Omicron Chapter of the Phi Alpha Theta National History Honor Society and the California State University, Chico (CSUC) Department of History. It aims to provide students the opportunity to publish historical works, and to train editorial staff members in producing an academic journal. Issues are published at the end of each academic year. All opinions or statements of fact are the sole responsibility of the authors, and may not reflect the views of the editorial staff. The authors retain rights to individual essays. Phi Alpha Theta’s mission is to promote the study of history through the encouragement of research, good teaching, publication, and the exchange of learning and ideas among historians. The organization seeks to bring students, teachers, and writers of history together for intellectual and social exchanges, which promote and assist historical research and publication by our members in a variety of ways. Copyright © 2018 Alpha Delta Omicron, California State University, Chico. The Chico Historian We dedicate this volume to John Boyle Retired CSUC professor of Asian history John Boyle, a scholar in the area of pre- and post-war Japan, taught courses in East Asian history at Chico State from 1968 until his retirement in 1997. He is the author of Modern Japan: The American Nexus. His generous support of The Chico Historian has made the publication of this and many other issues possible, a fact much appreciated by everyone involved with this journal. The Chico Historian The Chico Historian Volume 28: 2018 The Annual Publication of the Alpha Delta Omicron Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta and the Department of History California State University, Chico Chief Editors Jeanette Adame, Amy Foster & Michael Muraki Editorial Board Kellie Marie S. Lavin Juan Vega Ramirez Advising Faculty Dr. Stephen E. Lewis, The Chico Historian Dr. Sinwoo Lee, Phi Alpha Theta The Chico Historian Contents Introduction & Acknowledgments ix Editor and Contributor Biographies xi Articles Historiography of the Cuban Revolution’s Impact on Women in the Workforce KELLIE MARIE S. LAVIN 2 A Historiography of Northern White Women in the American Revolution JEANETTE ADAME 16 A Historiography of the Red Guard Movement in the Chinese Cultural Revolution ALISON SAECHAO 30 Irreconcilable Core Values: Eisenhower’s Failure to Build Up Saud as a Pro-Western Pillar MICHAEL MURKAI 42 Profit Over Principle: U.S.-Argentine Relations During the “Dirty War” JUAN VEGA RAMIREZ 62 Power of the People: The Influence of the Masses in Roman Politics TROY HUNTER 80 Public Spectacles and Divine Justice: The Collapse of Public Executions in England, 1730-1840 CHRISTOPHER FUQUA 90 vii The Chico Historian Witchcraft as an Example of Seventeenth-Century Community Control in Early Modern England MERRI DOWELL 100 Rosie the Riveter and the Mobilization of Social Change MONICA JAMERO 110 Appendix Phi Alpha Theta 2018 Initiates 118 viii The Chico Historian Introduction & Acknowledgements On February 6, 1918, British Parliament signed the Representation of the People Act into law. The Act most notably granted suffrage to all men aged twenty-one and older and gave conditional voting rights to some women aged thirty and older. Although the Act left nearly 60% of women ineligible to vote, it served as the first official legislation in a movement that gave universal suffrage to all people in the United Kingdom. The people who fought for political reform, the politicians who formally enacted it, and the historians who preserved their actions, all contributed to this fight, and those that occurred in other countries, for universal suffrage. In commemoration of the centennial of the Representation of the People Act, this edition of The Chico Historian addresses politics and reform. It includes historiographical studies of the events and people that created reform and shaped politics, top-down investigations of politicians who regulated political structures, and bottom-up examinations of the people who fought for political reform. The contributing authors are some of the most talented students in the CSU, Chico History department, and this volume consists of a mixture of offerings from extremely gifted graduate and undergraduate students. The first three entries are historiographical examinations of politics and reform in Cuba, the United States, and China. Kellie Marie Lavin’s “Historiography of the Cuban Revolution’s Impact on Women in the Workforce” explores the historical literature on how political changes in Revolutionary Cuba impacted women’s work. In “A Historiography of Northern White Women in the American Revolution” Jeanette Adame surveys the historical studies written on white women’s agency, or lack thereof, during the American Revolution. Alison Saechao’s “A Historiography of the Red Guard Movement in the Chinese Cultural Revolution” investigates the many ways that historians have researched the Red Guard in the context of the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1968. The next three articles employ a more traditional top-down approach when exploring the power structures associated with political change. In “Irreconcilable Core Values: Eisenhower’s Failure to Build Up Saud as a Pro-Western Pillar,” Michael Muraki argues that the same attributes that made King Saud attractive to the Eisenhower administration prevented the Saudi regime from acting as an effective pro-American regional alternative to Arab nationalism and communist influence. Using a similar methodology, Juan Vega, in “Profit Over Principle: U.S.-Argentine Relations During the ‘Dirty War,’” contends that the United States intentionally overlooked widespread human-rights abuses in Argentina to facilitate its own economic interests in the region. In his article “Power of the People: The Influence of the Masses in Roman Politics,” Troy Hunter cautions that reform does not always result in more representative societies. He asserts that while the plebian class wielded substantial policy-making ix The Chico Historian power in the Roman Republic, the emergence of Augustus Caesar resulted in the diminution or termination of many republican structures. The last three papers in this year’s journal explore political change from the bottom up. These papers assess how common people and changing cultural attitudes affect society. In “Public Spectacles and Divine Justice: The Collapse of Public Executions in England 1730-1840,” Christopher Fuqua writes about changing attitudes towards criminality and executions in England from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. He suggests that the values of the rising middle class led to the end of public executions. Next, Merrie Dowell reviews how accusations of witchcraft functioned as a form of control over the community as a whole, in “Witchcraft as an Example of Seventeenth-Century Community Control in Early Modern England.” She argues that fears of witchcraft were a reaction to fears of change and upheaval and were not gender specific. Finally, Monica Jamero studies how and why women were mobilized to work in factories during World War II “Rosie the Riveter and the Mobilization of Social Change.” She contends that this mass mobilization of women changed the social and cultural expectations around women’s work. It also opened up opportunities for women of color and changed demographic patterns. We the editors would like to thank all the students who sent in submissions for this year’s volume, as well as the faculty members who financially and intellectually support the journal. In particular, Professor John Boyle’s generous contributions made the publication of this volume, and previous ones, possible. The editorial board also owes a tremendous amount of gratitude to Professors Sinwoo Lee and Stephen Lewis. The Chico Historian depends upon a close relationship with the CSUC chapter of Phi Alpha Theta and the History Club, and Professor Lee and Lewis’s outstanding work advising both of these student organizations plays a critical role in maintaining the department’s academic culture. We would also like to thank Professor Lewis for his tireless work as the History Department Chair and the work of all the faculty, who mentor and inspire their students and foster the creative spirit essential to the historian’s craft. Finally, we must thank the contributors themselves. Without their dedication, commitment, and passion, The Chico Historian could not