TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY in additioninviruses ra to of genus this to related literature the on update an provide to attempts thisreview current Within the viruses.context, these pertaining discussion thorough a been not has there whereby literature (Wangvirus Mangshi and al et Balat be would these (Attoui have genus the of members that do genus of The 2009). Payne & (Alatoom illnesses like families the from hail significance , clinicalReoviridae of zoonoses. as spread diseases multiple of agents aetiologic the are viruses as views negative express individuals many healthcare Prangishvili ecosyste and (Rohwer, individual at genes of exchange the drive and microbes in evolution propel cycles, biogeochemical global influence they as understated be cannot environment the on viruses distance the times 100 virusesendto itthe the end span millionin stretch fromaboutocean which years10 would lightis a 10 X 4 about contain waters INTRODUCTION ReviewArticle © Received KEYWORDS: discussions are performed throughout the manuscriptto highlight directions. future research awarene raising to addition in them to related literature characterized. poorly are genera the of viruses Cumulatively reinfect while infection upon symptoms cycle. transmissionvector/human the to adapting began recently as future the insignificantly increase could capacity this but lines those along others and , Japanese virus, Dengue to comparison in pale may capacity causing disease their glance, pat totheirinterestofparticular due are (LNV) Ningvirus Liao and (BAV) Virus butBanna America. North and Europe Australia, Asia, in detected or isolated been have members ABSTRACT Reviewing T ransactions on Science and Technology Vol. Vol. Technology and Science on ransactions Transactions on Science and Technology onTransactionsScience and deca ( Arbovirus i as astounding is ocean the in viruses of abundance sheer The . 2018), Lake Needwood seadornavirus (Djikeng seadornavirus Needwood Lake 2018), . 23 May 2020 23 May ion Seadornavirus RNA . .

n vivo in u t puiy f knowledg of paucity to Due

te aa ugss ht A ad N ad osby te members other possibly and LNV and BAV that suggests data the , Seadornaviruses

treatment Revised ; viral Emerging arbovirus; Emerging

iue’ n hc te ai phrase Latin the which in viruses’, ne wih l te 5 eea f evrss r pae ad n o i wud e the be would it of one and placed are reoviruses of genera 15 the all which under ar .

thropod by infection that possible is it Additionally, 3 July3 2020

on virus (Reutervirus on (Attoui and

Seadornaviruses

Accepted Accepted isingawareness them.about t al et cos u on aay Te ik Wy Stl 20) Te oe lyd by played role The 2005). (Suttle Way Milky The galaxy, own our across - are les are bo Togaviridae et alet LNV, LNV, 7 rne virus) infectio virus) rne ., , No. , et al et 5 July2020 5 Rames 30 . 2015). Despite the presence of multipl the presenceof 2015). Despite . 09. oee, ne h cnesto ser twrs iue in viruses towards steers conversation the once However, 2009). ser known ser

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July2020 . 2013), (Liuvirus 2013), Banna .

Reoviridae . 2000). Hitherto, six members have been identified and identified been have members six Hitherto,2000). . ns are viral ailments transmitted via insect vectors or vectors insect via transmitted ailments viral are ns

ss about them and their potential clinical significance. Similarly, significance. clinical potential their and them about ss MDLD 5092, Lorong Jaya 13, Taman Aman Jaya, 91100, Lahad Datu, Sabah, MALAYSIA Sabah, Datu, Lahad 91100, Jaya, Aman 13, Taman Jaya Lorong 5092, MDLD dodeca

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et al et Seadornavirus family has two subfamilies two has family The type species of the genus, BAV causes a myriad of myriad a causes BAV genus, the of species type The Seadornaviruses . 2009), (Attoui virus ning Liao 2009), . rnavirus ees o h 12 the to refers : The Next Dengue? Next :The Seadornaviruses ogens that have a wide geographic range as their as range geographic wide a have that ogens

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and causes fatality upon upon fatality causes and Seadornavi Avinash Rames

