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Ventaja Injusta Y Protección De La Parte Débil Del Contrato

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Ventaja Injusta Y Protección De La Parte Débil Del Contrato Ventaja injusta y protección de la parte débil del contrato Rosa Barceló Compte Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0. Spain License. Programa de Doctorado en Derecho y Ciencia Política Línea de Investigación: Derecho civil VENTAJA INJUSTA Y PROTECCIÓN DE LA PARTE DÉBIL DEL CONTRATO Directora: Dra. Gemma Rubio Gimeno Tutora: Dra. Mariló Gramunt Fombuena ROSA BARCELÓ COMPTE BARCELONA, 2018 Vull expressar el meu sincer agraïment a la Directora d’aquesta tesi, la Dra. Gemma Rubio, per la seva generositat i per tot el que hem compartit més enllà de l’elaboració d’aquest treball. ÍNDICE RESUMEN ....................................................................................................... 11 RESUM ............................................................................................................ 13 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... 15 PRINCIPALES ABREVIATURAS .................................................................... 17 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................. 19 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 23 CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: LA JUSTICIA CONTRACTUAL EN EL DERECHO PRIVADO EUROPEO COMO CONDICIONANTE NORMATIVO .................... 27 1. LA EQUIDAD EN EL DERECHO DE LOS CONTRATOS: LA PROTECCIÓN DE LA PARTE DÉBIL DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA DE DERECHO PRIVADO EUROPEO ....................................................................................................... 27 1.1. La dimensión política del Derecho de contratos .................................. 27 1.2. La perspectiva Rawlsiana de la protección de la parte débil ............... 40 1.2.1. El Derecho de contratos como parte de la estructura básica de la sociedad…………………………………………………………………………42 1.2.2. La función distributiva del Derecho de contratos……………………...47 1.3. La protección situacional de la parte débil: más allá de la categoría de consumidor ................................................................................................... 50 1.3.1. La constitucionalización de las normas de Derecho privado o Drittwirkung ................................................................................................ 59 1.3.2. La buena fe como principio de justicia contractual ....................... 67 1.3.3. La moral y la protección de la parte débil de la contratación ........ 72 2. LA PROTECCIÓN DE LA PARTE DÉBIL COMO PRINCIPIO DEL DERECHO DE CONTRATOS: HACIA UN DERECHO CONTRACTUAL MÁS JUSTO ............................................................................................................. 73 2.1. El consumidor como paradigma de parte débil en el Derecho comunitario………………………………………………………………………… 75 2.2. La protección de la parte débil en contextos asimétricos ....................... 81 3. LA IMPORTANCIA DEL CONTROL DEL PRECIO EN EL ORDENAMIENTO JURÍDICO ........................................................................................................ 89 CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO. LA RESCISIÓN POR LESIÓN COMO CONTROL DE LA JUSTICIA SUSTANTIVA EN EL DERECHO DE CONTRATOS ............... 93 1. LA DISTINCIÓN ENTRE JUSTICIA SUSTANTIVA Y JUSTICIA PROCEDIMENTAL .......................................................................................... 93 2. EL PRINCIPIO DE EQUIVALENCIA DE LAS PRESTACIONES EN EL ORDENAMIENTO JURÍDICO ESPAÑOL ........................................................ 97 2.1. La superación del principio de igualdad formal en el Derecho de contratos y la tendencia hacia el equilibrio de las prestaciones en los contratos con causa onerosa ...................................................................................... 101 2.1.1. Causa de la obligación y causa negocial ....................................... 109 2.1.2. La “causa in concreto” como instrumento de protección del equilibrio económico del contrato ............................................................................ 114 2.2. La causa onerosa como instrumento de reequilibrio del contrato en el Derecho civil catalán ................................................................................... 118 3. LA RESCISIÓN POR LESIÓN CATALANA Y LA RESTITUCIÓN DE LA JUSTICIA CONTRACTUAL............................................................................ 122 3.1. La rescisión por lesión como norma causal onerosa. El fundamento objetivo del remedio .................................................................................... 