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Scoliorhapis Stepanovi—New Species of Sea Cucumber from the North

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Scoliorhapis Stepanovi—New Species of Sea Cucumber from the North Zootaxa 4337 (4): 563–572 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4337.4.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DDD0CDFE-C748-4FCD-9065-E643E16261BF Scoliorhapis stepanovi—new species of sea cucumber from the North-West Pacific (Holothuroidea: Synaptida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) and some remarks on the genus Scoliorhapis ALEXEY V. SMIRNOV1,3, ELENA G. PANINA2, NADEZHDA P. SANAMYAN2 & KAREN E. SANAMYAN2 1Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2Kamchatka Branch of Pacific Geographical Institute, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Partizanskaya str., 6, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683000, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 3Correspondence author Abstract New species Scoliorhapis stepanovi has been collected from depths of 10–23 m on the sandy bottom of Avacha Bay (east coast of Kamchatka), Paramushir Island (North Kuril Islands), and Matua Island (Middle Kuril Islands). It is unique in having sigmoid ossicles in the body wall with points at both ends (without an open-eye, and with the two points lying in a perpendicular plane). Such sigmoids do not occur in any other taeniogyrinid species. The two-pointed sigmoids are 80– 115 µm in length, and are scattered in the body wall and not clustered. Probably the two-pointed sigmoids are underde- veloped typical sigmoid with open-eye. In the tentacles there are straight and C-shaped rods, sometimes branched at the ends, 70–90 µm in length. It is assumed that atypical two-pointed sigmoid ossicles may have been originated due to devi- ating from the usual course of sigmoid development in the middle stages. Scoliorhapis stepanovi resembles S. lindbergi. A key for species of Scoliorhapis is provided. Key words: Avacha Bay, Kamchatka Peninsula, Paramushir Is., Matua Is., Kuril Is., key, map Резюме Описан новый вид голотурий Scoliorhapis stepanovi (отряд Synaptida, подотряд Synaptina, семейство Chiridotidae, подсемейство Taeniogyrinae) из Авачинского залива (восточная Камчатка), острова Парамушир (северные Курильские острова) и острова Матуа (средние Курильские острова). Вид обнаружен на глубинах 10–23 м, на песчанистом грунте. Новый вид отличается от всех остальных видов подсемейства Taeniogyrinae строением склеритов кожи тела в виде сигмоидов, имеющих жала на обоих концах (незамкнутое кольцо на одном из концов отсутствует, а вместо него сигмоид имеет второе жало; оба жала расположены в перпендикулярных друг другу плоскостях). Двузаостренные сигмоиды длиной 80–115 мкм лежат в стенке тела поодиночке и не собраны в группы. Скорее всего, двузаостренные сигмоиды являются видоизмененными типичными сигмоидами. Возможно, что атипичные двузаостренные сигмоиды могли возникнуть из-за отклонения от обычного хода развития, характерного для типичных сигмоидов, на средних стадиях. В щупальцах прямые или С-образные палочки, иногда ветвящиеся на концах, длиной 70–90 мкм. Новый вид наиболее близок к виду S. lindbergi. Приведен ключ для определения видов рода Scoliorhapis. Ключевые слова: Авачинский залив, Камчатский полуостров, о. Парамушир, о. Матуа, Курильские о-ва, определительный ключ, карта Accepted by M. Eleaume: 4 Sept. 2017; published: 20 Oct. 2017 563 Introduction In recent years the Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Geographical Institute of the Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky) has investigated the benthic fauna of Avacha Bay and Matua Is. (Middle Kurile Is.) by scuba diving. Among the samples collected during these surveys were some small synaptid holothurians with distinctive two-pointed sigmoid-like ossicles in the body wall. The ossicles have the typical sigmoid hook shape with ends lying in a perpendicular plane, but instead of an open-eye at one end, they have a second point. Typical sigmoid hooks were not found in the body wall. Many specimens with two-pointed sigmoids in the body wall were found, confirming it as a new species described below. All other morphological and anatomical characters, including the form of the tentacles, ciliated funnels and the absence of wheel ossicles in the body wall indicate that the new species belongs to the genus Scoliorhapis of the subfamily Taeniogyrinae (family Chiridotidae) (Smirnov, 1998; 2012). Two additional specimens from Paramushir Is. (North Kuril Is.) belonging to the new species have been found in the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). Methods Photos of living specimens were taken by Karen Sanamyan. Ossicles obtained from specimens were firstly cleared