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GUERRA SUCIA DE ARGENTINA (1976) Chaired by Donghyun (Paul) Jeong

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GUERRA SUCIA DE ARGENTINA (1976) Chaired by Donghyun (Paul) Jeong GUERRA SUCIA DE ARGENTINA (1976) Chaired by Donghyun (Paul) Jeong Session XXIII Guerra Sucia de Argentina (1976) Topic A: End of Peronismo in Argentina Topic B: Operation Condor Committee Overview government, have gathered in your first cabinet meeting to discuss the fate of La Guerra Sucia, which translates to Argentina as it navigates through the most “The Dirty War,” was a period of state- tumultuous period of its history. sponsored terrorism against perceived Throughout the committee, you will be dissidents and left-wing (“izquierdista”) faced with various crises, such as foreign activists that started in 1974 under President interference, economic failures, domestic Juan Perón and lasted until the fall of the uprising, and internal conflicts. military junta in 1983. Amidst economic failures and politically-incompetent leaders, far-right Parliamentary Procedure (“derechista”) military leaders were able to Parliamentary procedure for gain control of the nation after overthrowing specialized committees will be more relaxed the democratically-elected civilian with a focus on more moderated caucuses. government. The military junta now faces Delegates will represent influential problems from within and abroad. Will individuals during la Guerra Sucia with all Argentina revive itself from the worst portfolio powers that come with it. For more economic and political crisis in its history, or information on JHUMUNC parliamentary will the military junta collapse upon itself procedure, please note the last few pages of and push Argentina into destitution? the Conference guide or consult “Model UN It is now March 29, 1976, and the new Resources” under the “Resources” tab on military junta is the sole executor of our website, jhumunc.org. legitimate violence within Argentina. You, as the leaders of this new Argentine Guerra Sucia de Argentina (1976) 1 Delegate Biographies: Jorge Rafael Videla Brigadier General, the chief commander of the President of Argentina Air Force.7 Agosti was part of the First Military Videla joined the National Military Junta and assumed executive control over the College in 1942 and rose in ranks within the nation along with two other members of the Argentine Army with an uneventful record. He junta. The Air Force, due to its smaller size and became the Head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of its nature, had been less active in Operation the Argentine Armed Forces in 1975.1 In 1976, Condor and associated political repression.8 President Isabel Perón appointed him as the Lieutenant-General of the Army, the top Roberto Eduardo Viola command within the Argentine Army.2 He is Chief of Staff of the Argentine Army part of the First Military Junta, representing the Viola was born to Italian immigrants and Army, and formally became the President of joined the Army, and was appointed as the Argentina on March 29th.3 While he holds the Chief of Staff of the Army by Jorge Videla in title of the President, in practice he shares power August 1975.9 He served as the second-in- with the other two heads of the junta.4 command of the Argentine Army under the First Junta. He would later go on to replace Emilio Eduardo Massera Videla as the Lieutenant General and the head Admiral of the Argentine Navy of the Second Junta.10 Massera joined the Naval Military School in 1942 and rose in ranks in the Navy. In 1974, Armando Lambruschini he became the Admiral of the Navy, the highest Chief of Staff of the Argentine Navy position in the Argentine Navy.5 During the Lambruschini entered the Naval Military 1976 coup d’état, Massera was part of the First School in 1942 and served as the Captain aboard Military Junta and de facto ruled Argentina ARA General Belgrano.11 He was promoted to with Videla and Agosti.6 Chief of Staff of the Navy in 1975 by Admiral Massera, which made him the second-in- Orlando Ramón Agosti command within the Navy.12 He would later Brigadier General of the Argentine Air Force replace Massera and become the Admiral and Agosti graduated from Military Aviation the Naval representative of the Second Junta.13 School in 1947 and rose in ranks in the Air Force. In January of 1976, he was appointed as the 1 Seoane, Maria. El Dictador: La Historia Secreta y Publica de Jorge 7 Sims, Calvin. "Orlando Agosti, 73, Argentine Junta Member". Rafael Videla. (Penguin Random House, 1 July 2012). The New York Times. (11 October 1997). 2 Tikkanen, Amy, et al. Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Jorge Rafael 8 Ibid. Videla”. (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009). 9 "Roberto Viola, 69, Who Headed Argentine Military 3 Ibid. Dictatorship". The New York Times. (2 October 1994). 4 Seoane, Maria. El Dictador: La Historia Secreta y Publica de Jorge 10 Ibid. Rafael Videla. (Penguin Random House, 1 July 2012). 11 “Murio Lambruschini, miembro de la segunda junta militar.” 5 Viau, Susana. “En el mismo barco.” Pagina 12, (14 December, La Nacion. (17 August 2004). 1998). 