DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rise of the Caudillos and the Mexican-American War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rise of the Caudillos and the Mexican-American War The rise of the Caudillos and the Mexican-American War By: Mary Jansen and Emily Friedman. Caudillos-Strongmen o Caudillos were conservative and liberal, representing various different groups. -These groups included: ranchers, farmers, merchants, land owners, mine owners, etc. o The support of former local soldiers of the independence armies helped the Caudillos to strive. o Their former soldiers’ status helped them to be successful and popular officers in the Wars of Independence. o While some Liberals and Conservatives were being hostile, it gave Caudillos the opportunity to rise to power. o Political, economic, and social turmoil spurred by the revolutions in Latin America also led to the rise of the Caudillos. o To maintain authority and eliminate opponents, Caudillos used their charismatic nature and sometimes employed military justice with exemption from punishment. Guatemala- Tension in Guatemala grew more as laws were targeted at the Roman Catholic church. The liberal anti-church movements were widely disagreed with by the majority of the Guatemalan population, greatly helping the popular caudillo Rafael Carrera in his rise to power in 1838. When he came to power, he promptly repealed all the laws against the established church but kept toleration of other religions. Carrera, interested in a possible education boon, urged the Guatemalan assembly to allow the Jesuits to return to Guatemala. Carrera also signed a concordat with the Vatican in Rafael Carrera 1852 to help strengthen the role of the catholic church (In power for 18 years) in Guatemala. This made Catholicism the exclusive religion and the only doctrine taught in schools. This state affair lasted until the liberal revolution in 1871. Creole-A person of European descent born in the New World. Mainly of Spanish decent. Ø Creoles were virtually excluded form any poliDcal administraon. Ø Only European-born individuals were deemed good enough to have poliDcal say. Ø The Creoles were treated like any other ciDzens. Ø They paid taxes. Ø Were subJected to no special treatment. Ø The many wars of independence brought Creoles more equality. Ø For Example: -In Mexico, the creoles were granted complete poliDcal equality with Penninsulares. -In Venezuela, the creoles were in charge of the revoluDon and set up their own liberal government. Ø Creoles oPen played large military roles during their fight for independence. Ø Their leadership was counted upon by all other classes of people during their independence struggles. Ø Creoles parDcipang in poliDcs were mainly liberal. Ø Creoles used the poliDcal ideas of laissez-faire economics, free trade, and democrac governments. Ø Creoles in many Lan American Countries became country leaders along with Caudillos. Ø Now being free from European rule, Creoles were able to receive equal treatment with those of pure European blood. Ø Creoles were normally in a higher social class than naves and people of mixed blood. THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR BEGAN: April 25, 1846--The first battle between the Mexican and U.S. Armies.! 1844: President James K. Polk was a supporter of manifest destiny. Americans wanted to have land“From Sea to Shining Sea.” After the annexation of Texas to the United States in 1845, Polk wanted to establish ownership of California, New Mexico, and the land near the southern border of Texas. However, Mexico was resistant to let go of these lands, which they had already claimed as territories of their own. In efforts to try and purchase the land, John Slidell, Polk’s American diplomat was sent to Mexico City with an offer of $30 million. APer Mexico’s refusal to discuss the purchase of its territories with Slidell, Polk, in his frustraon dispatched American troops to Texas in January of 1846, with intenDons of war. By April 25, 1846, the Mexicans could no longer hold their fire. Polk had an excuse to declare war: he said, “Mexico has invaded our territory and shed American Blood upon American soil,” thus said, on May 11th, he sent the order for war. Polk’s decision to engage Mexico in war was quesDoned throughout America. Many ciDzens from the North believed Polk’s sole purpose for acquiring Although during the war he the land was to establish expressed no reservations about it, he would later call the war “one more slaveholding land in of the most unjust ever waged by a the south, while other stronger against a weaker nation. It was an instance of a republic ciDzens including Ulysses S. following the bad example of Grant believed it was European monarchies, in not considering justice in their desire immoral to provoke Mexico to acquire additional territory.” into war in order to gain the -Ulysses S. Grant desired land. Ulysses Grant Robert Lee Americans had great success on the balefield with young officers such as Ulysses Grant and Robert Lee. Other American Generals, Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scob also led troops to victories. Although Mexican troops outnumbered the Americans, in September of 1847, Scob and his men were able to capture Mexico City, and put the fighDng to an end. Winfield Scob Zachary Taylor Due to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, American victory was sealed in 1848. o Instead of Mexico paying the THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN Americans $15 million worth of WAR ENDED: February 2, debt they owed, they agreed to 1848--The signing of the sign over the land of New Mexico Treaty of Guadeloupe and California to the Americans. o These territories included: Hidalgo. California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, and parts of Arizona. o The disputed border of Texas was also given to America. o Congress approved this treaty on March 10th, 1848. 