BIOTECHNOLOGY (878)

Aims: 4. To create awareness about the appreciation of 1. To enable candidates to acquire the knowledge biological processes to industries. and develop an understanding of how materials 5. To develop the ability to appreciate biological are provided by biological agents to provide phenomenon in nature and the contribution of goods and services. biotechnology to human welfare. 2. To appreciate the role played by biotechnology 6. To develop scientific attitude towards biological in improving health care for human beings. phenomenon. 3. To understand the interdisciplinary nature of this subject. CLASS XI There will be two papers in the subject the products, good laboratory practices and a Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ... 70 marks brief note on international marketing. Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks (b) Basic concepts of Biochemical technology: What does the biochemical technology mean? Project Work … 10 marks An understanding of various principles and Practical File … 5 marks statistical methods involved in research under the umbrella of biotechnology. PAPER I –THEORY- 70 Marks Concept of buffer, pH, physical variables, There will be one paper of three hours duration dimensions and units. Fluid flow and mixing, divided into two parts. heat and mass transfer, growth kinetics and Part 1 (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short fermentation process. An understanding of answer questions, testing knowledge, application and bio-reactors. Concept of probability, methods skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of of sampling, collection of data – primary and the entire syllabus. secondary data, classification and tabulation, confidence levels, idea of sampling, Part 2 (50 marks) will consist of eight questions out distribution and standard error. of which the candidates will be required to answer five questions. Each question in this part shall carry (c) Scope and importance of biotechnology: 10 marks. different branches of biotechnology and different regulatory, social, ethical and legal 1. Introduction to Biotechnology issues that a biotechnologist comes across (a) Historical background and the future of while doing the work. Biotechnology: definition and a brief Names, definitions and importance of various introduction of the traditional techniques which fields that can be covered under biotechnology are now covered under the heading such as - agricultural/ plant biotechnology, Biotechnology and different ways the present animal biotechnology/medical biotechnology, man is utilising the traditional principles for industrial biotechnology, immunology and the betterment of mankind. health care, energy, environment and services. Kitchen, the first biotechnological laboratory - Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in reasoning behind the technology involved in biotechnology- concept of intellectual property, simple biological products like curd, beer and intellectual property rights and the choice of wine. A brief note on the causative intellectual property rights protection. Various micro-organisms. types of IPRs. Concept of patenting and its Application of these technologies for large- need. Process patenting and product patenting. scale production, with special reference to Various precautions to be taken while carrying fermentation. Quality control management of 305 out biotechnological work. Various types of Concept of crossing over, chiasmata. intellectual property rights. Basic concept of cell cycle and cell cycle Concept of ethical, legal and social issues with regulation. one common example. How these issues are being tackled at national and international Cell communication and signal transduction, level. movement, nutrition, gaseous exchange, internal transport and maintenance of the Bio safety issues: release of genetically internal transport and cell reproduction. modified organisms into the environment. Biochemical Transformations: Bridging the gap between bioscience, engineering and technology. An understanding of biochemical transformations, different biochemical 2. Cell Biology pathways involved in respiration - aerobic (a) Cell - Basic unit of life: Justification of cell as and anaerobic. a basic unit of life. A brief note on the cell Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, components with special reference to nucleus electron transport chain and oxidative and its components. Various cytological phosphorylation. techniques used in counting and identifying the cell and chromosomes. Anaerobic respiration - lactic acid formation, fermentation and lactic acid alcohol An understanding of cell components, their formation. structure, and functions - cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasmic reticulum, golgi Photosynthesis – brief historical account and apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes, light and dark reactions. vacuoles, plastids, lysosomes, nucleus and (c) Errors in cell division: what happens if the other important inclusions of the cell. cell does not divide normally? An Differentiation between plant and animal and prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular systems. understanding of different numerical and structural abnormalities which can be detected Chromosomal structure and composition – with the help of a microscope. organisation of chromatids, concept of homologous and non-homologous Concept of non-disjunction: meiotic chromosomes, sister and non-sister non-disjunction and mitotic non-disjunction. chromatids, classification of chromosomes on Non-disjunction in sex chromosomes – the basis of position of the centromere on the Turner’s syndrome and Klienfelter’s chromosome, basic idea about telomere, syndrome, identification and symptoms. chromatin and nucleosome. An idea about banding patterns and their application. Importance of these syndromes in studying human behavioural genetics. Concept of chromosomal number in different species, e.g. man and mouse. Numerical chromosomal aberrations with Techniques in cytology - microscopy, cell respect to autosomes, i.e. Down’s syndrome/ trisomy 21. sorting and counting, karyotyping and banding techniques. Structural chromosomal abnormalities – (b) Cell Division and cell cycle: necessity for a deletions, duplications, translocations, cell to divide. Types of cell division and inversions, ring chromosomes and various other activities of cell such as uniparental disomy. biochemical transformations. Chromosomal abnormalities and gene Types and significance of cell division and a mapping. brief note about the different stages of cell Polyploidy and its significance in plants. division.

