The National Status Report

2019 Contents

Foreword 7 Cotton 82 INTRODUCTION 9 Dried fruits (grapes) 83 Australia's plant resources 10 Forestry 84 Features of 2019 12 Ginger 86 Growing threats of plant 13 Grains 88 Plant biosecurity highlights in 2019 14 Hazelnuts 90 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM 17 Honey bees 92 Lychees 94 Australia's plant biosecurity system 18 Macadamias 95 Plant biosecurity framework and legislation 20 Mangoes 96 The Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity 20 Melons 98 The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy 20 Olives 99 National committees 21 Onions 100 Biosecurity legislation 23 Passionfruit 101 Biosecurity emergency response agreements 23 Pineapples 102 Plant biosecurity statutory levies 24 Pistachios 103 Government roles 24 Processing tomatoes 104 The 24 Production nurseries 106 State and territory governments 28 Rice 108 Non-government roles 34 109 Plant Health Australia 34 Stone fruit 110 Peak plant industry bodies 36 Strawberries 111 Private sector 36 Sugarcane 112 Research funders and providers 37 Sweetpotatoes 114 The community 37 Table grapes 115 CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES 39 Tea tree 116 Protecting Australia's plant resources 40 Truffles 117 National priority pests 41 Vegetables (including potatoes) 118 National Priority Plant Pests 41 Walnuts 122 National action plans 43 Wine grapes 123 National Priority List of Exotic Environmental Pests, Weeds and 44 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY 125 Plant industry biosecurity preparedness 45 Biosecurity planning for plant industries 45 Pre-border and border biosecurity 126 Contingency planning 56 Pre-border biosecurity 127 Environmental biosecurity preparedness 57 Obligations under international trade agreements 127 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES 65 Pre-border activities to mitigate the risks from imports 129 Regulating imports to manage risk 130 Almonds 68 Other international activities 134 Apples and pears 70 Ensuring Australian exports meet required standards 135 Avocados 72 Border biosecurity 143 Bananas 74 Collaborations to reduce border biosecurity risks 143 Blueberries 76 Government screening and inspection 144 Canned fruits 77 National border surveillance program 146 Cherries 78 Protecting our northern coastline 146 Chestnuts 79 Post-entry plant 147 Citrus 80 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS 149 Community involvement in domestic quarantine 204 The biosecurity obligations of all Australians 204 Post border biosecurity – plant pest surveillance and diagnostics 150 The role of local government 204 Plant pest surveillance 151 On-farm biosecurity 205 Oversight of plant pest surveillance 151 Biosecurity extension and engagement programs 206 Government surveillance programs 153 Biosecurity manuals for producers 209 Industry surveillance strategies and programs 154 Managing pests on farm 210 General surveillance programs 156 Australia’s weed biosecurity system 211 Plant pest surveillance programs in 2019 158 Coordination of weed management 212 Diagnostics – identifying plant pests and diseases 166 Preventing the entry of new weeds 212 Oversight of national plant biosecurity diagnostics 166 Weed surveillance 213 National Diagnostic protocols 168 Eradication and containment of weeds 214 Diagnostic services in Australia 172 Managing established weeds 214 National reference collections 172 Handbook for the Identification of Fruit 178 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 217 Online systems supporting plant biosecurity 179 Plant biosecurity research, development and extension 218 AUSPestCheck 179 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy 219 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW Australian Government agencies and statutory authorities 219 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 219 PLANT PESTS 181 Australian Research Council 220 Post-border biosecurity – managing plant biosecurity emergencies 182 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 220 National plant biosecurity response arrangements 183 Plant Innovation Centre @ Post-entry Quarantine (pic@peq) 220 Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 183 Research and development corporations 222 PLANTPLAN 184 Agrifutures Australia 222 National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement 184 Cotton Research and Development Corporation 223 Preparing for plant biosecurity incidents 185 Forest and Wood Products Australia 223 Reporting a plant pest or 185 Grains Research and Development Corporation 223 Biosecurity Incident Management System 185 Hort Innovation 224 National Biosecurity Response Team 186 Sugar Research Australia 224 National communication arrangements 186 Wine Australia 225 Training in biosecurity emergency responses 187 The Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative 225 Notifications and responses in 2019 189 State and territory governments 226 National response plans 189 University and private research institutes 226 Other plant pest notifications 189 Collaborative research arrangements 226 Centre for Crop and Disease Management 227 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING Centre for Fruit Biosecurity Innovation 228 PESTS AND WEEDS 195 Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis 228 Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation 228 Post-border biosecurity – controlling plant pests and weeds 196 Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products 228 Domestic quarantine 197 Plant biosecurity RD&E projects in 2019 230 Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access 197 Restrictions on interstate travellers carrying produce 197 APPENDICES 265 Restrictions on interstate movement of commercial consignments 198 Organisation contact details 266 Official control of quarantine plant pests to protect overseas trade 199 Glossary 268 Australia’s regionalised pests 199 Acronyms 270 Preventing the spread of fruit flies 203 INDEX 273 Figures Tables

Figure 1. Australia’s varied climatic zones 10 Table 1. Plant and environmental biosecurity legislation across Australia 23 Figure 2. Gross value of plant and production industries in Australia, Table 2. Plant Health Australia members 35 1972-2019 11 Table 3. Australia’s National Priority Plant Pests 41 Figure 3. 2019 annual rainfall compared to historical rainfall observations 12 Table 4. The top 10 National Priority Plant Pests 42 Figure 4. 2019 annual mean temperatures compared to historical temperature Table 5. Current biosecurity plans covering Australia's plant industries 45 observations 12 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats 46 Figure 5. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity system 19 Table 7. Contingency plans 58 Figure 6. National government biosecurity committees and working groups Table 8–46 Inductry specific High Priority Pest lists 68 with a plant focus 22 Table 47. Australian Government import policy advice, final and in progress 131 Figure 7 Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries, based on Table 48. Australia's export legislation, administered by the gross value of production, 2017–18 67 Department of Agriculture 135 Figure 8–87. Industry production data 69 Table 49. Market access achievements for pollinator and plant product exports Figure 88. Entity responsibility for biosecurity risks, first points of entry (ports) 144 from Australia since 2000 138 Figure 89. Biosecurity risk pathways regulated by NAQS 146 Table 50. Australia's post-entry plant quarantine facilities 147 Figure 90. National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System framework 152 Table 51. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs 158 Figure 91. Surveillance programs by target host 158 Table 52. National Diagnostic Protocols 169 Figure 92. Surveillance programs by target pest type 158 Table 53. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities, accreditations and Figure 93. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process 168 collections 173 Figure 94. RD&E projects by pest type 230 Table 54. Responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements 190 Figure 95. RD&E projects by research type or location 230 Table 55. Plant Pest detections notified under the EPPRD in 2019 192 Figure 96. RD&E projects by project value 230 Table 56. Australia’s regionalised pests 199 Figure 97. RD&E projects by biosecurity areas 231 Table 57. Biosecurity manuals for producers 209 Figure 98. RD&E projects by crop type 231 Table 58. Sales of plant chemicals in Australia, 2016–19 210 Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects 232 Case studies

Introduction International Year of Plant Health 13

Chapter 1 Primary representatives and advisors for plant and environmental biosecurity 25 National Biosecurity Statement 27

Chapter 2 National workshop prioritises action on Khapra 43 New program to prepare for Xylella fastidiosa 44 Preparedness for vegetable leafminer 46 Review of environmental risk management 56

Chapter 4 Regulating bulk grain imports to safeguard Australia’s biosecurity status 134 New measures to stop the arrival of unwanted pests with cut flower imports 136 Visit by biosecurity partners from the Pacific 137

Chapter 5 Annual Surveillance Workshop 2019 152 Citrus Surveillance and Pest Triage Workshop 153 Forest pest surveillance in NSW 154 Biosecurity Pathways and Surveillance Strategy Workshop 156 Botanic Gardens Biosecurity Network 157 Building skills through the Diagnostic Residential Program 166 Annual Diagnosticians’ Workshop 2019 167

Chapter 6 Exercise Crown and Anchor 185 Exercise Blueprint for the cotton industry 187 Workshop Sugar Rush tests industry's preparedness 188 Banana freckle freedom declared 189 Western Australia regains freedom from citrus canker 193

Chapter 7 Nursery industry biosecurity program pays off 198 Regional fruit fly initiative recognised 205 Strawberry grower awarded for on-farm biosecurity 208 New Cherry Growers’ Biosecurity Manual 209 Increased support for weed biocontrol 213 Multi-prong attack on hawkweed yields results 215

Chapter 8 Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative Symposium 225 6 Foreword

2019 was a challenging year for agricultural industries in Australia. Extreme climatic events impacted production across the nation, with drought and bushfires causing devastation to crops and the .

Fortunately, our crops and native are largely protected from the consequences of pests that affect plants overseas by a highly effective biosecurity system. The system relies on the efforts of a wide variety of stakeholders, with governments, growers, scientists and community members working in a co-ordinated manner. This allows us to address the biosecurity challenges posed by globalisation, the increased movement of people and goods, and climate change.

By working together, we can effectively prevent, respond to, eradicate and recover from plant pest incursions, thereby maintaining the productivity and profitability of our plant industries.

Each year, the National Plant Biosecurity Status Report is published by Plant Health Australia. This 12th edition of the report provides a comprehensive overview of Australia’s plant biosecurity system and the activities performed by all major stakeholders during the 2019 calendar year. It also describes over 680 plant and pollinator biosecurity research, development and extension projects. This research is fundamental to the development and adoption of new technologies which will significantly enhance our capability to detect and respond to exotic pests in the future.

Over 100 organisations provided data and images for this report. PHA thanks all of the contributors, whose cooperation make the publication of this edition of the National Plant Biosecurity Status Report possible.

Steve McCutcheon Chairman Plant Health Australia

Image caption 7

Introduction Australia’s plant resources

Australia is fortunate to be free from many serious plant pests that exist overseas, due to Figure 1. Australia’s varied climatic zones more than a century of effective quarantine measures and our geographic isolation.

Our plant health status confers significant benefits to us all. Without biosecurity efforts, plant pests such as , fungi, and spread to suitable host plants in new INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION areas and countries aided by the movement of people and goods.

Due to the wide range of climatic zones in Australia (see Figure 1), there are many types of natural and crop species grown. Each and crop has a set of pests that pose a threat.

Almost half of Australia's total land area is used for agriculture. In the tropical and subtropical zones, crops such as bananas, sugarcane, pineapples, mangoes and ginger are grown. In southern temperate zones, pome and stone fruits, grapes, nuts, onions and

AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S potatoes can be cultivated. Vast areas with grassland climate are suited to broadacre production of grains, pulses, cotton, timber and pasture for production, and Major classification groups vegetables are grown in many areas. Equatorial Desert Tropical Grassland

CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: Plant industries make a significant contribution to agricultural production and exports. In 2017–18, around 378 million hectares was farmed by 85,000 crop and livestock Subtropical Temperate businesses.1 Plant industries represented a gross value of $33 billion (Figure 2) and plant Image courtesy of the Bureau of Meteorology exports were worth more than $27 billion, mainly grains (such as wheat, barley and canola), sugar, wine, forestry, cotton and horticultural products.

Produce destined for overseas must meet the standards set for market access, which often We have a unique, biodiverse natural environment with more than 500 national parks includes evidence that production areas are free from certain pests. Production and trade covering more than 28 million hectares representing four per cent of the total land area. could be jeopardised by an incursion of a new pest that makes its way into our fields, A further six per cent or more of Australia is protected and includes areas within state orchards and plantations. forests, nature reserves, indigenous protected areas and conservation reserves.2 In 2017 the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated these areas brought more than $6 trillion Protection of plants in the environment and those planted for social amenity from the risks worth of benefits to Australia. Invasive exotic plant pests and weeds could threaten native and negative effects of pests, weeds and diseases entering, emerging, establishing or species, disrupt ecosystems and change the face of these landscapes, along with parklands spreading in Australia, is also a high priority. and other public amenities.3

1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 7121.0 - Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 2017–18 – Statistics. Accessed online 3 March 2020 www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/7121.02017- The definition of a pest used in this report covers insects, , snails, , 18?OpenDocument pathogens (diseases) and weeds that have the potential to adversely affect food, fibre, 2. Commonwealth of Australia. Conserving Australia: Australia’s National parks, conservation reserves and marine protected areas. Accessed online 11 February 2020 aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business ornamental crops, bees and stored products, as well as environmental flora and fauna. Committees/Senate/Environment_and_Communications/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/nationalparks/ Exotic pests are those not currently present in Australia. Established or regionalised pests report/index are those present within Australia. 3. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian environmental–economics accounts, 2017, Cat. No. 4655.0. Accessed online 11 February 2020 abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4655.0Main+Features12017

10 Figure 2. Gross value of plant and animal production industries in Australia, 1972-2019* ONONON I 40 TITI UCUCUC

35 ODOD TRTRTR N 30 INTRODUCTIONINININTRODUCTION

25

20 * 15 VALUE (GVP $ BILLION) (GVP VALUE 10

5

0

1972–731973–74 1975–76 1977–78 1979–80 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 1991–92 1993–94 1995–96 1997–98 1999–00 2001–02 2003–04 2005–06 2007–08 2009–10 2011–12 2013–142015–162017–182018–19 YEAR Tot al crops Tot al livestock

* Includes forestry from 1995–96

Image caption 11 Features of 2019 Figure 3. 2019 annual rainfall compared to historical rainfall observations

2019 was a very challenging year for plants grown in Australia, whether they be for plant industries, in natural environments or in urban settings. While the year began with devastating flooding in the far north gulf country, the balance of the year for a large portion of the country was the driest on record, with nationally averaged rainfall 40 per cent below average for the year at 277.6 mm (Figure 3), and the warmest on record, with the annual INTRODUCTION national mean temperature 1.52 degrees above average (Figure 4).4

The drought had a great impact on the growth of dryland crops and pastures and the Rainfall decline ranges amount of water available for irrigated crops, limiting grazing resources for livestock. Crop pollinators too, like European honey bees, were hit by a lack of flowers on which Highest on record to forage. Water allocation prices reflected both the scarcity of irrigation water and the 10 Very much above average changing willingness to pay as new higher-value industries enter the market, such as 8-9 Above average nut crops. 4-7 Average

In December 2019, the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and 2-3 Below average Sciences forecasted the total crop production in 2019–20 to be the lowest since 2007–08.5 1Very much below average

The value of agricultural exports was forecasted to fall by eight per cent to $45 billion. Image courtesy of Bureau of Meteorology Lowest on record The main drivers of this were lower crop and livestock production and a diversion of grain to the domestic market for feed and human consumption. Figure 4. 2019 annual mean temperatures compared to historical temperature observations A key feature of 2019 was the widespread incidence of fires, with more than 100 fires impacting the south east of the country. Starting in September 2019, fires in most states of Australia had a devastating impact on coastal bushland areas and some agricultural enterprises, continuing into January 2020.

Temperature decline ranges Highest on record 10 Very much above average 8-9 Above average 4-7 Average 4. Bureau of Meteorology. Australia’s climate in 2019. Accessed online 24 February 2020 www.bom.gov.au/ climate/current/annual/aus/ 2-3 Below average 5. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Research Economics and Sciences. Agricultural commodities 1Very much below average December quarter 2019. Accessed online 16 March 2020 www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research- topics/agricultural-commodities/australian-crop-report Image courtesy of Bureau of Meteorology Lowest on record 12 including approximately 40,000itemssniffed outby biosecuritydetectordogs. officers intercepted more than290,000itemsofbiosecurityconcern across thecountry, and travel, ahighpriorityisplaced onplantbiosecurity. During2019,Australianbiosecurity To maintainAustralia’s favourable biosecuritystatus inthisageofincreased globaltrade million foreigners. 1 milliontonnesby air, 1 Office oftheNationalData Commissioner. Biosecurity by numbers December 2019.Accessed online 11. Austrade. LatestInternational VisitorSurvey Results, September 2019.Accessed online 11February 10. Australian Bureau ofStatistics. Overseas Arrivals and Departures, AustraliaNovember 2019. 9. Department ofInfrastructure, Transport, CitiesandRegional Development. Aviation Statistics. 8. Department ofInfrastructure, Transport, CitiesandRegional Development. Australian SeaFreight 7. Commonwealth ofAustralia.Prioritiesfor Australia's Biosecurity System: Response from Australian 6. for Australia.Annuallythere isnow nearly100milliontonnesoffreight arrivingby sea, The growth intradeandinternationalmovement ofpeoplepresents biosecurity challenges carriedby vectors suchasinsects. • by environmental forces includingwater andwind • through tradinggoodsandmovement ofpeople • Plant pestsanddiseasesspread inthree mainways: biosecurity risksinAustralia. tourism andtheincreasing volume ofgoods moved are allcontributing toincreasing Factors suchasglobalisation,internationalandinterstatemovement, climatechange, Growing threatstoplanthealth regionalised peststhatare already present. important askeeping exotic pests outofAustraliaisthemanagementestablishedor environment were identifiedandlistedfor thefirsttimein2019(seeChapter2).Justas biosecurity planningby PlantHealthAustralia(PHA).Thehighpriorityplantpestsfor the Some 399highprioritypestshave been identifiedfor Australia’s plantindustriesthrough 11 February 2020www.datacommissioner.gov.au/media-hub/biosecurity-numbers 2020 www.tra.gov.au/International/international-tourism-results Accessed online11February 2020www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/3401.0 Accessed online11February 2020bitre.gov.au/statistics/aviation asf_2016_17.pdf 2016–17. Accessed online11February 2020www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/ SiteCollectionDocuments/igab-review-response.pdf agriculture ministers(November 2018).Accessed online16July2019agriculture.gov.au/ 8 and20.5millioninternationaltravellers arriving, 6 9 10 including8.7 11

7

for thecelebration oftheyear inAustralia. planthealthyear.org.au and championtheimportance planthealthallaround thecountry. Thewebsite Throughout theyear many activitiesandevents are beingorganised torecognise industry bodiesandotherkey stakeholders. Australia, comprised ofdepartmentalstaffandrepresentatives from PHA,peak Australia’s ChiefPlantProtection Officer chairsasteeringcommittee for theyear in way oflife. diseases becausethey have thegreatest impactoncrops, theenvironment andour development. Thefocus for Australiaisonpreventing thespread ofpestsand hunger, reduce poverty, protect theenvironment, andboosteconomic The aimistoraiseglobalawareness ofhow protecting planthealthcanhelpend biosecurity. everyone tounderstandandtake seriouslytheirrole inprotecting Australia’s The themefor theyear, ‘Protecting plants,protecting life’, underlinestheneedfor and Agriculture Organization inRome on2December 2019. The InternationalYear ofPlantHealthfor 2020was launched globallyby theFood International Year ofPlantHealth was launchedinlate2019asacentral hubofinformation

13 INTRODUCTION Plant biosecurity highlights in 2019

Below is a timeline of some key plant biosecurity related events during 2019 that involved a broad range of stakeholders across Australia working to protect our plant resources. These events are referenced throughout the report. INTRODUCTION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

Multi-pronged attack Banana freckle Australian Biosecurity Biosecurity Pathways Workshop Sugar Rush National workshop on hawkweed yields freedom declared Awards and Surveillance See page 188 prioritises action on results See page 189 See page 208 Strategy workshop Khapra beetle See page 215 See page 156 Pacific Plant See page 43 New preparedness Annual Diagnostician’s Biosecurity Xylella program for Workshop Inspector General of Partnership visit fastidiosa See page 167 Biosecurity report on See page 137 See page 44 environmental Annual Surveillance New cherry growers’ biosecurity risk Building skills through Workshop biosecurity manual management the Diagnostic See page 152 See page 209 See page 56 Residential Program Preparedness for See page 166 Exercise Crown and vegetable leaf miner Anchor See page 46 See page 185 Inspector General of Market access for Biosecurity report on almonds into Chile brown marmorated See page 137 stink bug See page 26

Inspector General of Biosecurity report on pest and disease interceptions and incursions See page 26

14 JUL See page43 Ant BiosecurityPlan Release ofInvasive

U E C O DEC NOV OCT SEP AUG See page225 R Plant Biosecurity See page187 Exercise Blueprint esearch Symposium esearch Symposium See page153 triage workshop Citrus surveillance See page136 cut flowerimports unwanted pestswith the arriv New measurestostop al of al of

See page144 biosecurity breach initiativ Regional fruitfly See page154 tourist visaf First cancellationofa See page205 surv Forest pest eillance in NSW eillance inNSW e recognised e recognised or or

See page193 citrus cank WA declaredfreeof See page157 launched Biosecurity Network Botanic Gardens

er er

See page43 published Plan 2019-29 National Xylella Action See page13 Plant Health International Y Launch ofthe

ear of ear of

15 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 Australia's plant biosecurity system Australia's plant biosecurity system

It takes great effort to keep exotic pests out of Australia. With a total coastline stretching almost 60,000 km, our borders are best protected from plant pests by collaborative partnerships, and by coordination of activities.

Australia works across the three layers of the biosecurity continuum – pre-border, at the border and post-border – with activities to help prevent the introduction, spread and establishment of pests. Surveillance and monitoring of risk areas are critical to the integrity of the system, along with activities, which focus on assessing and managing potential biosecurity threats at Australia’s airports, seaports and international mail centres.

