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A Review of Studies of Neotropical Araceae a Review of Studies of Neotropical Araceae

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A Review of Studies of Neotropical Araceae a Review of Studies of Neotropical Araceae Croat, 2015 A Review of Studies of Neotropical Araceae A Review of Studies of Neotropical Araceae Thomas B. Croat P.A. Schulze Curator of Botany Missouri Botanical Garden P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166 [email protected] ABSTRACT especially section Porphyrochitonium, are The last decade has seen many changes in studied. A Lucid multichotomous key for research with neotropical Araceae. There Anthurium was created by staff at Kew have been a lot of revisionary efforts Gardens and has been used to key out especially with smaller genera but relatively potential new species. The diagnosis of the few changes in the largest and most putative species can then be written to show complex genera. Several key floristic studies differences from species already published. have been completed and several more are It has been continuously upgraded during underway. Increasingly phylogenetic studies the last five years by adding new species and are being carried out among genera of all by making modifications in the key to make sizes. This review will provide a history of it more useful. The Lucid Anthurium key past monographic and floristic efforts and now contains about twice as many species will summarize by suggesting the areas most as were present when initially made in need of further work. available. A recent paper by Croat & Carlsen (2013) REVISIONARY STUDIES realigns the palmately lobed Anthurium The largest genus, Anthurium, remains still species, merging Schott’s section poorly known overall with only three Schizoplacium to section Dactylophyllium and sections, namely Pachyneurium (Croat, 1991), excluding three Mexican species and a single Polyphyllium (Croat, 1978) and Semaeophyllium Colombian species. (Croat & Carlsen, 2004) that have been revised. With the discovery of many new Marcus Nadruz Coelho published a species, especially in the Andes of Western revision of Anthurium section Urospadix South America, the number of named and subsection Flavescentiaviridia (Coelho et al., described (albeit not yet published) species 2009) and Livia Temponi (Temponi, 2006) exceeds 1690 and the upper limit will did a molecular analysis on section certainly exceed 2000 when more sections, Urospadix resulting in considerable Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 44 Croat, 2015 A Review of Studies of Neotropical Araceae realignment of the section and the sinking expected to be submitted for publication of section Chamaerepium, a previously sometime in 2015. endemic section to Brazil. Revisionary work is being carried out on Philodendron is perhaps more fully known, Monstera for the Flora of Mesoamerica with subgenus Meconostigma (Mayo, 1991; (Croat, in prep.) and Alejandro Zuluaga, Gonçalves & Salviani, 2002), the subgenus now a Ph.D. student at the University of Pteromischum from Central America, West Wisconsin, Madison, is concentrating on a Indies and Pacific Tropical South America molecular phylogeny of the genus. The very and Central America having been fully useful revision by Madison (Madison, 1977) revised (Grayum, 1992; 1996). Some is now somewhat out of date, especially published work also has occurred in the with many new species in Central America Guianas (Croat & Grayum, 1994). In (Grayum, 1997). addition Philodendron subgenus Philodendron section Macrobelium of Brazil has been The genus Spathiphyllum with an estimated revised (Sakuragui, 1998; Sakuragui & D. C. 63 species was last revised by Bunting Zappi, 2005). A Lucid multichotomous key (Bunting, 1960) where 36 species were for Philodendron prepared by Marcela Mora covered. Spathiphyllum is now being studied contains most of the species with the by Felipe Cardona at the Universidad de exception of some new species from Brazil. Antioquia (Cardona, 2000; 2001; 2004). In The inital key with 465 species resides on Central America there are about 25 species the CATE website and Thomas Croat and of Spathiphyllum. his staff of volunteers are continuing to populate it with new species. It now Stenospermation, with an estimated 250 contains 529 species for an increase of 12% mostly undescribed species is one of the during the past 6 years. most poorly know of all aroid genera. No complete revision has been made since that The genus Dracontium with 23 species has of Engler in Das Pflanzenreich (Engler, been revised (Zhu & Croat, 2004) and a 1908) which covered only 20 species. A Lucid key for Dracontium is being prepared revision of Stenospermation for Central by Croat. The Chlorospatha with 68 species America (A. P. Gómez, 1983) comprised (Croat & L. P. Hannon, 2015; in press) have only 9 species but since that time many now been revised and a Lucid key is species have been found, especially in contemplated as well. Panama and Costa Rica with as many as 30 species now reported (Croat, in prep.). Adelonema with 16 species has recently Numbers of new species are even larger in been revised (Croat et al., in prep) and is South America. A recent survey of