306 3. Growth and Development in living beings Concept of trait, gene, allele, phenotype, (a) Animal and plant development: development genotype, homozygosity, heterozygosity and of a complete organism from zygotic cell in hemizygosity. Types of inheritance. both plants and animals. An understanding of Pedigree construction using different defence strategies in all types of living standard symbols. organisms. Construction of pedigree showing different Animal development – zygote to a stage of modes of inheritance, autosomal inheritance - complete development of the foetus in a stage dominant, co-dominant and recessive. where it can absorb food. Sex chromosome inheritance - with special Plant development. Fertilised ovules to a reference to X chromosomal inheritance with complete plant. suitable examples. Immune response in plants and animals - immune system in higher animals, concept of Mitochondrial / cytoplasmic inheritance. immunity, immunisation, antigen and Establishment of genetic reasons for a trait - antibody. Various cells involved in immune family and twin studies. system in humans. An introduction to human leukocyte antigens. Types of immunity - Various problems in genetic research - innate and acquired. ELISA Technique variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance, (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant ). one gene several effects, one phenotype several genes and Lyon’s hypothesis. Plant pathogen interaction. Secondary metabolism. (b) Gene Mapping: mapping of genes on chromosomes using linkage analysis. An Defence strategies in microbes and insects. understanding of mutations and cancer (b) Biodiversity and evolution of populations: an genetics. understanding of biodiversity in both plants and animals and the concept of population. Mapping of genes on chromosomes with Significance of biodiversity, Indian plants and respect to genetic diseases. animals. Basic concept of linkage and crossing over. Concept and value of biodiversity. Genetic recombination, concept of Understanding the concept of biodiversity. To centi morgan (cM), Morgan’s experimental appreciate various reasons for valuing and results, explanation of linkage and mapping conserving biodiversity (ethical, moral, with suitable examples, discovery of DNA as economic, aesthetic). An understanding of the genetic material. speciation, types of speciation - allopatric and Concept of mutation and various factors sympatric; concept of ecosystem; adaptation causing mutations. and natural selection. Cancer genetics: a brief note. Organisation of life, size and complexity, interaction with the environment. (c) Genes in populations: how do genes behave in populations from generation to generation? 4. Genetics Various ways of studying population (a) Laws of Inheritance: how can one establish if genetics. a trait/disease is genetic or environmental? An Concept of gene pool and allele frequency, account of Mendel’s experiments. Different polymorphism, definition of Hardy Weinberg types of genetic inheritance and various law, its applications. complicating factors in genetic research. Possibility of disease resistant and susceptible Mendel’s experiment on pea plant and his genes in population. Concept of conclusions - law of segregation and law of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. independent assortment. 307 PAPER II Diad formation, pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. PRACTICAL WORK – 15 Marks 6. Determination of Blood Groups: Candidates are required to complete the following The students can perform this experiment on their experiments. own and work out their own blood group. Proper 1. Preparation of Buffers: instructions however are to be given for ‘prick’ – e.g. (a) Sterilize finger with alcohol/disinfectant. This experiment should be done to make the basics (b) Use only disposable sterile needle. (c) Use the clear to the students and for this, the approach needle only once and destroy it. (d) Do not prick should be to utilise easily available chemicals at or use blood drop in an indiscriminatory way. reasonable costs. For this “Phosphate buffer, Acetate buffer and Borate buffer” are good for 7. Constructing of pedigrees showing different types practice. (pH 5 & pH 8). of inheritance: 2. Colour reactions of Carbohydrates: The students are to establish Mendel’s Laws of The following experiments should be performed: inheritance by selecting varied seeds/flowers with different colours out of the lot provided to them. - Iodine test for starch, etc. They can also perform exercises and numericals - Benedict’s test for reducing sugar. on monohybrid and dihybridisation. - Fehling’s test. Additionally, they can be asked to set up sets to 3. Colour reaction for : show – The tests to perform are: - Incomplete dominance. - Biuret test. - Epistasis. - Bradford test (it can be qualitative as well as 8. Usage of pH meter: quantitative – for qualitative assessment the extent of colour development can be used as To measure the pH of a given sample by pH meter rough estimate). or sensitive pH strips/handheld pH meter. 