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Towards a Grammar of Gumer - Phonology and Morphology of a Western Gurage Variety

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Towards a Grammar of Gumer - Phonology and Morphology of a Western Gurage Variety Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Towards a Grammar of Gumer - Phonology and Morphology of a Western Gurage Variety Völlmin, Sascha Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-149973 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Völlmin, Sascha. Towards a Grammar of Gumer - Phonology and Morphology of a Western Gurage Variety. 2017, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. Towards a Grammar of Gumer Phonology and Morphology of a Western Gurage Variety Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of the University of Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Sascha Völlmin Accepted in the fall semester 2012 on the recommendation of the doctoral committee: Prof. Dr. Balthasar Bickel (main supervisor) Prof. Dr. Walter Bisang Zürich 2017 Contents Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations viii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of the thesis ........................... 1 1.2 Gumer people and language ..................... 1 1.3 Classification of the language .................... 3 1.3.1 Gumer vs. Chaha ....................... 4 1.4 Previous studies ............................ 6 1.5 Data and method ........................... 6 2 Phonology 8 2.1 Consonants ............................... 8 2.1.1 Distribution of β, b and p ................... 13 2.1.2 Distribution of x and k .................... 15 2.1.3 Distribution of r and n (and l) . 17 2.1.3.1 Initial nasalization . 17 2.1.3.2 ‘Geminate’ nasalization . 18 2.1.3.3 Nasalization in penultimate coda position . 18 2.1.4 Assimilation .......................... 20 2.1.4.1 Assimilation of n . 20 2.1.4.2 Assimilation of r to n and l . 21 2.1.4.3 Other cases of assimilation . 23 2.2 Vowels ................................. 23 2.2.1 The open-mid vowels ɛ and ɔ . 26 2.2.2 The central vowels ɨ and ə . 27 2.2.2.1 Realizations of ɨ /ə in combination with y /w . 27 2.3 Syllable structure and epenthesis ................... 28 2.3.1 Syllable structure ....................... 28 2.3.2 Epenthesis ........................... 32 2.3.2.1 The epenthetic vowel ɨ . 32 2.3.2.2 Epenthesis rules . 33 2.3.2.3 Epenthetic vowel ɨ between words . 36 2.3.3 Sequences of two vowels across morpheme boundaries . 37 2.3.4 Short note on stress ...................... 40 3 Verb morphology 41 3.1 Semitic root-and-pattern morphology . 41 3.2 Ethiosemitic verb types ........................ 42 3.3 Gumer verb types ........................... 43 3.3.1 Mutations ........................... 43 3.3.2 Problem of (de-)gemination in Imperfective and Jussive . 45 3.4 Main verb types ............................ 49 3.4.1 Sound verbs .......................... 49 3.4.1.1 Triradicals ..................... 49 3.4.1.2 Quadriradicals ................... 54 3.4.2 Weak verbs .......................... 55 3.4.2.1 Weak triradicals . 56 3.4.2.1.1 Triradicals with weak first radical . 56 3.4.2.1.2 Triradicals with weak second radical . 58 3.4.2.1.3 Triradicals with weak third radical . 61 3.4.2.2 Weak quadriradicals . 64 3.5 Special verb classes, subtypes and exceptions . 67 3.5.1 Monoradicals ......................... 67 3.5.2 Reduplicated verbs ...................... 68 3.5.2.1 Final reduplication (122 / 1233) . 68 3.5.2.2 Quadriradicals with total reduplication (1212) . 69 3.5.2.3 Verbs with identical first and second radical (113) 71 3.5.2.4 Frequentative (medial reduplication 1223) . 72 3.5.3 Special verb types and irregular verbs . 72 3.5.3.1 Type 1rD ...................... 72 3.5.3.2 Type 1rAI ..................... 73 3.5.3.3 Verbs with penultimate r and final I / U (1rI / 1rU) 74 3.5.3.4 Verbs with prefixed n- . 75 3.5.3.5 The verb tʼəppʷə ‘suck’ . 75 3.5.3.6 The verb bar ‘say’ . 76 3.5.3.7 The verbs aβ ‘give’ and od ‘tell’ . 76 3.5.3.8 The verb wər ‘go’ . 77 3.5.3.9 Exceptionally geminating verbs . 78 3.5.3.10 Verbs with initial e . 79 3.5.3.11 Verbs with additional initial ə . 79 3.5.3.12 Amharic loan verbs . 80 3.5.3.13 Suppletive Imperatives . 81 3.6 Derived stems ............................. 82 3.6.1 Derived stems with t(ə)- (detransitivizer) . 83 3.6.1.1 Allomorphs tə- vs. t- . 85 3.6.1.2 Assimilation of t- . 87 3.6.2 Derived stems with a- (direct causativizer) . 88 3.6.3 Derived stems with at- (indirect causativizer) . 91 3.6.3.1 Assimilation of at- . 94 ii 3.7 Uses of t(ə)-, a- and at- ........................ 94 3.7.1 Detransitivizer t(ə)-: anticausative(-passive-reflexive) . 