126 3.2. La ¿nueva? perspectiva sobre la rescisión por lesión en el Código civil de Cataluña ................................................................................................. 131 3.2.1. La determinación del momento en el que debe valorarse la lesión en el contrato de opción................................................................................ 132 3.2.2. Rescisión por lesión y transmisión lesiva de un bien: objeto transmitido y contrato lesivo .................................................................... 133 3.2.3. Legitimación para el ejercicio de la acción rescisoria ................. 138 3.2.4. Supuestos de exclusión de la acción rescisoria. Especial consideración de la enajenación mediante pública subasta. ................... 139 3.2.4.1. Adjudicación directa y exclusión de la acción rescisoria……...141 3.2.4.2. La distinta naturaleza de la subasta y la adjudicación directa…145 3.2.5. La flexibilización de los presupuestos de la acción de rescisión por lesión……………………… ....................................................................... 150 3.2.5.1. El desequilibrio justificado en el riesgo contractual propio de los contratos aleatorios…………………………………………………………152 3.2.5.2. Contratos en los que el precio haya sido determinado por el carácter litigioso de lo adquirido……………………………………………155 3.2.6. ¿Es realmente equitativo un modelo exclusivamente objetivo de reequilibrio de la economía del contrato? De la rescisión por lesión a la ventaja injusta. ......................................................................................... 158 3.2.6.1. Rescisión por lesión e irrelevancia del dol personéel…………..158 3.2.6.2. Modelo objetivo y restablecimiento del valor total de la prestación……………………………………………………………………166 4. LOS SUPUESTOS DE DESEQUILIBRIO ECONÓMICO EN EL CÓDIGO CIVIL ESPAÑOL ............................................................................................ 173 4.1. La rescisión por lesión económica de reducido alcance con presupuesto subjetivo tipificado: los vestigios de la rescisión por lesión en el CCE ........ 173 4.2. El vicio en el objeto del contrato: la usura ......................................... 180 CAPÍTULO TERCERO. DE LA EXCESIVA DESPROPORCIÓN A LA VENTAJA INJUSTA. EL CONTROL DE LA JUSTICIA PROCEDIMENTAL EN EL DERECHO DE CONTRATOS ........................................................................ 189 1. LA RUPTURA DEL EQUILIBRIO INICIAL DEL CONTRATO: LA GROSS DISPARITY O EXCESIVA DESPROPORCIÓN ............................................. 189 1.1. La gross disparity como expresión de justicia procedimental y sustantiva…………………………………………………………………………. 189 1.2. Caracterización de la excesiva desproporción ........... ………………..199 1.2.1. La injusticia sustantiva ................................................................ 199 1.2.1.1. El beneficio o ventaja excesiva…………………………………...202 1.2.1.2. Ventaja manifiesta o enormemente injusta……………………...210 1.2.1.3. La naturaleza y finalidad del contrato……………………………215 1.2.1.4. La ganancia desproporcionada…………………………………..218 1.2.2. La injusticia procedimental: elementos subjetivos de la parte perjudicada y de la beneficiada ............................................................... 221 1.2.2.1. El contexto negocial: un vicio jurídico inherente a la parte débil…………………………………………………………………………..221 1.2.2.1.1. Relación previa de confianza o dependencia entre las partes…………………………………………………………………223 1.2.2.1.2. Situaciones de necesidad económica o necesidades urgentes……………………………………………………………...227 1.2.2.1.3. Deficiencias de carácter subjetivo o personal…………229 1.2.2.2. Aprovechamiento por la parte fuerte de ese contexto negocial: la regla de la legal neighbourhood. ¿De la explotación injusta a la infracción del deber precontractual?......................................................................233 2. HACIA UN INSTRUMENTO DE CONTROL DE LA FORMACIÓN DEL CONSENTIMIENTO NEGOCIAL: DE LA LESIÓN ECONÓMICA AL VICIO DE LA VOLUNTAD .............................................................................................. 246 2.1. La institución de la violencia económica como un instrumento de justicia contractual .................................................................................................. 246 2.2. El estado de necesidad y la situación de dependencia económica como expresión de violencia económica en el art. 1143 Code ............................. 248 2.3. La expansión de los conceptos de violencia e intimidación del CCE como instrumento de reequilibrio económico del contrato .................................... 256 2.4. Las propuestas de modernización del Derecho de contratos español………………….. ...........................................................................
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