1. The United States acquired New Mexico and California. 2. President Santa Anna lost power in Mexico following the war. 3. U.S. General Zachary "Old Rough and Ready" Taylor used his fame as a war hero to win the Presidency in 1848. 4. Relaons between the United States and Mexico remained tense for many decades to come, with several military encounters along the border. 5. For the United States, this war provided war experience to the men who would later lead the North and South armies in the Civil War. America’s newly gained territory caused controversy within the country because many were concerned what the land would be used for; as many believed it would be used for slavery and divide the north. and south further apart than they already were. hbp://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/documents/polk.htm This is an oraon given by President James K. Polk on May 11, 1886, addressing the declaraon of war against Mexico. The purpose of this oraon was to declare war against Mexico. Polk was trying to express a legiDmate reason to wage war upon Mexico. One of his main reasons for waging war was to further expand west. This document allows further explanaon as to why the United States engaged in the Mexican- American War. In this oraon, Polk is clearly bias to the United States. He is only focusing on the benefit this war could have on America and not focusing or even considering Mexico’s perspecDve. However, this bias does not discount the oraon’s validity because this was Polk’s exact address and not a summary of it. Berliner, Yvonne, et al. History Of the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print. Butler, Steven R. "Polk's Address to Congress." DMWV. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2013. <http:// www.dmwv.org/mexwar/documents/polk.htm>. "Caudillo Politics: A Structural Analysis." JSTOR. JSTOR, n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2013. <http:// www.latinamericanstudies.org/19-century/caudillo-politics.pdf>. "Creole (people)." Britannica Encyclopedia. Britannica, n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2013. <http:// www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142548/Creole>. "The Mexican-American War." History Guy. History Guy, n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2013. <http:// www.historyguy.com/mexican-american_war.html>. "The Mexican American War." PBS. WGBH, n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/ wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-mexican-american-war/>. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • La Restauración Conservadora: Rafael Carrera Y El Destino Del Estado Nacional En Guatemala
    La Restauración Conservadora: Rafael Carrera y el destino del Estado nacional en Guatemala The Conservative Restoration: Rafael Carrera and the National State’s Destiny in Guatemala EDELBERTO TORRES-RIVAS* Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala * [email protected] Recepción: 16 de octubre de 2007. Aprobación: 17 de marzo de 2008. anuario colombiano de historia social y de la cultura * n.º 35 * 2008 * issn 0120-2456 * bogotá - colombia * pags. 337-372 edelberto torres-riVas resumen El artículo, partiendo de una revisión crítica de la historiografía liberal, analiza el periodo de la historia guatemalteca conocido como la “Restauración Conservadora” (1840-1870), el papel desempeñado en este proceso por el general Rafael Carrera y sus implicaciones en la constitución del Estado nacional. En primer lugar se hace un repaso de [338] los alcances de la noción de Estado nacional a la vez que se examinan los intentos por imponer proyectos de Estado-nación en Guatemala después de la independencia. A continuación, se estudia el fracaso de las reformas liberales, la aparición de condiciones sociales para el ascenso de los conservadores y el posicionamiento de Rafael Carrera como caudillo. Posteriormente, se presenta un análisis de la significación política de la restauración conservadora; y finalmente, se hace un balance en términos teóricos e históricos de los logros y fracasos en la implantación del Estado nacional en Guatemala en la segunda mitad del siglo xix. Palabras clave: historia de Guatemala, restauración conservadora, Estado nacional, Rafael Carrera abstract The article, based upon the critical study of liberal historiography, analyses the Guatemalean historical period known as the Restauración Conservadora (1840-1870), the role played in this process by General Rafael Carrera, and its consequences for the constitution of the national State.
