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Download Full Article 4.5MB .Pdf File Memoirs of Museum Victoria 57(2): 167 223 (1998) 31 July 1999 https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1999.57.09 SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF MACQUARIE ISLAND ECHINODERMS Timothy D. OTIara Museum Victoria, 71 Victoria Crescent, Abbotsford, Victoria 3067. Australia and Zoology Department. University of Melbourne. Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia (toharafojmov.vic.gov.au) Abstract O'Hara, T.D., 1999. Systematics and biology of Macquarie Island echinoderms. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 57: 167-223. Fifty-two cchinoderm species are recorded from off Macquarie Island and the Macquarie Ridge in the Southern Ocean. One new asteroid Odontohenricia anarea sp. nov. and one new holothurian Truehythyone neUadunu sp. nov. are described. The asteroid genus Calvaslerias is synonymised with Anasterias. The asteroids Cyeeihra maequuriensis and Asterina hamiltoni are synonymised with Asterina frigida and placed in the genus Cyeeihra. The asteroid Cera- master lennoxkingi is synonymised with C. palagonicus. Solasier dianae with S. noiophrynus. and Anasterias sphoerulatus with A. mawsoni. The asteroids Psilaster charcoti, Odontasler penicillatus, Ceramaster palagonicus, Crossaster multispinus, Solasier notophrynus, Pteraster affinis. Henricia studer'u the ophiuroid Ophioplocus incipiens, and the holothurians Paelopatides ovalis. Synallacles challenged, Laetmogone sp, Taeniogyrus sp are recorded from the island for the first time. The following species previously recorded from Macquarie Island have been re-identified: the asteroids Odontasler aucklandensis t=U. penicillatus), Henricia aucklandiae (=H. studeri), Henricia lukinsi (=H. ohesa), Smilasterias irregularis C=S. clarkailsa), Anasterias antarctica (=A. directa), and the ophiuroid Ophiacantha pentag- ons (- O. vilis). The existence at Macquarie Island of the species Hymenaster sp, Goniocidaris umbraculum and Ocnus calcareus require confirmation. The asteroids Anasterias mawsoni, Pteraster affinis, Porania antarctica and Odontaster meridionalis are reported from the shore around Heard Island. The ecology and relationships ofechinodenns from Macquarie Island are discussed. Introduction winds, frequent storms and high rainfall (Streten, 1988). The water temperature usually varies from Macquarie Island (54°29'S, 158°58'E) is in the 4-7°C. The Antarctic convergence lies only Southern Ocean midway between Tasmania and 40 km to the southeast, and cold water can the Victoria Quadrant of the Antarctic continent. occasionally reach the island causing water The island is small (34 km long and to 5.5 km temperatures to drop as low as 2.8°C (Williams, wide) and, together with small rocky outcrops to 1988). Nevertheless the island is the most south- the north and south, lies on the central section of ern ice-free shore in the eastern section of the the Macquarie Ridge which runs south from New Southern Ocean. Zealand. This narrow ridge formed of Miocene The first echinoderms from Macquarie Island basalt forms the southeast boundary of the to be reported in the scientific literature were Australian and Pacific tectonic plates, and collected by Augustus Hamilton over 2 weeks Macquarie Island is a rare example of uplifted in March 1894. Hamilton, a biologist with the oceanic crust. (Williamson, 1988; Duncan and Otago University in New Zealand, travelled on Varne, 1988; Selkirk et al., 1990). Recent the ketch Gratitude which was supplying a evidence (Adamson et al., 1996) suggests that the penguin oil industry on the island. He collected ". ridge at Macquarie Island began its major phase .. starfish, echinoderms and holothurians ..." of uplift approximately 5 mya and emerged from the eastern shore (Hamilton, 1895). The around 700-600 kya. It has remained emerged for holothurians were described as a new species, the six glacial/interglacial cycles since that time Psolus maequuriensis, by Dendy ( 1 896) while he and experienced only periglacial rather than was Professor of Biology at the University of glacial activity. New Zealand. Specimens were sent to Europe The general ecology of Macquarie Island is where they were examined by Ludvvig ( 1 898) and 1*905 determined to a great extent by its geographical Perrier ( ). Ludwig (1898) transferred the position. The climate is typical of an isolated species to a new genus Pseudopsolus. One midlatitude island, and is characterised by strong six-armed asteroid was identified as Stiehaster 167 D. O'HARA 168 T. North Head Secluded Beach Hassel borough Bay Handspike Point Garden Cove Buckles Bay Eagle Point Nuggets Point Bauer Bay Sandy Bay Aurora Point Green Gorge Eastern Antarctica Macquarie Island Lusitania Bay 5 km Caroline Cove Hurd Point names mentioned in the text and the position of the island in the Figure 1 . Macquarie Island, showing place Southern Ocean. ) SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF MACQUARIE ISLAND ECHfNODERMS )W suleri by Benham (1909). but later provisionally of biologists has visited or stayed at the base referred to Anasterias mawsoni by Koehler and systematically or sporadically collected ( 1920). Mortensen (1925) reeorded a specimen specimens from the shoreline. Most collected of the New Zealand holothurian Cucumaria predominantly around North Head, from Hassel- (= Ocnus) brevidentis var. carnleyensis collected borough to Buckles Bay. One exception was by A. Hamilton but suspected that the locality Wim Vestjens who surveyed many sections of the label was incorrect, possibly swapped with the shoreline during 1961 1962. Reports based on label in an equally aberrant lot of Pseudopsolus this material have concentrated on the coastal macquariensis supposedly collected by Benham ecology (Law and Burstall, 1956; Kenny and from Stewart Island, New Zealand. Haysom. 1962; Bennett. 1971; Simpson, 1976), Harold Hamilton, son of A. Hamilton, spent biogeography (Edgar, 1987), reproduction (Simp- several years surveying the biology of Macquarie son, 1982) and pollution (Smith and Simpson, Island as part of the Australasian Antarctic 1995). Pawson (1962) described a new species Expedition (AAE) of 1911-1914. Eehino- Trachythyone macphersonae from a specimen derms were collected from various localities collected by Hope Macpherson in 1959, and along the coast. From this material, Koehler Pawson (1968b), reporting on some specimens (1920) described five new species of asteroid: collected by Isobel Bennett in 1967, recorded Parastichaster (=Anasterias) direct us, P Pseudocnus laevigatas from the Island for the mawsoni, P. sphoerulatus, Asterina hamiltont first time. (=Cycetbra frigida) and Cycethra macquariensis The New Zealand Oceanographic Institute (=Cycelhra frigida), and recorded specimens of (NZOI) dredged or trawled 47 benthic stations Sporasterias (—Anasterias) antarctica (herein from Macquarie Island and the surrounding referred to Anasterias directa). Mortensen ( 1 92 1 ridge between 1959 and 1965. Pawson (1968a) and Koehler (1926) recorded specimens of the recorded Psolus antarcticus. Trnchodota dunedi- echinoid Notechinus (-Pseudechimts) novae- nensis and Pseudechinus novaezealandiae from zealandiae. Pawson (1968b) recorded the holo- off Macquarie Island, and Pseudocnus leoni- thurians: Pseudopsolus macquariensis, Trachy- noides and Goniociduris umbraculum from the ihyone macphersonae, Pseudocnus laevigatas northern Macquarie Ridge. McKnight (1973b, and an unidentifiable species of Trocliodola 1977) described three crinoids from this material, (herein provisionally referred to Taeniogyrus Ptiiocrinus sp., Metacrinus wyvillii and Comat- dunedinensis). No crinoids (A.H. Clark, 1937) or ulides (= Comissia) dawsoni. McKnight (1984) ophiuroids (Koehler, 1922b) were collected by finally provided an annotated checklist of the the AAE expedition from Macquarie Island. echinoderms from the survey. This included five The British, Australian and New Zealand crinoids, 14 asteroids, 1 1 ophiuroids, two Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) echinoids and two holothurians. collected from several stations off Macquarie The USS Eltanin also trawled several stations Island during 1-5 December 1930. Echinoderms off Macquarie, as part of a large Southern Ocean were collected at station 81, from the shore at research program. This included stations during Buckles Bay, and dredged from station 83, off cruise 16 (January 1965), cruise 27 (February Lusitania Bay in 69 m. A.M. Clark (1962) 1967) and cruise 34 (June 1968). To date only recorded two asteroids from station 81: Anaste- data on the comatulid crinoids have been pub- rias directa, A. sphoerulata; three from station lished: Speel and Dearborn (1983) listed three 83: Henricia obesa, Hymcnastersp., Smilaslerias species from off Macquarie Island. The cidaroid sp. cf. irregularis (=S. clarkailsa): and another echinoids have been the subject of an unpublished two previously unrecorded specimens of Ana- PhD thesis (F.J. Fell, 1976). In addition, some sterios mawsoni and Cycethra macquariensis asteroids, echinoids and holothurians have collected by the AAE. Madsen (1967) recorded been identified in the Smithsonian Institution four ophiuroids from station 83: Ophiacantha (D. Pawson, pers. comm.), a few of which have pentagona (herein referred to O. vilis), Amphiura been examined for this report. magellanica, Ophiura meridionalis, and The Australian Museum sponsored a general pliiopyren (=Ophioleuce) regulars . No crinoids sublittoral survey of the Island during the summer (John. 1939), echinoids (Mortensen, 1950) or of 1977-1978 (Lowry et al., 1978). Forty-one holothurians (M. O'Loughlin, pers. comm.) appear SCUBA dives were conducted
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