The three layers of protection and the whole of system assets are expanded upon throughout this report (see Figure 5). AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S The enormous challenge of protecting Australia from plant pests can only be achieved by stakeholders operating in a coordinated fashion, referred to as the plant biosecurity partnership.

CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: As global trade increases, biosecurity risks change, and pests can enter the country faster and in more complex unpredictable ways. The objective of the biosecurity system is to manage risk to a very low level – not to zero – to ensure the safe movement of people, , plants, food and cargo into Australia (see Chapter 4). To do this, complementary measures are applied across the biosecurity continuum, pre-border, at the border and post-border.

The activities of the Australian Government, such as restrictions on what comes in at international arrival points, are often the most visible aspects of the plant biosecurity system. In fact, all Australians have a role to play in keeping Australia free from new pests.

Key stakeholders with important roles to prevent the spread of pests include state government agencies, peak industry bodies and their growers, local councils, grower groups, transporters, research organisations, gardeners, anyone who visits a farm or a natural area where plant health is at risk, (including utility providers such as electricity and water service staff), and international and domestic travellers.

The principle of biosecurity partnerships was established in recognition that, in addition to plant producers and governments, the wider Australian community benefits from the biosecurity system. Benefits include improved productivity, product quality and cost, market access, trade, profitability, sustainability and environmental preservation.

18 Image caption Figure 5.Key componentsofAustralia’s plantbiosecuritysystem PRE-BORDER Maintaining theManualofImportingCountry • Negotiating exportmarket access • Anticipating pestthreats by gatheringglobal • Buildingcapacity overseas • Developing internationalstandards • Undertaking pestsurveillance overseas • Inspecting,verifying andauditingoverseas • Analysing pestrisksassociatedwithproposed • exports Documentation System (EXDOC)tofacilitate Requirements (MICoR) andExport pest intelligence exporters imports AT THEBORDER Prioritisingexotic peststotarget with • Isolatingnewly arrived plantmaterialin • Enforcing border restrictions • Protecting Australia’s northfrom exotic pests • Encouraging thereporting ofsuspectednew • Imposingbiosecurity measures atports • Raisingawareness ofplantpestsand • Inspecting andmonitoringarrivals ofpeople, • preparedness and prevention activities post-entry quarantine Strategy (NAQS) with theNorthernAustraliaQuarantine pests by portworkers andimporters movement restrictions cargo, mailandplantproducts POST-BORDER • Managing weeds Managing pestfruitfliesonanationalbasis • Protecting farmswithon-farm biosecurity • Responding toenvironmental threats with the • Maintainingemergency response capacity • plant pests Maintainingtheabilitytodiagnose • Managingestablishedpests • Encouraging thereporting ofanything unusual • Managingrisksunderthecontrol ofeveryday • Eradicatingexotic pestsundertheEmergency • Providing earlywarning ofincursionsexotic • Preventing thespread ofregionalised pests • measures Agreement National Environmental BiosecurityResponse Australians Plant PestResponse Deed pests withsurveillance

19 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Plant biosecurity framework and legislation

The framework for managing the cooperative partnership that underpins Australia’s THE NATIONAL PLANT BIOSECURITY STRATEGY effective plant biosecurity system is supported by a suite of strategies, agreements, review reports, policies and legislation, developed over many years. These not only provide the The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy is a comprehensive current structure but provide a vision of how the plant biosecurity system should operate ten-year plan that outlines a set of aims and activities to National Plant into the future. strengthen Australia’s plant biosecurity system by 2020. Biosecurity The strategy has provided the focus and strategic direction for Strategy THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON BIOSECURITY national plant biosecurity activities since 2010, and driven the way governments, plant industries and the community work For governments, Australia’s partnership approach to biosecurity is documented in the closely together. Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB). PHA developed the strategy by drawing together the views of The IGAB sets out commitments for the Australian, state and territory governments by stakeholders across Australia, aligning them with the original outlining the agreed national goals and objectives and clarifying roles, responsibilities and IGAB to ensure consistency. Ten strategies were formulated to governance arrangements. It is signed by the Prime Minister, premiers and chief ministers. respond to the challenges facing the system. December 2010

AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S The IGAB is an important part of Australia’s biosecurity architecture. Its role is to: A review of the strategy in 2014 assessed progress against each recommended activity and • strengthen Australia’s biosecurity system produced an implementation plan for the remaining tasks to be completed. Towards the end of 2019, PHA commenced work on the development of a new ten year National Plant • enhance national collaboration among Australian governments Biosecurity Strategy.

CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: • support our biosecurity system to meet current and future challenges. The latest agreement came into effect on 3 January 2019, replacing the previous IGAB which started in 2012. A review of the IGAB was undertaken in 2016–17, with agriculture Key goals of the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (2010) ministers agreeing, or agreeing in principle, to all 42 recommendations in 2018.

Agriculture ministers agreed on four key priority reform areas for the national biosecurity Strategy 1 Adopt nationally consistent plant biosecurity legislation, regulations system, which are: and approaches where possible within each state and territory government’s overarching legislative framework • a unified, strategic framework for the national biosecurity system Strategy 2 Establish a nationally coordinated surveillance system • enhanced national capacity to manage risks associated with priority pests and diseases Strategy 3 Build Australia’s ability to prepare for, and respond to, pest incursions • reduced impediments to maintaining and growing market access Strategy 4 Expand Australia’s biosecurity training capacity and capability • improved system performance and accountability. Strategy 5 Create a nationally integrated diagnostic network Strategy 6 Enhance national management systems for established pests Strategy 7 Establish an integrated national approach to plant biosecurity education and awareness Strategy 8 Develop a national framework for plant biosecurity research Strategy 9 Adopt systems and mechanisms for the efficient and effective distribution, communication and uptake of plant biosecurity information Strategy 10 Monitor the integrity of the plant biosecurity system

20 The Secretary oftheAustralianGovernment DepartmentofAgriculture reform areas. national biosecuritymattersand progress towards implementing theIGABandpriority across andbetween Australiangovernments. The NBCprovides advice totheAGSOC on A core objective ofthecommittee istopromote cooperation, coordination andconsistency system, aswell asmanagingongoingor‘normal’commitments. on thoseareas thathave beenidentified aspriorityreforms for the national biosecurity environment, community wellbeing andsocialamenity. Itdoesthisby focusing its efforts marine andaquaticpests,the impactoftheseonagriculture production, the approach tobiosecurity issuesandthreats relating toplantandanimalpestsdiseases, The NationalBiosecurityCommittee (NBC)isresponsible for managinganational,strategic National BiosecurityCommittee Ministers' Forum (AGMIN) inachieving itsobjectives. coordinated approaches tomattersofnationalinterest. Italso supportstheAgriculture New Zealand Government. AGSOC provides for cross-jurisdictional cooperative and departments from theAustralian Government, Australianstatesandterritoriesthe policy issues.Thecommittee comprises theheadsofprimaryindustrygovernment The Agriculture SeniorOfficials’Committee (AGSOC) isresponsible for primaryindustry Agriculture SeniorOfficials'Committee biosecurity committees thatare tasked withnationalcoordination ofplantbiosecurity. governments. Figure 6(on page22) shows thestructure ofAustraliangovernment biosecurity committee structure plays amajorrole infacilitatingpartnershipsbetween biosecurity policyandprocedures thatare nationallyconsistent. Assuch,Australia’s plant National committees provide aformal mechanismfor developing andcoordinating key plant the jurisdictionsandwithAustralianGovernment. biosecurity activitieswithintheirborders, alevel ofcoordination isrequired between While stateandterritorygovernments have responsibility for implementingmany observers. PHA, Animal HealthAustralia (AHA),andthe AustralianLocal Government Association are environment for eachstateandterritory. Jurisdictions mayhave uptotwo representatives. Other membersare seniorrepresentatives from thedepartmentsofprimary industryand/or and aDeputySecretary from theDepartmentof theEnvironment andEnergy (or adelegate). Department ofAgriculture’s DeputySecretary responsible for biosecurity (or adelegate), AGSOC and chairstheNBC.TheAustralian Government isalsorepresented by the NATIONAL COMMITTEES 12 isamemberof legislative outcomes andstandards withinthe plantbiosecuritysector. Through itssubcommittees thePHCalsofacilitatesaconsistent nationalapproach to market access, bothdomesticallyandinternationally. PHC alsocontinued toprogress various linesofwork tosupportandmaintaintrade the documentasoneofmainguidingprincipleswhendetermining work area priorities. In 2019,PHCcontinued implementationoftheNational PlantBiosecurityStrategy, using and theIGABwithrespect toplanthealth. implementation ofthegovernment aspectsoftheNationalPlantBiosecurityStrategy and nationalleadershiponplantbiosecuritymatters.Itisresponsible for overseeing the PHC reports totheNBCand provides strategicpolicy, technicalandregulatory advice, observer status. territory governments. PHAandthechairsofPHCsubcommittees attendmeetingswith community. PHC’s membershipcomprises representatives from theAustralian,stateand is tomaintainorimprove planthealthinAustraliatosupporttheeconomy, environment and Plant HealthCommittee (PHC)isthepeak government plantbiosecuritypolicyforum. Itsrole 2 On5December 2019thePrimeMinister announced changesto theAustralianPublic Service. 12. industry. Consultative Committee, amongstothers,suchasbiosecurity reference groups for each Reference Group, the NationalFruit FlyCouncil andthePlantHealthSurveillance oversee biosecurity. They includegroups suchastheNorthern AustraliaBiosecurity There are alsoseveral committees with government andindustryrepresentatives that Resource Management Regions Australiaandthe AustralianLocal Government Association. which includestheInvasive SpeciesCouncil, WWFAustralia,BushHeritageNatural The EICisalsoadvisedby acommunity sectorEnvironment BiosecurityAdvisory Group, Invasive SpeciesSolutionsare observers onthecommittee. Bureau ofAgricultural andResource Economics andSciences (ABARES), andtheCentre for Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), PHA,AHA, Wildlife HealthAustralia,theAustralian environment departments. Representatives from theCommonwealth Scientific and comprises representatives from theAustralianstateandterritoryprimaryindustry and species thatadversely impacttheenvironment, economy andcommunity. Membership identification, prevention andmanagementofinvasive plant, vertebrate andinvertebrate The Environment andInvasives Committee (EIC)provides nationalpolicyleadershiponthe Environment andInvasives Committee Plant Health Committee The content inthisdocument iswrittenunderthe AustralianGovernment’s structure in2019. The Department ofAgriculture, Water andtheEnvironment would be establishedfrom 1February 2020.

21 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Figure 6. National government biosecurity committees and working groups with plant focus

KEY Federal and state/territory Ministers Higher level government committees

Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee National biosecurity National Biosecurity committees Communication and Engagement Network Agriculture Senior Officials’ NBC working groups National Biosecurity Committee Research & Committee Innovation Committee AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S National Biosecurity Emergency response Emergency Preparedness National Biosecurity National Plant Response Team Biosecurity RD&E Strategy Expert Group Implementation Committee

CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: R&D committees

Animal Health Marine Pest Plant Health Environment and Committee Sectorial Committee Committee Invasives Committee

Subcommittee on Subcommittee on Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine National Plant Health Plant Health and Market Access Surveillance Diagnostics

Consultative Committee National Management Scientific Advisory on Emergency Plant Group (EPPRD*) Panel Pests (EPPRD)

Non-EPPRD Non-EPPRD consultative management groups committees

*Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) 22 governments inJanuary2012. public good.The agreement was signed by the Commonwealth, stateandterritory primarily impact the environment orsocialamenityandwhere theresponse isfor the cost-sharing, for responding tobiosecurityincidents suchaspestsanddiseasesthat The NEBRA establishes nationalemergency response arrangements,includingfor Response Agreement (NEBRA) maybeactivated. is notabletobedealtwithunder the EPPRD, thenthe NationalEnvironmental Biosecurity If anew pestisconsidered toprimarilyimpacttheenvironment orsocialamenityand National EnvironmentalBiosecurity Response Agreement responses isinChapter6. came intoeffect inOctober2005.More information aboutthe EPPRD andemergency industry peakbodies(asat31December 2019).PHAisthecustodianofEPPRD which between PHA,theAustralianGovernment, allstateandterritorygovernments, and37 plant The Emergency PlantPestResponse Deed(EPPRD) isaformal, legallybindingagreement Emergency PlantPestResponse Deed the future. More information aboutthegeneralbiosecurityobligationordutyisonpage204. governments have indicatedthatthey willalsoformalise thisresponsibility inlegislation in their control, known asthegeneralbiosecurityobligationorduty. Otherstateandterritory into lawtheprinciplethateveryone hasaresponsibility for mitigatingbiosecurityrisksunder ’s BiosecurityAct 2014,andNSW’s BiosecurityAct both 2015 ofwhichintroduced introduced anew incident responses. cover thecosts ofbiosecurityactivities,reporting ofsuspiciouspestsandbiosecurity There isalsolegislationcovering aspectssuch asthecollection ofprimaryindustrylevies to also carriestheresponsibility for monitoringcompliance withimportandexport legislation. agriculture, fishandforest products. AsanAustralianGovernment regulator, thedepartment Australia’s biosecuritysystem, manageimportsandregulate exportcertification of The DepartmentofAgriculture administersarangeofCommonwealth legislationtomanage Table 1. applicable) biosecuritylegislation,current asat31December 2019,islistedin administered by therespective government agencies.Plantandenvironmental (where Australia’s biosecuritysystem operatesunderCommonwealth, stateandterritorylegislation BIOSECURITY EMERGENCYRESPONSEAGREEMENTS BIOSECURITY LEGISLATION Biosecurity Act in2019.Thenew legislationalignswith Table 1.Plantandenvironmental biosecuritylegislationacrossAustralia Legislation Administeringauthority Commonwealth Jurisdiction Commonwealth ACT NSW T DepartmentofPrimaryIndustry NT Queensland SA amna DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries, Tasmania Victoria WA Department ofAgriculture and Energy Department oftheEnvironment Directorate Sustainable Development Environment Planningand Department ofPrimaryIndustries and Resources Fisheries Department ofAgriculture and and Regions Department ofPrimaryIndustries Parks, Water andEnvironment Regions Department ofJobs,Precincts and and Regional Development Department ofPrimary Industries Biosecurity (Prohibited andConditionally • Biosecurity Regulation 2016 • Biosecurity (Exposed Conveyances –Exceptions • Biosecurity Legislation Amendment (Miscellaneous • Biosecurity (Consequential Amendments and • ,except totheextent • Environment Protection andBiodiversity • Environment Protection andBiodiversity • Pest Plants andAnimalsAct 2005 • PlantDisease Act 2002 • Biosecurity Order (Permitted Activities) 2017 • Biosecurity Regulation 2017 • Biosecurity Act 2015 • PlantHealth Regulations 2011 • PlantHealth Act 2008 • BiosecurityRegulation 2016 • BiosecurityAct 2014 • PlantHealth Regulations 2009 • PlantHealth Act 2009 • BiosecurityAct 2019 • PlantBiosecurityRegulations 2016 • PlantBiosecurityAct 2010 • BiosecurityandAgriculture Management 2007 Act Management • Agricultural and Biosecurity • Non-prohibited Goods) Determination2016 from BiosecurityControl) Determination2016 Measures) Act 2018 extent administered by theHealth Minister Transitional Provisions) Act 2015,except tothe administered by theHealth Minister Conservation Regulations 2000 Conservation Act 1999 Orders other supportinglegislationsuchasControl Regulations 2013 and

23 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUTORY LEVIES Government roles The Department of Agriculture collects, administers and disburses agricultural levies and charges on behalf of Australia’s primary industries.13

Many of Australia’s primary industries rely on the levy system and the support it provides THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT for research and development (R&D), marketing and promotion, chemical residue testing, Under national legislation, the Australian Government has responsibility for the bulk of and plant health programs. biosecurity activities pre-border and at the border. This includes screening and compliance at the multiple entry points that make up the nation’s border, international phytosanitary The rural research and development corporations (RDCs, see Chapter 8) are funded primarily (plant health) obligations, carrying out risk analysis for proposed imports, and post-entry by statutory R&D levies (or charges) on various commodities, with matching funding from plant quarantine. the Australian Government. Much of the biosecurity R&D listed in Chapter 8 is funded via the levy system. As well as regulating imports, the Australian Government’s biosecurity activities also play a key role in the export of Australian produce. In addition to income from levies and charges being directed to R&D, marketing and promotion, plant industries can also direct revenue to biosecurity preparedness and The Australian Government assists in market access negotiation by working with states emergency plant pest responses. Each industry decides the proportion of a levy or and territories and plant industry peak bodies to collect and analyse plant health surveillance charge that is directed to each of these activities.14 data, to provide trading partners with evidence of freedom from pests and diseases.

AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S Plant biosecurity levies include the PHA levy and the Emergency Plant Pest Response The Australian Government also undertakes negotiations to determine what, if any, (EPPR) levy which can be utilised as follows. treatments or conditions need to be met to send Australia’s plant products overseas.

Plant Health Australia (PHA) levy In addition to bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations, Australia also plays a leading role

CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: in developing and implementing international phytosanitary agreements that aim to prevent The PHA levy can be used by industries to meet membership subscriptions to PHA and the spread of plant pests. may also be used to undertake specific plant biosecurity projects, such as preparation of biosecurity manuals, holding workshops or training sessions and developing pest fact Under the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, Stronger Farmers, Stronger Economy,15 sheets. the Australian Government invested $200 million into improving biosecurity surveillance and analysis, to better target critical biosecurity risks and improve market access for Australian Emergency Plant Pest Response (EPPR) levy producers. EPPR levies enable industries to raise funds in relation to Emergency Plant Pests (EPPs) In May and June 2018, the Australian Government announced a major ongoing funding under the EPPRD. This includes meeting their financial obligations to cost-shared national boost to strengthen the biosecurity system to further protect Australia’s farm industries and response plans in the event of an incursion (see Chapter 6). Once established, EPPR levies environment. This amounted to a $313 million investment over six years from 2017–18 to are generally set at zero and can be activated when needed, following industry agreement help detect, identify and respond to exotic pests and diseases earlier to keep Australia’s to a cost-shared response plan. clean, green image and favourable pest and disease status.