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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY vector for disease for vector (Djikeng USA the and 2013), (Nabeshima Wang (Coffey Australia in performed they E enigma. by presented symptoms clinical of range complete the such as and reads identified been mostly have members other The humans. in disease for agent causative a be to established been has BAV only thatdemonstrates literature Prior as and RNA su KDV of degradation to due been have may assays PCR failed the that possibility the (Ngoi contamination been have could detection initial KDV (Ngoi ailment the for subsequentanalysis a thatreported agentthey authors,the by releasedcorrigendum a in Noteworthily, aetiologic the been at have (KDV) could virus virus the Kadipiro that of suggesting presence the revealed Kilifi and Mtwapa 2015) n been all have (DENV) viruses Dengue with par on potentiallyother and BAV by infection of sequelae tumult. this of clarification the in aid would patients or study previous the of patients of autoimmuneBAVdiseasesVKHanother investigation inthe occurrence alternatelypertaining or of cohort the in antibodies BAV of assessment retrospective A b infection sequelaeof a be potentiallypanuveitis could symptom, its VKH and that possible cause a that noted be should It 2001). pe the to identical 7/8 was which domainsrepeats)ankyrinautoantigenwithcoiland peptidecontained afragment and retina (VKH)anautoimmunepatients, disordersystemic tract, revealedthat the autoantigennovel (uvealUACA uveal the Gupta of (Bansal, inflammation humor general vitreous by characterized condition a panuveitis, of inf (Attoui affected the mice in haemorrhaging general caused (LNV) virus Ning Liao by reinfection that revealed flu rather are possibly could encephalitis, Haemorrhaging of exception inf the individuals with by presented symptoms myalgia(Attouiandencephalitis,fever clinical The 1992). (Li reportedbeenalso(XinjianghaswesternProvince)patients China febrile from in Similarly, isolation s and (CSF) fluid cerebrospinal the from isolated was virus the as Province) (Yunnan China southern in 1987 to SYMPTOMSCLINICAL PIDEMIOLOGY ch a repeated analysis of the individuals in the said areas is recommended to clarify the stance. the clarify to recommended is areas said the in individuals the of analysis repeated a ch ection. On a different note, it has been suggested that BAV may be involved in the pathogenesis the in involved be may BAV that suggested been has it note, different a On ection. The geographical reach of of reach geographical The of towns the from adults Kenyan febrile on performed analysis metagenomics virome plasma A isolationof first The

. r eegn abvrl ahgn. ned ioain of isolation Indeed, pathogens. arboviral emerging are

N va ees transcriptase reverse via RNA t al et

21; Xia 2015; . r f nehltsptet wt 2ioae ad 5 slts epciey (Xu respectively isolates 25 and isolates 2 with patients encephalitis of era et alet t al et oted to cause some sort of sequelae (da Silva Silva (da sequelae of sort some cause to oted . 2008), while metagenomic analyses have identified them in Hungary (Reuter Hungary in them identified have analyses metagenomic while 2008), . transmission. Prior research suggests that viruses of this genus may not possess a possess not may genus this of viruses that suggestsresearch Prior transmission.

20) Itrsigy heoraig a nt bevd uig h primary the during observed not was haemorrhaging Interestingly, 2006). . t al et Banna virus ( Bannavirus

21; Zhang 2018; . et al et Rames Seadornaviruses

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ptide fragment ptide be a clinical symptom of infection, as an an as infection, of symptom clinical a be t al et . 2009). The broader literature literature broader The 2009). . ,

20 . 2014; Prow 2014; . BAV 20 - , virus (JEV) and Zika virus (ZKV) that (ZKV) virus Zika and (JEV) virus encephalitis Japanese , ., etd C (RT PCR nested .

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et alet etd C) a nt osbe n ta the that and possible not was PCR) nested f n wr t cnie VH s possible a as VKH consider to were one If . 2017). Despite the corrigendum, there is there corrigendum, the Despite 2017). .

species of thisgenus speciesof only in mosquitoes or in metagenomic in or mosquitoes in only

oe (Kim Korea et al. et Seadornaviruses 47

7 of segment 6 of BAV (Yamada BAV of 6 segment of hints (2), (2), it

2017; Garcia 2017; 64 ce b BV r arthralgia, are BAV by ected

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. 2008; . et al et et alet et alet 1036 of 65 . . .

