DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Sci 2021 Baliwe Ndiviwe Gabriel.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Sci 2021 Baliwe Ndiviwe Gabriel.Pdf The effectiveness of Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area in the conservation of rocky shore biodiversity By NDIVIWE GABRIEL BALIWE Town Cape A dissertation submitted in fulfilmentof of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Biological Sciences UniversityFaulty of Science UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN APRIL 2021 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my wife for her encouragement and support during my studies. I would also like to express my gratitude to South African National Parks for funding, and for providing the permit for this research to take place in the national park. I would like to send words of gratitude to Sisanda Mayekiso and Pauline Phophe for their technical support and being there on the rocks even on rainy days. I would like to extend my gratitude to Zishan Ebrahim for his assistance with maps. Thanks also go to my supervisors, Prof G. M. Branch and Dr M. C. Pfaff for helping me to improve my skills of scientific writing and analysis; you have helped me to understand what working hard is and also how to conduct scientific studies on my own. I thank you all for helping me; without you, this work would not have been successful. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... ii General abstract ........................................................................................................................ iv Chapter 1: General introduction................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 2: Effects of protection, biogeography and rock type on the sizes and densities and of key species and the composition of intertidal rocky-shore communities ................................ 11 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 11 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................. 15 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 21 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 41 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 49 Chapter 3: Effects of harvesting and an invasive mussel on intertidal rocky shore communities based on historical and spatial comparisons ...................................................... 51 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 51 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 51 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................. 54 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 61 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 79 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 90 Chapter 4: Effects of experimental harvesting of a key grazer Cymbula granatina on rocky shore community composition ................................................................................................. 91 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 91 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................. 93 Results .................................................................................................................................... 100 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 125 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 130 Chapter 5: General conclusions ............................................................................................. 132 Chapter 6: References ............................................................................................................ 138 iii General abstract Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) has intensified in recent years, and there are now over 6800 MPAs worldwide. However, there is a prominent need to assess their effectiveness in terms of protecting biodiversity. In Chapter 1, I provide the theoretical background to this dissertation and define its central goal, i.e., to assess the effectiveness of no-take (‘restricted’) sections of the Table Mountain National Park MPA (TMNP MPA), relative to zones that are designated as ‘controlled’, where harvesting can take place under national regulations. Chapter 2 compares the effectiveness of no-take versus harvested areas in the TMNP MPA in protecting the biodiversity of intertidal rocky shores. Surveys were conducted to compare (1) the densities and sizes of exploited species and rarely harvested species, and (2) community composition, between these two levels of protection. Some clear patterns emerged. Firstly, no- take areas had significantly greater densities of the commonly harvested limpets Cymbula granatina, C. oculus and Scutellastra argenvillei, most obviously on sandstone ledges where abundances were greatest. In contrast, densities of the rarely harvested limpets, S. cochlear, S. longicosta and S. granularis did not differ in a manner reflecting protection levels. Secondly, C. granatina and S. argenvillei were significantly larger in no-take areas, although C. oculus displayed the