13. Australian Government Department of Agriculture. Biosecurity levies. Accessed online 18 February 2020 15. Commonwealth of Australia (2015). Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, Stronger Farmers, Stronger www.agriculture.gov.au/ag-farm-food/levies/biosecurity-levies Economy, Canberra 14. Australian Government Department of Agriculture. Rural Research and Development Corporations. Accessed online 16 March 2020 www.agriculture.gov.au/ag-farm-food/innovation/research_and_development_ corporations_and_companies#operating-arrangements 24 makers tosupport theplantbiosecurity system. Within thedepartment, ABARES provides current scientific andeconomic advice todecision facilitating thisprocess. sometimes take years towork through. Thedepartment's overseas officers playakey role in technical consultations aboutthe importingnation’s biosecurity requirements, can department inthe process. The negotiations for access tooverseas markets, including promote Australianproducts. They work closelywithindustry, overseas authoritiesand the for information, facilitatevisitsandinspectionstoprogress market access requests and trading partners.Counsellors organise andlead discussions,receive andrespond torequests The agriculturalcounsellors’ role istobuildand maintainkey relationships withAustralia’s United States. the MiddleEast,Thailand,SaudiArabia, Vietnam,Chile,Mexico, theUnitedKingdom andthe Belgium, China,Dubai,Europe, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Malaysia, Japan,Taiwan, Korea, This work issupported andenhanced by anetwork ofagriculturalcounsellors located in assistingthedevelopment ofinternational standards. • facilitatingtargeted technicalassistance and agriculturalcooperation • progressing andresolving market access prioritiesandissues • working toremove barrierstointernationaltrade • regional andmultilateral engagement. Priorityisgiven to: industries andaccess totheAustralianmarket for ourtradingpartnersthrough bilateral, The departmentalsopursuesinternationalmarket access for Australia’s plantproduction to play. responsibility withclients, stakeholders and thegeneralpublic,allofwhomhave arole Managing Australia’s biosecurityisabigjobandthedepartmentpromotes ashared are thepre-border measures toprevent pestsanddiseasesfrom arrivinginthecountry. supported by x-ray machines,surveillance activitiesanddetectordogs.Ofequalimportance that enterAustraliaevery year are screened andinspectedby departmentalstaff, The millionsofpeople,mailparcels, baggage,ships,animals,plantsandcargo containers system thatwillprotect Australiafrom new biosecuritychallenges,whatever they maybe. The DepartmentofAgriculture focuses onmaintainingastrong andresilient biosecurity agriculture portfolio, incollaboration withother agenciesdescribedinthefollowing pages. Most oftheresponsibilities oftheAustralianGovernment are delivered through the agriculture.gov.au Department ofAgriculture supportresponses todetectionsandincursions ofenvironmental pestsand • improve thematurity ofenvironmental biosecuritypreparedness, surveillance • ensure environmental andcommunity biosecurityrisksare betterdefinedand • perform anational policy, engagementandleadershiprole includingmajorsource • enhance understandingand oversight ofenvironmental biosecurityrisks • Biosecurity Officer isto: national environmental biosecurityissues.Therole oftheChiefEnvironmental impacts ofexotic pestsanddiseases.Thepositionprovides policyleadershipon 2018 toensure thecountry’s environment andamenityissafeguarded from the Australia’s ChiefEnvironmentalBiosecurityOfficer betheofficial contact pointfor the • promote ashared visionfor planthealththatprotects andenhances Australia’s • Officer isto: health statusanditssupportingsystems. Therole oftheChiefPlantProtection advisor to,theAustralianGovernment onallmattersrelating toAustralia’s plant Australia’s ChiefPlantProtectionOfficer and environmentalbiosecurity Primary representatives andadvisorsfor plant The Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer, Ian Thompson. Image courtesy ofthe Department ofAgriculture diseases. and response capacity prioritised of advice totheCommonwealth onenvironmental biosecuritymatters valuable plant resources andproduction capacity International PlantProtection Convention. istheprimaryrepresentative of, andan positionwas establishedin

25 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Department of the Environment and Energy The Inspector-General of Biosecurity environment.gov.au Australia’s biosecurity system relies on various government programs, in cooperation with industry, to ensure the safe international movement of people and goods. The Department of the Environment and Energy contributes to the development of national policies on pests and invasive plants that cause harm to the environment. The Inspector-General of Biosecurity position was established to enhance the integrity of Australia’s biosecurity systems through independent evaluation of the performance of these The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 establishes a list of programs across the continuum: pre-border, at the border and post-border. The position is specimens considered suitable for live import into Australia, known as The Live Import List. independent of the Department of Agriculture and its Minister. However, the Inspector- Amendments to the list to include live animal specimens are managed by the department. General may: Imports of live plants are managed by the Department of Agriculture. The import of live • consider requests for particular reviews plants and animals should not be inconsistent with the Biosecurity Act 2015. • review the performance of functions and the exercise of powers by the Director of The department is responsible for ensuring that Australia complies with its obligations Biosecurity (Secretary, Department of Agriculture) under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and • make recommendations for improvement to the overall system. Flora (CITES) and manages permits for the import of CITES listed species (plants or animals). The Inspector-General role does not cover the assessment and review of issues related Advice is also provided to the Department of Agriculture on environmental issues in relation to human biosecurity, international trade and market access opportunities. to risk assessments. On 24 July 2019, the former Inspector-General of Biosecurity, Dr Helen Scott-Orr, AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S completed her term as the inaugural Inspector-General of Biosecurity appointed under Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade the Biosecurity Act 2015. During 2018–19, Dr Scott-Orr completed nine reviews. dfat.gov.au On 29 March 2019, the Minister appointed Mr Rob Delane as the next Inspector-General,

CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade helps make Australia stronger, safer and who commenced in the role on 25 July 2019. more prosperous by promoting and protecting our interests internationally and contributing to global stability and economic growth. The department helps progress Australia’s A review program – set annually in consultation with the Minister for Agriculture and the international trade interests, including by promoting Australia’s strong biosecurity system Director of Biosecurity – is published on the Inspector-General’s website at igb.gov.au. to trading partners. Other agencies within the portfolio include: Reviews relevant to plant biosecurity in 2019 are: • Austrade – Australia’s trade and investment promotion agency. Its global network of • environmental biosecurity risk management in Australia (12 April 2019) advisers are experts in connecting Australian businesses to the world to help them go • effectiveness of biosecurity measures to manage the risks of brown marmorated stink further, faster. bugs entering Australia (28 May 2019) • Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) – a statutory • pest and disease interceptions and incursions in Australia (29 May 2019) authority that is part of the Australian Government's development cooperation • implementation of Inspector-General of Biosecurity recommendations (29 July 2019) programs. ACIAR encourages research collaboration between scientists in Australia • effectiveness of Approved Arrangements in managing biosecurity risks in Australia and partner countries to jointly use their skills for the benefit of developing countries (6 August 2019). and Australia. Other Australian Government organisations Department of Home Affairs For a list of Australian Government organisations that support plant biosecurity research, homeaffairs.gov.au development and extension, such as the CSIRO, see Chapter 8. The Department of Home Affairs, formed in 2017, manages the security and integrity of Other Australian Government agencies that contribute to maintaining Australia’s plant Australia’s borders. It works closely with other government and international agencies, in biosecurity system include the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority particular the Australian Federal Police, the Department of Agriculture and the Department and the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator. of Defence to regulate and control the movement of goods and people across the Australian border.

26 and innovation andaconstant commitment toprevention andresponse. Maintaining Australia’s resilient andworld-leading approach requires continuous research global tradeand travel. the broader public.Thissystem isfacingnew challengesarisingfrom asignificantincrease in state, territoryand localgovernments, industry, environmental bodies,landmanagers and Australia’s nationalbiosecurity system relies onpartnershipsbetween theAustralian and and use–includingwater supply, soilandecosystems. A singleincursioncould harmhumanhealthandtheenvironmental resources we allneed long-term consequences for industry, landuse andcommunity needs. The arrival and spread ofdamaginginvasive speciescould have wide-rangingshort- and Australian produce for ourselves andtherest oftheworld. nation. Strong biosecuritymeasures helpustocontinue togrow safe and sought-after Due toourcleanandgreen reputation we are regarded asaresponsible andreliable trading love aboutthiscountry. to thearrival andspread ofharmfulpestsanddiseasesthatcould disruptmuchofwhatwe Our biosecuritysystem works bothatthe border andhere athometoprevent andrespond diseases already here andtoavoid addingto thatburden. We are alsoobliged tolimitthedamagingandcostly impactsofthepests,weeds and land andseasfrom thearrival ofnew pests,weeds anddiseases. international reputation. We Australians benefitfrom thisandhave adutytoprotect our Australia pridesitselfonitsuniquenaturalenvironment, high-qualityproduce andtrusted aspects ofourway oflife. environment andeconomy, includingtourism,tradeand agriculture. Itunderpinsmany Biosecurity protects Australianlivelihoods andisvitaltostrengthening andsupportingour Nature makes Australiaunique–biosecuritykeeps itthatway. and responsibilities within thebiosecuritysystem. finalised latethatyear. Thestatement’s intentistosetoutanationalvision anddefineroles Biosecurity Statement. Nationalfeedback was soughtonthestatementin2018anditwas understanding ofbiosecurityacross ourcommunity through thedevelopment ofaNational Industry, environmental groups andgovernments worked collaboratively toenhance the National BiosecurityStatement responsibility ofprotectingourunique naturalenvironment. We allsharetherisks.We allshare thebenefits.We mustallshare the protect andrestore Australia’s uniquebiodiversity, ecosystems, natural • maintainandgrow domesticandinternationaltravel andtradeaccess • minimisetheimpactofestablishedpests anddiseasesonourenvironment, • strive for prevention andearlyactiontoensure avery low riskofnew harmful • system. We should: Everyone canshare thevisionofaneffective andsustainablenationalbiosecurity Recognise your role inpromoting and raisingawareness ofbiosecurity. • Know your legalresponsibilities whentravelling andmoving goods. • Ifyou seesomethingunusual,report it. • diseases. Each oneofushasarole toplayinkeeping Australiasafe from harmfulpestsand What you cando resources andlandscapes. economy, industries andcommunities pests anddiseasesentering,establishingspreading

27 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM STATE AND TERRITORY GOVERNMENTS • Carrying out science-based risk analyses to identify pest threats and inform plant biosecurity policy and operations. While the Australian Government has responsibilities for the majority of pre-border and • Funding and providing research, development and extension border biosecurity activities, state and territory governments are responsible for the delivery to support the continued of plant biosecurity operations and the supporting legislation within their borders. improvement of pest management and protection capabilities. • Developing and administering plant biosecurity policies and legislation and working Each state and territory has a different approach to the role, primarily due to the varied on national committees to ensure that they are in line with other governments around climatic conditions and legislative frameworks across the country. Jurisdictions each provide Australia. a number of core services, most of which involve the community. Broadly, these are activities concerned with preventing the spread of existing plant pests State and territory governments coordinate their activities through the IGAB, the PHC and within Australia, including any newly detected exotic pests. State and territory government subcommittees, through PHA and through the EPPRD. responsibilities include: • Managing domestic imports and exports into and out of their jurisdiction, primarily to Australian Capital Territory prevent the spread of regionalised pests around Australia. There are two components to Lead agency: Environment Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate (EPSDD) this: environment.act.gov.au

à domestic quarantine services for the clearance of passengers, cargo, mail, plants and The ACT Government manages plant biosecurity through the EPSDD, together with the plant products moving interstate Transport Canberra and City Services (TCCS) Directorate. EPSDD is responsible for policy à export and market access support for producers who want to sell their produce across development and shares operational implementation with TCCS. AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S state boundaries. This includes plant health certification services, surveys and inspections to support area freedom, and the accreditation and auditing of export Plant biosecurity activities in the ACT are underpinned by the Plant Diseases Act 2002 and compliance arrangements. the Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005. Although the ACT does not have many plant • Providing quarantine services involving activities to prepare for, and respond to, plant production industries within its boundaries, the government participates on national CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: pest incursions in their jurisdiction, including communicating with communities. committees during plant pest emergency responses and in the development of associated national frameworks and strategies when it has expertise to contribute. It has particular • Responding to emergency pest and diseases by maintaining the capacity and capability expertise in forestry, urban tree management and national parks. to deliver responsibilities under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (see Chapter 6), which is activated when a suspected Emergency Plant Pest is detected in their Following the release of the ACT Biosecurity Strategy 2016–26, the ACT has commenced jurisdiction. Responsibilities may include setting up and enforcing quarantine zones, development of a comprehensive Biosecurity Bill to modernise the ACT’s biosecurity informing the public, and treating pests and plants. The lead agency also carries out legislative framework and align it with similar legislation in other jurisdictions, particularly surveillance to find out how far pests have spread, and at the end of the response, to NSW. confirm that eradication has been achieved. Modern biosecurity tools with enhanced emergency response powers will help address the • Undertaking pest surveillance in partnership with industry and community volunteers. biosecurity risks presented by international flights to Canberra Airport which began in 2016, There are 104 surveillance programs carried out by state and territory governments, as will the regular plant surveillance conducted around the airport to check for exotic pests requiring significant resourcing. Pest surveillance is crucial for the early detection of new such as exotic fruit flies, Asian gypsy moth and bee pests. pests, discovering the extent of pest spread (delimiting), and providing evidence of area freedom to facilitate market access. There were no major plant health incidents in the ACT in 2019. Poor health in urban oak • Providing diagnostic services to identify plant pests (both endemic and exotic) found in trees was investigated and has been attributed to environmental stress, as diagnostic tests their jurisdiction, or to assist other jurisdictions. This includes holding reference on leaves have not detected any causal pest or disease agent. collections for comparison of species. The ACT Parks and Conservation Service has continued the biological control of Sirex wood • Developing and maintaining information systems to support routine and emergency wasps in ACT Government softwood pine plantations. The program works by attracting plant biosecurity management. wasps to ‘trap trees’ and inoculating their larvae with a parasitic . The industry • Providing public information to raise awareness of biosecurity threats and calls to funded National Sirex Coordination Committee oversees the program across Australia and action and raising awareness in the community of the importance of biosecurity. ensures that resources are directed towards high-risk plantations. Since the introduction of this nationally coordinated model there have not been significant outbreaks of Sirex wasp populations in the ACT or elsewhere in Australia. 28 Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) dpi.nsw.gov.au

NSW DPI is the principal agency responsible for plant biosecurity in the state, ensuring that policies, management and procedures are in place to minimise the impact of existing, invasive and Emergency Plant Pests. NSW DPI maintains rapid response mechanisms for pest incursions in order to protect trade and market access, agricultural resources, regional economies and the environment.

The NSW Biosecurity Strategy 2013–21 defines how NSW DPI, in partnership with other government agencies, industry and the public, manages biosecurity risks to NSW.

Within the DPI, the Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity unit develops plant pest policy directions and has oversight of operational responses to Emergency Plant Pests. The group provides advice to, and participates actively in, national decision-making forums for plant pests of national significance and interstate market access for NSW plants and plant products. AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S Surveillance and diagnostic activities are supported by the Plant Health Diagnostic Service at the Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, the Biosecurity Collections Unit at Orange Agricultural Institute, the state-wide network of compliance officers, Local Land Services and the emergency management First Response Team. Close collaboration with entomology CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: and plant pathology researchers is integral to these activities.

Following the commencement of the Biosecurity Act 2015 in 2017, all NSW plant biosecurity incursions, infringements and investigations in 2019 were successfully managed under this new legislative structure. The act has proven to be an innovative and positive step forward in the way NSW DPI manages biosecurity.

Image caption 29 Queensland Lead agency: Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Resources (NT DPIR) Lead agency: Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF) dpir.nt.gov.au daf.qld.gov.au

Plant biosecurity in the Northern Territory (NT) is managed by the Plant Biosecurity Branch, Biosecurity Queensland is the lead agency within the DAF, responsible for managing within NT DPIR’s Biosecurity and Animal Welfare Division. The Plant Biosecurity Branch is biosecurity risks within the state. The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program within responsible for the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs Biosecurity Queensland is responsible for: developing policies, standards, delivery systems and procedures aimed at maintaining NT’s freedom from plant pests that could adversely and services to reduce the risk of introducing exotic plant pests; minimising the impacts of impact trade, market access, and the environment. new plant pest incursions on Queensland’s plant industries, environment and communities; facilitating market access for Queensland’s plant-based industries; and managing risks The NT agricultural sector provides over $610 million to the Australian economy each year. associated with the use of agriculture and veterinary chemicals. Horticultural industries contribute almost a quarter of this value, in annual production of iconic Territory produce such as mangoes and melons. Other markets offer growth The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program is responsible for the implementation opportunities. of programs for the prevention and preparedness, detection, diagnosis, response, control, containment and eradication of high priority plant pests. To protect this, the environment and social amenity, the Plant Biosecurity Branch undertakes the following services: Other DAF business groups also contribute to managing the risk of plant pest threats. Links with other departments provide access to a range of relevant • maintaining and improving the plant health status of the plant and plant product AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S industries of NT expertise across all plant production sectors, including native and plantation forestry. Key links include: • minimising the risk of exotic pests entering NT through education, engagement, surveillance and compliance • DAF Agri-Science Queensland, which provides science, research, innovation and • facilitating interstate trade of plant and plant products through certification, inspection associated services, including additional diagnostic capability, surveillance and integrated CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: and the Interstate Certification Assurance program management packages to limit the impacts of pests within farming systems • conducting active and passive pest surveillance to support market access nationally and • Department of Environment and Science, which plays a role in managing the natural within NT environment and environmental plant pests • conducting active surveillance for the early detection of a range of exotic pests • Queensland Museum, which specialises in the identification of molluscs, mites and spiders. • preparing effective response mechanisms in the event of an incursion • developing, implementing and reviewing NT’s plant health policy and legislation. The Biosecurity Act 2014 and Biosecurity Regulation 2016 provide the framework for plant biosecurity management in Queensland. The act is underpinned by the concept of shared In 2015, browsing ant was detected in the NT. The NT Government, through the National responsibility, where everyone has a general biosecurity obligation to take all reasonable and Browsing Ant Eradication Program, is on track to eradicate browsing ant by the end of 2021. practical steps to manage biosecurity risks that are within their control.

In 2018, citrus canker was detected in the NT. The NT Government is currently in the This legislation is complemented by a number of other acts, including the Chemical Usage process of eradicating this pest under the National Citrus Canker Eradication Program. (Agricultural and Veterinary) Control Act 1988 and the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals It is anticipated that the NT will declare freedom from citrus canker in 2020. (Queensland) Act 1994. In 2019, the NT declared freedom from banana freckle (see page 189).

Plant biosecurity programs in the NT are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2008 and Plant Health Regulations 2011. In addition, the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Control of Use) Act and the Biological Control Act support NT work.

30 South Australia Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA) pir.sa.gov.au

Biosecurity SA, a division within PIRSA, develops and implements plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at maintaining SA’s freedom from pests that could adversely impact trade, market access, public health, , the rural economy and the environment.

PIRSA prepares for and responds to a range of plant pests but, given SA’s freedom from fruit flies of economic significance, PIRSA has a major focus on operations to prevent their entry and establishment. Activities include a dedicated state-wide fruit fly trapping grid, static quarantine stations and random roadblocks, targeted awareness and education campaigns, regulatory arrangements for importers, and specific measures to effectively respond to and eradicate any fruit flies that are detected.

The South Australian Government has, in partnership with Hort Innovation and the SITplus consortium, constructed and commissioned the National Sterile Technology Facility

in Port Augusta, capable of producing 50 million sterile Queensland fruit flies per week. SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S

The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) is the principal research institute and provides Biosecurity SA with plant diagnostic, pathology and entomology advice. CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: SARDI also undertakes targeted research and development to reduce losses from plant diseases in the cereal, pulse, pasture, viticulture and horticulture industries. This includes delivery of plant health diagnostic services to state and national plant biosecurity authorities, growers and consultants.

The group collaborates closely with breeding companies, pre-breeding programs and the private sector to develop disease resistant plant varieties.

Plant biosecurity programs in SA are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2009 and Plant Health Regulations 2009. In addition, the Plant Quarantine Standard SA has been established under the act to identify the relevant conditions of entry for fruit, vegetables, plants, plant products, machinery and equipment of biosecurity concern.

Image caption 31 Tasmania Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE) dpipwe.tas.gov.au

DPIPWE’s Biosecurity Tasmania Division manages biosecurity policy and programs for plant pests. The Plant Biosecurity and Diagnostics Branch of the division supports and maintains Tasmania’s biosecurity system in the development of plant biosecurity policy and the delivery of plant health diagnostic and associated service areas. It does this via programs across three areas: plant biosecurity policy and administration; plant health diagnostics (entomology); and plant health diagnostics (plant pathology). The branch also contains a market access unit in relation to plants and plant products, a plant biosecurity surveillance unit that manages the policy and smaller operational aspects of surveillance, and delivers on communication services specific to plant biosecurity. The branch also provides diagnostic and control advice for plant pests and diseases in primary industry, horticulture and biosecurity situations. Plant Diagnostic Services, administered by the branch, provides state-wide laboratory services that supply a range of tests for plant pests and pathogens, using microbiological, molecular, ELISA and electron

AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S microscopy techniques on a wide range of plants and seeds for private industry, government research bodies and certification schemes.

The branch maintains and develops Tasmania’s capability to effectively respond to and recover from plant biosecurity emergencies, compiles and maintains official pest records CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: to assist market access and trade, and leads the implementation of plant biosecurity risk analysis activities consistent with the Import Risk Analysis Framework. The Biosecurity Operations Branch implements regulatory requirements with respect to the import of plants and plant products into Tasmania, and also does a range of surveys for plant pests, including Queensland and Mediterranean fruit fly. Tasmania’s new biosecurity legislation, the Biosecurity Act 2019, received Royal Assent on 26 August 2019. Work is underway to implement the changes, which will be rolled out in a way that minimises the impact on businesses and the community. Until those changes are made, the regulations made under the many separate pieces of legislation (including the Plant Quarantine Act 1997) that were previously used to manage biosecurity will remain in place as the main compliance tools. This is until the provisions of the new act are proclaimed. Full implementation will take three to four years and will involve consultation and ongoing participation between government, industry and community.