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY hy ae en oty sltd n hs ein e I ih o d o ta ti togt ol be could thought this that on add to wish I yet various region this into in subdivided isolated be mostly been could have too they they that possible highly is genotypes. it points reference as LNV of members other the for genotypes multiple of presence (Prow (Attoui monitored be should China from genotypes south the in identified was other the while Australia northern and eastern in identified was them of one which, (Prow Australia (Attoui province Ning Liao bee have LNV of a with associated been writing(Xia of time notthe at range geographic particular has (China) Hubei in isolated C, Group while latitude 15ºN the below (Xia 30ºNlatitude and 15ºN between regions in isolated were latter the while in latitude isolated30ºN werethe beyond former regions the where A2 and A1 groups into subdivided be can which Vietnam and fro isolates of consists A Groupdistribution. geographical their on based is strains BAV of (Xia C and B A, groups be would these p in viruses of spread and incidence employcanviruses asvectors. genera recognized for reservoir natural the have to described been have swine (Prow transmission its by employedfacilitates tactics the of one be could water via env that notion the propounds this and study said the in utilized mosquitoes the rearto used were which pans waterof the in LNVRNA presenceof the reportedinvestigation prior aquaticvirusanin the replication of isolation the need would this of clarification and fish the infect actually or fish the through passage after infectivity retain would of ingestion to due been have(Reuter virus may the containing this mosquitoes that possible is it again once and analysis, metagenomic ( virus (Zhang Odonata the of diet the to belong do mosquitoes because host natural a as Odonata consider not did authors the however mosquitoe that suggested Odonata from KDV isolationof arboviralAnpathogens. emerging successful behighly theycould that hintsmosquitoes employ Albopictus) only viruses these and pathogens (Song (Liu (MSV)] virus al. et Lv the generaof from mosquitoes in detected and/orisolated been have they as mosquitoesinfecting to comes it whenbarrier species t s meaie o dniy h dfeet eoye o vrss ht r peet o oio the monitor to present are that viruses of genotypes different the identify to imperative is It et alet 2018 t al et et al et AV ws dniid n h itsia cnet of contents intestinal the in identified was BALV) . 2012; Prow 2012; . f mosquitoe of et al et ;

the pertaining information possess not does literature of assortment current The 2018). .

2017), . Zhang as vectors (Higa 2011). The capability of of capability The 2011). (Higa vectors as olciey te iue apa t b pre be to appear viruses the Collectively, - o oti BAV contain to 20) ulk ter utain oneprs ht oss a insect an possess that counterparts Australian their unlike 2006), . western corner of the continent (Prowcontinent the cornerof western et al et et al et n identified. Two genotypes of LNV are present in the north the in present are LNV of genotypes Two identified. n 21) Gop apas o nops th encompass to appears B Group 2018). .

et al. al. et

et al et and and et al et . 2018). The Australian LNV genotypes can be subdivided int subdivided be can genotypes LNV Australian The 2018). . , ftr rsac drcin c direction research future a s, Seadornaviruses . 2010; Wang 2010; . environment is suggestive of spread via water but this may not be the case.A may be thisnotenvironmentwaterbut suggestivespreadvia is of 2018 . 2018), . Mansonia

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20 . 2018). A different study illustrated similar findings as Balaton as findings similar illustrated study different A 2018). . et al et 20 [BAV and LNV](Attouiand[BAV pltosoe tm. hr ae he gntpso BV and BAV of genotypes three are There time. over opulations a b nmru (Attoui numerous be may 2010), . . . 2018). 2018). .

ISSN 2289 ISSN Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions et alet . 2015; Prow 2015; .

KV (Sun [KDV] ae lcrpeoye s A hne ugsig ht the that suggesting hence BAV as electropherotype same et al et [BAV, KDV and LNV] (Liu LNV] and KDV [BAV, . 2018). Prior literature has illustrated that the clusteringthe that illustrated has literature Prior 2018). . - competent viruses and inoculation assays. Presence of of Presence assays. inoculation and viruses competent