4. Study of various stages of Mitosis and Meiosis: PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE The students should be given practice in preparing slides for study of mitosis by crush – 15 Marks smear method. They should be able to identify Project Work – 10 Marks different stages (at least four stages). For the Candidates are to creatively execute one study of meiosis, the students should be shown project/assignment on any aspect of Biotechnology. permanent slides of meiosis and they should be Teachers may assign or students may choose any one able to identify at least six stages of meiosis from project of their choice. The report should be kept the slides. simple, but neat and elegant. No extra credit shall be The requirement for this set of experiments is given for type-written material/decorative cover, etc. Acetocarmine stain slides, coverslips, microscopes and spirit-lamp. Practical File – 5 Marks Teachers are required to assess students on the basis 5. Preparation of Karyotypes: of the practical file maintained by them during the Demonstration of any metaphasic plate of mitosis academic year. (pea onion root tips).

308 CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject and properties of enzymes. An understanding Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ... 70 marks of enzyme activity; mechanism of enzyme action - Lock and key model and induced fit Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks hypothesis; factors affecting enzyme activity. Project Work … 10 marks Structure and functions of lipids – building Practical File … 5 marks blocks of lipids, their structures, types and chemical properties. PAPER I –THEORY- 70 Marks Optical activity of biomolecules. There will be one paper of three hours duration Concept of supramolecular assembly. divided into two parts. (b) Nucleic acids: an understanding of nucleic Part 1 (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short acids, their importance in biotechnological answer questions, testing knowledge, application and work, biochemical structure and capacity to skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of replicate. the entire syllabus. DNA – physical and chemical structure; Part 2 (50 marks) will consist of eight questions out definition, double helical model of DNA, of which the candidates will be required to answer (Watson and Crick’s); Nucleotide and five questions. Each question in this part shall carry nucleoside; Chargaff’s Law method of 10 marks. replication of DNA, various replicative enzymes in both procaryotic and eucaryotic 1. Molecular Biology organisms, example topoisomerases, helicase, SSBs polymerases, primases, ligases. Concept (a) Biomolecules: Introduction to biomolecules- of semi conservative and semi-discontinuous definition and types. Carbohydrates, proteins, replication, leading and lagging strands, lipids, vitamins and enzymes – their structure okazaki fragments. and properties. RNA – definition, various types of RNAs such Structure, functions of carbohydrates. as mRNA, tRNA (Clover leaf model), their Sugars and derivatives; and classification of structure and functions. some important mono, di and polysaccharides (c) Synthesis: synthesis of different - Glucose, fructose, glycogen, cellulose, chitin RNAs, and the complete mechanism of and peptidoglycon. Physical and chemical polypeptide chain formation. Different properties of sugars. metabolic diseases which occur due to a Structure, functions and classification of change in the DNA structure. proteins – building blocks of proteins, the From gene to protein: Transcription - DNA to amino acids. Chemical structure, types RNA, various enzymes involved eg RNA (acidic, basic and neutral); physical and polymerases, amino acyl tRNA synthetase, an chemical properties of amino acids. Different explanation of the complete process; post methods employed in determining the amino transcriptional changes- polyadenylation, 5’ acid sequence in proteins: 3D - structure of capping and splicing . proteins. Different types of proteins - primary, Genetic code – properties of genetic code, secondary, tertiary quarternary. Start and Stop codons, anticodons. The Vitamins: Definition of fat soluble and water translation of RNA to protein – complete soluble vitamins; co-enzymes: definition and mechanism of chain initiation, elongation and examples. termination, the role of tRNA, mRNA and rRNA in protein synthesis. (Post translational Enzymes: Structure and functions of enzymes: changes not included) chemical nature of enzymes; characteristics 309 Concept of central dogma. Concept of Transfer of recombinants into host Reverse transcription, enzyme