32 Image caption the PlantBiosecurityAct 2010 regional centres according totechnical standards andprotocols thatare underpinnedby The Plants,ChemicalsandInvasives UnitwithinBAS operatesfrom metropolitan and and policyrelating toplantandapiarypests. international obligations.They are alsotheleadfor preparedness andresponse activities and monitoringofpolicies,protocols andprocedures inaccordance withnationaland The ChiefPlantHealthOfficer Unit,withinBAS, isresponsible for thedevelopment, review environment, andmaintainaccess tolocalandoverseas markets. impact ofemergency plantandapiarypestincidentsonproduction systems andthe amenity plantsectors.Activities are guided by theBAS Strategy whichaimstominimisethe biosecurity andproduct integrityprograms across theagriculture, horticulture, forest and Biosecurity andAgriculture Services (BAS) Branch,whichhastheresponsibility for delivering initiatives delivered. There are five brancheswithinAgriculture Victoria,includingthe Within DJPR, Agriculture Victoriaprovides aclearidentitytotheagriculturalservices and agriculture.vic.gov.au Lead agency:VictorianDepartmentofJobs,Precincts andRegions (DJPR) Victoria pests anddiseasesthatthreaten agricultural industries. surveillance andtrainingtoprevent theentryandestablishmentofexotic plantandapiary Agriculture Victoriainvests extensive resources intoemergency preparedness planning, analyses andserve onnationalcommittees andworking groups. and review biosecurityplansfor industries, conduct pestriskanalyses andimportrisk of entomology, mycology, nematology, virology andbacteriology. Staff also helpdevelop supports biosecurityby conducting research andproviding diagnostic services intheareas initiatives. Theresearch team,anditsassociatedCrop HealthServices diagnosticbusiness, assistance withincursionresponses, market access programs andotherbiosecurity including experttechnicaladvice onsuspectandexotic plantandapiarypests, Scientific anddiagnosticsupportisprovided by thestaffofAgriculture VictoriaResearch, quality assurance arrangementswhichare subjecttoregular auditsandimprovement. Opportunities are provided underthelegislationfor producers and marketers toadopt the PlantBiosecurityRegulations 2016andLivestock DiseaseControl Regulations 2017 andLivestock DiseaseControl Act 1994 andimplementedby . • TheBiosecurityandAgriculture Management Regulations AmendmentRegulations (No2) To improve WA’s preparedness for myrtle ,aworkshop was heldinlate2019. • Theresponse tocitruscanker closedin2019,withthestatebeingofficiallydeclared free • Ongoingconcern aboutbrown marmoratedstinkbugsawadditional surveillance for the • Anincrease inthedetectionofEuropean wasp nestsresulted inthedeclarationofan • and preparedness activitiestostrengthen readiness for future incursions. Throughout 2019,WA responded toseveral biosecurity incidentsandincreased surveillance related purposes. to ensure thesafety andqualityofagriculturalproducts andraisefundsfor biosecurity and diseases),control theuseofagriculturalandveterinary chemicals,establishstandards system tocontrol theentry, establishment,spread andimpactofharmfulorganisms (pests state andmanagethosethatare already present. Theactprovides for amodernbiosecurity Management Act 200 Plant biosecurityinWA ismainlymanagedundertheBiosecurityandAgriculture of safe, sustainableandbiosecure agriculturalandaquaticproducts. regulatory andmarket access focused, helpingWA tomaintainitsreputation asaproducer biosecurity, resource management,operationsandcompliance functions.Itislargely delivered undertheSustainabilityandBiosecurityorganisational pillar. Thisincludes development andimplementationofplantbiosecuritypolicies,programs andprocedures DPIRD istheleadagencyresponsible for plantbiosecurityinWestern Australia(WA), with dpird.wa.gov.au Lead agency:DepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesandRegional Development (DPIRD) Western Australia 2019 were publishedin27June2019. incident response framework, anddraftsurveillance andmitigationplans. experience andlessonslearnt,theworkshop focused onthedevelopment ofanagreed The workshop includedguestspeakers from New Zealand andQueensland. Usingtheir of citruscanker inNovember 2019(seepage193). concentrating onhigh-risklocations.Thiswillcontinue tobeahighpriorityfor WA. pest carriedoutwith44trapsplaced strategicallyacross themetropolitan area, 2019 withplanstotarget high-riskareas asapriorityinthe2020season. destroyed inasurveillance area spanningover 1,300km incident response on25March 2019:3,769trapswere deployed and166nestswere 7, designedtoprevent declared pestsanddiseasesfrom entering the 2 . Theincidentclosedon5July

33 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Non-government roles

PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA www.planthealthaustralia.com.au In close consultation with stakeholders, PHA formulates the strategies, plans and reports PHA is the national coordinator of the government–industry partnership for plant that contribute to government and industry policy development, facilitate improved national . The not-for-profit company facilitates this partnership and drives coordination and collaboration, and target member efforts and investment to best effect. action to improve policy, practice and performance of Australia’s plant biosecurity system The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy, biosecurity plans for industries and the series of and to build capability to respond to plant pest emergencies. PHA independently advocates annual plant biosecurity status reports are examples of this work. on behalf of the national biosecurity system to benefit plant industries and the environment.

PHA’s efforts help to: PHA facilitates and manages emergency responses to exotic plant pests • minimise plant pest impacts Another central role for PHA is the establishment of funding and management arrangements for effective responses to incursions. PHA undertakes this role through • enhance Australia’s plant health status its custodianship and administration of the EPPRD, and its operational guide PLANTPLAN, • assist trade domestically and internationally which sets out the agreed approach that government and industry stakeholders will AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S • safeguard the livelihood of producers take whenever an Emergency Plant Pest (a new exotic pest of significance) is found • support the sustainability and profitability of plant industries and the communities that (see Chapter 6). rely on them • preserve environmental health and amenity. PHA works with members to mitigate risks posed by pests CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: Plant Health Australia members Beyond its contribution to response arrangements, PHA supports the national plant biosecurity system by coordinating and assisting efforts to reduce the risks posed by pests. PHA members comprise all major plant industry peak bodies that represent Australia’s This is achieved in large part by supporting industries and governments to develop growers and beekeepers, the Australian Government and all state and territory strategies and plans that improve biosecurity standards and by providing assistance to governments, a total of 59 as at 31 December 2019. Table 2 gives a full list of industry, implement agreed risk mitigation measures. government and associate members. The honey bee industry is a member of PHA because of the benefits that pollination brings to crop yield. Biosecurity plans, manuals for producers and awareness raising extension services are examples of activities that PHA undertakes with and on behalf of members. See more in Being a PHA member enables parties to stay up to date on plant biosecurity issues and to Chapter 7. work together on strengthening all aspects of the system. Membership also gives members the option of being a signatory to the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD, see PHA also works to ensure that the system is supported with assets such as information Chapter 6). systems, diagnostic expertise, targeted research, development and extension activities, and surveillance protocols and provides information on exotic pests on the Pest Information Through PHA, current and future needs of the plant biosecurity system can be mutually Document Database. This online information resource holds publicly available fact sheets agreed upon, issues identified and solutions to problems found. and other kinds of information on serious exotic pests, which is frequently used by PHA members. PHA’s autonomy fosters an impartial approach to servicing member needs, allowing the company to put the interests of the plant biosecurity system first, as well as supporting PHA is also commissioned to undertake many risk-mitigation projects by individual a long-term view. members, groups of members in partnership, and non-members. Often these PHA’s main activities are funded from annual subscriptions paid by members. The number non-subscription funded projects boost biosecurity preparedness for particular industries. of plant biosecurity partnerships are increasing over time, and the model is proving highly Examples of such projects include industry funded biosecurity outreach officers, response successful. simulations, and biosecurity manuals to inform growers.

34 Table 2. Plant Health Australia members

Industry members Australian Processing Tomato Almond Board of Australia Cotton Australia Research Council

Apple and Pear Australia Australian Sweetpotato Growers Dried Fruits Australia

Australian Banana Growers' Australian Table Grape Association Grain Producers Australia Council Australian Blueberry Growers' Australian Tea Tree Industry Greenlife Industry Australia** Association Association Australian Forest Products Australian Truffle Growers' GROWCOM Association Association Australian Ginger Industry Australian Walnut Industry Hazelnut Growers of Australia Association Association Australian Grape and Wine Inc* AUSVEG Limited Onions Australia AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S Australian Honey Bee Industry Avocados Australia Passionfruit Australia Council Australian Lychee Growers' CANEGROWERS Pistachio Growers' Association Association CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: Canned Fruit Industry Council of Raspberries and Blackberries Australian Macadamia Society Australia Australia Australian Mango Industry Ricegrowers' Association of Cherry Growers Australia Association Australia

Australian Melon Association Chestnuts Australia Strawberries Australia

Australian Olive Association Citrus Australia Summerfruit Australia

Government members

Australian Capital Territory Northern Territory Government Government

Commonwealth of Australia Queensland Government Victorian Government

New South Wales Government South Australian Government Western Australian Government

Associate members

Grains Research and Development AgNova Technologies Victorian Farmers Federation Corporation

Bendigo Kangan Institute of TAFE Horticulture Innovation Australia Vinehealth Australia

Cotton Research and Northern Territory Farmers Wine Australia Development Corporation Association

CSIRO Sugar Research Australia

*Winemakers' Federation of Australia and Australian Vignerons amalgamated into Australian Grape and Wine Inc in February 2019 **Formerly Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Image caption 35 PEAK PLANT INDUSTRY BODIES PRIVATE SECTOR Australia’s farmers have peak representative bodies that act on their behalf on a range of The private sector makes a large contribution to the plant biosecurity system. activities of collective importance, including biosecurity. Plant producers and beekeepers have a responsibility to protect their enterprises and Most plant industry peak bodies represent producers of one crop, such as avocados, or a those of others in their region and industry from new pests and weeds by using on-farm group of similar crops such as vegetables. In addition to broadacre farmers and horticulture biosecurity measures and resources (see Chapter 7). producers, industry peak bodies represent truffle growers, foresters and beekeepers (due to the importance of honey bees as pollinators for many crops), and most of these peak bodies Trade, transport and logistics companies include importers (commercial and non- are members of PHA (see Table 2). commercial), customs brokers, freight forwarders and agents, integrated logistic suppliers, vessel and port operators. They are required to follow strict guidelines to ensure exotic pests Industry bodies consider biosecurity to be a matter of importance, since it underpins the do not enter Australia on plant products or on cargo, and do not move around Australia. sustainability of their industry. New plant pests can make production more expensive due to increased use of pesticides, greater labour costs or additional procedures. Pests can lower Private consultants and advisers provide extensive plant biosecurity advice across a range yields, reduce quality or cause damage to stored produce. In some cases, these factors of crop types, and in most key production areas. Commercial agronomists also provide local mean it is no longer viable to grow a particular crop in a region. Pests can also cause loss services through the major distribution chains. They are backed by national technical of access to markets so that some growers have fewer market options to sell their crops. networks which provide a comprehensive suite of services to agricultural industries.

As a result of these potential biosecurity threats to sustainability, Australia’s peak industry Australian societies and associations have members that include scientific professionals bodies are proactive about biosecurity risk mitigation. Most have joined PHA to be a part of AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S who are linked with plant biosecurity. These organisations contribute to the development the plant biosecurity partnership, which ensures that they are kept up to date on biosecurity of Australia’s plant biosecurity system through a range of activities including: and can contribute to strengthening the plant biosecurity system. The majority (37 of 39 industry members) of PHA’s plant industry members are also signatories to the EPPRD. • peer reviews and publication of research findings Importantly, plant industry bodies represent growers in an incursion, which can be a • provision of pest, disease and weed notes CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: significant commitment. They also contribute to scientific advisory panels when information • scientific reviews is needed to make decisions in emergency responses. More information about the role • convening forums to share plant biosecurity research of industries during incursions is in Chapter 6. • independent comment and input into the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policy and the development of international phytosanitary standards Plant industry peak bodies also: • encouraging professionalism amongst plant scientists and technicians. • work with government departments to negotiate international market access • take part in government consultation events such as Biosecurity Roundtables Key associations include the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, the Australian Society for Microbiology, the Australian Entomological Society, the Australian Society of Agronomy, • communicate with growers about the need for on-farm biosecurity and other biosecurity risk mitigation activities the Ag Institute of Australia and the Council of Australian Weed Societies. • work with government departments on pest surveillance activities • develop information on exotic pests, often in collaboration with the relevant state or territory department of agriculture or PHA. Levies or funding mechanisms at regional, state or national levels are increasingly being used to fund specific plant biosecurity preparedness activities that benefit the industry, such as research and development projects or industry outreach programs. Other initiatives may include the funding of surveillance activities for early detection of high-risk pests or the development of contingency plans to facilitate the preparation of a response plan in the event of an incursion. Peak industry bodies have contributed to industry profiles in Chapter 3 of this report.

36 RESEARCH FUNDERS AND PROVIDERS Research funders and scientists ensure that scientific research, development and extension (RD&E) activities provide answers to pest problems faced by Australian producers. Researchers have a responsibility to protect Australia from biosecurity risks and are required to report any findings of biosecurity concern, such as finding new variants or species of pests in the course of their work. They also have a responsibility to protect Australia’s plant resources through safe biosecurity practices when conducting research, particularly when doing field work. Research activities are carried out by university, government and industry researchers, and are often funded through cooperative funding organisations like research and development corporations (RDCs) and the Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative (PBRI), a joint initiative of the seven plant-based RDCs, PHA and the Department of Agriculture. Research includes methods to identify pests (diagnostics), effective management techniques and work to breed resistant crop varieties. More on plant biosecurity RD&E is in Chapter 8. THE COMMUNITY

The community includes the general Australian public and others such as local governments, SYSTEM PLANT BIOSECURITY AUSTRALIA'S landholders, travellers returning from overseas, tourists, home gardeners and anyone moving goods into or around the country or visiting rural areas.

Primarily, community members have post-border biosecurity responsibilities, although CHAPTER 1: people returning from overseas and those importing goods from overseas must abide by international border restrictions to prevent incursions of exotic pests. The roles of community in preserving the integrity of Australia’s plant biosecurity status are explained in Chapter 7.

Image caption 37

Chapter 2 Protecting Australia's plant resources Protecting Australia's plant resources

The damage to plants caused by pests varies from species to species, but it can be significant. It is estimated that every year between 20 and 40 per cent of crops are lost to plant pests and weeds globally.16 Some invasive exotic pest species also have the potential to cause permanent damage to native plants in our unique natural ecosystems. Others can reduce the social value of public amenities such parks and gardens.

Identifying exotic pest threats, the ways in which they might enter Australia, and prioritising them according to their potential impact, allows the most serious risks to be targeted. Biosecurity activities – such as surveillance, pathway analysis, border screening, inspection and planning – can then help increase the chance of identifying, containing and successfully eradicating pests should they arrive. This chapter describes the priority pest threats to the major plant production industries and to the environment, as well as describing the biosecurity and risk mitigation planning activities. PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2:

16. Savery S. Ficke A, Aubertot J-N and Hollier C (2012). Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security. Food Security, 4(4):519-537 40 National priority pests

NATIONAL PRIORITY PLANT PESTS Table 3. Australia’s National Priority Plant Pests

The National Priority Plant Pests (2019) is a list of Australia’s most serious exotic plant pest National priority plant pests (2019) threats. The list shown in Table 3 was reviewed by the Plant Health Committee and 1 Xylella fastidiosa and exotic vectors 22 Panama tropical race 4 endorsed in August 2019, with the top ten shown in Table 4. Cyst nematodes of cereals 2 Khapra beetle 23 To be considered a national priority: (exotic species) • a pest must: 3 Spotted wing drosophila 24 Plum pox Exotic, economic fruit fly à be injurious to plants, plant products, bees or impact social amenity 4 25 Exotic drywood termites (lure and non-lure responsive) à be exotic to Australia, or have limited distribution and be under official control Wheat stem sawfly à have potential to cause significant negative impact on national economies, the 5 Karnal bunt 26 (exotic species) environment or community Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus à have potential to enter, establish and spread in Australia 6 27 Barley stripe rust (exotic strains) (and other strains) complex • there must be a clear benefit from, or requirement for, nationally coordinated action or 7 Exotic invasive ants 28 ( spp.)

approach. PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING 8 Gypsy moths 29 Exotic subterranean termites The National Priority Plant Pest list enables decision makers to focus biosecurity activities 9 Brown marmorated stink bug 30 Phytoplasmas 16Srl group to achieve higher returns on investments in risk management, facilitating an integrated Internal and external mites of bees and harmonised approach to prevent and prepare for priority pest threats. 10 31 Armyworm (exotic species) (Apis spp.) CHAPTER 2: Potential areas to focus national investment include: 11 Guava (Eucalyptus) rust (exotic strains) 32 Exotic Tobamovirus • national pre-border or border measures to reduce the likelihood of entry Bursaphelenchus spp. and exotic 12 Exotic invasive snails 33 • controls on the movement of plant products that can carry regionalised pests interstate sawyer beetle vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Exotic longhorn • surveillance for early warning of the presence of pests, area freedom from pests and 13 34 delimiting the extent of an incursion complex (Anoplophora spp.) • diagnostics, surveillance and incursion responses 14 Airborne Phytophthora spp. 35 Grape phylloxera • contingency planning, which may highlight areas for improvement such as: Exotic stem borers of sugarcane 15 Ug99 wheat stem rust 36 à tracing the origin and spread of pests and cereals à developing mapping systems 16 Citrus canker 37 late blight (exotic strains) à breeding new plant varieties 17 Exotic bees (Apis spp.) 38 Pine pitch canker à negotiating access to markets 18 Fire blight 39 Grapevine leaf rust à training to improve preparedness 19 Potato cyst nematode (exotic strains) 40 Exotic Begomovirus and vectors à identification of pesticides for use in incursions 20 Leaf miners (exotic species) 41 Dutch elm disease à identifying possible biological control agents 21 Texas root rot 42 Banana phytoplasma diseases à identifying R,D&E needs à gaps in the regulatory system. For more information on National Priority Plant Pests go to www.agriculture.gov.au/ pests-diseases-weeds/plant

41 Table 4. The top 10 National Priority Plant Pests

1. Xylella fastidiosa and exotic vectors 6. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (and other strains) complex Xylella fastidiosa is a bacteria that could devastate horticultural Huanglongbing is a disease caused by Candidatus Liberibacter crops, native flora and gardens as hundreds of native, asiaticus and was previously known as citrus greening disease. commercial and ornamental plant species are susceptible. One of the worst diseases of citrus trees worldwide, it spreads There is no treatment and no documented example of it ever through the tree canopy, causing decline and then death of the being eradicated once it has become established. It could enter tree. There is no cure – the only way to stop the disease is to Australia with illegally introduced plant material or with infected Pat Barkley destroy all infected trees. Christine Horlock, QDAF sap sucking insects that can hitch a ride to Australia. 7. Exotic invasive ants 2. Khapra beetle Invasive (tramp) ants are a diverse group of aggressive, invasive Khapra beetle is a pest of stored grain that would have a major ant species that can rapidly establish and spread if introduced. impact on the grains industry if it were to establish in Australia, Several species of invasive ants are amongst the most serious threatening access to export markets. The beetle is small but global invasive pests. Australia’s environmental, economic, and tough: larvae can survive in a dormant state for up to two years social wellbeing are threatened by these ants, some of which with very little food. It could arrive in cargo, machinery, food or Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural have already been introduced and are now established in mail items, or be brought in by travellers in personal effects. Research Service, Bugwood.org Australia. Pest and Diseases Image Library, Once here, it could spread easily via the movement of seed, Bugwood.org straw, stored grain, cargo or machinery. 8. Gypsy moths

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING 3. Spotted wing drosophila Gypsy moths (Lymantria spp.) are destructive pests of forests and horticulture. They pose a high biosecurity risk to Australia Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is a major because of their tendency to hitchhike and their high horticultural pest affecting many crops particularly soft-skinned reproductive rate. If gypsy moths became established, they fruit. SWD attacks healthy ripening fruit as well as damaged fruit, E.Bradford Walker, Vermont would be extremely difficult and expensive to manage, partly reducing crop yields and impacting upon fruit quality. If introduced Department of Forests, Parks and CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Recreation, Bugwood.org because of their broad host range. into Australia, SWD is likely to spread rapidly, primarily through John Davis the human movement of infested produce. 9. Brown marmorated stink bug 4. Exotic, economic fruit fly (lure and non-lure responsive) Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) poses a high biosecurity risk because it affects a very wide range of Exotic fruit flies are one the world’s most destructive group of horticulture and other crops and could also impact native and horticultural pests and put at risk more 300 types of fruit and amenity plants. If it established in Australia it would be vegetables. While Australia already has some fruit flies, other extremely difficult and expensive to manage and have a broad exotic species such as oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis, impact on the community. The ability of this stink bug to lie pictured left) are kept out by ongoing biosecurity measures. Steven Valley, Oregon Department dormant and spread hidden in cargo has enabled it to make its of Agriculture, Bugwood.org way to new regions of the world and spread rapidly. 5. Karnal bunt 10. Internal and external mites of bees (Apis spp) Karnal bunt is a disease caused by the Tilletia indica, a Mites of bees such as Varroa (Varroa destructor) would highly invasive exotic grain pest which threatens Australia’s pose a serious threat to bees, reducing the numbers of wheat industry by its potential heavy impact on the quality and unmanaged European honey bees and the pollination services ability to sell infected crops. If introduced, Karnal bunt would be they provide by 90 to 100 per cent if it established in Australia. almost impossible to eradicate as its spores can persist in soil Other exotic mites like tracheal mite (Acarapsi woodi) and Pat Barkley for up to four years. Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Tropilaelaps mite (Tropilaelaps spp.) would also seriously impact FAO Research Service, Bugwood.org the honey bee and honey bee reliant plant industries.

