Discussion Papers 1987. No. 4. Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod County CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES OF HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DISCUSSION PAPERS No .4 INVESTIGATIONS OF SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS OF BORSOD COUNTY by SIKOS T., Tamers Series editor: HRUBI, Laszlo Pecs 1987 Discussion Papers 1987. No. 4. Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod County Translation by Agnes Spollar, Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1251 Budapest 11. P.O.Box 48. Revision by Prof. Keith Grime, University of Salford, Department of Geography, Salford M5 4WT, England, and Prof. William H. BLrentsen, University of Connecticut, Department of Geography, 354 Mansfield Road, Storrs, Ct. 06268, U.S.A. ISSN 0238 - 2008 Discussion Papers 1987. No. 4. Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod County Contents Introduction Description of tasks of research and compilation of the data bank 5 The results and the interpretation of the contents of factor analysis 1 1 Types of social infrastructure in rural settlements of Borsod County 20 Conclusion 38 Bibliography 40 Appendix 45 Sikos, T. Tamás: Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod Country. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1987. 44 p. Discussion Papers, No. 4. 2 Introduction In the 40 years since World War II the nation- al economy of Hungary has undergone a significant aocio-economic transformation r3sulting from the building of socialism. In the recent phase of devel- opment, the main task of society and social policy has been to reveal the disproportions in the devel- opment of individual regions; and to highlight the variations in the living standards between the urban and rural populations. Current regional policy pays special attention to the development of infrastruc- ture and settlement network. The inadequate develop- ment of social infrastructure and communication net- works in rural settlements leads to undesirable phe- nomena such as outmigration ; distortion of the de- mographic structure of rural settlements; shortage in the supply of agricultural labour; and the emergence of depressed regions. All these facts inspired the present author to examine the social infrastructure in rural settlements. The basic aim of research was to investigate the differences among regional levels of social in- frastructure in rural settlements of Borsod-Abadj- Zemplen County (North-Hungary) that has been chosen Sikos, T. Tamás: Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod Country. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1987. 44 p. Discussion Papers, No. 4. 3 for the following purposes. Between 1979 and 1981, the typology of rural settlements of Hungary was elaborated by BELUSZKY, Pal and SIKOS, T. Lamas. The results of these researches indicated that almost all types of rural settlements which exist in the country as a whole can be found in Borsod County, too. Since social infrastructure is one of the most important elements of rural settlement development, this typo- logy seems proper to be worked out for Borsod County. The research was conducted along the following lines: 1. A typology of rural settlements for Borsod County was prepared using a new methodological approach which differed from earlier ones both in the composition of indices and in the mathematical-statistical methods which were adopted. 2. A typology was developed using factor- and cluster analyses. 3. An information data bank including information on the social infrastructure of rural settlements of Borsod County was established. 4. Functional connections which exist between rural settlements and those indices relating to the develop- ment of certain elements of social infrastructure were explored. 5. On the basis of factor analysis the elements and Sikos, T. Tamás: Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod Country. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1987. 44 p. Discussion Papers, No. 4. 4 the extent of their contribution to shaping social infrastructure in rural settlements of Borsod County were distinguished. 6. Applying cluster analysis, the typology of social infrastructure in rural settlements of Borsod County was prepared. A great number of studies by Hungarian re- searchers have been published recently investigat- ing primarily public administration and economic problems, and the stratification and migration of population in rural settlements. In these studies attention has been given to the differentiation in regional development levels and the typology of ru- ral settlements of Hungary, but a complex economic and economic-geographical research into the typo- logy of social infrastructure of rural settlements has not yet been carried out. The statistical data base for 1980 as well as data collected by the Council of Borsod-Abatij- Zemplen County contributed largely to the present investigation. Sikos, T. Tamás: Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod Country. