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Memorial on Jurisdiction Submitted by the Government Op the United Kingdom of Greatbritazn and Northern Ireland Part A

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Memorial on Jurisdiction Submitted by the Government Op the United Kingdom of Greatbritazn and Northern Ireland Part A MEMORIAL ON JURISDICTION SUBMITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OP THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREATBRITAZN AND NORTHERN IRELAND PART A INTRODUCTION 1. This Memorial is subrnitted to the Court in Dursuance of the Order made by the Court on 18 August 1972, which Order iequired the Governrnent of the United Kingdom tosubmit before 13 October 1972a Memoria1"addressed to the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain the dispute". 2. The Court, in making its Order of 18 Augiist 1972. referred to "the letter dated 29 May 1972 from the Minister for Forgein ARairs of Iceland. received in the Registry on 31 May 1972; the telegram from the said Minister dated 28 July 1972, reccived in the Registry on 29 July 1972; the telegram from the said Minister dated II August 1972, received in the Registry the same dav. and reoeated and confirmed bv letter from the said Minister of I I ,\ugii.t 1972. in c~chof trhich .'oiiiiii.tni<~tii>n, ii \rl; ai,crteJ thiir thsre \\x, nu b3s15 ~.nJcrtnc St;~totcdi the ("Our1 for cxcr..~~ng~ur~~d,ct~~ln111 the i4,c". lhe <;,>\crniiiciit of the I niicJ KtnaJuiii thercl'orc iinJr.r\t.ind th31 in the present Memorial they are required to expand and develop their subrnissions relating to the jurisdiction of the Court. and to answer any doubts concerning the Court's jurisdiction raised by these various Lcelandic letters and telegrains. 3. The principles which the Coiirt applies in a case where it has to consider whether it has jurisdiction to entertain proceedings have been stated in the following terms: "lt has been areued~~~ reneatcdlv in the course of the Dresent ~roceedinas that in case of doubt thkourt rhould decline jurisdiction. liis true that the Court's iurisdiction is always a limited one. existina. only . in so far as States havexceoted. ~~~ it: . cnnseauentlv.~-~~ .. the~ Court~ will. in the event of an objection-or when it hès aut&natically to consider the question-onlY affirm ils iurisdiction ~rovidedthat the force of the arguments militating in if is oren.onderant. The fact that weiehtiareuments can be faveur-of . Y-~~~~~~-. advanced to support the contention that it has no jurisdiction cannot of itself create a doubt calculated to upset its iurisdiction. When considering whether it has iurisdiction~~~~~~~ or- not. the co;rt2s- ~ airn is alwavs to ascertain whether an intention on the part of the parties exists to conFcrjurisdiction upon it. The question as to the existence of a doubt nullifying ils juris- diction need nit be considercd~~~~~~ ~~ when. as in the oresent case. thisintention can be denionstrated in a nianner convincing to the Court." (Facrory at Cliorzdw, Jitrirrlictioii, Ji~dgrncnt No. 8, 1927, Series A, No. 9, p. 32.) 4. As reauired bv Article 32 of the Rules of Court. the Governinent of the the Exchange of ~otesbetween the Governinent of the United Kingdom and the Governnient of Iceland of II March 1961 (Annex A to the Application). Article 36 (1) provides that "the jiirisdiction of the Court comprises al1 cases which the parties refer to it and al1 matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force". The Penultimate paragraph of the Exchange of Notes provides that "the Icelandic Government will continue to work for the im~lementationof the Althine Resolution of May 5, 1959, regarding the extension of fisheries jurisdiction around Iceland. but shall rive to the United Kinrdom Government six months' notice of such extension and, in case of a dispute in relation to such extension, the matter shall, at the request of either Party, be referred to the International Court of Justice". 5. The Government of the United Kingdom accordingly must satisfy the Court on the following points: (i) that the Exchange of Notes of 1961 was a treaty or convention in force between the parties on 14 April 1972 conferring jurisdiction on the Court in a dispute relating to the extension of fisheries juris- diction around Iceland; (ii) that on that date there was a dispute between the parties; and (iii) that the dispute related to the extension of fisheries jurisdiction around Iceland. The Government of the United Kingdom submit, however, that, if the force of their arguments militating in favour of the Court's jurisdiction is "prepon- derant", the Court will affirm its jurisdiction; and that, for the Court to decline jurisdiction, it would be necessary for the Government of lceland to show-or for the Court to ascertain proprio motu-not merely that weight~ arguments can be advanced to support the contention that the Court has no jurisdiction but also that there was no intention on the part of the Govern- ment of Iceland and the Government of the United Kingdom to confer juris- diction won the Court. 