from associated soft tissue with bleach. They were then washed using distilled water and 70% ethanol, air-dried, and mounted on a microscope slide in Canada balsam. Ossicles were photographed through a “Micromed 2” microscope with a Scopetek DCM130E digital camera. The specimens are deposited in the collections of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St Petesburg) (ZIN). Systematic account Suborder Synaptina Al. Smirnov, 1998 Diagnosis (after Smirnov, 2012). Segments of calcareous ring lacking large anterior processes; excavations for tentacular ampullae occurring on the external side of the ring. Madreporite is situated at the end of а long stone canal far from the ambulacral ring. Ciliated funnels present. One to many Polian vesicles. Five pairs of statocysts located at the place where radial nerves extend from the neural ring. Ossicles: chiridotid wheels and/or sigmoids or anchors and anchor plates; wheels of larvae and juveniles with flat hub and large number of spokes. Family Chiridotidae Östergren, 1898 Diagnosis (after Smirnov, 2012). Synaptina with 10, 12 or 18 peltato-digitate, pinnate, or secondarily simple tentacles with single pair of digits on the tip. Ossicles: chiridotid wheels and/or sigmoids; chiridotid wheels with six spokes, numerous small denticles on the inner rim and complex hub; the lower side of each spoke branches toward the lower side of the egg-shaped hub to form a star-shaped structure in the centre; the tentacles and the body wall also contain rod-like ossicles with branching ends. Subfamily Taeniogyrinae Al. Smirnov, 1998 Diagnosis (after Smirnov, 2012). Chiridotidae with 10 or 12 tentacles. Radial segments of calcareous ring lacking perforations for the nerve but sometimes with notch on anterior (upper) surface. Ossicles: chiridotid wheels and/or only sigmoids. 564 · Zootaxa 4337 (4) © 2017 Magnolia Press SMIRNOV ET AL. Genus Scoliorhapis H.L. Clark, 1946 Scoliorhapis H. L. Clark, 1946: 461.—Rowe in Rowe and Gates, 1995: 267.—Smirnov, 1998: 519.—O’Loughlin and VandenSpiegel, 2010: 76.—Solis-Marin et al., 2014: 324. Scoliodotella Oguro, 1961: 2. Scoliodota Heding, 1928: 319 (junior homonym of Scoliodota H. L. Clark, 1908). Diagnosis (after H. L. Clark, 1946 and O’Loughlin and VandenSpiegel, 2010, emended here). Taeniogyrinae with 10 or 12 peltato-digitate tentacles, each with up to 8 pairs of digits. Single polian vesicle. Intestine without loop. Ossicles: body wall ossicles sigmoid hooks or two-pointed sigmoids only; sigmoid hooks and two-pointed sigmoids scattered but some clastered or aligned; wheels lacking in body wall; tentacle ossicles bracket-shaped or rods. Type species. Scoliodota theelii Heding, 1928 (Eastern Australia, from Port Denison (North Queensland) till Port Davis Creek (Spencer Gulf, South Australia), Tasmania, Rottnest Is. (Western Australia), 0–5 m.. Other species. Scoliorhapis biopearli O’Loughlin and VandenSpiegel, 2010 (Scotia Sea, South Shetland Is., 1544 m); Scoliorhapis dianthus Solis-Marin et al., 2014 (Sea of Japan, Sado Is., 0.5–1 m); Scoliodota lindbergi Djakonov in Djakonov, Baranova and Saveleva, 1958 (North Japan Sea, Hokkaido, South Sakhalin, South Kurile Is, 0–65 m); Scoliorhapis massini O’Loughlin and VandenSpiegel, 2010 (Scotia Sea, Shag Rocks, 206 m; Falkland Islands, 118 m,); Scoliorhapis stepanovi sp. nov. (East Kamchatka, Avacha Bay, North Kuril Is., Paramushir Is., Middle Kurile Is., Matua Is., 10–24 m). Remarks. H. L. Clark (1908) established the new monotypic genus Scoliodota for Chiridota japonica v. Marenzeller, 1881, described from Japan. According to v. Marenzeller (1881) description this species had only sigmoid hooks that were clustered in the papillae. Clark used the following characters to diagnose the new genus Scoliodota: “Tentacles 10. Digits 10 or more. Wheels wanting; calcareous particles sigmoid bodies only, commonly arranged in groups” (Clark, 1908: 125). Clark had no Japanese specimens on hand but following Théel (1886) assigned a specimen from Port Jackson, Australia that he had studied to this species: “There is a single specimen in the collection, one of those taken by the "Challenger" at Port Jackson, New South Wales, and already described by Théel. There can be no doubt that wheels are entirely wanting” (Clark, 1908: 30). Ohshima (1913, 1914) studied synaptids from Misaki, near the type locality of Chiridota japonica v. Marenzeller, 1881, and found that synaptids with sigmoid hooks clustered in papillae as described for Scoliodota japonica (v. Marenzeller, 1881) also had wheels in the body wall, which “…are extremely infrequent, though near the base of tentacles they can be found without much difficulty” (Ohshima, 1914: 480; see drawings of the wheels in Ohshima, 1913: 260, text-figs.
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