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1987. 44 p. Discussion Papers, No. 4. 5 Description of tasks of research and compilation of the data bank Tasks of research: 1. Determination of scope of elements as well as that of the extent to which they shape the devel- opment of social infrastructure of rural settlements. 2. Elaboration of the typology of social infra- structure of rural settlements. The various stages and characteristics of this work can be traced in Figure 1. In the analysis, 26 indices were applied to 352 rural settlements of Borsod County. The 26 indices of the investigation were classified, to a certain extent conditionally, into S groups (A, B, C, D, and E) each presenting a definite aspect of social infrastructure investiga- tions. The scope and list of indices applied in the analyses is presented below (subgequently, county mean values and standard deviations are put into brackets). Sikos, T. Tamás: Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod Country. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1987. 44 p. Discussion Papers, No. 4. 6 A. The basic institutions and their level in rural settlements 2 2 1. Size of retail trade shops in 1979, m (364 m ; 2 631 m ); 2. The value of consumer goods' turnover in retail trade in 1979 per capita (3,001 Ft; 4,584 Ft); 3. Instituti_on network of basic services in 1980 (12.1 scores; 8.0 scores); 4. The number of small scale industrial workers in 1979 (11.3 persons; 15.9 persons); 5. 5. The capacity of nurseries per 100 children of 0-3 years in 1980 (1.3 persons; 5.9 persons); 6. The capacity of kindergartens per 100 children of 3-6 years in 1980 (33.5 persons; 44.0 persons); 7. The number of consulting hours in 1979 (0.9 hrs.; 3.9 hrs.); B. Amenities of flats and basic services in rural settlements 8. Proportion of flats built after 1945 as a propor- tion of all flats in 1980 (52.5 per cent; 15.9 per cent); 9. Proportion of flats built between 1970 and 1979 as a proportion of all flats in 1980 (13.9 per cent; 8.5 per cent); Sikos, T. Tamás: Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod Country. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1987. 44 p. Discussion Papers, No. 4. 7 10. Proportion of one-room flats to all flats in 1980 (26.5 per cent; 10.2 per cent); 11. Proportion of residential buildings having more than one storey to all residential buildings in 1980 (0.3 per cent; 1.7 per cent); 12. Number of flats with bathrooms or lavatories per 100 flats in 1980 (26.4 per cent; 15.3 per cent); C. Provision of rural communities with public util- ities 13. Proportion of flats supplied with electricity to all flats in 1980 (96.9 per cent; 2.9 p.c.); 14. Proportion of flats with water to all flats in 1980 (21.7 per cent; 14.9 per cent); 15. Proportion of flats supplied with gas to all flats in 1980 (53.3 per cent; 14.8 per cent); 16. Proportion of flats connected to a sewage system to all flats in 1980 (23.9 per cent; 15.4 p.c.); 17. Electricity consumption per capita in 1980 (kw-hrs.) (805.8 kw-hrs.; 281.2 kw-hrs.); D. Transport characteristics of rural communities 18. Transport network in 1980 (4.5 scores; 2.5 scores); 19. Accessibility (in minutes) to nearest town or vil- lage (district seat) by most rapid means of trans- port in 1980 (40.3 min.; 27.4 minutes); Sikos, T. Tamás: Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod Country. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1987. 44 p. Discussion Papers, No. 4. 8 20. Frequency of means of transport leaving for towns in 1980 (81.2/week; 89.2/week); E. Educational and cultural characteristics of rural communities 21. Number of school rooms in elementary schools in 1979 (4.8 school rooms; 6.1 school rooms); 22. Number of pupils in elementary schools in 1979 (153 pupils; 228 pupils).; 23. Number of students in secondary schools in 1979 (13 students; 147 students); 24. Proportion of those 15 years or older finishing 8 years of elementary school in 1980 (52.0 per cent; 8.9 per cent); 25. Proportion of those 18 years or older finishing secondary school in 1980 (9.6 per cent; 4.3 per cent); 26. Number of libraries in 1979 (3,968.4 libraries; 6,784.2 libraries). During the compilation of indices, it was most difficult to determine the values of synthetic indices. A similar problem occurred in the determination of the value of index 3 (which gives a complex evaluation of the development level of social infrastructure Sikos, T. Tamás: Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settlements of Borsod Country. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1987. 44 p. Discussion Papers, No. 4. 9 in rural settlements).