reverse cells - basic concept of transformation, transcriptase. An understanding of one gene transfection, electroporation, Liposome, one enzyme hypothesis. Fine structure of gene microinjection, biolistic and Agrobacterium - exon, intron. induced gene transfer, T-DNA and Gene regulation – Operon concept – lac Ti-Plasmid. operon and trp operon. Methods of identification of recombinants- Inborn errors of metabolism - basic concept Direct selection / Insertional inactivation / and examples like Albinism, sickle cell Blue-white selection. anaemia. Phenyl ketonuria, alkaptonuria. DNA probes – definition and use. (c) Biochemical techniques: classification of 2. Genetic Engineering techniques based on various factors. (a) Innovations in Biotechnology: select examples Classification of techniques based on various of products already available, produced by factors. using modern biotechnological tools. Molecular weight or size: centrifugation, gel (i) Plants: Production of Flavr Savor permeation, osmotic pressure. tomatoes; designer oil, Bt-crops. Polarity or charge: ion exchange (ii) Healthcare: Production of recombinant chromatography, electrophoresis, iso-electric hepatitis-B vaccine; insulin and interferon focussing, hydrophobic interaction, partition and edible vaccines. chromatography, spectroscopy colorimetry, (iii)Animal: Dolly the cloned sheep; UV visible spectrophotometry, florescence stem-cells research. Characteristics of spectroscopy, crystallography and mass stem cells and their applications. spectrometry. (iv) Environmental biotechnology: oil-eating Solubility: salt precipitation and precipitation bacteria, bioremediation. with organic solvent. (v) Industrial biotechnology: production of (d) Gene analysis techniques: various techniques industrial enzymes. involved in any work in recombinant DNA (vi) Single Cell Protein concept (SCP) – technology. advantages of single cell protein. Low resolution mapping techniques: gel (b) Introduction to gene cloning and genetic electrophoresis, northern blotting, southern engineering: concept of cloning and vectors. blotting. Tools of recombinant DNA technology, types High resolution techniques: DNA sequencing- of restriction endonucleases and other sequencing by chemical degradation, enzymes used in cloning: types of vectors, sequencing by chain termination, automated such as plasmids, cosmids, phages, YACs, DNA sequencing. Site directed mutagenesis. BACs, animal and plant viruses, role of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)– definition, Shuttle and expression vectors in DNA principle and the technique involved, use of manipulation, construction of a recombinant the enzyme taq DNA polymerase, concept of DNA molecule; steps involved in genetic oligonucleotide primer; significance and engineering and gene cloning. applications of PCR. Techniques involved in extraction and Human Genome Project - its objectives, the purification of DNA from bacterial and plants countries involved, its achievements and cells. significance. A basic understanding of DNA libraries – construction and cloning of genomic and cDNA libraries.

310 3. Cell Culture Technology Definition and need for germplasm (a) Introduction and Techniques: basic conservation. Modes of conservation: in-situ understanding of cell culture technology and conservation, ex-situ conservation; in-vivo its significance in biotechnology. Different and in-vitro conservation; Advantages and materials and methods used in this disadvantages of in-situ and ex-situ technology. conservation. Materials used for conservation. Principles involved in freeze Introductory History: definition of cell preservation. Various types of freeze culture, different types of tissues and organ preservation. cultures. (d) Applications of cell culture technology: Media and aseptic manipulation: definition of different fields in which cell culture media; composition of media – inorganic technology is used and the ways it is used. nutrients, organic nutrients, macronutrients, Application in crop improvement. micronutrients and other important supplements. Role of auxins, cytokinins in cell Application of cell culture technology in plant tissue culture. Importance of media in cell breeding: haploid production – an culture. Solidifying agents and pH. understanding of haploid production and in vivo techniques employed to induce haploid Sterilisation of apparatus and instruments production such as gynogenesis, used in cell culture, culture rooms and androgenesis, genome elimination by distant transfer area. Basic organization of a tissue hybridisation and semigamy, chemical culture laboratory. treatment, temperature shocks and irradiation Preparation and cloning of cell culture along effects. with regeneration of single cell to whole Triploid production: understanding and need plant, basic steps in micropropagation of for triploid production. Application