opposite pattern. None of the rarely harvested limpets showed differences in sizes between protection levels. Thirdly, community composition differed significantly between protection levels. No-take areas were characterised by a greater abundance of commonly harvested limpets and mussels, while harvested areas were dominated by ephemeral and corticated algae, due to their release from grazing pressure by limpets. Chapter 3 focuses on a subset of the sites, all lying on the west coast and all comprising sandstone rocks. First, in a temporal comparison, I evaluated changes in densities and sizes of limpets and in community composition between historical data from 1970 and my sampling in 2017, at two sites where harvesting has intensified since 1970. This analysis showed three kinds of changes: (1) the appearance of alien species; (2) the effects of increased harvesting; and (3) the direct and indirect effects of these changes on other species. Secondly, to disentangle the effects of harvesting from those of alien invasions, I made spatial comparisons using my 2017 data, between two harvested sites and two sites in a no-take zone. One striking result was iv transformation of mid-shore zones by the appearance of the invasive Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the indirect effects of this on the demography of the granular limpet Scutellastra granularis. Adults of this limpet have been excluded by the mussel, whereas juveniles find a secondary home on the shells of the mussel. In addition, harvesting has decimated the granite limpet Cymbula granatina and Argenville's limpet Scutellastra argenvillei. This has led to the proliferation of opportunistic seaweeds, such as Ulva spp., or corticated algae, notably Pachymenia orbitosa. The dual effects of alien invasive species and over-harvesting thus have major ecosystem effects. In chapter 4, densities of the limpet Cymbula granatina were manipulated at two sites within a fully-protected no-take area to generate four density levels ranging from zero to maximum natural densities, to evaluate the effects of harvesting this limpet on the community composition. Following removal or substantial thinning of C. granatina, community composition changed, cover of corticated and ephemeral algae increased and recruitment of C. granatina decreased. These outcomes were, however, dependent on the time frame considered, as algae underwent an annual cycle, and the effects of limpet removal were evident only during cooler months when the algae proliferated. All these effects have management implications. Chapter 5 provides an overview of the findings from this dissertation and their management implications. The major limitation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ministério Da Educação Universidade Federal Rural Da Amazônia
    MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DA AMAZÔNIA TAIANA AMANDA FONSECA DOS PASSOS Biologia reprodutiva de Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908) (Gastropoda: Nacellidae) do sublitoral da Ilha do Rei George, Península Antártica BELÉM 2018 TAIANA AMANDA FONSECA DOS PASSOS Biologia reprodutiva de Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908) (Gastropoda: Nacellidae) do sublitoral da Ilha do Rei George, Península Antártica Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (TCC) apresentado ao curso de Graduação em Engenharia de Pesca da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA) como requisito necessário para obtenção do grau de Bacharel em Engenharia de Pesca. Área de concentração: Ecologia Aquática. Orientador: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Marko Herrmann. Coorientadora: Dra. Maria Carla de Aranzamendi. BELÉM 2018 TAIANA AMANDA FONSECA DOS PASSOS Biologia reprodutiva de Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908) (Gastropoda: Nacellidae) do sublitoral da Ilha do Rei George, Península Antártica Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado à Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, como parte das exigências do Curso de Graduação em Engenharia de Pesca, para a obtenção do título de bacharel. Área de concentração: Ecologia Aquática. ______________________________________ Data da aprovação Banca examinadora __________________________________________ Presidente da banca Prof. Dr. Breno Gustavo Bezerra Costa Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA __________________________________________ Membro 1 Prof. Dr. Lauro Satoru Itó Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA __________________________________________ Membro 2 Profa. Msc. Rosália Furtado Cutrim Souza Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA Aos meus sobrinhos, Tháina, Kauã e Laura. “Cabe a nós criarmos crianças que não tenham preconceitos, crianças capazes de ser solidárias e capazes de sentir compaixão! Cabe a nós sermos exemplos”. AGRADECIMENTOS Certamente algumas páginas não irão descrever os meus sinceros agradecimentos a todos aqueles que cooperaram de alguma forma, para que eu pudesse realizar este sonho.