    [Show full text]
  • El Color De La Sangre Libro Final
    El Color de la Sangre Cuarenta años de Resistencia y de Represión en Guatemala Alfredo Saavedra El Color de la Sangre Primera Edición, Guatemala 2001 Derechos Reservados © Alfredo Saavedra La reproducción total de este libro por cualquier medio, está sujeta a la autorización respectiva de los editores o del autor, según el caso, y en permiso debidamente legalizado. La divulgación parcial con fines no comerciales, es autorizada sin restricciones. Impreso en Guatemala con el patrocinio del Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo GAM 2 Introducción El propósito de este libro es agregar elementos para aproximar con precisión la valoración de uno de los períodos de mayor crisis en Guatemala, aunque tal vez sea más apropiado decir de mayor sufrimie nto, por cuanto nunca en la memoria de la vida política de la nación se había dado una etapa en la que el ejercicio del poder se convirtiera en una sucesiva actividad criminal ?catastrófica para una gran proporción de los habitantes del país? en horrendo suceso sin antecedente y que en saludable augurio se espera que no tenga subsiguiente. Guatemala ha sido marcada por un desventurado destino con sus dictaduras endémicas. Su pobla- ción nativa principió a sufrir las consecuencias del abuso del Poder desde la llegada de los Conquistado- res. El pueblo aborigen fue subyugado con la más indescriptible vesanía por los invasores. El sojuzga- miento atroz que prosiguió durante el período colonial, sometiendo al indígena a condiciones infrahuma- nas, se ha mantenido bajo un estado de opresión y discriminación perpetuas. El guatemalteco en su totali- dad, ha sido víctima de un despotismo de consecutiva predominancia.
    [Show full text]
  • An African-American Colonization Attempt and Delicate Independence in Mid-Nineteenth Century Central America
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2020 Struggle for Sovereignty: An African-American Colonization Attempt and Delicate Independence in Mid-Nineteenth Century Central America Matthew D. Harris West Virginia University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Latin American History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Harris, Matthew D., "Struggle for Sovereignty: An African-American Colonization Attempt and Delicate Independence in Mid-Nineteenth Century Central America" (2020). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 7600. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/7600 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Struggle for Sovereignty: An African-American Colonization Attempt and Delicate Independence in Mid-Nineteenth Century Central America Matthew Harris Thesis submitted to the Eberly College at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in History James Siekmeier, Ph.D., Chair Brian Luskey, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Unthinkable Rebellion and the Praxis of the Possible: Ch'orti' Campesin@ Struggles in Guatemala's Eastern Highlands Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6sq45845 Author Casolo, Jennifer Jean Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Unthinkable Rebellion and the Praxis of the Possible: Ch’orti’ Campesin@ Struggles in Guatemala’s Eastern Highlands by Jennifer Jean Casolo A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Gillian P. Hart, Chair Professor Jean Lave Professor Louise Fortmann Fall 2011 Unthinkable Rebellion and the Praxis of the Possible: Ch’orti’ Campesin@ Struggles in Guatemala’s Eastern Highlands © 2011 by Jennifer Jean Casolo Abstract Unthinkable Rebellion and the Praxis of the Possible: Ch’orti’ Campesin@ Struggles in Guatemala’s Eastern Highlands by Jennifer Jean Casolo Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, Berkeley Professor Gillian P. Hart, Chair This dissertation examines the production of rural struggle in Guatemala’ indigenous eastern highlands, a place where after decades of silence, 36 years of civil war and two centuries of marginalization, the seemingly unthinkable—organized resistance and alternative proposals— became palpable. In the face of crisis, attempts to turn rural producers, into neoliberal subjects of credit resurrected the historical specter of dispossession and catalyzed an unlikely alliance to oppose unjust agrarian debt that transformed into a vibrant movement for defense of Maya- Ch’orti’ territory.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORIA DEL MUNICIPIO DE Mataquescuintla, Jalapa