of plants. triploids in plant improvement. Seedless Role of cell and tissue culture in plant genetic crops. manipulation – genetic variability, invitro In vitro pollination: concept, and application pollination, induction of haploidy, somatic of in vitro pollination. hybridisation and genetic transformation Zygotic embryo culture concept and (b) Cell culture and cellular totipotency: types of applications. cell culture and the concept of cellular totipotency. Concept of somatic hybridisation and cybridisation, protoplast fusion, genetic Cell culture: importance of single cell culture. transformation and their applications in Different methods involved in isolation of plant improvement. single cells from plant organs - mechanical and enzymatic methods. The scope biotechnology offers in developing favourable traits in crops, like pest resistance, Concept and types of suspension culture: drought resistance, salinity resistance. batch cultures and continuous cultures. Production of Biodegradable plastic, Synchronisation of suspension cultures. synthetic seeds and virus free crops. Chemical methods – starvation, inhibition, 4. Bio-informatics mitotic arrest and plating techniques. (a) Introduction: an introduction to computers, Cellular totipotency: definition of cellular both hardware and software aspects. Global totipotency. Concepts like cell differentiation, biological data bases. dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, vascular differentiation. Introduction to computer software and hardware - RAM and ROM, Microprocessor. (c) Germplasm conservation: definition and Definition, significance and application of significance of germplasm conservation and bio-informatics. Enormity of data generated various methods involved in it. 311 by biological systems; managing the data PAPER II using tools provided by Information PRACTICAL WORK 15 marks Technology. – An introduction to global bio-informatics Candidates are required to complete the following databases (nucleotide and protein databases). experiments. Information sources such as EMBL, NCBI GDB, MGD. 1. Sterilization techniques Data retrieval tools- ENTREZ, BLAST, (i) Dry Physical method – heat or radiation. Taxonomy Browser, FASTA. (ii) Wet Physical methods – steam sterilization. Genomics: basic understanding of genome, (iii) Chemical Sterilization/ Surface sterilization types of genome –prokaryotic and eukaryotic, Disinfection with 70% alcohol and Sodium criteria for selecting an organism for hypochlorite solution /savlon/carbolic acid. sequencing. Various theoretical aspects of searching genes using the computer. 2. Preparation of buffers Definition of genomics. Types of genomics- This experiment should be done to make the structural and functional. Basic criteria in basics clear to the students. Basic calculation for selecting the organism for its genome buffer preparation should be known. The sequencing. Searching for genes using approach should be to utilize easily available computers. All the theoretical aspects – exons, chemicals at reasonable costs. For this intron, promoter region, coding regions, “Phosphate buffer, Acetate buffer and Borate non-coding regions, Different types of buffer” are good for practice. (pH 4 - pH 9.2). sequences – cDNA, genomic DNA, ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) and STSs 3. Preparation of culture media (Sequence Tagged Sites) and the different softwares used like gene scan. (i) Bacterial culture Media - Luria Bertanii (L.B.) media - Peptone/ Tryptone, yeast Types of sequence analysis –global, local, extract and NaCl. (Nutrient broth / Nutrient pair wise and multiple. A mention of different Agar). computer software and programs used in (ii) Plant Tissue culture medium (Sugars + sequence analysis. Coconut milk + Agar Agar). (b) Proteomics: definition and introduction. 4. Preparation of slant or nutrient plates Different softwares commercially available Luria Bertanii (L.B) media to be prepared for structural prediction of proteins. autoclaved and cooled to 60 degrees C. Softwares available easily on the internet, To prepare nutrient plates the media is poured important protein databases available for the into pre sterilized petri-dishes under a LAF. public on the internet like PDB (Protein Data To prepare slants the media is poured into several Bank), PIR (Protein Identification Resources). test tubes, plugged and kept in a tilted position Use of computers in new drug development until it sets. research - concept of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). 5. Growth of bacteria in culture Biotechnology - global and Indian scenario. Growth of bacteria in nutrient broth / nutrient Various institutes, centers and funding agar. Bacterial streaking, time related growth agencies - DBT, DST, NBTB, CCMB, which curve of bacterial culture to be studied. deal with biotechnology and in India.