    [Show full text]
  • JMS 70 1 031-041 Eyh003 FINAL
    PHYLOGENY AND HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF LIMPETS OF THE ORDER PATELLOGASTROPODA BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES TOMOYUKI NAKANO AND TOMOWO OZAWA Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602,Japan (Received 29 March 2003; accepted 6June 2003) ABSTRACT Using new and previously published sequences of two mitochondrial genes (fragments of 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA; total 700 sites), we constructed a molecular phylogeny for 86 extant species, covering a major part of the order Patellogastropoda. There were 35 lottiid, one acmaeid, five nacellid and two patellid species from the western and northern Pacific; and 34 patellid, six nacellid and three lottiid species from the Atlantic, southern Africa, Antarctica and Australia. Emarginula foveolata fujitai (Fissurellidae) was used as the outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic trees, the species fall into two major clades with high bootstrap support, designated here as (A) a clade of southern Tethyan origin consisting of superfamily Patelloidea and (B) a clade of tropical Tethyan origin consisting of the Acmaeoidea. Clades A and B were further divided into three and six subclades, respectively, which correspond with geographical distributions of species in the following genus or genera: (AÍ) north­ eastern Atlantic (Patella ); (A2) southern Africa and Australasia ( Scutellastra , Cymbula-and Helcion)', (A3) Antarctic, western Pacific, Australasia ( Nacella and Cellana); (BÍ) western to northwestern Pacific (.Patelloida); (B2) northern Pacific and northeastern Atlantic ( Lottia); (B3) northern Pacific (Lottia and Yayoiacmea); (B4) northwestern Pacific ( Nipponacmea); (B5) northern Pacific (Acmaea-’ânà Niveotectura) and (B6) northeastern Atlantic ( Tectura). Approximate divergence times were estimated using geo­ logical events and the fossil record to determine a reference date.
    [Show full text]
  • PROGRAMME 4 - 7 July 2017 • Boardwalk Convention Centre • Port Elizabeth • South Africa
    SAMssPORT ELIZABETH 2017 THE 16TH SOUTHERN AFRICAN MARINE SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME 4 - 7 July 2017 • www.samss2017.co.za Boardwalk Convention Centre • Port Elizabeth • South Africa Theme: Embracing the blue l Unlocking the Ocean’s economic potential whilst maintaining social and ecological resilience SAMSS is hosted by NMMU, CMR and supported by SANCOR WELCOME PLENARY SPEAKERS It is our pleasure to welcome all SAMSS 2017 participants on behalf of the ROBERT COSTANZA - The Australian National University - Australia Institute for Coastal and Marine Research at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University and the city of Port Elizabeth. NMMU has a long tradition of marine COSTANZA has an H-index above 100 and >60 000 research and its institutional marine and maritime strategy is coming to citations. His area of specialisation is ecosystem goods fruition, which makes this an ideal time for us to host this triennial meeting. and services and ecological economics. Costanza’s Under the auspices of SANCOR, this is the second time we host SAMSS in PE and the transdisciplinary research integrates the study of theme ‘Embracing the blue – unlocking the ocean’s potential whilst maintaining social humans and nature to address research, policy, and and ecological resilience’ is highly topical and appropriate, aligning with Operation management issues. His work has focused on the Phakisa, which is the national approach to developing a blue economy. South Africa is interface between ecological and economic systems, at a cross roads and facing economic challenges. Economic growth and lifting people particularly at larger temporal and spatial scales, from out of poverty is a priority and those of us in the ‘marine’ community need to be part small watersheds to the global system.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloading of the Data
    The spatial ecology of Albula glossodonta in the St. Joseph Atoll, Seychelles A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE of RHODES UNIVERSITY By Emily Jeanne Moxham February 2017 Abstract Abstract Bonefish (Albula spp.) support valuable recreational and artisanal fisheries worldwide. Declining stocks have been reported at multiple localities, potentially jeopardising numerous multimillion-dollar industries. In particular, tourism generated through bonefish fly fishing contributes considerably to the economies of many isolated tropical islands and atolls. However, despite their economic value, little is known about bonefish in the Indian Ocean. This study aimed to contribute to the understanding of bonefish ecology in the Indian Ocean by (1) reviewing the bonefish literature to identify knowledge gaps; (2) evaluating the post­ release survival of acoustically tagged bonefish and; (3) quantifying the spatial and temporal movements of bonefish at a near-pristine and predator rich atoll in the Seychelles. A review of published literature on bonefish indicated that despite considerable biological and ecological research in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, virtually no research has been conducted in the Indian Ocean. To help address this research gap, an acoustic telemetry study was initiated at the remote St. Joseph Atoll, within an existing array of 88 automated data­ logging acoustic receivers. Thirty Albula glossodonta were surgically implanted with Vemco V13 acoustic transmitters in May 2015 and tracked for a period of one year. Only 10% of the tagged bonefish were detected for more than two weeks. A comparison of the final 100 hours of movement data from fish that were detected for less than two weeks to fish detected for longer periods revealed distinct differences.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Phymatolithon (Hapalidiaceae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in South Africa, Including Species Previously Ascribed to Leptophytum