12 Ibid. 6 Seoane, Maria. El Dictador: La Historia Secreta y Publica de Jorge 13 Ibid. Rafael Videla. (Penguin Random House, 1 July 2012). Guerra Sucia de Argentina (1976) 2 Omar Domingo Rubens Graffigna Basilio Lami Dozo Chief of Staff of the Argentine Air Force Brigadier Major of the Argentine Air Force Graffigna joined the Military Aviation Dozo was born to Syrian and Lebanese School and became the Chief of Staff of the Air immigrants who moved to Argentina post- Force in 1976.14 He was second-in-command in World War I. Dozo joined the air force and rose the Air Force under the First Junta and would in ranks and participated in the 1976 coup later replace Agosti as the Brigadier General and d’état.20 As a high-ranking officer, Dozo goes on the Air Force branch of the Second Junta.15 to replace Graffigna as the Brigadier General and the Air Force branch of the Third Junta.21 Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Division General of the Second Army Corp Albano Eduardo Harguindeguy Galtieri joined the National Military Minister of the Interior College at 17 to study civil engineering and Harguindeguy graduated from the served in the Army in the engineering branch.16 National Military College in 1943 and rose in By 1975 he became commander of the Argentine ranks within the Army.22 He was appointed as engineering corps. He strongly supported the the head of the Federal Police in 1975 by Isabel 1976 coup d’état and became the Division Perón and as the Interior Minister by Jorge General of the Second Army Corp under a Videla in 1976, following the death of Cesario military junta.17 Cardozo, former Interior Minister.23 As the Interior Minister, Harguindeguy maintains Jorge Isaac Anaya control over the Federal Police.24 Chief of Naval Operations Anaya joined the Naval Military School Otto Carlos Paladino and rose in the naval ranks. In 1955, Anaya Secretary of the State Intelligence participated in a coup against Perón, in which Paladino took office as the secretary of he became known for torturing dissidents. He intelligence in 1976. Secretariat of State worked for the CIA in an anti-communist Intelligence (SIDE), the intelligence agency of program afterwards and commanded several Argentina, was involved in various intelligence ships throughout his career.18 By 1976, he was collecting operations under Operation Condor the Chief of Naval Operations and commanded in coordination with Operation Condor the Naval Police and Naval Intelligence. He member states.25 would go on to become the Admiral, replacing Lambruschini as the naval representative of the Third Junta.19 14 Juzgado Central de Instrucción Número 5, Spain. “Sumario 21 Ibid. 19/97.” 14 October 1998. 22 Roberto Santoro. “MURIÓ EL REPRESOR 15 Ibid. HARGUINDEGUY.” Tea & Deportea, October 29, 2012. 16 Ibid. 23 Miles, Nick. “Argentine Junta Member Confined.” BBC. (13 17 Ibid. July 2004). 18 "Murió Jorge Isaac Anaya, impulsor de Malvinas". Perfil. (10 24 Roberto Santoro. “MURIÓ EL REPRESOR January 2008). HARGUINDEGUY.” Tea & Deportea, October 29, 2012. 19 Ibid. 25 Seoane, Maria. El Dictador: La Historia Secreta y Publica de Jorge 20 Juzgado Central de Instrucción Número 5, Spain. “Sumario Rafael Videla. (Penguin Random House, 1 July 2012). 19/97.” 14 October 1998. Guerra Sucia de Argentina (1976) 3 Ramón Juan Camps José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz Chief of the Buenos Aires Provincial Police Minister of Economy Camps was an Argentine army colonel Martinez de Hoz was an influential who led the Buenos Aires police. He oversaw economist and businessman in Argentina. In twenty detention centers and worked closely 1968, he became the CEO of Acindar, one of the with Batallón de Inteligencia 601.26 The Buenos largest steel manufacturers in Argentina, and Aires police force had extensive local brutally oppressed the union workers of intelligence network and carried out frequent Acindar, murdering hundreds of workers using illegal detentions and tortures of journalists and the family connections with the military.31 In suspected leftist activists.27 1975 he was appointed as the Economy Minister and endorsed neoliberal economic policies, César Augusto Guzzetti believing trade barriers prevented the Minister of Foreign Relations Argentine economy from prospering.32 He also Guzzetti was appointed as the Foreign had personal connections with David Minister by the First Junta after the 1976 coup Rockefeller, which he used to secure major loans d’état. He maintained contact with Henry for the Argentine government from Chase Kissinger in attempts to mitigate the concerns Manhattan and IMF.33 by the US Congress over human rights violations in Argentina prior to the coup and Robert Charles Hill under the military junta.28 Ambassador of the United States to Argentina Hill was a Republican diplomat who had Carlos Guillermo Suárez Mason served as the US Ambassador to several Latin Commander of the Batallón de Inteligencia 601 American countries.
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    REVISTA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA / VOLUMEN XXIV / Nº 2 / 2004 / 67 – 93 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, POLICYMAKING PROCESSES, AND POLICY OUTCOMES IN PARAGUAY, 1954-2003* JOSÉ MOLINAS INSTITUTO DESARROLLO, PARAGUAY ANÍBAL PÉREZ LIÑÁN UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, ESTADOS UNIDOS SEBASTIÁN SAIEGH UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, ESTADOS UNIDOS Resumen Este artículo caracteriza la evolución del proceso de elaboración de políticas (PMP) en Paraguay durante el período 1954–2003. El siguiente trabajo ofrece una perspectiva general del PMP durante la dictadura de Alfredo Stroessner (1954–89) y explora el contexto institucional resultante a partir de 1989. Tras analizar la fragmentación del partido Colorado, se describen los patrones característicos de la elabora- ción de políticas surgidas con la Constitución de 1992. Se sostiene como hipótesis que la presencia de un amplio número de jugadores con capacidad de veto ha dificultado el cambio y que los legisladores tienden a promover políticas particularistas. Para poner a prueba tal supuesto, utiliza una base de datos que contiene los proyectos de ley ingresados al Congreso desde abril de 1992. Las conclusiones sugie- ren que el proceso político paraguayo puede ser flexible para generar beneficios particularistas y rígido a la hora de realizar amplias transformaciones de tipo regulatorio o redistributivo. Abstract This paper characterizes the evolution of Paraguay’s policymaking process (PMP) between 1954 and 2003. We present an overview of the PMP under the rule of Alfredo Stroessner (1954–89) and explore the institutional setting emerging after 1989. We discuss how the Colorado Party progressively broke up into several factions and characterize the distinctive patterns of policymaking that emerged after the adoption of the 1992 Constitution.
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