BIOTECHNOLOGY (878) Aims: 4. To create awareness about the appreciation of 1. To enable candidates to acquire the knowledge biological processes to industries. and develop an understanding of how materials 5. To develop the ability to appreciate biological are provided by biological agents to provide phenomenon in nature and the contribution of goods and services. biotechnology to human welfare. 2. To appreciate the role played by biotechnology 6. To develop scientific attitude towards biological in improving health care for human beings. phenomenon. 3. To understand the interdisciplinary nature of this subject. CLASS XI There will be two papers in the subject the products, good laboratory practices and a Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ... 70 marks brief note on international marketing. Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks (b) Basic concepts of Biochemical technology: What does the biochemical technology mean? Project Work … 10 marks An understanding of various principles and Practical File … 5 marks statistical methods involved in research under the umbrella of biotechnology. PAPER I –THEORY- 70 Marks Concept of buffer, pH, physical variables, There will be one paper of three hours duration dimensions and units. Fluid flow and mixing, divided into two parts. heat and mass transfer, growth kinetics and Part 1 (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short fermentation process. An understanding of answer questions, testing knowledge, application and bio-reactors. Concept of probability, methods skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of of sampling, collection of data – primary and the entire syllabus. secondary data, classification and tabulation, confidence levels, idea of sampling, Part 2 (50 marks) will consist of eight questions out distribution and standard error. of which the candidates will be required to answer five questions. Each question in this part shall carry (c) Scope and importance of biotechnology: 10 marks. different branches of biotechnology and different regulatory, social, ethical and legal 1. Introduction to Biotechnology issues that a biotechnologist comes across (a) Historical background and the future of while doing the work. Biotechnology: definition and a brief Names, definitions and importance of various introduction of the traditional techniques which fields that can be covered under biotechnology are now covered under the heading such as - agricultural/ plant biotechnology, Biotechnology and different ways the present animal biotechnology/medical biotechnology, man is utilising the traditional principles for industrial biotechnology, immunology and the betterment of mankind. health care, energy, environment and services. Kitchen, the first biotechnological laboratory - Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in reasoning behind the technology involved in biotechnology- concept of intellectual property, simple biological products like curd, beer and intellectual property rights and the choice of wine. A brief note on the causative intellectual property rights protection. Various micro-organisms. types of IPRs. Concept of patenting and its Application of these technologies for large- need. Process patenting and product patenting. scale production, with special reference to Various precautions to be taken while carrying fermentation. Quality control management of 305 out biotechnological work. Various types of Concept of crossing over, chiasmata. intellectual property rights. Basic concept of cell cycle and cell cycle Concept of ethical, legal and social issues with regulation. one common example. How these issues are being tackled at national and international Cell communication and signal transduction, level. movement, nutrition, gaseous exchange, internal transport and maintenance of the Bio safety issues: release of genetically internal transport and cell reproduction. modified organisms into the environment. Biochemical Transformations: Bridging the gap between bioscience, engineering and technology. An understanding of biochemical transformations, different biochemical 2. Cell Biology pathways involved in respiration - aerobic (a) Cell - Basic unit of life: Justification of cell as and anaerobic. a basic unit of life. A brief note on the cell Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, components with special reference to nucleus electron transport chain and oxidative and its components. Various cytological phosphorylation. techniques used in counting and identifying the cell and chromosomes. Anaerobic respiration - lactic acid formation, fermentation and lactic acid alcohol An understanding of cell components, their formation. structure, and functions - cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasmic reticulum, golgi Photosynthesis – brief historical account and apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes, light and dark reactions. vacuoles, plastids, lysosomes, nucleus and (c) Errors in cell division: what happens if the other important inclusions of the cell. cell does not divide normally? An Differentiation between plant and animal and prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular systems. understanding of different numerical and structural abnormalities which can be detected Chromosomal structure and composition – with the help of a microscope. organisation of chromatids, concept of homologous and non-homologous Concept of non-disjunction: meiotic chromosomes, sister and non-sister non-disjunction and mitotic non-disjunction. chromatids, classification of chromosomes on Non-disjunction in sex chromosomes – the basis of position of the centromere on the Turner’s syndrome and Klienfelter’s chromosome, basic idea about telomere, syndrome, identification and symptoms. chromatin and nucleosome. An idea about banding patterns and their application. Importance of these syndromes in studying human behavioural genetics. Concept of chromosomal number in different species, e.g. man and mouse. Numerical chromosomal aberrations with Techniques in cytology - microscopy, cell respect to autosomes, i.e. Down’s syndrome/ trisomy 21. sorting and counting, karyotyping and banding techniques. Structural chromosomal abnormalities – (b) Cell Division and cell cycle: necessity for a deletions, duplications, translocations, cell to divide. Types of cell division and inversions, ring chromosomes and various other activities of cell such as uniparental disomy. biochemical transformations. Chromosomal abnormalities and gene Types and significance of cell division and a mapping. brief note about the different stages of cell Polyploidy and its significance in plants. division. 306 3. Growth and Development in living beings Concept of trait, gene, allele, phenotype, (a) Animal and plant development: development genotype, homozygosity, heterozygosity and of a complete organism from zygotic cell in hemizygosity. Types of inheritance. both plants and animals. An understanding of Pedigree construction using different defence strategies in all types of living standard symbols. organisms. Construction of pedigree showing different Animal development – zygote to a stage of modes of inheritance, autosomal inheritance - complete development of the foetus in a stage dominant, co-dominant and recessive. where it can absorb food. Sex chromosome inheritance - with special Plant development. Fertilised ovules to a reference to X chromosomal inheritance with complete plant. suitable examples. Immune response in plants and animals - immune system in higher animals, concept of Mitochondrial / cytoplasmic inheritance. immunity, immunisation, antigen and Establishment of genetic reasons for a trait - antibody. Various cells involved in immune family and twin studies. system in humans. An introduction to human leukocyte antigens. Types of immunity - Various problems in genetic research - innate and acquired. ELISA Technique variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance, (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay). one gene several effects, one phenotype several genes and Lyon’s hypothesis. Plant pathogen interaction. Secondary metabolism. (b) Gene Mapping: mapping of genes on chromosomes using linkage analysis. An Defence strategies in microbes and insects. understanding of mutations and cancer (b) Biodiversity and evolution of populations: an genetics. understanding of biodiversity in both plants and animals and the concept of population. Mapping of genes on chromosomes with Significance of biodiversity, Indian plants and respect to genetic diseases. animals. Basic concept of linkage and crossing over. Concept and value of biodiversity. Genetic recombination, concept of Understanding the concept of biodiversity. To centi morgan (cM), Morgan’s experimental appreciate various reasons for valuing and results, explanation of linkage and mapping conserving biodiversity (ethical, moral, with suitable examples, discovery of DNA as economic, aesthetic). An understanding of the genetic material. speciation, types of speciation - allopatric and Concept of mutation and various factors sympatric; concept of ecosystem; adaptation causing mutations. and natural selection. Cancer genetics: a brief note. Organisation of life, size and complexity, interaction with the environment. (c) Genes in populations: how do genes behave in populations from generation to generation? 4. Genetics Various ways of studying population (a) Laws of Inheritance: how can one establish if genetics. a trait/disease is genetic or environmental? An Concept of gene pool and allele frequency, account of Mendel’s experiments. Different polymorphism, definition of Hardy Weinberg types of genetic inheritance