. 2013). As of now, it is is it now, of As 2013). . - 8786. 8786. lsl a te hv be ntd o net vertebrates infect to noted been have they as closely ee agpi A. aegypti) (Ae. aegypti Aedes n gvn that given and Interestingly, my o b te ny etr for vectors only the be not may s http://tost.unise.org/ t al et et alet ud e o ses h rne f ik ta these that of range the assess to be ould Seadornaviruses et al et Seadornaviruses al et 2018) . valent et alet . 2018). Epidemiologically speaking, the LNV Epidemiologicallythe 2018). speaking, . . 2018; Zhang 2018; . 2009) . . 2018). Hitherto, four differentgenotypesHitherto, 2018).four . Seadornaviruses

e Indonesian strains that were isolated were that strains Indonesian e DENV . largely

yrns carpio Cyprinus ia ioae ioae fo ctl and cattle from isolated isolates viral et alet Seadornaviruses

, , 7 (2), (2), . 2006;Li . t al et 64 to infect such a large variety of variety large a such infect to rud h Ain otnn as continent Asian the around

o net ave hc i turn in which larvae infect to - et al.et unknown whether the viruses the whether unknown

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BV KV LV Mangshi LNV, KDV, [BAV,

et al et and u 2010 bt y sn BV and BAV using by but , . 2018), . etal

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The pathogenic potential of potential pathogenic The - 2 (human adenocarcinoma) and MCR5 (human embryo lung) cell lines (Attouilinesembryo cell (humanandadenocarcinoma) (human lung) MCR5 2 ept te bec o tsig o te ad iu o atbde aant t (Attoui it against antibodies or virus said the for testing of absence the despite et alet et al et - slto o te iu fo te lo o te ie dy post days 3 mice the of blood the from virus the of isolation a is there encephalitis, of agents atypical as construed probably are t al et by multipleby(Jaafar,authorsAttoui,Mertens, .2012). t al et . 2006 . tpatientsrevealednumberantibodiesanalysislargethatpatientshad a IgMof of

. 2018). Consequently, this affects the work done on other other on done work the affects this Consequently, 2018). . 21; Zhang 2015; . Seadornaviruses ; Prow ; lsrtn ta LV osse toim oad mlil cl tps which types cell multiple towards tropism possesses LNV that llustrating

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20 t al et because 20 may be widely present on other continents await continents other on present widely be may

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2018). . cone fr hn tde prann ptoeiiy are pathogenicity pertaining studies when for accounted

the phenomenon is either ‚all or none‛ (Shapiro none‛ or ‚all either phenomenon is the - 8786. 8786. I http://tost.unise.org/ vivo n l ptnily i t etbih cause a establish to aid potentially uld

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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and a SGD (Ser SGD a and (Arg RGD an contain to identified been have KDV and BAV initiates of segments VP2 it The 2005). as the infectivity near or increases at present also viruses of VP9 entry facilitates of and endocytosis trimerization the that noteworthy is it However, host’s the is i VP9 blunt involved that highlighted and discussion replication Prior 2017). viral Yang & to Dhungel resources (Cao, response cellular immune antiviral of portion large a reallocate to virus Attoui, (Jaafar, infection post shut a experienced BAV by infected cells C6/36 mechanisms. defence whichdsRNAwouldvirustriggerandbetweengenomecytoplasmcellthe contact direct Attoui, (Jaafar, strands mRNA viral nascent BAV (and of possiblymembers) other encodeviral guanyllyltransferasesmediate that the capping of directl are that products produce host the affect viral by genes categories:four in (1) thosethat the theaffectability virus replicate, to(2)of thosethat (Shapiro measured be can it as term attachmentand invasion mechanisms. (Attoui An the that unknown. possesses tropism tissue are wide virus the infection explain viral may LNV subsequent in gap and literature this binding addressing investigation viral permit to with interact viruses on performed (Zhangstudy KDV the by evidenced as process same the undergo likely most would genera the for not and BAV for process Attoui, (Jaafar, assembly particle the in happens thought arewhich(VIB), which bodies viral inclusion of presence replication viral by followed subsequently andprocessviaelectronvisualizationcellsmicrosthecytoplasminfected ofof is entry Viral protein. VP10 LNV for mechanism Attoui, (Jaafar, endocytosis initiate and trimers stabilized form which protein ( protein whi protein VP10 the by mediated probably is LNV of entry the Seadornaviruses st intervention medical of development the for base a provide and cells infected on have they effects VIRULENCEAND IMMUNOLOGY beperformed concomitantly to prevent o both thatsuggested is it findings.Consequently, ininconsistencies selective likely most is vivo it but discussed not was effect thetothatadaptationpromotes pressure ‘purifying’ the of mechanism exact The were that clones BAV the contrast, had changes In sequence. parental acid the to identical amino were clones 3 37 only and LNV thatof segment VP12 the revealed in occurred sample blood the from derived clones various the and (Lv amplicons rategies. Unfortunately, this area has not been properly delineated within the context of of context the within delineated properly been not has area this Unfortunately, rategies. iuec i dfnd s h dsae rdcn pwr f n raim n ti i a quantitative a is this and organism an of power producing disease the as defined is Virulence the understanding in aids it as way long a goes cycle life virus’ a of understanding sound A