312 6. Identification of gram positive and gram negative n-butanol or benzene. The rising fluid should bacteria by gram staining. always be at the bottom below the point of loading of chlorophylls. After 30 minutes, three spots: (i) Prepare a bacterial smear on a slide (ii) Stain with crystal violet stain. (iii) Rinse with water. yellow, bluish green and light green will be (iv) Add a few drops of iodine solution. (v) Add observed corresponding to carotenes, chlorophyll few drops of 90 % ethanol (vi) Counterstain with A & chlorophyll B. safranin solution (vii) Observe the red and blue colonies under the microscope. 11. Identification of Plasmid DNA and Genomic (chromosomal) DNA bands in the gels (by 7. Isolation of proteins photographs only). (i) Pea germinating seeds proteins should be Plasmid DNA is covalently closed circular DNA isolated in buffers. Presence of protein to be (CCC-DNA). Therefore, its molecular size is very identified by colour reaction (Biuret’s Test / small but the molecular weight is sufficiently high. Xanthoproteic Test). During electrophoresis, this DNA will move faster (ii) Milk proteins are isolated by adding than the genomic DNA which has low density and 0.4 N HCl into the milk sample. Caseins start is linear in nature. coagulating at their isoelectric point (pH 4.6) The precipitate is filtered and weighed to Therefore, the bottom-most band, much away quantify the protein present. from the rest of the bands is Plasmid DNA whereas lagging bands represent the genomic 8. Determination of Blood Groups (chromosomal) DNA fragments. Students can perform this experiment on their own and work out their own blood group. Proper 12. Isolation of DNA from plant tissues instructions however are to be gi ven for ‘prick’ – Take half a ripe and peeled banana into a beaker e.g. (a) Sterilize finger with alcohol/disinfectant. (b) Use only disposable sterile needle. (c) Use the and add 50 ml of extraction fluid (1.5gm table salt needle only once and destroy it. (d) Do not prick +10 ml liquid detergent +90 ml distilled water). or use blood drop in an indiscriminatory manner. Place the beaker in a water bath set at 60 degrees C for 15 minutes. Stir gently with a glass rod. 9. Salivary amylase activity on starch Filter 5ml of cooled content into a clean test tube (i) To study the action of the enzyme on starch. and add 5ml of cold 90% ethanol. DNA molecules Soluble starch solution (0.5% - 1%) to be separate out and appear as white fibres. [DNA prepared. Test with iodine. Collect saliva, can also be extracted from pea seeds and soaked dilute 1: 5, add 1 ml of saliva to 10 ml of wheat grains] starch solution. Incubate for 15 minutes. 13. Estimation of proteins by colour reaction Again test for presence of starch with iodine. Also test for the presence of reducing sugars Bradford’s Assay is a Dye binding assay based on in solution. the differential change of colour of a dye in response to various concentrations of proteins. (ii) To study the effect of variable temperature on Bradford’s assay can be performed for qualitative the activity of the enzyme salivary amylase. as well as quantitative assessment of proteins in a sample. 10. Separation of plant pigments by chromatography: (Paper chromatograph or TLC) Dilute 1 volume of Bradford’s dye with 4 volumes Take any leaf. Extract chlorophyll in of distilled water. Filter the dye through Whatman 80% acetone. Take a strip of paper or prepare a filter paper and store at room temperature in a thin layer of silica gel on a slide. Load brown glass bottle. Take different aliquots of chlorophyll extract at one end of the paper/gel. standard Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA solution), Keep paper or gel in the rising medium in test for example (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 ml) in tube or jar for about 30 minutes. The rising different test tubes Make up the volume to 1ml medium should have methanol/ acetic acid, with distilled water. To each tube add 2ml of 313 Bradford’s dye. Extent of colour development can A list of suggested projects is as follows: be made by rough estimate using + signs to show 1. Effluent analysis. the concentration of protein in the sample. 2. A study of the technological details of malt Alternatively, OD can be read using colorimeter preparation. or spectrophotometer. Take the unknown sample 3. A study of the technological details of the to be estimated and perform the experiment. brewing industry. Similarly read the OD and note the corresponding 4. A study of the organisation of a fermenter. concentration of protein in it using the graph. 5. Technological analysis of the process of drug 14. Estimation of DNA either by Colourimeter or development, drug designing and drug targeting. Spectrophotometer. 6. A study of the technological details of vaccine development. The principle behind estimation of DNA by colourimeter is to develop some sort of colour 7. Diagnosis of diseases by modern techniques like during reaction of DNA with some chemical or ELISA, RIA and Antibody targeting. colouring agents. The developed colour will have 8. DNA finger-printing. some absorption at a particular wave-length. 9. DNA foot-printing. This absorbance can be plotted against the standard curve made with the help of standard 10. Microbiological contaminants in food and food solutions and by that the amount of DNA in a products. given solution can be calculated. 11. Isolation of microbes from air, water and soil. In case of spectrophotometric determination of 12. Methods of identifying microbes (various DNA, the capacity of DNA to absorb UV rays in staining techniques and biochemical reactions). the region of 285 nm is taken as the base for 13. Tissue Culture and its applications. working out the amount of DNA in a given solution. Again the help of a standard curve is 14. Stem Cell Technology taken to estimate the quantity of DNA. 15. Nanotechnology 16. Bioinformatics PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE – 15 Marks 17. Genetic Engineering Project Work – 10 Marks 18. Cloning The Project Work is to be assessed by a Visiting 19. Instrumentation in biotechnology Examiner appointed locally and approved by the 20. Forensic Biotechnology Council. Candidates are to creatively execute one project / assignment on an aspect of Biotechnology. Practical File – 5 Marks Teachers may assign or students may choose any one The Visiting Examiner is required to assess students project of their choice. The report should be kept on the basis of the practical file maintained by them simple, but neat and elegant. No extra credit shall be during the academic year. given for type-written material/decorative cover, etc.