    HISTORIA DEL MUNICIPIO DE Mataquescuintla, Jalapa ORIGEN Etimología de la palabra Mataquescuintla No existe con claridad absoluta, el significado de MATAQUESCUINTLA sin embargo se cree, que se origina de las conjunciones de la voz MATATL equivalente a bolsa, red o mátate de pita y del vocablo ISTSCUINTLA o ISTSCUINTLI usado para dominar a cierta clase de perro nativo ( Tepezcuintle) o determinadas personas. Hasta hoy la unión de dichas voces no guarda un significado lógico. Fuentes y Guzmán, apunta; que el pueblo se llamo primitivamente IZQUINTEPEQUE, nombre pipil que significa “Cerro de los perros” probablemente porque en las montañas se criaban muchos Tepezcuintles. Otros dicen que su nombre significa “Talega de Perro”. Dentro de la población actual, surgen al respecto diversas analogías sin que tengan sustentación definitiva, ejemplo: Que proviene del modismo ESCUINTLE, que es un niño y a la matanza entre españoles y nativos del modismo ALUDIDO se relaciona el tipo de baja estatura que habitaba en estos lugares, por su semejanza de infante o soldado español. “COLIS” y “MATACONQUISTA” COLIS: Dentro del lenguaje popular se le denomina a Mataquescuintla “Colis” o San Miguel de Colis”, siendo este nombre un legado de los españoles por haber sido ellos, los que, en lo que hoy es Aldea San Miguel, iniciaron la siembra de la coliflor y otras legumbres. Horticultura que en aquella época se extendió a San Rafael las Flores. MATACONQUISTA: Se le llama así, debido a, que: sus antiguos pobladores, lucharon con ardor y valentía contra los conquistadores, y para no ser despojados de sus tierras. Cuenta la historia, que a los españoles no le fue muy fácil conquistar este territorio.
    [Show full text]
  • Background- Guatemala1 Guatemala Is the Largest and Most Populous
    Background- Guatemala1 Guatemala is the largest and most populous country of Central American, known for its sophisticated Mayan culture and its early leadership in Central American politics. In the early 1980s, conflict between wealthy landowners and leftists spiraled into a military dictatorship and civil war that included widespread torture and disappearances of suspected guerillas and horrific massacres of entire Mayan communities. Although Guatemala returned to democracy in the late 1980s and ended the civil war in the 1990s, it has yet to fully prosecute the human rights violations committed during the civil war and continues to struggle with widespread violence, including police violence, harsh prison conditions, and violence against women. Guatemala was the heart of ancient Mayan civilization and served as a prominent center of Spanish settlement. From 300 to 900 CE, Mayan culture flourished in Guatemala, producing elaborate pyramids and art and advanced astronomy and writing. However, an unknown combination of environmental problems and internal conflict caused Mayans to abandon their cities from 850 CE onwards. In the 1600s, the Spanish arrived and established Guatemala City as an administrative and religious center for Central America and Southern Mexico. The Spaniards did little to develop the region, instead engaging in small-scale cacao farming and dye production using enslaved Africans and indigenous peoples. In 1821, Guatemala and other Central American states joined Mexico in declaring independence from Spain. In 1823, Guatemala joined the other Central American states in declaring independence from Mexico as the United Provinces of Central America. However, the federation quickly collapsed, in part due to the dictatorial rule of Guatemalan president for life, Rafael Carrera.