42 NATIONAL ACTION PLANS The Department of Agriculture are developing national action plans for the National Priority Plant Pests. The plans identify the capabilities required to prepare for these pests if they enter Australia. National workshop prioritises action on Khapra beetle

The national action plans are ‘living’ documents to be regularly reviewed. Once finalised, the On 13-14 June 2019, the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment plans will be available on the Department of Agriculture website. convened a workshop to increase Australia’s preparedness for Khapra beetle by identifying activities to enhance Australia’s capacity to manage the threat posed by To date, two plans have been finalised: this devasting pest. Khapra beetle is the number two National Plant Priority Pest and strong preventative and response measures are needed to protect Australia • The National Invasive Ant Biosecurity Plan 2018–2817 and industry from an incursion. provides a nationally agreed approach to enhance Participants included representatives from peak industry bodies from the grain, rice Australia’s capacity to manage the ongoing threat of and seed industries, GRDC and PHA, along with state, federal and New Zealand invasive ants establishing in Australia and the impacts biosecurity agencies. caused by those species already established. During the workshop, there was strong support for a more coordinated national approach and the development of a national preparedness action and implementation plan for Khapra beetle, similar to those developed for Xylella

fastidiosa and invasive ants. PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING

Aspects of the behaviour and biology of the pest were discussed, particularly its hitchhiking habits, lifecycle, and resistance to many pest treatments. Several discussions were about the beetle’s extraordinary ability to enter a hibernation-like state called diapause, making it hard to detect and treat. CHAPTER 2: • The National Xylella Action Plan 2019–2918 provides a nationally agreed approach to enhance Australia’s capacity Attendees were informed about the need for morphological and molecular to prevent the introduction of Xylella (and exotic vectors), expertise to identify Khapra beetle, and the decline in this former field within Australia. Also highlighted were several recent border interceptions, what led to and to improve detection and the ability to respond to an them, and how such interceptions might be avoided in the future. incursion should it enter Australia. Outcomes from the workshop include:

• increased awareness the pest threat

• activities to raise awareness, potential areas for research, and the findings from the response to interception or detection of the pest

• where and how industry, jurisdictions, and the public could do surveillance for the pest

• recognition that fumigation to control Khapra beetle is untenable in the long-term or ineffective due to product packaging, requiring further research

17. Environment and Invasives Committee (2019). National Invasive Ant Biosecurity Plan 2018–28. Accessed online 12 February 2020 www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/cd1170d3-7e62-4340-b0d1- • the need to review import conditions for host commodities and non-host c366e495e238/files/invasive-ant-biosecurity-2019.pdf commodity pathways to ensure these conditions reflect current understanding 18. Plant Health Committee (2019). National Xylella Action Plan 2019–29. Accessed online 12 February 2020 of pest risk and emerging pathways. www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/National-Xylella-Action-Plan-2019-2029.pdf 43 New program to prepare for Xylella fastidiosa NATIONAL PRIORITY LIST OF EXOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL PESTS, WEEDS AND DISEASES A national initiative began in 2019 to help Australia prepare for a potential incursion of our top – or most unwanted – exotic plant pest, Xylella fastidiosa. In August 2019 the Department of Agriculture released a draft list of priority exotic environmental pests, weeds and diseases. The bacteria infects xylem vessels of host plants and is transmitted by sap sucking insects, with the potential to impact many crops and plants in our environment. Development of the list was led by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Over 560 plant species, including grapevines, coffee, olives, citrus, berries, tree Economics and Sciences and other areas of the Department of Agriculture, in collaboration nuts and some ornamental and native species are now recognised as hosts of with over 100 experts. Xylella. Over 40 species were assessed as being a high risk to Australia, including the top five or six Due to the potential impacts on horticulture crops in Australia, Hort Innovation and highest risk species for each of eight thematic groups: aquatic animal diseases, freshwater Wine Australia are jointly funding the National Xylella Preparedness Program. invertebrates, marine pests, native animal diseases, plant pathogens, terrestrial invertebrates, vertebrates, and weeds and freshwater algae. In February 2019, Craig Elliott was appointed as coordinator of the program to help work out how the bacteria could be detected, contained and eradicated as quickly, The list includes some pests which pose a threat to plants in Australia, with a significant PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING effectively and cost efficiently as possible. overlap between pests that threaten plants in the environment and the high priority pests of plant industries. Pests in common with the National Priority Plant Pests list include gypsy Craig has been liaising with industries at risk and government biosecurity moths, invasive ants and Xylella. managers to raise awareness of the issue and address existing gaps. The Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer is the custodian of the National Priority List CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: “For winemakers and grape growers alone, the potential impact has been of Exotic Environmental Pests, Weeds and Diseases, and is responsible for coordinating estimated at between $2 billion and $8 billion in production loses and amendments and reviews of the list, with oversight by the Environment and Invasives management costs over a 50-year period. Committee.

He visited the wine industry in California to see how they are managing the disease Following approval by the National Biosecurity Committee, the inaugural National Priority by restricting the spread of the main insect and searching for resistant or List of Exotic Environmental Pests, Weeds and Diseases is expected to be announced by tolerant varieties. He also met with European researchers examining Xylella, its the Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer in mid-2020. insect vectors and ways to detect and contain it .

“The key is prevention, so growers are encouraged to review their biosecurity measures across their business and supply chains,” he said.

Hort Innovation is also funding work to update Australia’s diagnostic protocols for Xylella, including trialling field diagnostics kits, and tapping into international work underway to help be better prepared for the disease.

A National Xylella Action Plan 2019–29 was approved in late 2019. The plan provides a nationally agreed approach to enhance Australia’s capacity to prevent the introduction of Xylella and exotic vectors and prepare for a response, should it be detected in Australia. It also sets out the actions to achieve this outcome.

44 Plant industry biosecurity preparedness

There are a number of ways that industries and governments can prepare for and reduce Since 2017, a Biosecurity Reference Panel of government and the risks posed by exotic pests. Developing a biosecurity plan enables governments and industry experts has been appointed to review and prioritise industries to identify the exotic pests that pose the greatest risk to an industry, and the the activities in individual plans on an annual basis. activities that will help to mitigate the risks associated with the pests. This ensures that by the end of a plan’s timeframe activities have been completed, providing a significant boost in Developing a contingency plan is another aspect of preparedness, as they identify the biosecurity preparedness. Biosecurity plans undergo formal information needed during a response to an exotic pest incursion. reviews every four to five years to ensure they remain up-to-date, taking into consideration new research, incursions BIOSECURITY PLANNING FOR PLANT INDUSTRIES overseas and changes to potential entry pathways. One of the first steps to reduce the biosecurity risks to an industry is to develop a In 2019 new biosecurity plans were produced for the tea tree biosecurity plan for the crop(s) produced. Each of PHA’s plant industry members has and sweetpotato industries, and revised biosecurity plans were developed a biosecurity plan in partnership with governments, and they are listed in Table 5. produced for the mango and summerfruit industries. Biosecurity planning is a requirement for Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed signatories, and plans are generally funded by a research and development corporation (RDC) or plant Growers too can support Australia’s biosecurity status by industry peak body. planning and implementing biosecurity practices to protect their crops from established and exotic pests. See on-farm The first step in developing a biosecurity plan is to identify and prioritise exotic pests.

biosecurity and biosecurity manuals for producers in Chapter 7. PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Experts from industry and government are brought together to form a Technical Expert Group who assess each pest’s likelihood of entry, establishment and spread, as well as the economic impact if it established in Australia.

The exotic pests that pose the greatest risk with the largest potential economic impact are CHAPTER 2: deemed to be High Priority Pests. Table 6 lists all of the High Priority Pests identified in the 35 biosecurity plans developed by PHA. The same pests are also listed in the plant industry profiles throughout Chapter 3.

Having identified the pests that pose the greatest risk, the next step is to develop and agree Table 5. Current biosecurity plans covering Australia's plant industries on effective biosecurity measures to protect against them. This involves the industry, Biosecurity plans governments, the relevant research and development corporation(s) and PHA working in partnership with each other. Agreed risk mitigation activities are aligned to overarching Apple and Pear BP (Version 3.0) Lychee IBP (Version 1.0) Rubus IBP (Version 1.0) strategies in the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy and the Intergovernmental Agreement Avocado IBP (Version 2.01) Mango BP (Version 3.1) Strawberry IBP (Version 2.0) on Biosecurity. Banana BP (Version 3.1) Melon IBP (Version 1.0) Sugarcane IBP (Version 3.0) Each biosecurity plan is endorsed by the peak industry body and by all Australian Blueberry BP (Version 1.0) Nursery IBP (Version 3.0) Summerfruit IBP (Version 2.1) governments through the Plant Health Committee. This means that key stakeholders in the Cherry BP (Version 3.1) Olive BP (Version 2.0) Sweetpotato BP (Version 1.0) plant biosecurity system have agreed on the priorities and risk mitigation efforts to protect Citrus BP (Version 3.0) Onion BP (Version 3.1) Tea Tree BP (Version 1.1) that industry. Coffee BP (Version 1.0) Papaya IBP (Version 1.0) Tomato BP (Version 1.0) Cotton BP (Version 3.2) Passionfruit IBP (Version 1.0) Tree nut BP (Version 3.0) Cut flower BP (Version 1.0) Pineapple BP (Version 2.0) Truffle BP (Version 1.0) Ginger IBP (Version 1.0) Plantation forest IBP (Version 2.0) Vegetable BP (Version 3.1) Grains IBP (Version 3.0) Potato BP (Version 3.1) Viticulture IBP (Version 3.0) Honey bee IBP (Version 1.1) Rice IBP (Version 3.0) 45 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Abaca bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Abaca bunchy top virus Banana Preparedness for vegetable leaf miner Acanthocoris scabrator Squash bug Mango A collaborative R,D&E program is helping Australia prepare for vegetable leaf miner Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite Honey bee (Liriomyza sativae), serpentine leaf miner (L. huidobrensis) and American serpentine Achatina achatina Giant African snail, giant Ghana snail Sweetpotato, Vegetable leaf miner (L. trifolii). Agrotis segetum Turnip moth, cutworm, black cutworm Sweetpotato Leaf miners are small flies that damage a wide range of plants including Aleurocanthus woglumi Citrus blackfly Mango horticultural and broadacre crops. The larvae feed inside of plant leaves and stems Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly Sugarcane creating tunnels or mines, reducing yield and quality. Serpentine and American Alternaria humicola Leaf spot Vegetable serpentine leaf miners are widespread exotic pests. The vegetable leaf miner is widespread overseas and was first detected at the tip of Cape York in 2015. Amritodus atkinsoni Mango leafhopper Mango To date it has not spread much further south of its original detection. Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Tree nut

The Hort Innovation funded project is being led by research company cesar in Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly Citrus, Summerfruit partnership with PHA, AUSVEG, Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy and the Anastrepha obliqua West Indian fruit fly Mango University of Melbourne. The program aims to improve Australia’s preparedness Anastrepha serpentina Sapodilla fruit fly, sapote fruit fly Summerfruit PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING PROTECTING for these three leaf miner species by undertaking the following: Anastrepha striata Guava fruit fly Summerfruit • reviewing chemical and biological control options Anisogramma anomala Eastern filbert blight, hazelnut blight Tree nut, Truffle • developing an interactive tool to guide surveillance and awareness raising Anthonomus grandis Boll weevil Cotton

CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: activities to forecast the risk of establishment and spread Aphis fabae Black bean aphid Potato, Vegetable • developing statistically sound visual surveillance methods and new diagnostic tests for damaged plants Nursery and Garden, Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Potato • securing minor use permits for at risk crops Apis cerana (exotic strains, genotypes Asian honey bee Honey bee • developing contingency plans to guide actions in the event of a detection and sub-species) • holding workshops in high risk locations to improve awareness of the pest Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee Honey bee amongst growers. Apis mellifera scutellata African honey bee Honey bee

Apis mellifera scutellata (hybrid) Africanised honey bee Honey bee

Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle Lychee Arthuriomyces peckianus Orange rust (long-cycled) Rubus Ascochyta rabiei (exotic mating types) Ascochyta blight Grains Aspidiella hartii Yam scale, rhizome scale Ginger Aulacophora foveicollis Red pumpkin beetle Vegetable Cutflower, Nursery and sensu lato Myrtle rust, guava rust, Eucalyptus rust Garden, Plantation forest, (exotic variants) (syn. Puccinia psidii) Tea tree

Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado (asymptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch Avocado Vegetable leaf miner damage to siratro leaf on Thursday Island, Queensland. Image courtesy of Elia Pirtle, cesar (symptomatic strains) 4646 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of

Bactericera cockerelli * Tomato potato psyllid Tomato Belonolaimus longicaudatus Sting nematode Sweetpotato

Bactrocera albistrigata White striped fruit fly Mango Bemisia tabaci (types Asia 1, China 1, China 2, Asia II (1-8), Italy, Melon, Nursery and Garden, Avocado, Citrus, Mango, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Uganda, Silverleaf whitefly Tomato, Vegetable Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Papaya, Passionfruit, Tomato, New World, Mediterranean, Middle Vegetable, Viticulture East-Asia Minor 2, Indian Ocean) Bactrocera correcta Guava fruit fly Mango Botrytis squamosa Leaf blight Onion Bactrocera curvipennis Banana fruit fly Mango Burkholderia caryophylli Bacterial wilt of carnation Cutflower Apple and Pear, Avocado, (syn. Pseudomonas caryophylli) Bactrocera dorsalis Banana, Cherry, Citrus, Coffee, (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, Oriental fruit fly Lychee, Mango, Melon, Papaya, Bursaphelenchus spp. including Pinewood nematode species B. philippinensis) Passionfruit, Summerfruit, Plantation forest Tomato, Vegetable, Viticulture B. xylophilus complex Avocado, Mango, Passionfruit, Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly, Tongan fruit fly Cacoecimorpha pronubana Carnation tortrix Cutflower Tomato Avocado, Citrus, Mango, Caliothrips fasciatus Bean thrips Citrus Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly Passionfruit

Calonectria brassicae (syn. C. gracile) No common name Tea tree PLANT RESOURCES PLANT RESOURCES PLANT RESOURCES PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S AUSTRALIA'S AUSTRALIA'S AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING PROTECTING PROTECTING PROTECTING Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Mango, Passionfruit Blight, leaf spot, cutting and root Calonectria pteridis Tea tree Bactrocera latifrons Solanum fruit fly Melon rot Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Huanglongbing (African strain) Citrus Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly, Cook Islands fruit fly Avocado, Mango, Passionfruit CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly, Bezzi fruit fly Citrus, Mango Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Huanglongbing (American strain) Citrus Bactrocera oleae Olive fly Olive Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) Citrus, Nursery and Garden Avocado, Mango, Papaya, Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Passionfruit, Vegetable (syn. Candidatus Liberibacter Zebra chip Potato, Tomato, Vegetable psyllaurous) Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Mango, Passionfruit

Bactrocera trilineola Vanuatu fruit fly Mango Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir Viticulture

Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly Citrus, Mango, Vegetable Peach fruit moth, small peach Carposina sasakii Apple and Pear fruit borer Bactrocera tuberculata Fruit fly Mango

Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Avocado, Mango, Passionfruit Cephus cinctus Wheat stem sawfly Grains

Bactrocera zonata Peach fruit fly Mango Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly Grains

Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Mango sudden decline Bunchy top Banana Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato Coffee, Mango (Asian subgroup) syndrome, Ceratocystis blight Barley mild mosaic virus (Bymovirus) Barley mild mosaic virus Grains Ceratocystis manginecans Mango sudden decline syndrome Mango Lateral-banded mango longhorn Batocera rubus Mango beetle Ceratocystis omanensis Mango sudden decline syndrome Mango

Batocera rufomaculata Red-spotted longhorn beetle Mango Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Sugarcane Bean common mosaic virus (Potyvirus), Bean common mosaic virus Grains Cercosporella rubi Rosette Rubus peanut stripe strain

47 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of

Ceutorhynchus assimilis Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose Grains Cabbage seedpod weevil Grains (syn. C. obstrictus) Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer Lychee Ceutorhynchus napi Rape stem weevil Grains

Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Cabbage stem weevil Grains Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seed weevil Avocado

Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) (exotic Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil Avocado Blackline Rubus strains) Coptotermes formosanus Formosan subterranean termite Plantation forest Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus Grains (Mastrevirus) Coptotermes gestroi Asian subterranean termite Plantation forest Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus Cotinis mutabilis Fig beetle Pineapple Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus Grains (Polerovirus) Cotton leaf curl virus complex Cotton leaf curl disease Cotton Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane (Begomovirus)

Chilo infuscatellus Yellow top borer of sugarcane Sugarcane Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (Polerovirus) Cotton blue disease Cotton

Chilo orichalcociliellus Coastal stem borer Grains Croesia curvalana Blueberry leaftier Blueberry

Chilo partellus Spotted stem borer Grains Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Tree nut PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Cryptosporella umbrina Brown rose canker Cutflower Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Cydia inopinata (syn. Grapholita Manchurian fruit moth Apple and Pear Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane inopinata)

CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Chilo tumidicostalis Spotted sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane Cylindrocopturus adspersus Sunflower stem weevil Grains Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera Viticulture Chinavia hilaris (syn. C. hilare) Green stink bug Tree nut Dasineura mali Apple leaf curling midge Apple and Pear Chromatomyia horticola Pea leaf miner Cutflower Dasineura amaramanjarae Mango gall midge Mango

Chrysoporthe austroafricana Eucalyptus canker disease Plantation forest Deanolis sublimbalis (syn. Noorda Red banded mango caterpillar Mango albizonalis) Chlumetia transversa Mango shoot borer Mango Deformed wing virus (Iflavirus) Deformed wing virus Honey bee Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Citrus Delia antiqua Onion fly Onion, Vegetable Citrus leprosis virus (unassigned) Citrus leprosis disease Citrus Delia floralis Summer cabbage fly Vegetable Citrus tristeza virus (Closterovirus) Mandarin stem-pitting Citrus Delia florilega Bean fly Onion, Vegetable (mandarin stem-pitting strain) Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle Plantation forest Cladosporium allii (syn. C. allii-cepae, Leaf spot Onion Heterosporium allii, Mycosphaerella allii) Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle Plantation forest

Colletotrichum higginsianum Anthracnose Vegetable Diabrotica barberi Northern corn root worm Grains Colletotrichum kahawae subsp. kahawai Coffee berry disease Coffee Diabrotica undecimpunctata Southern corn root worm Grains (syn. C. coffeanum) Diabrotica virgifera Western corn root worm Grains Lentil anthracnose, soybean Colletotrichum lentis (lentil strain) Vegetable anthracnose Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Citrus, Nursery and Garden

48 PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2:

Image courtesy of Cotton Australia

Image caption 49 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Diaporthe helianthi Sunflower stem canker Grains Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot Papaya

Citrus weevil, West Indian Erwinia spp. Mushy canker Papaya Diaprepes abbreviatus weevil, sugarcane rootstalk Sweetpotato borer Erwinia tracheiphila Cucurbit bacterial wilt Melon Dickeya dianthicola (syn. Erwinia West Indian sweetpotato Slow wilt Cutflower Euscepes postfasciatus (syn. E. batatae) Sweetpotato chrysanthemi pv. dianthicola) weevil Dickeya spp. (pineapple infecting Bacterial fruit collapse, Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly Vegetable Pineapple strains) syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi bacterial heart rot Sugarcane leafhopper (vector Eumetopina flavipes Sugarcane Dickeya spp. (onion infecting exotic of Ramu stunt disease) Bacterial soft rot Onion pathovars) syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi Eurygaster integriceps Sunn pest Grains Diuraphis noxia* Russian wheat aphid Grains Euschistus conspersus Consperse stink bug Rubus destructor Potato tuber nematode Sweetpotato Eutetranychus banksi Texas citrus mite Coffee Apple and Pear, Blueberry, Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila Cherry, Rubus, Summerfruit, Frankliniella bispinosa Florida flower thrips Citrus Viticulture Frankliniella intonsa Flower thrips Cutflower, Tomato

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Dryocosmus kuriphilus Oriental chestnut gall wasp Tree nut

Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Apple and Pear Frankliniella invasor Thrips Banana

Dysdercus spp. including D. honestus, D. Frankliniella tritici Eastern flower thrips Cutflower Cotton stainer Cotton maurus, D. suturellus (American species) Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Plantation forest CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Banana, Pineapple Fusarium wilt of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi Cutflower East Asian passiflora virus (Potyvirus) East Asian passiflora virus Passionfruit chrysanthemum

Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips Nursery and Garden Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea Grains

Elasmopalpus lignosellus Lesser corn stalk borer Sweetpotato Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Fusarium wilt, Panama disease Banana (exotic vegetative compatibility groups) Eldana saccharina African sugarcane stalkborer Sugarcane Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. glycines Fusarium wilt of soybean Grains Elytroteinus subtruncatus Fijian ginger weevil Ginger Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium wilt of lupin Grains Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust Plantation forest Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis Fusarium root and stem rot of South African carnation tortrix, Melon Epichoristodes acerbella Cutflower (exotic races) melons South African carnation miner Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Fusarium root and stem rot of Melon Ericaphis fimbriata (with blueberry (exotic races) melons Blueberry aphid Blueberry scorch Carlavirus) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis- Fusarium root and stem rot of Melon cucumerinum melons Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly Banana Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Fusarium wilt Cotton Erwinia amylovora Fire blight Apple and Pear (exotic races) ( Erwinia herbicola (exotic strains) Avocado blast Avocado Fusarium spp. F. ananatum and Fusariosis, Fusarium stem rot, F. guttiforme syn. F. subglutinans pineapple eye rot, fruitlet core Pineapple Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae Bacterial gall Cutflower f. sp. ananas) rot

50 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of

Fusarium virguliforme Sudden death syndrome Grains Heterodera sorghi Sorghum cyst nematode Grains

Homalodisca vitripennis Cherry, Citrus, Nursery and Fusarium xylarioides f. sp. abyssiniae and Glassy winged sharpshooter Coffee wilt Coffee (syn. H. coagulata) Garden, Summerfruit, Viticulture F. xylarioides f. sp. canephorae Homalodisca vitripennis (with Xylella Fusicladium effusum (syn. Cladosporium Glassy winged sharpshooter Blueberry Pecan scab Tree nut fastidiosa) caryigenum) Homoeosoma electellum Sunflower moth Grains Globodera pallida Pale potato cyst nematode Potato Hoplostoma fuligineus Large hive beetle Honey bee Globodera rostochiensis (pathotypes Golden potato cyst nematode Potato RO2, RO3, RO4 and RO5) Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper Viticulture Grapevine flavescence dorée Flavescence dorée Viticulture phytoplasma Hylesia nigricans Burning moth Plantation forest