95 3.7.1.1 Reciprocals ..................... 97 3.7.2 Causativizer a- (direct causativization) . 99 3.7.3 Causativizer at- (indirect causativization) . 103 3.7.3.1 Causation of reciprocity . 108 3.8 Verbs without basic stem (prefix-necessitating or ‘bound’ stems) . 109 3.9 Note on unpredictable and specialized meanings . 111 3.10 Frequentatives ............................. 112 3.10.1 Frequentatives of basic stems . 113 3.10.2 Frequentatives of derived stems . 116 3.11 Subject marking ............................ 120 3.11.1 Perfective conjugation . 121 3.11.2 Imperfective conjugation . 122 3.11.3 Jussive conjugation . 122 3.11.4 Formation of feminine singular . 123 3.11.5 Formation of Impersonal . 128 3.11.6 Allomorphs of subject markers . 133 3.11.6.1 Verbs with weak final radical . 133 3.11.6.2 Verb bases with initial vowel . 138 3.11.6.3 1s Imperfective with prefixes . 139 3.11.6.4 Subject markers followed by object markers . 140 3.12 Object marking ............................ 141 3.12.1 Forms ............................. 141 3.12.1.1 Fused subject-object markers . 143 3.12.2 Use of the object markers . 147 3.12.2.1 Primary object . 148 3.12.2.2 Benefactive and malefactive . 149 3.13 Formation of the Infinitive . 149 3.14 Formation and uses of the converbs . 151 3.14.1 Formation of the t-converb . 151 3.14.2 Formation of the m-converb . 152 3.14.3 m-converb vs. t-converb . 153 3.14.4 The converbal linker -tanə ~ -ta . 154 3.14.5 Functions of the converbs . 155 3.15 Verbal negation ............................ 156 3.15.1 Negated Perfective . 156 3.15.2 Negated Imperfective . 157 3.15.3 Negated Jussive . 158 3.15.4 Prohibitive . 159 3.15.4.1 Negated Jussive vs. Prohibitive . 159 3.15.5 Negation of Past Imperfective ( + banə) . 159 3.15.6 Negation of Past Perfective ( + banə) . 160 3.16 Depalatalization ............................ 161 iii 3.17 The verb bar ‘say’ . 166 3.17.1 bar ‘say’ as quotative verb . 166 3.17.2 bar ‘say’ as complementizer / subordinator . 168 3.17.3 Other subordinate clauses with bar ‘say’ . 170 3.17.4 Phrasal verbs with bar ‘say’ . 171 3.17.5 The infinitives wəβəru and bɨrotu . 173 3.17.6 Further idiosyncratic uses of bar ‘say’ . 174 3.18 Tense, aspect, and mode (TAM) . 174 3.18.1 Perfective . 174 3.18.1.1 Main verb marker -m . 177 3.18.2 Imperfective . 178 3.18.3 Jussive ............................. 179 3.18.4 Analytical forms with past auxiliary banə ~-βa . 179 3.18.5 Future tense . 181 3.18.5.1 Use of the two Futures . 183 3.18.5.1.1 Future vs. Imperfective . 183 3.18.5.1.2 Definite Future vs. Indefinite Future . 184 3.19 Verbs of being ............................. 188 3.19.1 ʽHaveʼ and ʽmustʼ . 193 4 Nominal morphology 195 4.1 Derivational nominal morphology . 195 4.2 Number and gender . 204 4.2.1 Number ............................ 204 4.2.2 Associative marker nə- . 207 4.2.3 Gender ............................. 208 4.2.3.1 Feminine derivational morpheme -wət . 210 4.3 Pronouns ................................ 211 4.3.1 Independent pronouns . 211 4.3.2 Demonstratives . 212 4.3.2.1 The demonstrative element -kk- . 215 4.3.3 Further occurrences of the demonstrative elements . 216 4.3.3.1 Presentatives . 216 4.3.3.2 Spatial adverbs . 216 4.3.3.3 Clause conjoining with xɨ and zɨ . 217 4.3.4 Indefinite pronouns . 219 4.3.5 Question words . 220 4.3.6 Possessives . 227 4.4 Definiteness .............................. 233 4.4.1 Definite articles . 233 4.4.1.1 The definite article -we . 236 4.4.2 Use of articles and marking of definiteness . 237 4.4.2.1 Direct anaphora vs. associative anaphora . 237 4.5 Numerals ................................ 239 iv 4.5.1 Cardinal numerals . 239 4.5.2 Ordinal numerals . 241 4.6 Days of the week . 241 4.7 Nominal affixes and subordinators . 242 4.7.1 Affixes and nouns: prefixes . 243 4.7.1.1 Attributivizer yə- . 243 4.7.1.2 Recipients, /, objects marked by yə- . 246 4.7.1.3 Peripheral constituents marked by yə- . 246 4.7.1.4 Locative bə- and instrumental bə- . 248 4.7.1.5 Comitative tə- and ablative tə- . 249 4.7.1.6 Combinations with postpositions . 250 4.7.2 Affixes and nouns: suffixes . 251 4.7.3 Affixes and verbs: subordinate clauses . 252 4.7.3.1 ʽRelative verbʼ . 252 4.7.3.2 Relative clauses . 254 4.7.3.3 Temporal clauses . 254 4.7.3.4 Complement clauses . 256 4.7.3.5 Conditional clauses . 257 4.7.3.6 Purposive clauses . 257 4.7.3.7 Causal clauses . 259 v Acknowledgements The present thesis has been realized as part of the project ʽFunctional Typology of Ethiopian Languagesʼ (ʽFunktionale Typologie äthiopischer Sprachenʼ) granted by the Swiss National Science Foundation (no.
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