    [Show full text]
  • K'iche' Elites As Power Brokers in Guatemala
    Greg Grandin. The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2000. xx + 343 pp. $54.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-8223-2495-9. Reviewed by Mark Carey Published on H-LatAm (November, 2000) K'iche' Elites as Power Brokers in Guatemala Grandin's study deals with roughly two cen‐ In recent years, scholars have offered many turies of Guatemalan history, from the mid-eigh‐ explanations for Guatemala's four decades of civil teenth century to the mid-twentieth century. war -- a war that unleashed some of the most vio‐ Grandin proceeds chronologically through the lent and repressive campaigns in Latin American book, examining everyday events as well as criti‐ history. Many of these studies look back to the cal points and phases in Guatemala's past, includ‐ nineteenth century and identify distinct divisions ing the late colonial period, the 1786 riot, the 1837 that arose between Indians and Ladinos (non- In‐ cholera epidemic, conservative rule in the young dians) during that important period of nation republic under Jose Rafael Carrera, the transition building. Tending either to chronicle the ways in to liberal rule after 1871, the post-1871 building of which the liberal Ladino state exploited peasants an export economy based on coffee production, and workers to build an export-oriented economy and, fnally, the "decade of democracy" (1944-54) or to describe the ways in which Indians resisted when reforms gave peasants and workers an un‐ this process of modernization, these accounts of‐ precedented voice in Guatemala. Grandin pays ten cast Ladinos as villains and Indians as victims.
    [Show full text]
  • PRESIDENTES EMPRENDEDORES DESDE 1821 AL CORONAVIRUS Entrepreneur Presidents from 1821 to the Coronavirus
    PRESIDENTES EMPRENDEDORES DESDE 1821 AL CORONAVIRUS Entrepreneur Presidents from 1821 to the Coronavirus JOSÉ MOLINA CALDERÓN1 Resumen Con motivo del Bicentenario de la Independencia de Guatemala, 1821-2021, se hace un repaso breve de las distintas crisis que han vivido los presidentes de Guatemala: políticas, militares, sanitarias, económicas, sociales, geológicas y del medio ambiente, entre otras; hasta llegar al Coronavirus. Palabras clave Presidentes, Guatemala, crisis, bicentenario, emprendedores, coronavirus. Abstract Inspired by the Bicentennial of the Independence of Guatemala, 1821-2021, a brief summary is presented of the different crises that our Guatemalan Presidents have endured: political, military, health related, economic, social, geological and environmental among others, up to the Coronavirus pandemic. Key Words Presidents, Guatemala, crisis, bicentennial, entrepreneurs, coronavirus. Sumario: 1. Introducción. 2. La Independencia de 1821 y los gobiernos posteriores. 3. Los gobiernos liberales. 4. Los gobiernos de la Revolución. 5. Los gobiernos de la Contrarrevolución y gobiernos militares. 6. Los gobiernos democráticos hasta la fecha. 7. Conclusiones. 1 Licenciado en Economía graduado de la Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala. Miembro de Número de la Academia de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala. Autor de diversos libros sobre temas económicos e históricos de Guatemala. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 1 Auctoritas prudentium 1. Introducción Con motivo del Bicentenario de la Independencia de Guatemala, 1821-2021, se hace un repaso de las distintas crisis que han vivido los presidentes de Guatemala: políticas, militares, sanitarias, económicas, sociales, geológicas y del medio ambiente, entre otras; hasta llegar al Coronavirus. Se recorren las crisis que enfrentaron individualmente los mandatarios de Guatemala, presidentes o jefes de Estado, a lo largo de 200 años, y los resultados que se produjeron, que en general fueron para bien.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rebellion of Mita, Eastern Guatemala, in 1837
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-2000 The rebellion of Mita, eastern Guatemala, in 1837 Ann F. Jefferson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Jefferson, Ann F., "The rebellion of Mita, eastern Guatemala, in 1837" (2000). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 861. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/861 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE REBELLION OF MITA EASTERN GUATEMALA IN 1837 A Dissertation Presented by ANN F. JEFFERSON Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September, 2000 History © Copyright by Ann Farquhar Jefferson 2000 All Rights Reserved THE REBELLION OF MITA EASTERN GUATEMALA IN 1837 A Dissertation Presented by ANN F JEFFERSON Approved as to style and content by: fine M. Rausch, Chair Lowell Gudmundson, Member Gerald McFarland, Member Oriol Pi-Sunyer, Outside Member Mary C Wilson, Department Head Department of History To the memory of Susan C. Schneider who started me down this sUppery slope and to my various families, of origin and of choice, who kept me on it ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to everyone who has contributed in whatever way to my survival during this lengthy and sometimes distressing project.
