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Biodiversidad De Los Equinodermos (Echinodermata) Del Mar Profundo Mexicano

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Biodiversidad De Los Equinodermos (Echinodermata) Del Mar Profundo Mexicano Biodiversidad de los equinodermos (Echinodermata) del mar profundo mexicano Francisco A. Solís-Marín,1 A. Laguarda-Figueras,1 A. Durán González,1 A.R. Vázquez-Bader,2 Adolfo Gracia2 Resumen Nuestro conocimiento de la diversidad del mar profundo en aguas mexicanas se limita a los escasos estudios existentes. El número de especies descritas es incipiente y los registros taxonómicos que existen provienen sobre todo de estudios realizados por ex- tranjeros y muy pocos por investigadores mexicanos, con los cuales es posible conjuntar algunas listas faunísticas. Es importante dar a conocer lo que se sabe hasta el momen- to sobre los equinodermos de las zonas profundas de México, información básica para diversos sectores en nuestro país, tales como los tomadores de decisiones y científicos interesados en el tema. México posee hasta el momento 643 especies de equinoder- mos reportadas en sus aguas territoriales, aproximadamente el 10% del total de las especies reportadas en todo el planeta (~7,000). Según los registros de la Colección Nacional de Equinodermos (ICML, UNAM), la Colección de Equinodermos del “Natural History Museum, Smithsonian Institution”, Washington, DC., EUA y la bibliografía revisa- 1 Colección Nacional de Equinodermos “Ma. E. Caso Muñoz”, Laboratorio de Sistemá- tica y Ecología de Equinodermos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (ICML), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Apdo. Post. 70-305, México, D. F. 04510, México. 2 Laboratorio de Ecología Pesquera de Crustáceos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Lim- nología (ICML), (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 70-305, México D. F., 04510, México. 215 da, existen 348 especies de equinodermos que habitan las aguas profundas mexicanas (≥ 200 m) lo que corresponde al 54.4% del total de las especies reportadas para el país. Los registros en orden de abundancia provienen del Océano Pacífico Mexicano (188 es- pecies), Caribe Mexicano (111 especies), Golfo de México (103 especies) y en último lugar el Golfo de California (59 especies). Por su propia naturaleza el mar profundo es poco accesible, para conocer la fauna de equinodermos que ahí habita, se requiere de embarcaciones que funcionen como plataformas para apoyar desde ellas la utilización de modernos instrumentos de muestreo. La diversidad de los equinodermos de las aguas profundas del territorio nacional se encuentra sujeta a amenazas por la actividad an- tropogénica, dada la reducción de las pesquerías de aguas de la plataforma continental, se ha recurrido a la pesca de aguas profundas lo cual pone en peligro los ambientes. La explotación de recursos no renovables como el petróleo y gas, así como de minerales (nódulos de manganeso) conllevará a la perturbación del ambiente natural de los fondos marinos profundos. El catálogo de los equinodermos del mar profundo en México aún no está completo, muy probablemente existan nuevos registros y nuevas especies en este ambiente poco estudiado. A pesar de que los estudios taxonómicos en México son extensos, los estudios sobre la ecología, historia de vida, etc., de los equinodermos del mar profundo en México, son escasos. Palabras clave: Echinodermata, Mar profundo, Biodiversidad, México. Abstract Our knowledge on the biodiversity of the Mexican marine deep-sea regions is limited to a very few studies. The number of described species is incipient and the taxonomic records came principally from foreign researchers and very few from Mexican scientists. It is imperative to show here, the updated information about the echinoderms inhabiting the Mexican deep-sea regions, this basic information is highly important to decision- makers and scientists interested in this matter. Mexico possesses, until now, 643 repor- ted species of echinoderms inhabiting its marine waters, approximately the 10% of the total species number reported in the whole planet (~7,000). According to the “Colección Nacional de Equinodermos” (ICML, UNAM), the Echinoderm Collection from the Natural History Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC., USA, and the literature, the- re are 348 echinoderm species inhabiting deep-sea Mexican marine zones (≥ 200 m), which corresponds to a 54.4% of the total number of species reported for Mexico. The records (in abundance appearance order) came from the Mexican Pacific Ocean (188 species), Mexican Caribbean (111 species), Gulf of México (103 species) and, the Gulf of California (59 species). For its own nature, the deep-sea is almost inaccessible, and 216 La frontera final: el océano profundo to study the echinoderm fauna of such environment we require special sampling equi- pment. The deep-sea echinoderm fauna in