Grassy shoot phytoplasma Grassy shoot Sugarcane Hypocryphalus dilutus Ambrosia beetle Mango

Groundnut bud necrosis virus Bud necrosis disease Grains, Vegetable Hypothenemus hampei Coffee berry borer Coffee (Tospovirus) Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer Tree nut Groundnut ringspot virus (Tospovirus) Groundnut ringspot virus Grains Idioscopus nagpurensis Mango leafhopper Mango PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Viticulture Ips typographus Spruce bark beetle Plantation forest nitens Orange rust (short-cycled) Rubus Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle Potato

Apple and Pear, Cherry, Rubus, CHAPTER 2: Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Summerfruit, Tree nut, Truffle, Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug Tree nut Vegetable Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug Tree nut Haplothrips chinensis Chinese thrips Cutflower Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug Tree nut

Harpophora maydis Late wilt Grains, Vegetable Lettuce infectious yellows virus Lettuce infectious yellows virus Nursery and Garden (Crinivirus) Heilipus lauri Large seed weevil Avocado Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Melon, Tomato, Vegetable Helicoverpa armigera (carrying Bt Cotton bollworm Cotton Liriomyza congesta Pea leaf miner Cutflower resistance alleles) Cutflower, Melon, Nursery and Hemileia vastatrix Coffee leaf rust Coffee Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner Garden, Potato, Tomato, Vegetable Heterocrossa rubophaga Raspberry bud moth Rubus Vegetable leaf miner, American Melon, Onion, Potato, Liriomyza sativae Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode Vegetable leaf miner Tomato, Vegetable Cutflower, Melon, Potato, Heterodera ciceri Chickpea cyst nematode Grains, Vegetable Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner Tomato, Vegetable Heterodera filipjevi Cereal cyst nematode Grains Banana, Nursery and Garden, Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African snail Sweetpotato, Tomato, Vegetable Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Grains Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Rice Mediterranean cereal cyst Heterodera latipons Grains nematode Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth Viticulture

51 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Lygus hesperus Western plant bug Cotton, Strawberry, Vegetable Orgyia thyellina White spotted tussock moth Plantation forest

Cotton, Nursery and Garden, Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug Pantoea stewartii Stewart's wilt of maize Grains Strawberry Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealy bug Coffee, Papaya Apple and Pear, Nursery and Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Garden, Plantation forest, Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug Lychee Summerfruit, Tree nut Rosy gypsy moth, pink gypsy Parasa lepida Blue striped nettle grub Mango Lymantria mathura Apple and Pear moth Passiflora chlorosis virus (Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit Apple and Pear, Plantation Lymantria monacha Nun moth forest, Truffle Passionfruit crinkle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit

Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast Grains, Rice Passionfruit ringspot virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit

Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus Passionfruit severe leaf Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Grains Passionfruit (Begomovirus) distortion virus Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Grains Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle Passionfruit Meloidogyne enterolobii Onion, Potato, Sweetpotato, (Potyvirus) virus Root knot nematode (syn. M. mayaguensis) Vegetable PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Passionfruit vein clearing virus Passionfruit vein clearing virus Passionfruit (Rhabdovirus) Meloidogyne naasi Barley root knot nematode Vegetable Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus Passionfruit yellow mosaic Apple and Pear, Blueberry, Passionfruit Monilinia fructigena Brown rot (Tymovirus) virus Cherry

CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Monilinia leaf blight, blossom Peanut clump virus (Pecluvirus) Peanut clump virus Grains Monilinia mali Apple and Pear wilt Pennisetia hylaeiformis Raspberry crown borer Rubus Monilinia polystroma (syn. Monilia ) Asiatic brown rot Apple and Pear, Summerfruit polystroma Pennisetia marginata Raspberry crown borer Rubus Mummy berry, cotton ball Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi Blueberry disease Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane plant hopper Sugarcane Monochamus spp. including Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane plant hopper Sugarcane M. alternatus, M. galloprovinicialis, Longhorn beetles Plantation forest M. titillator, M. scutellatus Peronophythora litchii Brown blight Lychee Philippine downy mildew of Monosporascus cannonballus Monosporascus root rot Melon Peronosclerospora philippinensis Grains, Sugarcane maize Mungbean yellow mosaic virus Mungbean yellow mosaic virus Grains (Begomovirus) Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Sugarcane

Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Banana Peronosclerospora sorghi Downy mildew of sorghum Grains Nemorimyza maculosa Chrysanthemum leaf miner Cutflower Phialophora cinerescens Phialophora wilt Cutflower Neonectria ditissima (syn. N. galligena European canker Apple and Pear, Cherry and Nectria galligena) Phyllosticta spp. including P. cavendishii, Banana freckle Banana P. sydowiana Nysius huttoni Wheat bug Grains

Oligonychus ilicis Southern red mite Coffee, Nursery and Garden Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner Vegetable

Oligonychus perseae Persea mite Avocado Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Red steele root rot Strawberry

52 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type Citrus mealybug, citriculus Late blight Potato, Vegetable Pseudococcus cryptus (syn. P. citriculus) Coffee and exotic strains of A1 mating type) mealybug, cryptic mealybug

Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora blight Avocado Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Jack Beardsley mealybug Banana

Phytophthora mengei Trunk canker Avocado Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Viticulture Pseudomonas avellanae Phytophthora pinifolia Dano foliar del pino Plantation forest Bacterial canker Truffle (syn. P. syringae pv. avellanae) Avocado, Blueberry, Cutflower, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Bacterial canker Avocado, Nursery and Garden Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Nursery and Garden, Plantation (exotic races) forest, Tea tree, Tree nut, Truffle Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug Lychee Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Viticulture Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Vegetable Planotortrix octo Green headed leaf roller Cherry Puccinia agrophila No common name Vegetable Plasmopara halstedii Downy mildew of sunflower Grains Puccinia allii ('Koike's race') Rust of garlic and chives Onion Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus, sharka Cherry, Summerfruit Puccinia apii Rust of celery Vegetable

Polychrosis viteana American berry moth Viticulture Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (exotic PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Stem rust of wheat Grains pathogenic races) Polyocha depressella Root borer Sugarcane Puccinia mixta Rust of chives Onions

Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Nursery and Garden, Rice Puccinia nitida Rust of dill Vegetable CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Popillia japonica Japanese beetle Rubus Puccinia opizii Rust Vegetable Puccinia porri Rust of leek Onion Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato, Vegetable (Pospiviroidae) (exotic strains) Puccinia spp. (exotic species) Rusts Vegetable

Prays oleae Olive moth Olive Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust Grains

Procontarinia allahabadensis Mango gall midge Mango Pucciniastrum coryli Hazelnut rust Truffle

Procontarinia fructiculi Gall midge Mango Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Sugarcane

Procontarinia frugivora Mango fruit gall midge Mango Radopholus similis (exotic strains) Burrowing nematode Ginger

Procontarinia mangiferae (syn. Dasineura Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt Avocardo mangiferae, Erosomyia mangiferae, Mango blossom gall midge Mango Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IIB E. indica, Mangodiplosis mangiferae, Moko Banana Rhabdophaga mangiferae) (banana infecting strains) Ralstonia solanacearum, race 4 (exotic Procontarinia matteiana Mango leaf gall midge Mango Bacterial wilt Ginger strains) Procontarinia pustulata Mango leaf gall midge Mango Ralstonia syzigii (syn. R. solanacearum Bacterial wilt Potato Procontarinia schreineri Mango gall midge Mango race 4, Pseudomonas solanacearum) Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis Prostephanus truncatus Larger grain borer Grains Blood disease Banana (syn. R. solanacearum race 2, biovar 1) Pseudocercospora fijiensis (syn. Black Sigatoka Banana Mycosphaerella fijiensis) Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Raspberry ringspot virus Rubus, Strawberry

53 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Rastrococcus invadens Mango mealybug Banana, Mango Sugarcane streak mosaic virus Sugarcane streak mosaic Sugarcane (Poacevirus) Rastrococcus spinosus Mango mealybug Banana, Coffee Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus Sweet potato chlorotic stunt Sweetpotato Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot Apple and Pear (Crinivirus) virus Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Grapevine thrips Mango Sweet potato mild mottle virus Mild mottle of sweet potato Sweetpotato Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasaki (AG 1) (Ipomovirus)** (teleomorph Corticium sasakii (syn. Banded leaf and sheath spot Grains, Vegetable Sweet potato mild speckling virus Sweet potato mild speckling Sweetpotato Thanatephorus cucumeris) (Potyvirus)** virus Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Cutflower, Vegetable Coniothyrium eucalyptus Teratosphaeria gauchensis Plantation forest canker Rhodococcus fascians Leafy gall Cutflower Coniothyrium eucalyptus Teratosphaeria zuluensis Plantation forest Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassy stunt virus Rice canker

Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Ragged stunt virus Rice Tetranychus piercei Banana spider mite Banana

Rice tungro bacilliform virus (unassigned) Rice tungro bacilliform virus Rice Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Citrus, Cotton, Grains, Mango, False codling moth Cryptophlebia leucotreta) Pineapple, Vegetable Rice tungro spherical virus, Rice tungro spherical virus (Waika virus) Rice waikavirus

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Thrips tabaci (exotic strains and Onion thrips Onion biotypes) Riptortus dentipes Pod sucking bug Grains Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Grains Schizaphis graminum Greenbug Grains

Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Sugarcane Tomato black ring virus (Nepovirus) Tomato black ring virus Strawberry CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus Tomato brown rugose fruit Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Avocado Vegetable (Tobamovirus) virus (ToBRFV) Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Sugarcane Tomato mottle mosaic virus Tomato mottle mosaic virus Vegetable Slow paralysis virus (Iflavirus) Slow paralysis virus Honey bee (Tobamovirus) (ToMMV)

Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (Furovirus) Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus Grains Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus Rubus, Strawberry

Sphaceloma perseae Avocado scab Avocado Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle Plantation forest Toxotrypana curvicauda (syn. Anastrepha Spiroplasma citri Stubborn Citrus Papaya fly Mango, Papaya curvicauda) Spodoptera eridania Southern armyworm Cutflower Trichoplusia ni Cabbage looper Vegetable Spodoptera frugiperda Cotton, Cutflower, Vegetable Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Citrus Spodoptera littoralis Cotton leafworm Cutflower Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Grains, Rice, Tree nut Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Sugarcane Apple and Pear, Honey bee, Tree Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite Stenoma catenifer Avocado seed moth Avocado nut Apple and Pear, Honey bee, Tree Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Mango Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite nut Strawberry latent ringspot virus Strawberry latent ringspot Rubus South American tomato moth, (Sadwavirus) virus Tuta absoluta Tomato, Vegetable tomato leaf miner Strymon megarus (as a vector of Pineapple fruit borer Pineapple Fusariosis) Unknown Ramu stunt disease Sugarcane

54 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Longan and lychee witches’ Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Lychee Zea mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Zea mosaic virus Grains broom disease Avocado, Mango, Melon, Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Bactrocera Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp Plantation forest Melon fruit fly Papaya, Passionfruit, Tomato, cucurbitae) Tropicals, Vegetable Urocystis cepulae Onion smut Onion

Uromyces lineolatus Rust Vegetable Legend Apple and Pear, Honey bee, Tree f. sp. forma specialis subsp. subspecies Varroa destructor Varroa mite nut pv. pathovar syn. synonym *established in Australia Varroa jacobsoni Varroa mite Honey bee sp. species spp. multiple species **with Sweet potato feathery mottle virus and Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus Veronicella cubensis Cuban slug Sweetpotato

Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt Cotton, Olive, Tree nut

Vespa spp. (exotic species) Hornets Honey bee

Watermelon bud necrosis virus Watermelon bud necrosis Vegetable (Tospovirus)

White leaf phytoplasma White leaf Sugarcane PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING

Xanthomonas albilineans (exotic strains, Leaf scald Sugarcane serological groups 2 or 3)

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Xanthomonas leaf blight Onion CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae Bacterial blight Passionfruit Xanthomonas campestris (avocado Bacterial canker Avocado strain) Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (syn. X. Citrus canker Citrus axonopodis pv. citri) Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum Bacterial blight, angular leaf Cotton (syn. X. axonopodis pv. malvacearum) spot Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf spot Strawberry Pierce’s disease, blueberry leaf scorch, olive leaf scorch, olive Blueberry, Cherry, Nursery and Xylella fastidiosa (subsp. not specified) quick decline, phony peach, Garden, Summerfruit, Viticulture plum leaf scald Pierce’s disease, blueberry leaf Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa Coffee, Tree nut scorch, olive leaf scorch

Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex No common name Olive, Tree nut

Pierce’s disease, blueberry leaf Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Citrus, Coffee, Olive scorch, olive quick decline Xylella fastidiosa subsp. piercei No common name Tree nut

Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer Mango, Tea tree

55 Review of environmental risk management CONTINGENCY PLANNING Contingency planning is a pre-emptive preparedness initiative that improves readiness for In 2018, the Inspector-General for Biosecurity conducted a review of a particular exotic pest threat. Contingency plans are developed by PHA, industries and environmental risk management in Australia. The review was instigated to examine governments. how effectively the Department of Agriculture manages environmental biosecurity concerns. The report was published on 12 April 2019 and is available from Before an incursion occurs, experts are brought together to collate information on a igb.gov.au particular pest or pest group, its biology and available control measures. This includes identifying gaps in diagnostics, surveillance and R&D for the pest. Each contingency plan The review found that Australia’s framework for managing environmental provides guidelines and options for steps to be considered and undertaken when developing biosecurity challenges has improved considerably in recent years, with the a response plan for the pest. respective roles of the agriculture and environment departments in implementing pre-border and border biosecurity risk management measures much clearer. Table 7 (on page 58) provides a list of 101 contingency plans that have been developed to date. These plans make a considerable contribution to Australia’s preparedness for serious The report praised the appointment of the Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer exotic plant pest threats. Most contingency plans are located on PHA’s website in the but noted that there remained a need to engage with agricultural and Pest Information Document Database at planthealthaustralia.com.au/pidd environmental agencies in all jurisdictions, non-government organisations and PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING communities to develop a greater acceptance of the shared responsibility for better biosecurity outcomes.

The government was advised to source a high level of scientific expertise and

CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: innovation, both nationally and internationally, to ensure that novel and more efficient solutions to new biosecurity threats can be rapidly developed and applied as needed.

56 Environmental biosecurity preparedness

Environmental biosecurity is distinct from agricultural biosecurity, which focuses on pests that could have an economic impact on Australia’s agricultural productivity. Although distinct, there is a significant overlap in pests that affect plants grown for agricultural purposes and those found in the natural environment or that have social amenity in urban spaces.

Environmental biosecurity can make use of and build on many aspects of the system established for production biosecurity. The approach to environmental biosecurity is similar to that used for production pests: preparedness, response, management, and actions taken to address the issues.

In 2019 the development of Environmental Risk Mitigation Plans for Acacia and mangroves were commissioned by the Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer, with the work being progressed by PHA. The Environmental Risk Mitigation Plan for Australian Acacia Species is the first developed by PHA specifically considering all environmental stakeholders and will provide a template for similar work in the future. In 2019 PHA identified potential biosecurity PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING risks and risk pathways to selected mangrove ecosystems to enable the development of a risk mitigation plan in 2020.

In May and October of 2019, Environmental Biosecurity Roundtables were held in Canberra and Melbourne, respectively. The roundtables are held to facilitate discussion on CHAPTER 2: environmental biosecurity issues, to identify potential solutions to shape future actions and share information. They are an initiative of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Environment and Energy.

Image caption 57 Table 7. Contingency plans

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Agromyza ambigua, A. megalopsis, Cerodontha denticornis, Cereal leaf miners 2009 PHA National – grains industry Chromatomyia fuscula and C. nigra Agrotis segetum Turnip moth 2011 PHA National – grains industry Alternaria humicola Leaf spot of field pea 2009 PHA National – grains industry Alternaria triticina Leaf blight of wheat 2009 PHA National – grains industry Anoplophora chinensis Citrus longicorn beetle 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Anoplolepis gracilipes, Linepithema humile, Solenopsis invicta and Tramp ants – yellow crazy, Argentine, fire and 2015 draft DJPR National – production nurseries Wasmannia auropunctata electric ants Aphis fabae, Haplothrips tritici and Schizaphis graminum Exotic sap-sucking pests 2015 PHA National – grains industry Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly 2008 PHA National – grains industry Austropuccinia psidii (syn. Uredo rangelii) Myrtle rust 2015 PIRSA State

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING National – vegetable and potato Bactericera cockerelli and Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Zebra chip complex 2011 Hort Innovation, PHA industries Bactrocera tryoni and Ceratitis capitata Queensland fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly 2013 DPIPWE State Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata and exotic fruit fly species Fruit flies Updated bi-annually PIRSA State CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Barley stripe mosaic virus (Hordeivirus) Barley stripe mosaic virus 2009 PHA National – grains industry Beet pseudo yellows virus (Closterovirus), Diodia vein chlorosis virus (Crinivirus), Lettuce infectious yellows virus (Crinivirus) and Whitefly transmitted viruses 2010 PHA National – production nurseries Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Brachyponera chinensis, Camponotus pennsylvanicus, Lasius Asian needle, carpenter, invasive garden, European neglectus, Myrmica rubra, Nylanderia fulva, Solenopsis richteri, fire, tawny crazy or raspberry ant, black imported 2019 QDAF, GIA National – production nurseries Tapinoma sessile, Technomyrmex spp. (excluding T. difficilis and fire, odorous house, white footed (about 100 T. vitensis that are already established), Tetramorium tsushimae species) and Japanese pavement ants Braula coeca Braula fly 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight 2009 PHA National – rice industry Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, National – citrus and nursery Huanglongbing and vectors 2009 (under review) PHA, Hort Innovation Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae industries Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, Huanglongbing and vectors 2013 QDAF, GIA National – production nurseries Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, National – citrus and nursery Huanglongbing and vectors 2015 Hort Innovation, PHA Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae industries Cephus cinctus and Thaumatotibia leucotreta Wheat stem sawfly and false codling moth 2015 PHA National – grains industry

58 PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2:

Image caption 59 Table 7. Contingency plans (continued)

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly 2008 PHA National – grains industry Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease 2001 DJPR State Ceutorhynchus assimilis and Dasineura brassicae Cabbage seedpod weevil and brassica pod midge 2011 PHA National – grains industry Chilo partellus Spotted stem borers 2009 PHA National – grains industry Chilo spp. Sugarcane stem borer 2002 SRA National – sugarcane industry Chortoicetes terminifera Plague locust 2010 PIRSA State Chromatomyia horticola, Liriomyza bryoniae, L. cicerina, L. Agromyzid leaf miners 2008 PHA National – grains industry huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (Tospovirus), Impatiens necrotic ringspot virus (Tospovirus), Pelargonium flower break virus Thrips-transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries (Carmovirus) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus) Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose 2008 PHA National – grains industry Curvularia spicifera (syn. Bipolaris spicifera) Leaf blotch of cereals 2009 PHA National – grains industry PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera Updated bi-annually PIRSA State – viticulture industry Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar 2008 PHA State Diatraea spp. Sugarcane borer 2008 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid 2012 PHA National – grains industry Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stemborer 2009 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips 2010 PHA National – production nuseries Eldana saccharina African sugarcane moth borer 2002 SRA National – sugarcane industry Eoreuma loftini Mexican rice borer 2008 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 2007 PHA National – apple and pear industry Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 2014 PHA National – production nurseries Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot 2011 PHA National – papaya industry Eumetopina flavipes Island sugarcane planthopper 2009 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry Eurogaster integriceps Sunn pest 2008 PHA National – grains industry Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugarcane thrips 2009 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis and F. Fusarium wilt of chickpea, lentil and lupin 2009 PHA National – grains industry oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium wilt of canola 2007 PHA National – grains industry Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae 2008 PHA National – rice industry Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug 2016 GIA National – production nurseries

60 Table 7. Contingency plans (continued)

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope

Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug 2017 PHA Not specific to a particular industry

Harpophora maydis and Plasmopara halstedii Exotic soil-borne pathogens of grains 2013 PHA National – grains industry Helicoverpa zea Corn earworm 2009 PHA National – grains industry Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi and H. latipons Cereal cyst nematodes 2012 PHA National – grains industry Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode 2008 DPIRD, Hort Innovation National – vegetable industry Heterodera ciceri, H. glycines and H. zeae Exotic nematodes of grains 2013 PHA National – grains industry Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 2017 PHA, GIA National – production nurseries Liriomyza bryoniae, L. cicerina, L. huidobrensis, L. sativa, L. trifolii and Agromyzid leaf miners 2009 PHA National Chromatomyia horticola Liriomyza bryoniae, L. huidobrensis, L. sativa, L. trifolii and Agromyzid leaf miners 2008 QDAF, Hort Innovation National Chromatomyia horticola Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner 2009 PHA National – production nurseries PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING National – ornamentals, vegetables, Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African land snail 2015 GIA legumes Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 2009 PHA National – rice industry

Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 2011 PHA National – production nurseries CHAPTER 2:

Lymantria dispar dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) 2009 PHA National – production nurseries

Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 2008 PHA National – rice industry Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus 2011 PHA National – grains industry Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly 2005 PHA National – grains industry Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge 2008 PHA National – grains industry Meromyza americana and M. saltatrix Wheat stem maggots 2009 PHA National – grains industry Nysius huttoni Wheat bug 2008 PHA National – grains industry Ophiostoma spp. Dutch elm disease 2016 QDAF, GIA National – production nurseries Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealy bug 2011 PHA National – papaya industry Peronosclerospora philippinensis and P. sorghi Downy mildew of maize and sorghum 2009 PHA National – grains industry Phyllophaga spp. May beetle 2008 PHA National – grains industry Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 2019 PHA, GIA National – production nurseries Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) and Tobacco etch virus (Potyvirus) Aphid-transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail 2009 PHA National – rice industry Psila rosae Carrot rust fly 2009 DPIRD, Hort Innovation National - vegetable industry

61 Table 7. Contingency plans (continued)

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Puccinia psidii Myrtle rust 2015 DPIRD State Puccinia psidii sensu lato Eucalyptus rust 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust 2010 PHA National – grains industry Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres Net form of net blotch 2009 PHA National – grains industry Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus 2008 PHA National – grains industry Scirpophaga spp. Top borers 2008 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry Sesamia spp. Sugarcane and maize borers 2001 SRA National – sugarcane industry Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid 2009 PHA National – grains industry Sitona spp. complex, especially S. lineatus Pea leaf weevils 2005 DPIRD, PHA National – grains industry Solenopsis invicta Red imported fire ant 2013 QDAF, NBC National Solenopsis invicta Red imported fire ant 2013 QDAF, TACC State Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice 2008 PHA National – rice industry PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Tilletia contraversa Dwarf bunt of wheat 2007 PHA National – grains industry Tilletia indica Karnal bunt 2006 draft PHA National – grains industry Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 2005 PHA National – grains industry CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2: Tropilaelaps clareae and T. mercedesae Tropilaelaps mites 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Uromyces pisi and U. viciae-fabae Field pea and lentil rust 2009 PHA National – grains industry Varroa destructor and V. jacobsoni Varroa mites 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Verticillium longisporum Verticillium wilt of canola 2011 PHA National – grains industry Wasmannia auropunctata Electric ant 2013 QDAF, TACC State Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens and X. translucens pv. Bacterial leaf streak 2011 PHA National – grains industry undulosa Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 2016 GIA, QDAF National – production nurseries

62 PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 2:

There are more than 130,000 hectares of vineyards in Australia, tended by 6,200 wine grape growers. Image courtesy of Australian Vignerons

Image caption 63

Chapter 3 Plant industry profiles Plant industry profiles

The following pages profile plant industries that are members of Plant Health Australia, their economic value, and where the major growing regions are for each industry within the states and territories.