    South African Journal of Botany 90 (2014) 170–192 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect South African Journal of Botany journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb The genus Phymatolithon (Hapalidiaceae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in South Africa, including species previously ascribed to Leptophytum E. Van der Merwe, G.W. Maneveldt ⁎ Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, P. Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa article info abstract Article history: Of the genera within the coralline algal subfamily Melobesioideae, the genera Leptophytum Adey and Received 2 May 2013 Phymatolithon Foslie have probably been the most contentious in recent years. In recent publications, the Received in revised form 4 November 2013 name Leptophytum was used in quotation marks because South African taxa ascribed to this genus had not Accepted 5 November 2013 been formally transferred to another genus or reduced to synonymy. The status and generic disposition of Available online 7 December 2013 those species (L. acervatum, L. ferox, L. foveatum) have remained unresolved ever since Düwel and Wegeberg Edited by JC Manning (1996) determined from a study of relevant types and other specimens that Leptophytum Adey was a heterotypic synonym of Phymatolithon Foslie. Based on our study of numerous recently collected specimens and of published Keywords: data on the relevant types, we have concluded that each of the above species previously ascribed to Leptophytum Non-geniculate coralline algae represents a distinct species of Phymatolithon, and that four species (incl. P. repandum)ofPhymatolithon are Phymatolithon acervatum currently known to occur in South Africa. Phymatolithon ferox Here we present detailed illustrated accounts of each of the four species, including: new data on male and female/ Phymatolithon foveatum carposporangial conceptacles; ecological and morphological/anatomical comparisons; and a review of the infor- Phymatolithon repandum mation on the various features used previously to separate Leptophytum and Phymatolithon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Response of a Protandrous Species to Exploitation, and the Implications for Management: a Case Study with Patellid Limpets
    University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics National Oceanography Centre, Southampton School of Ocean and Earth Sciences The Response of a Protandrous Species to Exploitation, and the Implications for Management: a Case Study with Patellid Limpets. William J F Le Quesne Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2005 Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton This PhD dissertation by William J F Le Quesne has been produced under the supervision of the following persons: Supervisors: Prof. John G. Shepherd Prof Stephen Hawkins Chair of Advisory Panel: Dr Lawrence E. Hawkins Member of Advisory Panel: Dr John A. Williams University
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Encrusting Coralline Algae in the Diets of Intertidal Herbivores
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of the Western Cape Research Repository Maneveldt, G.W. et al. (2006). The role of encrusting coralline algae in the diets of selected intertidal herbivores. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY, 18: 619-627 The role of encrusting coralline algae in the diets of selected intertidal herbivores Gavin W. Maneveldt*, Deborah Wilby, Michelle Potgieter & Martin G.J. Hendricks Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape P. Bag X17 Bellville 7535 South Africa * Correcsponding author: [email protected] Key words: encrusting coralline algae, diet, grazers, herbivory, organic content, rocky shore. Abstract Kalk Bay, South Africa, has a typical south coast zonation pattern with a band of seaweed dominating the mid-eulittoral and sandwiched between two molluscan- herbivore dominated upper and lower eulittoral zones. Encrusting coralline algae were very obvious features of these zones. The most abundant herbivores in the upper eulittoral were the limpet, Cymbula oculus (10.4 + 1.6 m-2; 201.65 + 32.68 g.m-2) and the false limpet, Siphonaria capensis (97.07 + 19.92 m-2; 77.93 + 16.02 g.m-2). The territorial gardening limpet, Scutellastra cochlear, dominated the lower eulittoral zone, achieving very high densities (545.27 + 84.35 m-2) and biomass (4630.17 + 556.13 g.m-2), and excluded all other herbivores and most seaweeds, except for its garden alga and the encrusting coralline alga, Spongities yendoi (35.93 + 2.26 % cover). For the upper eulittoral zone, only the chiton Acanthochiton garnoti 30.5 + 1.33 % and the limpet C.