the national territory is threatened because the anthropogenic activities. The low fisheries catches in the continental shelf has led to the exploitation of always deeper areas in our marine territory, such events endanger the very fragile deep-sea environment. The exploitation of non-renewable resources, such as gas, petroleum, and polymetallic nodules (manganese nodules) unequivocally will lead us to marine habitat alteration. Mexico’s deep-sea echinoderm taxonomic cata- logue is not completed yet, there are probably new records or new species in this poorly known environment. Despite the numerous taxonomic records for the whole echino- derm fauna in Mexico, it is important to promote studies on the ecology, life history, etc., of the deep-sea echinoderms. Keywords: Echinodermata, Deep Sea, Biodiversity, Mexico. INTroDUCCIÓN Los equinodermos (Echinodermata del griego echinos, “espinoso” y dermatos, “piel”) constituyen un grupo altamente diversificado y bien caracterizado entre los macroinvertebrados marinos bentónicos más importantes de las costas de México. Son organismos deuterostomados con representantes fósiles y actua- les, que presentan una amplia variedad de formas corporales: pentacrinal en los crinoideos (lirios de mar), estelar en los asteroideos (estrellas de mar) y en los ofiuroideos (estrellas serpientes o estrellas quebradizas), esferoidal, discoidal y cordiforme en los equinoideos (erizos de mar) y cilíndrica en los holoturoideos (pepinos de mar). Estos organismos son muy diversos en las aguas someras de las regiones tro- pical y subtropical del planeta: en general, decrecen en su diversidad y abundancia en las latitudes altas (Pawson 2007). Su presencia es conspicua en todos los am- bientes marinos, desde la zona intermareal hasta los abismos oceánicos (6,000 m de profundidad) y desde las fuentes hidrotermales submarinas hasta las aguas polares (Hooker et al. 2005). Con excepción de algunos pepinos de mar pelági- cos y un género comensal de un pez óseo (Rynkatorpa pawsoni Martin 1969), todos los equinodermos son bentónicos. En los mares profundos, pueden consti- tuir hasta más del 90% de la biomasa bentónica (Brusca y Brusca 1990). Su éxito Biodiversidad de los equinodermos (Echinodermata) 217 en la colonización del mar se debe a las adaptaciones que han desarrollado desde su aparición antes del Cámbrico inferior (hace 600 millones de años) (Hooker et al. 2005). El Phylum posee un linaje antiguo y existen aproximadamente 16 clases extintas, con más de 13,000 especies fósiles descritas. Actualmente, a escala mundial, existen aproximadamente 7,000 espe- cies de equinodermos vivientes agrupadas en cinco clases: Crinoidea (700 especies), Ophiuroidea (2,000), Asteroidea (1,800), Echinoidea (900) y Holothuroidea (1,200) (Hendler et al. 1995; Pawson 2007). Es bien sabido que los océanos cubren casi 71% de la superficie de nuestro planeta, y sin embargo es un hecho poco conocido que estas aguas tienen en promedio casi 3,000 m de profundidad y que el 85% de los fondos marinos se encuentran por debajo de los 2,000 m. La superficie de estos abismos es dos veces mayor que la de las partes expuestas en la Tierra. Se conoce como “mar profundo” a la región marina ubicada a más de 200 m de profundidad; la ausencia de luz es el factor ambiental que determina el lími- te de esta región al comienzo del talud continental (Escobar-Briones 2000). Nuestro conocimiento de la diversidad del mar profundo en aguas mexica- nas se limita a los escasos estudios existentes. El número de especies descritas es incipiente y los registros taxonómicos que existen provienen sobre todo de estudios realizados por extranjeros y muy pocos por investigadores mexica- nos, con los cuales es posible conjuntar algunas listas faunísticas (Escobar- Briones 2000). Por lo anterior, es importante dar a conocer lo que se sabe hasta el momento sobre los equinodermos de las zonas profundas de México, información básica para diversos sectores en nuestro país, tales como los tomadores de decisiones y científicos interesados en el tema. La fauna de equinodermos de mar profundo muestra, adaptaciones en respuesta a las condiciones ambientales de esa zona: modificaciones mor- fológicas, en tamaño, coloración, densidad de elementos esqueléticos, bio- luminiscencia, entre otras. Algunas partes del cuerpo como las espinas de los erizos diademátidos y los largos apéndices dorsales (papilas) de algunos pepinos de mar de las familias Synallactidae y Deimatidae, han sido modifi- cadas para la locomoción sobre sedimentos blandos como arenas finas y lo- dos. Muchos equinodermos de profundidad son de color rojo o violeta lo que puede atribuirse a mecanismos crípticos en este ambiente ausente de luz. Las especies bioluminiscentes de equinodermos de profundidad no son raras, esta adaptación capacita a sus poseedores a emitir luz de ciertas longitudes 218 La frontera final: el océano profundo de onda
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