became identical to the parental strain after a passage a after strain parental the to identical became Attoui BV tahet ocls n ssc i i aray lsiid ne vrlne ee (3). gene virulence under classified already is it such as and cells to attachment BAV n et al et . The entry of BAV into cells is via the VP9 protein (Jaafar, Attoui, (Jaafar, protein VP9 the via is cells into BAV of entry The . et al et - defence et al et Gly . 2018). It is of special interest to note that the receptors and co and receptors the that note to interest special of is It 2018). . 21) cmaio fteaio cd sequence acid amino the of comparison A 2012). . - 20) Post 2006). .

Asp) domain respectively (Attoui respectively domain Asp) has not been studied but by analogy, it most likely requires participation of the participation requiresof likelymost byit analogy, but studied been not has

ehnss () hs ta afc toim ad 4 toe ht noe or encode that those (4) and tropism, affect that those (3) mechanisms, t al et the other members. However, it should be noted that other members ofmembers thatother noted be should it members.However, theother et alet 20) wie o te othe the for while 2006), . Rames - tahet te nae f A it cls s aiiae b te VP9 the by facilitated is cells into BAV of intake the attachment, y toxic to the host (Burrell, Howard (Burrell, host the to toxic y . 2005a). The ph The 2005a). . , t al et

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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY over time over astheybecome more adapted to the human/vectorcycles transmissionof (Ewald 1996). if and unlikely) be to hosts,human to adapting appears it (although infection of reservoir only discussion 1996). (Ewald the considering and vectors s ‚Epidemiology‛ suitable possess that locations into the in apply l not may genus this of members enigma.to ascribed an virulence of remains level system current the immune on, the Adding modulates virus the which to degree the and immunity inv degreeofthebut cellular immunity and humoral of combination a be likely most would response immune The characterized. is important Another well. as Seadornaviruses it possess genera the of members (Attoui study the in assessed (Huang observed been have mechanisms atypical Haslwanter as completely eliminated be antibody of probability the Similarly, reinfection. lethal the JEV(Fanthat in asformalin to inactivationsuch due alteration secondary faci preliminary A mechanism. antibodythe the identify to anwarranted after to observed due ailment not aggravated was the inoculation that stated authors The replication. viral by followed not was LNV live of injection secondary a by followed LNV inactivated formaldehyde (Attoui haemorrhage generalized to due die tomice inoculated the caused isolate, the of regardless LNV with mice of infection secondary a that disandserotypes viral (Attoui latter the for LNVrevealedtime that the taken for viral clearance7 about the daysis for formerand10 about days Attoui, (Jaafar, respectively Attoui proteins VP10 and VP9 the by governed are which LNV in observed as severity, disease of degrees (Vicente DENV varying with associated are pathogen a of serotypes different as important is this pertaining knowledge and determinants)(antigenic epitopes different genes multiple between synergy(Burrell of result a times often is virulence as genes virulence individual kno the address to done be should work more that warrants genera this of members by encoded genes co receptors or are integrins c infectious the in integrins of involvement BHKpassages on two after only ones containing RGD by viruses containing SGD of replacement complete the by illustrated as binding, terms in domain SGD the than superior is domain RGD the that revealed (FMDV) virus (Hussein integrins known 20 than more the of a bindingproteins integrin ong term as vector borne pathogens such as such pathogens borne vector as term ong It should be noted that the phenomenon observed in LNV was not observed in the BAV isolate BAV the in observed not was LNV in observed phenomenon the that noted be should It eff the on based defined are serotypes Viral

lde as rsn. oee, ae hud e ae t nt opeey ou o identifying on focus completely not to taken be should care However, present. gaps wledge et alet et alet . 2006; Lv 2006; . . 2017). . et alet In line with previous subsections of the manuscript, it is not known if humans are the arehumans known if not ismanuscript, it the subsectionsof previous with line In would be that the immunological arms involved in containing infection are not well not are infection containing in involved arms immunologicalthe that be would