Stenospermation in Carchi Province in Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 45 Croat, 2015 A Review of Studies of Neotropical Araceae Ecuador yielded 26 new species. Natalia The study compared subtribe Spathicarpeae Castaño Rubiano from Colombia is working with the related subtribe Bognerineae and on a revision of Colombian species of subtribe Dieffenbachineae. Stenospermation (Castaño Rubiano, 2013) and is also working on the creation of a Lucid Rhodospatha with about 79 species has been key for the genus. at least partially revised and a Lucid key to the genus is anticipated. Dieffenbachia with an estimated 140 species has been revised for Central America (Croat, 2004) with 26 species represented FLORISTIC STUDIES but most of the species in South America Much of the neotropics is undergoing a are still poorly known. An unpublished key floristic review of the Araceae. In Central to South America with 104 species has been America completed floristic studies have prepared (Croat, in prep.) and a Lucid key been made for Costa Rica (Grayum, 1982; to Dieffenbachia is being planned. Grayum et al. 1983; 2003, 2003a), Guatemala (Croat & Vannini, in prep.) and Xanthosoma with an estimated 90 species Nicaragua (Croat & Stiebel, 2001), Veracruz remains poorly known, certainly one of the (Croat & Acebey, 2015). The Flora of most poorly known genera in the Mesoamerica treatment of the Araceae is neotropics. Central America has about 13 expected to be completed by 2016. species but there are many new species in Although the largest genera Anthurium the western Andes (Croat et al., in prep.) (Croat, 1983; 1986) and Philodendron (Croat, and even in the Guianas (Croat et al., in 1997) and well as several smaller genera, press). Eduardo Gonçalves is working on Chlorospatha (Croat & L. P. Hannon; in Xanthosoma and has described 10 new press), Dieffenbachia (Croat, 2004), species (Gonçalves, 1999; 2000; 2011). Dracontium (Zhu & Croat, 2004) have been completed for Central America this Flora of Most of the smaller neotropical genera are Mesoamerica treatment will result in the by now relatively well known, especially the first revision of most of the smaller genera. recently revised Spathicarpeae inhabiting Floristic studies in South America are a eastern South America and the western more daunting task owing to its much Andes (Gonçalves, 2002a). That revision greater complexity. The Andean countries covered initially 8 genera in subtribe have been partly reviewed with modern Spathicarpeae, namely Incarum, Asterostigma, Araceae Checklists having been created for Spathicarpa, Synandrospadix, Mangonia Peru (Croat, 1993), Ecuador (Croat, 1999) Gorgonidium, Spathantheum and Gearum. Later and Bolivia (Kessler & Croat, 1999; Croat & the new genera Croatiella (Gonçalves, 2005) Acebey, 2015). Colombia, clearly the largest and Lorenzia (Gonçalves, 2012). were added. floristic region in all of South America does not have a published flora but an effort is Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 46 Croat, 2015 A Review of Studies of Neotropical Araceae underway by a group of Colombian aroiders close relationship between the Spathicarpeae to produce such a checklist. Venezuela is to both Bognera and Dieffenbachia.. reasonably well known floristically owing to work by Bunting (1979) as well as a later Alejandro Zuluaga is carrying out study by Croat & Lambert (1986). The molecular studies with Monstera and these Guianas are now reasonably well known studies will be published as a part of his floristically after a National Geographic Ph.D. thesis. Molecular studies carried out Sponsored expedition of four months made by Peter Boyce and Sin Yeng Wong to the region. The flora of the Guianas principally on Old World Homalomena have comprises about 160 species and treatment shown the American element, namely is expected to be completed in four years. Homalomena section Curmeria Linden & Brazilian aroiders are also generating a André to be distinct from Asian species so Checklist of the Araceae and the current that group will adopt the generic name, total is 477 species; Argentina has only17 Adelonema (Wong & Croat, in press). species (Crisci, 1971). Paraguay, the only Adelonema has 12 species and ranges from other country with a significant aroid flora Costa Rica to most of northern South has a completed flora with 9 genera and 16 America as well as the Amazon basin. As species of Araceae (Croat & Mount, 1988). yet unpublished molecular studies with 8 species by Merrow & Croat showed Floristic studies are more all encompassing Adelonema to cluster in three well-supported with published or in press floristic studies clades. Two molecular studies (Gauthier et having been carried out in Paraguay and al., 2008; Tam et al., 2004) found Adelonema checklist treatments of Ecuador, Peru and to fall within Philodendron but this conflicts Bolivia have been completed in the past ten with studies by Wong & Croat ( in press) years. Floristic accounts of Venezuela have that show it to be distinct from Philodendron, been completed and a checklist for the though most closely related to Philodendron Flora of Colombia and for is nearing subgenus Pteromischum and completely completion.
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