6. ~he'Governmentof the United Kingdom have carefully studied the Larious communications made by the Government of lceland'that are referred to in paragraph 2 above, and indeed al1 other relevant communications and statements that might throw light on the basis for the contention by the Government of lceland that the Court has no jurisdiction to entertain these oroceedinrs. It does not auoear from these communications and statements ihx an) of~hcob~cctionrto ihc Couri's jdriiJi;ii~n rai>eJb) the Go\ernmcni of IiclanJ arc Jirc~icdio the \c;ond snJ tliird of rlic ihrce prspi>r!riiins (.is set out in Dard. 5 above) which the Government of the United Kinndom must cstabliçh if thcy .ire IO sîtisf) ihc Couri rh.it ii h:i< ji.riidiiti~iiiin the prcwnr case: ic., ihsi <in 14 April 1972 there iixr a Jispiite bci\rccn the <io\crni~ieiit of Iccland .ind ihe Go\ernnient of the C'riiicil Kinadoiir: and ihdr tliis Jisuiitc related to the extension of fisheries jurisdiction around Iceland. lndeed; the Goveinment of the United Kingdom submit that there can be no possible controversy about these questions. Tney siniply remind the Court of the history of relations between the two Governments as described in the Appli- cation instituting proceedings and amplified in the opening part of the Attorney-General's speech before the Court on 1 August 1972. They siibmit that, as regards the second of those propositions, this history demonstrates beyond doubt that, by 14 April 1972, there was a dispute between the two Governments in the sense, as defined by the Court, of "a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests between two persons" (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Jsdgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J. Series No. 2, P. II); and that. inso far as il might be argued that, for a dispute to exist, it mus1 be shown that negotiations have failed, the negotiations be- tween the two Governments concerning the threatened extension of Iceland's fisheries jurisdiction had, by 14 April 1972, in the words of the Court in the Right of Passage case (I.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 125, 149), "reached a dead- lock". As regards the third proposition, it does not seem to be denied, and it could, indeed, scarcely be denied, that the dispute related tu the extension of fisheries jurisdiction around Lceland. 7. Conseauentlv. it onlv remains tu consider the obiections raised bv the ~overnmeniof lcland against the first of the three p;opositions which the Government of the United Kingdom must establish, i.e., that the Exchange of Notes of 1961 was a treaty or coiivention in force between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of lceland on 14 April 1972, . conferring jurisdiction on the Court in relation 10 such a dispute. Açain il must be said that none of these objections appears tu question that the provisions of the Exchange of Notes of 1961. if in force on 14April 1972, did confer jurisdiction on the Coort (and the later sections of this Memorial will seek tu show that the confernient of such jurisdiction was at al1 limes accepted by both parties as the object and piirpose of the relevant provision). The objections appear rather tu be directed tu asserting that, for one reason or another, the Exchange of Notes of 1961 was in fact no1 in force at that date. 8. Accordingly, in Part Bof this Memorial the Government of the United Kingdom will analyse the terms of the relevant provisions of the Exhange of Notes of 1961 in order tu elicit what those orovisions mean and were intended tu niean, with particular reference to the duration of the agreement tu submit disputes tu the jurisdiction of the Court, and will then examine the origins of the Exchanze of Notes of 1961 (that is to sav... the historv~~ . and backeroind of ils conclusi&) in order tu see ;,ha1 light these throw on questions of inter: pretation. InPart C of this Memorial the Government of the United Kingdom will examine in turn each of the various objections tu the jurisdiction of the Court that are referred to in paragraph 7 above. Finally, Part D of this Memorial summarizes the contentions put forward in Parts B and C and sets out the formal submissions which the Government of the United Kingdom make tu the Court on the question of thejurisdiction of the Court tu entertain the dispute. PART B MEANING AND INTENTION OF THE EXCHANGE OF NOTES OF 1961 1. The Tprms of the Exchange of Notes of 1961 9. The Exchange of Notes of 1961 (see Annex A to the Ao~lication. insiituiing proiccJing,~conidin,. in ilic pciiultirii:itc p.ir.~gr.%phid iiie Si)ls frmn the Foretgn \11n.s1croi I.~l.~nd.
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