. 2017), . and LNVmay pos et alet ection, this is not imp not is this ection,

. 2016). Prior research has illustrated the presence of two serotypes in BAV and BAV in serotypes two of presence the illustrated has research Prior 2016). . et al et et al et ease severity within the context of of context thewithin easeseverity . 2012). An 2012). . 20) Tee s o mc dt aalbe etiig orlto between correlation pertaining available data much not is There 2006). . it is possible that their virulence and transmission efficiency may increasemay efficiency transmission and virulencetheir that possible is it nd the domain RGD in particular has the ability to interact with over half withover interact to ability the hasparticular indomain RGD the nd - receptors for infection. The lack of information pertaining the virulencethe pertaining information of lackThe infection. for receptors Rames et al et olvement by them is not known. Similarly, the involvement of innateSimilarly,known.the ofinvolvementnot them by is olvement , . 2006), 2006), .

20 in vitroin 20 - 21 cells (Rieder cells 21 .

ISSN 2289 ISSN Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions ossible as the vectors th vectors the as ossible sessa mechanismnovel aswell. hence investigation performed investigation ycle of of ycle - 8786. 8786. et al et Seadornaviruses etal iaig fet n a sc frhr netgto is investigation further such as and effect litating http://tost.unise.org/ other if or LNV to unique is it if known not is it . 2006). Interestingly, pri Interestingly, 2006). . c o nurlzn atbde wih recognize which antibodies neutralizing of ect . 2015). Studies done on Foot and Mouth disease Mouth and Foot on done Studies 2015). . Seadornaviruses et alet research path research Seadornaviruses . 2005). Prior literature does not report anyreportnotdoes Priorliterature 2005). . - dependent enhancement (ADE) cannot (ADE) enhancement dependent

may spiral out of control upon release upon control of out spiral may et alet

7 ey (2), (2), . 2015), has any role in explainingrolein anyhas 2015), .

64 u i te ieaue eae to related literature the in sue employ appear to be numerous be to appear employ would be to evaluate if epitope if evaluate to be would n a sc i i nt nw if known not is it such as and in mice injected with BAV and BAV with injected mice in

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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY antigenicshift (via combination theofgenerated quasi re itmay that possible is analogyit via but well studied for evolution of acceleratedspeed heightened as the demonstrated of ramifications is The evolution. which host the in cycles replication more significantly completed operational is it when viruses RNA other of those RNA n highly and it environment rendering be the may to that adaptable ago years 381 about was which ancestor common most the from does phenomenon the LNV that behaviourof the governing identified study same the of authors non and silent both which di aforementioned rates evolution ( pertaining LNV Data drug of range. occurrence host the expandedrate predict substitution mean by (denoted to and scientists mutants permits escape it as antibody interest rate mutants, of mutation is higher virus a a of that rate illustrating 2018) Lauring hence & (Peck selection, rate evolutionary higher natural a into by translates upon acted then is which GC%is subject theto findings futureof work(s). the of importance the hence 2013), (Chen viruses RNA and DNA both for length gene and content quasi viral of subsequ anddivergence to lead may that pressuremutational indicating hence 2018), 10 becausesurprisingthenot substitut is finding The selection. natural of prediction the to opposite being thus negative the was as relationship viruses RNA for case the not was this but selection natural of imprint the suggesting hence The 2013).gen and betweenrelationshipGC% the (Chen thatreported also study viruses RNA for significant and negative was lengths gene and hydrophobicity gene the in content acid amino the product alters subsequently which viruses RNA of bias codon the for virusvaluablea genomebe a of could piece of informationasthisparticular the ratiodriving is force (Wang manuscript the is(Attoui respectively 42.55% and 37.18% them for information genomic 1.Tableprovided in of absence the hence justified.somewhat analyses metagenomic via identified ones only the are hit MSV available and LNV KDV, BAV, of genomes The shortcomings. facilitates and gaps of number turn of in genome the on literature the at look closer which A level. molecular identify to them clinicians allows clinical in by it useful as is settings genomes encoded sequencing Similarly, vaccines. proteins and drugs antiviral the of development understanding and relationships GENOMICPROPERTIES versification throughpassageLNVuponoccursin and mutationsa these host havedo hot spots in - 8 The mutationrateThe a virus determinesof theamount genetic diversityof generated a in population i aids it as imperative is viruses of genome the Characterizing