    [Show full text]
  • Hierarchical Spatial Structure and Levels of Resolution of Intertidal Grazing and Their Consequences on Predictability and Stability at Small Scales
    Hierarchical spatial structure and levels of resolution of intertidal grazing and their consequences on predictability and stability at small scales Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of Rhodes University By ELIECER RODRIGO DIAZ DIAZ June 2008 Abstract The aim of this research was to assess three hierarchical aspects of alga-grazer interactions in intertidal communities on a small scale: spatial heterogeneity, grazing effects and spatial stability in grazing effects. First, using semivariograms and cross-semivariograms I observed hierarchical spatial patterns in most algal groups and in grazers. However, these patterns varied with the level on the shore and between shores, suggesting that either human exploitation or wave exposure can be a source of variability. Second, grazing effects were studied using manipulative experiments at different levels on the shore. These revealed significant effects of grazing on the low shore and in tidal pools. Additionally, using a transect of grazer exclusions across the shore, I observed unexpected hierarchical patchiness in the strength of grazing, rather than zonation in its effects. This patchiness varied in time due to different biotic and abiotic factors. In a separate experiment, the effect of mesograzers effects were studied in the upper eulittoral zone under four conditions: burnt open rock (BOR), burnt pools (Bpool), non- burnt open rock (NBOR) and non-burnt pools (NBpool). Additionally, I tested spatial stability in the effects of grazing in consecutive years, using the same plots. I observed great spatial variability in the effects of grazing, but this variability was spatially stable in Bpools and NBOR, meaning deterministic and significant grazing effects in consecutive years on the same plots.
    [Show full text]
  • GMB.CV-'07 Full General
    CURRICULUM VITAE: GEORGE MEREDITH BRANCH 2.1. Biographic sketch: BORN : Salisbury, Zimbabwe, 25 September 1942. Married, two children. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION: University of Cape Town. B.Sc. 1963 Majors in Zoology and Botany, distinction in the former. Class medals for best student in second and third year Zoology. B.Sc. Hons. 1964. First class honours in Zoology PhD 1973. EMPLOYMENT: Zoology department, University of Cape Town Junior Lecturer, 1965-1966 Lecturer, 1967-1974 Ad hoc promotion to Senior Lecturer 1975 Ad hoc promotion to Associate Professor, 1979 Ad hom . promotion to Professorship 1985. Student adviser, Life Sciences, 1975-1987 Postgraduate Summer Course, Friday Harbor Marine Laboratories, 1985. Head of Department of Zoology, UCT, 1988-1990, 1994-1996 Chairman, School of Life Sciences, 1991 Chairman, Undergraduate Affairs, Zoology Department 1993 AWARDS: Purcell Prize for best postgraduate biological thesis - 1965. Fellowship of the University of Cape Town - 1983 Distinguished Teachers Award - 1984 UCT Book Award - 1986 - for "The Living Shores of Southern Africa". Fellowship of the Royal Society of South Africa - 1990. Appointed Director of FRD Coastal Ecology Unit -1991. Awarded Gold Medal by Zoological Society of Southern Africa - 1992. Awarded Gilchrist Gold Medal for contributions to marine science - 1994. UCT Book Award - 1995 - for "Two Oceans - a Field Guide to the Marine Life of southern Africa" (Jointly awarded to CL Griffiths, ML Branch, LE Beckley.) International Temperate Reefs Award for Lifetime Contributions to Marine Science – 2006. FRD RATING AND FUNDING: Rated in 1985 as qualifying for comprehensive support for funding from the Foundation for Research Development. Re-rated in 1990, 1994 and 1998 as category 'A' (scientists recognised as international leaders – approximately the top 4% of scientists in South Africa).