Graphs show trends over recent years in local value of production (LVP), which is the value of agricultural commodities at the farm gate. Note that data used in the graphs is up to 2017–18, the latest year for which the data is available.

Farm gate values are sourced from approved statistical authorities such as Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY and industry sources. Export figures are sourced from the Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook 2017–18.19

Each profile also provides details of the industry’s key exotic pest threats and the biosecurity

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: initiatives that they have undertaken in 2019. All of these industries are signatories to the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, apart from the Australian Blueberry Growers’ Association and Passionfruit Australia.

Figure 7 shows the contribution of each of the main plant production industries (including honey and beeswax) to total plant gross value of production in 2017–18 (the latest year for which this breakdown is available).20 21

19. Hort Innovation (2019). Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook 2017–18, Accessed online 12 February 2020 19. 20. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. Agricultural Commodities March Quarter 2020– Statistics. Accessed online 21 April 2020. agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural- commodities/mar-2020 21. Australian Bureau of Statistics 7503.0 - Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced, Australia, 2017-18. Acesses Image courtesy of Apple and Pear Australia online 21 April 2020. abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/7503.02017-18?OpenDocument

66 Image caption Figure 7. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries, based on gross value SSS of production, 2017–18 LELE FIFI

39% Grains RORO PPP Y

8% Cotton RYRY

4% Sugarcane STST DUDU N 4% Pasture and hay IN T T T

5% Nursery ANAN PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY PLANT INDUSTRY PLPL

12% Fruit 3:3: R R R

2% Nuts TETETE P APAP

4% Grapes H CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: CHCHCHAPTER 3: 13% Vegetables 8% Forestry <1% Honey

Image caption 67 ALMONDS

Represented by the Almond Board of Australia Table 8. High Priority Pests of the almond industry australianalmonds.com.au In 2017–18, almond production was valued at $441 million (LVP), with exports valued at Scientific name Common name $440 million. Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm

The domestic market for almonds continues to grow strongly at around 10 per cent per year Chinavia hilaris (syn. C. hilare) Green stink bug due to an increasing move to plant-based diets and the health benefits of nuts. The industry Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug has focused on export market development, with three tonnes of almonds being shipped Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug overseas for every tonne consumed in Australia. Historically, India has been the largest Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug export market, but sales to China continue to increase rapidly, making it the major destination for Australian almonds. Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite The industry has been expanding rapidly since 2016 with an additional 20,000 hectares Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite being planted, bringing the total industry orchard area to 50,000 hectares. The orchards are concentrated along the Murray Valley in Victoria (53%), SA (21%), and NSW (24%), with an Varroa destructor Varroa mite

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: orchard in WA (2%). Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt

The 2019 production was 104,000 tonnes, however when current plantings reach full Xylella fastidiosa (including X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex, Almond leaf scorch, pecan bacterial leaf scorch maturity the industry’s productive capacity will be approximately 160,000 tonnes. X. fastidiosa subsp. piercei) (with vector) Nonpareil continues to be the most popular variety with several pollinator varieties such as Carmel, Price and Monterey planted to overlap the flowering period of Nonpareil to achieve good nut set.

The Australian almond industry depends on honey bees for pollination with more than 200,000 hives required during the pollination season. The almond blossoms provide one of the first natural sources of food for bees each spring.

Image courtesy of Michael Holmes 68 Figure 8. Annual value of almond production, 2007–18 SSS LELE FIFI RORO PPP Y RYRY STST DUDU N IN T T T ANAN PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY PLANT INDUSTRY PLPL 3:3: R R R TETETE P APAP H CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: CHCHCHAPTER 3:

Figure 9. Distribution of almond production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

Image caption 69 APPLES AND PEARS

Represented by Apple and Pear Australia apal.org.au In 2017–18, apple and pear production was valued at $494 million (LVP), with exports valued at $31 million. The total planted area was 9,375 hectares for apples and 3,175 hectares for pears.

There are approximately 550 commercial apple and/or pear grower businesses in Australia. Victoria produces 46 per cent of Australia’s apples and 88 per cent of pears, with the remainder of the gross production divided evenly across the remaining states.

The major production areas include the Goulburn Valley, Gippsland, Yarra Valley and the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria; Stanthorpe in Queensland; Batlow and Orange in NSW; the Huon Valley and

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Tamar Valley in Tasmania; the Adelaide Hills in SA; and Donnybrook, Manjimup and the Perth Hills in WA.

The four most common apple cultivars are Cripps Pink (Pink Lady™), Gala, Fuji and Granny Smith.

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Areas of Cripps Red (Sundowner™), Red Delicious and Golden Delicious are declining. A number of newer club apples such as Jazz™, Kanzi™, Envy™, Smitten™, Rockit™ and Bravo™ have been increasing in production recently. Australia’s main apple export markets are Europe, Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong and Indonesia.

Packham and Williams are the most common pear cultivars grown, plus smaller areas of Beurre Bosc and Corella. New cultivars include ANP-0118 (Lanya™), ANP-0131 (Rico™), and Piqa Boo™. The main pear export markets are New Zealand, Indonesia, Canada and Singapore.

Image courtesy of Apple and Pear Australia

70 Image caption Table 9.HighPriorityPests oftheappleandpearindustry Bactrocera dorsalis(s Monilinia polystroma Monilinia mali Monilinia fructigena Lymantria monacha Lymantria mathura Lymantria dispar Halyomorpha halys Erwinia amylovora Dysaphis plantaginea Drosophila suzukii Dasineura mali Cydia inopinata(syn. Grapholita inopinata ) Carposina sasakii B. philippinensis) Varroa destructor Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps clareae Rhagoletis pomonella galligena) Neonectria ditissima Scientific name (syn. yn. B.invadens, B.papayae, (syn. Moniliapolystroma N. galligena and Nectria N. galligenaandNectria ) Monilinia leafblight,blossomwilt Brown rot Nun moth Rosy gypsy moth, pink gypsy moth Asian gypsy moth Brown marmoratedstinkbug Fire blight Rosy appleaphid Spotted wingdrosophila Apple leafcurlingmidge Manchurian fruitmoth Peach fruitmoth, smallpeachfruitborer Oriental fruitfly Varroa mite Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Apple maggot European canker Asiatic brown rot Common name Figure 10.Annualvalue ofappleandpearproduction,2007–18 (based onLVP) Figure 11.Distributionofappleandpearproductionby stateandterritory, 2017–18

71 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES AVOCADOS

Represented by Avocados Australia avocado.org.au In 2017–18, avocado production was valued at $350 million (LVP), with exports valued at $11.6 million, which were mainly shipped to Malaysia and Singapore.

Australians’ love of avocados has grown steadily each year since the 1990s. Consumption in 2018–19 reached 3.8 kilograms per person, up from 1.2 kilograms in 1997–98.

Queensland dominates Australia’s avocado production, followed by WA, NSW, SA and Victoria, with a small amount of production in Tasmania and one known orchard in the NT. This geographic diversity in growing regions ensures domestic access to Australian

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY avocados year-round. Fruit imported from New Zealand supplements supply during spring and summer.

The Hass variety is the predominant avocado produced in Australia, accounting for

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: approximately 81 per cent production, with Shepard accounting for about 16 per cent. Other varieties such as Reed, Sharwil, Gwen, Wurtz and Fuerte make up the balance.

Image courtesy of Avocados Australia Avocado leaf and flower spike. Image courtesy of Avocados Australia

72 Image caption Table 10.HighPriorityPestsoftheavocado industry strains) Avocado sunblotch viroid (asymptomatic Scientific name cucurbitae) Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Xanthomonas campestris (avocado strain) Stenoma catenifer Scirtothrips perseae Raffaelea lauricola Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora mengei Phytophthora kernoviae Oligonychus persea Heilipus lauri Erwinia herbicola (exotic strains) Conotrachelus perseae Conotrachelus aguacatae Bactrocera xanthodes Bactrocera passiflorae Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera kirki Bactrocera kandiensis Bactrocera facialis B. philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn. B.invadens, B.papayae, Bactrocera carambolae strains) Avocado sunblotch viroid (symptomatic syringae (exotic races) Bactrocera A Common name Melon fruitfly Bacterial canker Avocado seedmoth Avocado scab Avocado thrips Laurel wilt Bacterial canker Sudden oakdeath Trunk canker Phytophthora blight Persea mite Large seedweevil Avocado blast Small seedweevil Small avocado seedweevil Pacific fruitfly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly, Cook Islandsfruitfly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly Tropical fruitfly, Tongan fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Avocado sunblotch vocado sunblotch Figure 12.Annualvalue ofavocado production,2007–18 Figure 13.Distributionofavocado productionby stateandterritory, 2017–18(basedon LVP)

73 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES BANANAS

Represented by the Australian Banana Growers’ Council (ABGC) Table 11. High Priority Pests of the banana industry abgc.org.au In 2017–18, banana production was valued at $434 million (LVP). The vast majority of the Scientific name Common name Australian banana crop is supplied to the domestic market while a small number of growers Abaca bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Abaca bunchy top virus are creating export markets in Asia. Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, Oriental fruit fly B. philippinensis) Bananas are grown commercially in Queensland, NSW, WA and NT. There are currently about Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) (Asian 13,000 hectares of bananas grown in Australia, 94 per cent of which are located in four Bunchy top subgroup) north Queensland growing regions: Tully, Innisfail, Lakeland and the Atherton Tablelands. Bananas are grown all year round with the two main varieties being Cavendish and Lady Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Finger. The Cavendish variety accounts for 95 per cent of production. Erionata thrax Banana skipper butterfly PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY In 2019 there were two major biosecurity threats challenging the banana industry: Frankliniella invasor Thrips Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (exotic • Panama disease tropical race 4 (TR4) in north Queensland Fusarium wilt, Panama disease vegetative compatibility groups) • banana bunchy top virus in northern NSW and south-east Queensland. CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African snail Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Panama disease tropical race 4 was first detected on a north Queensland banana farm in Phyllosticta spp. including P. cavendishii, March 2015. Due to the collaborative efforts of banana growers, the ABGC and the Banana freckle P. sydowiana Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF), by the end of 2019, the Pseudocercospora fijiensis (syn. Mycosphaerella disease was contained to three farms in the Tully Valley. While the plants on the original Black Sigatoka infected property were destroyed and all farming operations ceased, the other two fijiensis) quarantined farms continue to produce and pack fruit under strict biosecurity conditions. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Jack Beardsley mealybug Biosecurity Queensland continues to conduct surveillance on all medium and high-risk Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IIB (banana Moko commercial banana farms in north Queensland. The ABGC and QDAF are working infecting strains) collaboratively to determine how the Panama TR4 Program will function into the future. Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis Blood disease (syn. R. solanacearum race 2, biovar 1) A control program for banana bunchy top virus has been operating in NSW and south-east Queensland since 2009. The ABGC is delivering Phase 4 of the project to contain the virus to Rastrococcus invadens Mango mealybug a limited area through targeted surveillance and destruction of infected plant material to Rastrococcus spinosus Mango mealybug supress the incidence of bunchy top disease on commercial farms. The project also aims to Teranychus piercei Spider mite increase the responsibility of growers to manage their own bunchy top disease on farms.

In addition to these major biosecurity threats, ABGC is active in other biosecurity programs. Yellow Sigatoka is an important endemic leaf disease that spreads easily if not controlled and causes significant production losses. An officer is employed by the ABGC to undertake inspections for the presence of yellow Sigatoka and other banana diseases in the north Queensland commercial production area and work with growers to assist them to control the disease.

The ABGC also employs two staff members who have a combined responsibility for coordinating biosecurity related research and development as well as strategy development and implementation.

74 Figure 14. Annual value of banana production, 2007–18 SSS LELE FIFI RORO PPP Y RYRY STST DUDU N IN T T T ANAN PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY PLANT INDUSTRY PLPL 3:3: R R R TETETE P APAP H CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: CHCHCHAPTER 3:

Figure 15. Distribution of banana production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

Image caption 75 BLUEBERRIES

Represented by the Australian Blueberry Growers' Association Figure 16. Annual value of blueberry production, 2011–18 abga.com.au In 2017–18, blueberry production was valued at approximately $244 million (LVP). The industry is expanding, with an average 15,000 tonnes of blueberries being produced per annum. The majority of blueberries are consumed domestically, with less than five per cent exported to markets including Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand.

Around 300 growers produce blueberries on more than 2,500 hectares in all states. The major production area is on the NSW north coast. NSW produced around 70–75 per cent of the Australian crop in 2018. Other regions have increased plantings to take advantage of late and early season fruit, with the aim of having Australian blueberries PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY available all year-round.

The crop is grown on the NSW north coast and Tumbarumba in southern NSW; the Atherton Tablelands, Bundaberg and Mundubbera in Queensland; the Tamar Valley, Meander Valley,

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Bernie, Devonport and the Huon Valley in Tasmania; the Grampians, Silvan and Strathbogie in Victoria; Margaret River and Geraldton in WA; and the Mount Lofty ranges in SA.

There are three varieties of blueberries grown in Australia: northern highbush, southern highbush and rabbiteye. Northern highbush are grown in the cooler climate areas such as Victoria, Tasmania and the southern highlands of NSW, whereas southern highbush and rabbiteye varieties are grown in NSW and Queensland.

Table 12. High Priority Pests of the blueberry industry Figure 17. Distribution of blueberries production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Croesia curvalana Blueberry leaftier Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila Ericaphis fimbriata (with blueberry scorch Blueberry aphid Carlavirus) Homalodisca vitripennis (with Xylella fastidiosa) Glassy winged sharpshooter Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi Mummy berry, cotton ball disease Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Pierce’s disease, blueberry leaf scorch, olive Xylella fastidiosa (subsp. not specified) leaf scorch, olive quick decline, phony peach, plum leaf scald

76 Image courtesy of theCanned Fruits IndustryCouncil ofAustralia (summerfruit) industrieswithPHAandgovernments. developed plansandmanualsfor thepomefruit(appleandpear)stone The cannedfruitsindustrydoesnothave aspecificbiosecurityplanormanualbuthas of Victoria,processing Australianapples,apricots, peaches, pearsandplumsatShepparton. The canneddeciduousfruitbusinessisprimarilybasedintheGoulburn-Murray Valley region The industryrepresents more than110fruitgrowing businessesandoneprocessor. 35,000 to40,000tonnesprocessed annually. (apples, apricots, peaches,pearsandplums)occurs from December toMay, withvolumes of Fruit production ofthevarieties represented by CannedFruits IndustryCouncil ofAustralia valued at$6.7million. In 2017–18production ofcannedfruitwas valued at$19.3million(LVP), withexports fgv.com.au Represented by theCanned Fruits IndustryCouncil ofAustralia CANNED FRUITS (based onLVP) Figure 19.Distributionofcannedfruitproductionby stateandterritory, 2017–18 Figure 18.Annualvalue ofcannedfruitproduction,2007–2018

77 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES CHERRIES

Represented by Cherry Growers Australia Figure 20. Annual value of cherry production, 2007–18 cherrygrowers.org.au In 2017–18 production of cherries was valued at $159 million (LVP), and exports were valued at $62.2 million. National production in 2018–19 reached approximately 16,000 tonnes, of which 32 per cent was exported. Production is expected to rise to 20,000 tonnes by 2020, with up to 50 per cent exported.

Cherries are produced in six states, with NSW, Victoria and Tasmania being the three largest producers, followed by SA. These four states have a strong export focus. WA and Queensland are relatively small producers, primarily focusing on the domestic market. Australian cherries are available from mid to late October until late February. The window of PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY supply in each region is determined by the varieties grown and the local climate.

The cherry industry is increasing its production and moving into new areas. Recent market access to key Free Trade Agreement markets such as China and Vietnam have given

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: mainland growers an unprecedented opportunity which until now has been the exclusive domain of Tasmania with its fruit fly free status. As of 1 January 2019, every major market serviced by Australian cherries, except India, will be tariff free.

This improved market access has resulted in an increase in the number of growers registering for export over the past two years, with approximately 90 growers (greater than 2,000 hectares) registered for protocol markets. National expansion is underpinned by ongoing research and strong biosecurity principles.

Table 13. High Priority Pests of the cherry industry Figure 21. Distribution of cherry production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based upon LVP)

Scientific name Common name Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, Oriental fruit fly B. philippinensis) Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Homalodisca vitripennis (syn. H. coagulata) Glassy winged sharpshooter Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Neonectria ditissima (syn. N. galligena and Nectria European canker galligena) Planotortrix octo Greenheaded leaf roller Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus, sharka Pierce’s disease, blueberry leaf scorch, olive Xylella fastidiosa (subsp. not specified) leaf scorch, olive quick decline, phony peach, plum leaf scald

78 Table 14.HighPriorityPestsofthechestnutindustry Government’s BiosecurityRoundtables. website. The industryhasregular representation atPHAmeetingsandtheAustralian A biosecuritysectionismaintained intheindustrysectionofChestnutsAustralia and iscovered by theriskanalysis documentedinthetree nutindustrybiosecurityplan. considered intheAustralianChestnutIndustryFive Year Strategic Plan–2015to2020 Chestnuts Australiaincludesbiosecurityasanintegralpartofitsactivities. Biosecurityis the chestnutgallwasp andchestnutweevil. The Australianchestnutindustryisfortunately free from majorexotic insectpestssuchas Management Group. More abouttheresponse tochestnutblightisinChapter6. committees, theConsultative Committee onEmergency PlantPestsandtheNational Response for chestnutblight,includingsitting onthechestnutblightdecision-making Throughout 2019,Chestnuts Australiacontinued toparticipateintheEmergency PlantPest are grown primarilyinVictoriaandNSW. flower duringNovember andDecember andare harvested from March through toMay, and The mainvarieties grown are Red Spanish,Purton's PrideandDeCoppi Marone. Chestnuts approximately two percent exported,mainlytoAsianmarkets. $12 millionby 2021.Theindustryisprimarilyfocused onthedomesticmarket with planted inNSW, production willincrease toapproximately 1,300tonneswithavalue of 1,100 tonnesofchestnutswere produced. Itisestimatedthatwithmore trees being Around 1,480hectares are planted with275,000chestnuttrees. In2019,approximately In 2017–18chestnutproduction was valued at$9.4million(LVP). chestnutsaustralia.com.au Represented by Chestnuts Australia CHESTNUTS Dry Cryphonectria parasitica Scientific name eoi eoitn tan)Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae(exotic defoliating strains) Phytophthora ramorum Lymantria dispar ocosmus kuriphilus Chestnut blight Common name Sudden oakdeath Gypsy moth(AsianandEuropean strains) Oriental chestnutgallwasp Figure 23.Distributionofchestnutproductionby stateandterritory, 2017–18 (basedonLVP) Figure 22.Annualvalue ofchestnutproduction,2009–18

79 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES CITRUS

Represented by Citrus Australia citrusaustralia.com.au In 2017–18 production of oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruit was valued at $786 million (LVP), with exports valued at $428 million.