to 10 to - dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for LNV may be more prone to errors in comparison to comparison in errors to prone more be may LNV for (RdRp) polymerase RNA dependent .9 x 10 x 1.993 (uwrkl 05. pir td ilsrtd ht orlto bten C content, GC between correlation that illustrated study prior A 2005). (Auewarakul s - 6

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is unknown but it could potentially be due to its divergenceits todue be potentially could unknownit but is et al et t al et rg eitn vrss n suy ia otras t a at outbreaks viral study and viruses resistant drug . 2006). The GC content of MSV was not mentioned in mentioned not was MSV of content GC The 2006). . - 8786. 8786. 21) Tee aus r ihrnl qik n as and quick inherently are values These 2016). . http://tost.unise.org/ in vivo in culations it is about 44%. The GC content in the in content GC The 44%. about is it culations t al et - species). sult in structural plasticity, antigenic drift or antigenic plasticity, structural in sult . It is also possible that the virus may hav may virus the that possible also is It . 21) Atraey i i psil ta the that possible is it Alternately, 2011). .

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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY *** ** * Abbreviatednames are BAV(Banna virus), BALV (Balaton virus), KDV(Kadipiro virus), LNV (Lia Segment12 Segment11 Segment10 References Segment5 Segment4 Segment3 Segment2 Segment1 Segment9 Segment8 Segment7 Segment6 D T (VP12) (VP11) (VP10) C erivedfrom theresults of a protein BLAST searchwhereby sequenceidentitywith other organisms was used ascribeto function (VP9) (VP8) (VP7) (VP6) (VP5) (VP4) (VP3) (VP2) (VP1) heprotein had similaritywith a hypothetical protein onfirmed functions.

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71

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY need an upgrade to detect the potentially novel BAV serotype. The impediment for developmentof for impediment The serotype. BAV novel potentially the detect to upgrade an need serotype the on based (Jaafar LNV respectively and BAV both for described been (Najri serotype genotyp novel in difference noted be should it but serotype new (Xia betwee andBAVdescribedcrossbeen forSimilarly,Western Blothas reactivity. Prow desc been has Blot Western explored. somewhat contaminationduring opening theof(Xiatube incr be would disadvantage the However, bath. watersimple hot a usingbeperformed reactioncomplete can asthe convenientandtime) is reaction min (40 fast is personnel, trained specially need not does it as laboratories diagnostic for attractive 10 of limit 10 was which assay LAMP cross cross (Xia not did it BAVas sensitivity of detection rapid the for transcription reverse a developed have (Wang MSV identify to used previously been has segments VP12 commonly is dissimilaritybetweenthatshouldbutbe noted the genusit extends members other observationto of it (Song hence BAV of short analysis evolutionary relatively and identification and for conserved utilized is VP12 values. specificity and sensitivity re be to are these if and research employedfor all werementioned primers the that noted be should It Song (Reuter BALV availablefor are primers as (RT reaction chain polymerase on impact appreciable time intensive, labour their to due is line cell for C6/36 the rewarding path economically this down not go recommendedasmos to is wish pathogens labs if atypical yet 2019), of (Rames laboratories diagnosis diagnostic the not for is lines diagnosis cell for lines cell these of usage (Attoui LNV for described been only 12 RML and 2018), HSU 2018), dorsalis A20 ( AA23 in grow to observedbeen have genus the of members as themout isolating effectivein are lines mosquitocell thatreveal trendsthe observingbut done diagnosebeen to techniques based culture of usage The microbiology. medical DIAGNOSTICTECHNIQUES - purposed Utilization of serological techniques for the diagnosis of of diagnosis the for techniques serological of Utilization culture rendered has techniques molecular of Advancement of context the within standard’ ‘gold the been has sample clinical a from isolation Pathogen et alet [ - Aedes etal reactivity betwe reactivity et al et ] n both both n