    [Show full text]
  • Guatemala, September 2000
    Description of document: US Department of State Self Study Guide for Guatemala, September 2000 Requested date: 11-March-2007 Released date: 25-Mar-2010 Posted date: 19-April-2010 Source of document: Freedom of Information Act Office of Information Programs and Services A/GIS/IPS/RL U. S. Department of State Washington, D. C. 20522-8100 Fax: 202-261-8579 Note: This is one of a series of self-study guides for a country or area, prepared for the use of USAID staff assigned to temporary duty in those countries. The guides are designed to allow individuals to familiarize themselves with the country or area in which they will be posted. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question.
    [Show full text]
  • Guatemala Timeline.Pdf
    CHRONOLOGY OF EVEl\TS 1519-20 Outbreak of sickness devastates highland Guatemala, three to four years prior to Spanish intrusion. 1523 Pedro de Alvarado and his army of conquest, consisting of na­ tive warriors as well as Spanish fo rces, leave 1'vlexico to invade Guatemala. 1524 The conquest of Guatemala begins. Preliminary distribution of Indians in grants of encomienda. The Kaqchikel Maya, at fi rst Spanish allies, rebel against the invaders. 1527 Founding of Spanish capital of Santiago de Guatemala in Almolonga. 1529 jorge de Alvarado, brother of Pedro, carries out the first large­ scale distribution oflndian towns in encomienda. 1530 Tile Kaqchikel rebellion ends. 1534 Francisco 1\itarroquin named first bishop of Guatemala. 1536-37 friar Ba rtolome de las Casas aJTives in Guatemala and is very outspoken about encomendero mistreatment of Indians. LasCa­ sas and a high-ranking government official, Alonso Maldonado, sign an agreement gra ntin g the Don-linican order authority to conduct the "peacefu l conquest" of the Vera Paz region, which does not take place until a decade later. 1541 Pedro de Alvarado dies in battle in northwestern Mexico. Span­ ish capital of Santiago in Almolonga destroyed by mudslides in mid-Septembe•·· xlviii LA PATRIA DEL CRJOL LO 1542- 43 New Spanish capital, also called Santiago, established in nearby Valley of Panchoy. Transition to more stable royal government with the return of Maldonado, now governor of Guatemala. 1548-49 Seat of the Audiencia of Guatemala moved to Santiago. Enforce­ ment of the New laws begins, including the abolition of Indian slavery and reform o f Jndian tribute requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaur, Kuldip. 2019. Reproducing Ladino Dominance: an Anthropological Study of a Guatemalan Ladino Town
    Kaur, Kuldip. 2019. Reproducing Ladino Dominance: An Anthropological Study of a Guatemalan Ladino Town. Doctoral thesis, Goldsmiths, University of London [Thesis] https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/26474/ The version presented here may differ from the published, performed or presented work. Please go to the persistent GRO record above for more information. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Goldsmiths, University of London via the following email address: [email protected]. The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. For more information, please contact the GRO team: [email protected] Reproducing Ladino Dominance: An Anthropological Study of a Guatemalan Town Kuldip Kaur Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Anthropology Goldsmiths University of London 2019 1 Declaration of Authorship I Kuldip Kaur hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: __Kuldip Kaur ______________________ Date: 4 October 2018 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my first supervisor, the late Professor Olivia Harris, to whom I owe much of the substance of this thesis. Had Olivia not suggested that I explore my fieldnotes on out-of-wedlock children, surnames and race, this thesis would not be what it is today. I only wish I had finished this thesis for her to read. I will forever be grateful to her for her support and interest in Guatemala’s ladinos.
    [Show full text]