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear 1’) and Associated Infrastructure
    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED NUCLEAR POWER STATION (‘NUCLEAR 1’) AND ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE Marine Ecology Impact Assessment March 2011 Prepared by: Professor CL Griffiths and Dr TB Robinson Prepared for: Arcus GIBB Pty Ltd On behalf of: Eskom Holdings Ltd March 2011 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE l, Professor Charles Griffiths hereby confirm my independence as a specialist and declare that I do not have any interest, be it business, financial, personal or other, in any proposed activity, application or appeal in respect of which Arcus GIBB was appointed as environmental assessment practitioner in terms of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 ol lgg8), other than fair remuneration for worked performed, specifically in connection with the Environmental lmpact Assessment for the proposed conventional nuclear power station ('Nuclear 1'). I further declare that I am confident in the results of the studies undertaken and conclusions drawn as a result of it - as is described in my atl Full Name: Professor Charles Qualif ication(s): PhD Experience (years/ months) : 35 Years EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This specialist study was undertaken to assess the possible impacts of a 4 000 MW capacity power station on the marine environment at one of three potential sites along the Eastern and Western Cape coasts. Such a development at Duynefontein, Bantamsklip or Thyspunt will have a variety of potential impacts. These include: • Disruption of surrounding marine habitats. When associated with the construction of the cooling water intake and outfall system, this effect will be focused within the construction phase and will be localised, of medium duration and significance .
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Seals in Coastal Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways at Robberg, South Africa
    The role of seals in coastal hunter-gatherer lifeways at Robberg, South Africa. By Leesha Richardson Supervised by Prof Judith Sealy and Dr Deano Stynder Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Archaeology In the Department of Archaeology Faculty of Science University of Cape Town February 2020 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. Plagiarism Declaration I have used the Harvard convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution from, and quotation in, this thesis from the work(s) of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. This thesis is my own work: Leesha Richardson RCHLEE003 Date: 8 February 2020 i Abstract Seals were a major dietary item for coastal hunter-gatherers and herders in South Africa. At Nelson Bay Cave (NBC), more than half of the Holocene mammal bones are from Cape Fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus). Previous analyses of the seal assemblage from this site have studied only selected skeletal elements. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of seal remains from selected archaeological levels at Nelson Bay Cave and from the 2007/2008 excavations at nearby Hoffmans/Robberg Cave (HRC). Body part representation and frequency, age distribution and bone modification have been documented to determine the role of seals in the lifeways of hunter-gatherers and pastoralists at Robberg throughout the Holocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Patellid Limpets: an Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores
    Chapter 4 Patellid Limpets: An Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores Paulo Henriques, João Delgado and Ricardo Sousa Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67862 Abstract This work reviews a broad spectrum of subjects associated to Patellid limpets’ biology such as growth, reproduction, and recruitment, also the consequences of commercial exploitation on the stocks and the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the biology and populational dynamics of these intertidal grazers. Knowledge of limpets’ biological traits plays an important role in providing proper background for their effective man- agement. This chapter focuses on determining the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that influence these biological characteristics and associated geographical patterns. Human exploitation of limpets is one of the main causes of disturbance in the intertidal ecosys- tem and has occurred since prehistorical times resulting in direct and indirect alterations in the abundance and size structure of the target populations. The implementation of MPAs has been shown to result in greater biomass, abundance, and size of limpets and to counter other negative anthropogenic effects. However, inefficient planning and lack of surveillance hinder the accomplishment of the conservation purpose of MPAs. Inclusive conservation approaches involving all the stakeholders could guarantee future success of conservation strategies and sustainable exploitation. This review also aims to estab- lish how beneficial MPAs are in enhancing recruitment and yield of adjacent exploited populations. Keywords: Patellidae, limpets, fisheries, MPAs, conservation 1. Introduction The Patellidae are one of the most successful families of gastropods that inhabit the rocky shores from the supratidal to the subtidal, a marine habitat subject to some of the most © 2017 The Author(s).
    [Show full text]