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et alet Transactions on Science and Technology. Science on Transactions t al et - loop . 2006), and until future research assesses this avenue, the avenue, this assesses research future until and 2006), . et alet . 2006). Similar to Western Blot, the ELISA for BAV may BAV for ELISA the Blot, Western to Similar 2006). . et alet . 2005a). The latest identification of a genotype C of BAV of C genotypea identification of latest The 2005a). . t al et - 21) Te frmnind sa bat impressive boasts assay aforementioned The 2019). . albus - - 8786. 8786. etal . 2018) cell lines. Growth on mammalian cell lines has lines cell mammalian on Growth lines. cell 2018) . eitd i mediated . 2013), BAV (AttouiBAV 2013), . - et alet LAMP). The RT The LAMP). 21) ad Mos55 and 2018), .

ribed for both serotypes of LNV (Attoui LNV of serotypes both for ribed recommended. Maintenance and propagation of of propagation and Maintenance recommended. http://tost.unise.org/ . 2018), and LNV (Attoui LNV and 2018), . ae cs fr egns n ptnil o aerosol for potential and reagents for cost eased et al et . 2019). . [ Aedes w Aedes to 21) Ca Ball Chao 2018), .

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could be designed. On a different note, it would be a while a be would it note, different a On designed. be could - in vivo in benzoxazolyl)ethoxy]phenyl] oui

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eta du targets. drug tential of status The world,aneachideal wouldailmentIn have a 1679. andEurope,Asia America,North Seadornaviruses in Jaafar, H., Attoui, transformed Lamball M. Belhouchet, F.M., Jaafar, H., Attoui, 1507 family the within (Seadornavirus) genus new a to assignmentProposalvirus:KadipiroforandBanna virus analysis genetic determinationandof P. Micco, P., Biagini, F., Billoir, H., Attoui, Medicine & A. Alatoom, . Mrah & hu H. International CommitteeTaxonomyon Virusesof Zhou, & Marzachì A., Dermody,V., Dormitzer, Duncan, Fang,Graham, Guglielmi,G., Harding, Hillman, B., Makkay, H., Attoui, Mertens, Becnel, P., Belaganahalli, M.,Brussaard, Bergoin, C.,Chappell, Ciar

wouldthatbethe fact Seadornaviruses –

1515. re X de. X. erie, ,40(4), 237 ve mantra for finding peace finding for mantra ve

r as lmtd nvrhls te om o dvlpet s rsn a tee are there as present is development for room the nevertheless limited, also are

Seadornaviruses andembryonic mammalian cells. acns h qeto i nt Cn e ae n? rte i rather one?‛ make we ‚Can not is question the vaccines an, D. Payne, et alet et

rg eupsn my e be o atn h dvlpet f therapeutics of development the hasten to able be may repurposing Drug – ‛ al

240. while vaccines would be an effective preventive tool but for for but tool preventive effective an be would vaccines while .2016). . 2016). A further advantage would be the versatility of the MDNP systemMDNP the versatilityof the be would advantage further A 2016). . 2006. .. Mco P. Micco, F.M., Seadornaviruses

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as human pathogenshuman as io ig iu, nw hns saonvrs ht elcts in replicates that seadornavirus Chinese new a virus, ning Liao

2009.

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20 20 nteltrtr pertaining literature the in han clinical diagnosis hence adequate evaluation of sensitivity of evaluation adequate hence diagnosis clinical han . n vriw of Overview An ISSN 2289 ISSN Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions ‘Family but

are arbovirusesare and as measuressuch preventive against , Tao, S., Chen, B., Liang, G., Tesh, R.B., Micco, P. Micco, R.B., Tesh, G., Liang, B., Chen, S., Tao, , e Lmalre X De X. Lamballerie, & De - 8786. 8786.

re in the context of virology, ignorance is not bliss. The bliss. not is ignorance virology, of context the in Toxoplasmagondii

vaccine or therapeuticvaccine designedagainstor thisitbutis De. X. Lamballerie, & De - http://tost.unise.org/ purposing .

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