314 LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS FOR CLASSES XI & XII

1. Table-top Centrifuge 14. Colourimeter 2. Vortex - Mixer 15. Magnetic stirrer with hot plate 3. Thermostatic water-bath 16. Laminar flow cabinet (Vertical) 4. Spectrophotometer (UV visible range) 17. Weighing Balance (Electrical) 5. Refrigerator 18. Hot plate 6. pH meter 19. Binocular Microscope 7. Air-dry oven 8. Autoclave (Vertical) 20. Haemocytometer 9. Desiccators 21. Colony counter 10. Micro-filtration unit 22. Antiserum 11. Chromatography columns 23. Antibodies 12. TLC Plates 24. Micropipettes 13. DNA gel photographs showing plasmid and 25. Microcentrifuge chromosomal DNA bands

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO BE STUDIED

1. NBTB- National Biotechnology Board 15. NHGRI- National Human Genome Research Institute 2. DBT- Department of Biotechnology 16. IBPGR- International Board of Plant Genetic 3. DST- Department of Science and Technology Resources 4. CSIR- Council of Scientific and Industrial 17. EBI- European Bioinformatics Institute Research 18. DDBJ- DNA Databank of Japan 5. IARI- Indian Agricultural Research Institute 19. EMBL- European Molecular Biology 6. ICMR- Indian Council of Medical Research Laboratory 7. NBRI- National Botanical Research Institute 20. BLAST- Basic Local Alignment Search Tools 8. CIMAP- Central Institute of Medicinal and 21. TIGR- The Institute of Genomic Research Aromatic Plants 22. IEF- Isoelectric Focusing 9. CDRI- Central Drug Research Institute 23. RCF- Relative Centrifugal Force 10. CCMB-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology 24. HEPA- High Efficiency Particulate Air 11. HGRI- Human Genome Research Institute 25. CFTR- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Gene 12. NII- National Institute of Immunology 26. NCBI- National Centre for Biotechnology 13. NBPGR- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Information Resources 27. EST- Expressed Sequence Tag 14. ICGEB-International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 28. ARS- Autonomously Replicating Sequence

315 29. GM- Genetically Modified 30. ddNTP- Dideoxynucleoside Triphosphate 41. SSB- Single Strand Binding Protein 31. STS- Sequence Tagged Sites 42. IFN- Interferon 32. PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction 43. DBM- Diazobenzene Oxymethyl 33. VNTR- Variable Number of Tandem Repeats 44. AFLP- Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism 34. RAPD - Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA 45. SNP- Single Nucleotide Polymorphism 35. RFLP- Restriction Fragment Length 46. CPU- Central Processing Unit Polymorphism 47. GST- Genome Sequence Tag 36. PAGE- Polyacrylamide 48. GDB – Genome Database 37. SCP- Single Cell Protein 49. MGD – Mouse Genome Database 38. HGP- Human Genome Project 50. YAC – Yeast Artificial Chromosome 39. HBsAg- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen 51. BAC – Bacterial Artificial Chromosome 40. Km- Michaelis Menton Constant 52. PDB - Protein Data Bank 53. PIR - Protein Identification Resources

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