The citrus industry is Australia’s largest fresh fruit exporting industry by volume, with major export markets in China, Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, the United States and Thailand.

The five-year production average is 715,000 tonnes per annum, produced from approximately 26,000 hectares of citrus plantings nationally. PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Citrus fruits are grown commercially throughout the Australian mainland excluding the ACT. Major growing areas include the Riverina in NSW; Central Burnett, Central Highlands and the far north of Queensland; Riverland in SA; the Murray Valley in Victoria–NSW and the

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Midlands and south-west of WA. There are a small number of commercial orchards in Darwin and the Katherine region of the NT.

A biosecurity project, Improving Biosecurity Preparedness of the Australian Citrus Industry (CT 17001), commenced in August 2018, funded by Hort Innovation supported by the citrus levy until June 2021. In the first two years, additional funding has been received from the Australian Government’s Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper.

In 2019, Citrus Australia formed a Citrus Pest and Disease Prevention Committee as a result of growing concern from industry following the 2018 citrus canker outbreak in the NT and north-west WA. The objective is to prepare industry for future exotic plant pest responses.

The citrus industry is supported by a biosecurity plan, the Biosecurity Manual for Citrus Producers Version and the National Citrus Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2018–28 See page 207 for information about the National Citrus Biosecurity Program.

80 Image caption Table 15.HighPriorityPests ofthecitrusindustry Bactr Anastrepha ludens Xylella fastidiosa subsp.pauca pv. Xanthomonas citri Trioza erytreae leucotreta) Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia Spiroplasma citri Homalodisca vitripennis Frankliniella bispinosa Diaphorina citri stem-pitting strain) Citrus tristezavirus Citrus leprosis virus(unassigned) Citripestis sagittiferella Candidatus Liberibacterasiaticus Candidatus Liberibacteramericanus Candidatus Liberibacterafricanus Caliothrips fasciatus Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera occipitalis Bactrocera kandiensis B. philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn. B.invadens, B.papayae, Scientific name citri) ocera carambolae subsp. citri( (Closterovirus) (mandarin ( syn. H.coagulata ) syn. X. axonopodis Huanglongbing (Asiaticstrain) Huanglongbing (Americanstrain) Huanglongbing (African strain) Mexican fruitfly quick decline Pierce’s disease,blueberry leafscorch, olive Citrus canker African citruspsyllid False codling moth Stubborn Glassy wingedsharpshooter Florida flower thrips Asian citruspsyllid Mandarin stem-pitting Citrus leprosis disease Citrus fruitborer Bean thrips New Guineafruitfly Fruit fly, Bezzifruitfly Fruit fly Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Common name Figure 25.Distributionofcitrusproductionby stateandterritory, 2017–18(basedonLVP) Figure 24.Annualvalue ofcitrusproduction,2007–18

81 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES COTTON

Represented by Cotton Australia Table 16. High Priority Pests of the cotton industry cottonaustralia.com.au Scientific name Common name In 2017–18, cotton production was valued at $2.5 billion (LVP). The cotton industry is an integral part of the Australian economy, worth on average more than $2 billion per annum. Anthonomus grandis Boll weevil Almost the entire Australian cotton crop is exported, with the majority sold to China and the Cotton leaf curl virus complex (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease remainder mainly to spinning mills in other parts of Asia. Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (Polerovirus) Cotton blue disease Dysdercus spp. (including D. honestus, D. maurus, Approximately 60 per cent of the national crop is grown in NSW, with the remainder grown Cotton stainer in Queensland and a small number of fields in Victoria. Cotton is predominantly grown as an D. suturellus (American species) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (exotic annual irrigated summer crop, with rain-grown cotton representing approximately 20 per Fusarium wilt cent of the total planted area. races) PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Helicoverpa armigera (carrying Bt resistance Cotton bollworm Although a relatively small producer on the world scale, Australia sustainably produces high alleles) quality, low contaminant cottons that attract a premium price on the world market. Lygus hesperus Western plant bug Australian cotton yields are high by international standards, at nearly three times the world 22 Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: average. Spodoptera frugiperda Fall armyworm The Cotton Industry Biosecurity Group meets annually to discuss biosecurity issues and to Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia False codling moth make sure industry’s responsibilities under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed are leucotreta) met each year. Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum (syn. Bacterial blight, angular leaf spot X. axonopodis pv. malvacearum)

Figure 26. Annual value of cotton production, 2007–18 Figure 27. Distribution of cotton production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

21.

22. Cotton Australia (2018). Australian Cotton Industry Statistics 82 Figure 28.Annualvalue ofdriedfruitproduction,2007–18 and projects suchassurveillance andemergency scenarios. industry value chaintobeacontributing participantinnationalbiosecurityrelated activities During 2019,producers voted tointroduce abiosecuritylevy toenablethedriedvinefruits in theevent ofapestincursion. Pest Response traininginorder tounderstandtheroles andresponsibilities oftheirofficers fruit through themajorindustry processors. Theindustryalsoundertakes Emergency Plant Currant News. Theviticulture biosecuritymanualhasbeendistributedtogrowers ofdried PHA toitsmembersviaaquarterlypublication,TheVine,andthrough theemailnewsletter The driedfruitindustryregularly distributesbiosecurityinformation andguidelinesfrom Victoria andsouth-western NSWaround theMurray River, andalsointheSA Riverland. industry are predominantly grown intheSunraysia region whichspansnorthwestern increase to5,000ormore tonnesincoming years. InAustralia,grapesfor thedriedfruit to be15,000tonnes.ExportsalesofdriedvinefruitsEurope andAsiaare expectedto value of$34 million(LVP) withexports valued at$19.8million.The2020crop isestimated In 2017–18,driedgrapeproduction (sultanatypes,currantsandraisins) hadanestimated driedfruitsaustralia.org.au Represented by DriedFruits Australia DRIED FRUITS(GRAPES) Table 17.HighPriorityPestsofthedriedfruitindustry Figure 29.Distributionofdriedfruit productionby stateandterritory, 2017–18(based onLVP) Homalodisca vitripennis Flavescence dorée Guignardia bidwellii Grapevine phylloxera Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Drosophila suzukii Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Candidatus Phytoplasma solani B. philippinensis) Bactr Bactrocera carambolae Scientific name Xylella fastidiosa (subsp. notspecified) Pseudococcus maritimus Polychrosis viteana Planococcus ficus Lobesia botrana Hyalesthes obsoletus ocera dorsalis(syn. B.invadens, B.papayae, (syn. H.coagulata) Black rot Spotted wingdrosophila Bois noir Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Common name Glassy wingedsharpshooter plum leafscald leaf scorch, olive quickdecline,phony peach, Pierce’s disease,blueberryleafscorch, olive Grape mealybug American berrymoth Vine mealybug European grapevine moth Cixiidae planthopper

83 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES FORESTRY

Represented by the Australian Forest Products Association ausfpa.com.au In 2017–18, plantation forestry production was valued at $2.3 billion (LVP),23 with wood product exports valued at $3.6 billion. The forest, wood and paper products sector is Australia’s sixth largest manufacturing industry. Australia is the seventh most forested country in the world, with 131 million hectares of native forest on public and private land and two million hectares of plantation forestry. Of this native forest, only 100,000 hectares is harvested for timber annually (less than 0.06 per cent of Australia’s total native forests). All native forest harvested is sustainably regrown, with the regrowth quickly becoming an abundant food source and habitat for PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY native species. Plantation species are split almost evenly between softwood and hardwood plantations. Softwood plantations are predominately long rotation (from 28 to 40 years) and produce

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: logs for a range of products including structural timber for housing, appearance grade sawn timber, wood-based panels, engineered wood products, paper and paperboard. The majority of softwood grown in Australia is Pinus radiata, which is the dominant species in SA, NSW, Victoria and Tasmania. P. elliottii and P. caribaea are grown in Queensland and northern NSW, and P. pinaster is grown in WA. There is also a notable area (around 50,000 hectares) of native hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) in the south-east of Queensland and northern NSW. Hardwood plantations include short rotation eucalypt species (eight to 12 years) grown for woodchips to be made into tissue, paper and paperboard products, and around 10 per cent are long rotation species, producing logs for a range of products including appearance grade sawn timber and structural timber for housing. There are also some small plantings of Acacia mangium, African mahogany and sandalwood grown in the NT and northern WA. Of the 36.6 million hectares of native forest both available and suitable for commercial wood production, 7.5 million hectares is multiple-use public forests. The remainder is in leasehold and private forests. Multiple-use native forests are managed by state government departments or agencies in NSW, Queensland, Victoria, WA and Tasmania and are defined as crown land managed for a range of values including wood harvesting, water supply, conservation, recreation and environmental protection. Currently, a funding partnership between the Department of Agriculture and the Australian Forest Products Association is being used to establish a National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Program. The initiative is being managed by PHA through the National Forest Biosecurity Coordinator (see page 154). The forestry industry developed the plantation forest biosecurity plan, the Biosecurity Manual for the Plantation Timber Industry and the National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2018–23.

84 Image caption 4 There isasmall amountofproduction intheACT andNTbutdata isnot available (N/A) for theseregions 24. Table 18.HighPriorityPestsoftheplantationforestry industry 3 Forestry LVP dataconsists ofhardwood (plantation) andsoftwood logs 23. Austropuccinia psidiisensulato( Scientific name Urocerus gigas Tomicus piniperda Teratosphaeria zuluensis Teratosphaeria gauchensis Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora pinifolia Orgyia thyellina M. galloprovinicialis, M.titillator, M. scutellatus Monchamus spp.includingM.alternatus, Lymantria monacha Lymantria dispar Ips typographus Hylesia nigricans Fusarium circinatum Endocronartium harknessii Dendroctonus valens Dendroctonus ponderosae Coptotermes gestroi Coptotermes formosanus Chrysoporthe austroafricana Bursaphelenchus spp.includingB.xylophilus (syn. Puccinia psidii) exotic variants) Common name Giant wood wasp Pine shootbeetle Coniothyrium eucalyptuscanker Coniothyrium eucalyptuscanker Sudden oakdeath Dano foliar delpino White spottedtussockmoth Longhorn beetle Nun moth Asian gypsy moth Spruce barkbeetle Burning moth Pitch canker Western gallrust Red turpentinebeetle Mountain pinebeetle Asian subterraneantermite Formosan subterraneantermite Eucalyptus canker disease Pinewood nematodespeciescomplex Myrtle rust,guava rust,Eucalyptus rust Figure 30.Annualvalue ofplantationforestry production, 2007–18 (based onLVP) Figure 31.Distributionofplantationforestry productionby stateandterritory, 2017–18 24

85 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES GINGER

Represented by the Australian Ginger Industry Association Figure 32. Annual value of ginger production, 2010–18 australianginger.org.au In 2017–18, ginger production was valued approximately $55 million. Land under cultivation was about 270 hectares, producing around 9,850 tonnes of ginger.

Production takes place in Australia’s subtropical and tropical regions and there are approximately 50 commercial ginger growers, most of them based in Queensland. Key Queensland growing districts are Gatton, Glasshouse Mountains, Beerwah, Yandina, Mary Valley, Maryborough and Bundaberg. Growers can also be found in northern NSW and far north Queensland.

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY There are two varieties grown commercially: Jumbo (also known as Canton) and Queensland, with 25 per cent sold to the processing sector and 75 per cent sold to the fresh market. Currently no ginger is exported.

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Biosecurity is included in the AgriFuture Australia’s Ginger Program RD&E Plan 2017–22 and is an integral part of Australian Ginger Industry Association’s activities. The association represents the biosecurity interests of ginger producers and industry by funding and supporting biosecurity initiatives. Information from PHA is shared regularly with members via meetings, newsletters and email updates.

Table 19. High Priority Pests of the ginger industry Figure 33. Distribution of ginger production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Aspidiella hartii Yam scale, rhizome scale Elytroteinus subtruncatus Fijian ginger weevil Radopholus similis (exotic strains) Burrowing nematode Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 (exotic strains) Bacterial wilt

86 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3:

Image courtesy of the Australian Ginger Industry Association

Image caption 87 GRAINS

Represented by Grain Producers Australia Figure 34. Annual value of grains production, 2007–18 grainproducers.com.au In 2017–18, grain production was valued at $11.4 billion with exports valued at $11.14 billion. The grains industry accounted for 21 per cent of Australian agriculture’s gross value of production and 23 per cent of agriculture’s export income, making it Australia’s largest plant industry.25

Most of Australia’s grain is produced across the region known as the wheat belt, which stretches from central Queensland through NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, SA and southern WA. Due to the wide-ranging soil types and climatic variability across Australia, a range of crop species and varieties are grown, each of which has specific pests and diseases that pose a PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY threat to production and can influence access to markets (both domestic and overseas).

Grain Producers Australia (GPA) funds a biosecurity outreach program, the Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, managed by PHA and delivered by grains biosecurity officers in each

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: grain producing state. The program raises awareness to help improve practices on farm and boost preparedness to manage biosecurity threats. See more on page 206.

Throughout 2019, the grain industry through GPA worked with PHA to develop a strategy for post border grain biosecurity. The program will focus on surveillance and building capacity to respond to potential biosecurity threats. It is expected to be implemented in Figure 35. Distribution of grains production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on 2020. LVP)

The grains industry developed a biosecurity plan, the Biosecurity Manual for Grain Producers, the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Organic Grains Industry, and the National Grain Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2019–29.

25. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra. Agricultural Commodities December Quarter 2019 – Statistics. Accessed online 11 February 2020 agriculture.gov.au/ Image courtesy of WA Grains Biosecurity Officer, Jeff Russell sites/default/files/documents/Agricultural-Commodities-December-2019.pdf 88 *established in Australia Table 20.HighPriorityPests ofthegrainsindustry Ascochyta rabiei ( Scientific name (opvrs Budnecrosis disease Groundnut ringspot virus(Tospovirus) Groundnut budnecrosis virus(Tospovirus) Fusarium virguliforme Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lupini Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.glycines Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.ciceris Eurygaster integriceps Diuraphis noxia* Diaporthe helianthi Diabrotica virgifera Diabrotica undecimpunctata Diabrotica barberi Cylindrocopturus adspersus Lentil anthracnose Colletotrichum truncatum (lentilaffecting strain) Chilo partellus Chickpeachlorotic stuntvirus Chilo orichalcociliellus Chickpeachlorotic dwarf virus Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus(Polerovirus) Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus(Mastrevirus) Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Ceutorhynchus napi Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cephus pygmeus Cephus cinctus stripe strain Bean common mosaicvirus(Potyvirus),peanut Barley mildmosaicvirus(Bymovirus) exotic matingtypes) (syn. C. obstrictus) Common name Sudden deathsyndrome Fusarium wiltoflupin Fusarium wiltofsoybean Fusarium wiltofchickpea Sunn pest Russian wheataphid Sunflower stemcanker Western corn rootworm Southern corn rootworm Northern corn rootworm Sunflower stemweevil Spotted stemborer Coastal stemborer Cabbage stemweevil Rape stemweevil Cabbage seedpodweevil European wheatstemsawfly Wheat stemsawfly Bean common mosaicvirus Ascochyta blight Groundnut ringspot virus Barley mildmosaicvirus Zea mosaicvirus (Potyvirus) Trogoderma granarium Tilletia indica Soil-bornewheatmosaicvirus leucotreta) Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia Soil-borne wheatmosaicvirus(Furovirus) Schizaphis graminum Riptortus dentipes Corticium sasakii(syn. Thanatephorus cucumeris Rhizoctonia solanif. sp.sasakii(AG1) teleomorph Puccinia striiformis f. sp.hordei races) Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici(exotic pathogenic Prostephanus truncatus Plasmopara halstedii Peronosclerospora sorghi Peronosclerospora philippinensis Peanut clumpvirus(Pecluvirus) Pantoea stewartii Nysius huttoni Mungbean yellow mosaicvirus(Begomovirus) Mayetiola hordei Mayetiola destructor Magnaporthe grisea Homoeosoma electellum Heterodera sorghi Heterodera latipons Heterodera glycines Heterodera filipjevi Heter Harpophora maydis Scientific name odera ciceri ) Khapra beetle Karnal bunt False codling moth Greenbug Pod suckingbug Banded leafandsheathspot Barley striperust Stem rustofwheat Larger grainborer Downy mildew ofsunflower Downy mildew ofsorghum Philippine downy mildew ofmaize P Stewart's wiltofmaize Wheat bug Mungbean yellow mosaicvirus Barley stemgallmidge Hessian fly Rice blast Sunflower moth Sorghum cyst nematode Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode Soybean cyst nematode Cereal cyst nematode Chickpea cyst nematode Late wilt Common name Zea mosaicvirus eanut clumpvirus

89 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES HAZELNUTS

Represented by Hazelnut Growers of Australia Figure 36. Annual value of hazelnut production, 2010–18 hazelnuts.org.au In 2017–18, hazelnut production was valued at $3.7 million (LVP).

The industry has expanded, with major on-farm investment from a northern hemisphere confectionary manufacturer giving renewed confidence to Australian growers. Approximately 1.3 million trees are planted on 2,500 hectares, with approximately 350 tonnes of hazelnuts produced in 2019. The industry estimates that by 2021 hazelnut production will be 5,500 tonnes with a value of $40 million.

Hazelnuts are grown in the temperate areas of south-eastern Australia. The main production

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY regions are the central tablelands of NSW around Orange and Narrandera, and north-east Victoria around Myrtleford. They are also grown in central and eastern Victoria and increasingly in northern Tasmania.

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Australia imports 3,300 tonnes of hazelnut product annually, primarily from Turkey. Imported produce is mainly in kernel form for use by mass market confectioners.

In 2019, Hazelnut Growers of Australia was involved in a number of responses to pest incursions affecting the hazelnut industry, including detections of brown marmorated stink bug in cargo. Figure 37. Distribution of hazelnut production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP) Australia is free from eastern filbert blight, a serious disease affecting the industry in the United States, and most other hazelnut pests and diseases that affect growers overseas.

Biosecurity is considered in the Australian Hazelnut Industry Five Year Strategic Plan (2015–20) and the industry peak body is represented at PHA meetings and government Biosecurity Roundtables.

Table 21. High Priority Pests of the hazelnut industry

Scientific name Common name Anisogramma anomala Eastern filbert blight, hazelnut blight Chinavia hilaris (syn. C. hilare) Green stink bug Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death

90 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3:

Image courtesy of the Hazelnut Growers of Ausrralia Inc

Image caption 91 HONEY BEES

Represented by the Australian Honey Bee Industry Council (AHBIC) honeybee.org.au In 2017–18, honey and beeswax production was valued at $126 million (LVP).

Around 30,000 registered beekeepers operate nearly 669,000 hives. Of these, 1,868 operate commercially with 50 or more hives. Apiaries range in size from one hive to several thousand.

The industry has products other than honey. Australia exports live bees and our beeswax commands a premium price overseas. Trade relies on the healthy status of Australia’s bees, with beeswax valued highly because it lacks residue from miticides used overseas to treat Varroa mites.

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Australia’s bees are further valued for their pollination services. The economic value of managed and feral honey bees as pollinators was estimated to lie between $8.35 to $19.97 billion in 2014–15.26

AHBIC works in partnership with other industries and governments to protect the health of bees with several biosecurity initiatives. One is the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, which operates at CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: ports around Australia to provide an early detection mechanism for exotic pests of bees and pest bees. More about this government and industry partnership is on page 154.

Another was to work with PHA and state and territory governments to develop the Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice, which was endorsed nationally by the honey bee industry in 2016. The aim of the Code of Practice is to improve the management of established pests and diseases, as well as increase preparedness and surveillance for exotic pest threats.

The honey bee industry also funds the National Bee Biosecurity Program, a partnership between industry and government, which employees Bee Biosecurity Officers (BBO) in all Australian states. BBOs provide training and education to help beekeepers to implement biosecurity measures and ensure they are complying with the Code of Practice and relevant legislation (see page 207).

Following the detection of Varroa mites (Varroa jacobsoni) on Asian honey bees in Townsville in June 2016, the Australian Government Department of Agriculture established the National Varroa Mite Eradication Program, of which AHBIC has been a part. No bees or Varroa mites associated with this incident in Townsville have been found since November 2016.

Suspect Varroa mites (Varroa jacobsoni) were again detected on Asian honey bees at the Port of Townsville in May 2019. Genetic testing of bees indicated that it was a new incident. AHBIC has been involved with the eradication of this second detection, which is expected to move to Proof of Freedom Phase in February 2020.

26. Karasinski, J (2018). The economic valuation of Australian managed and wild bee pollinators in 2014–15 Curtin University. Accessed online 12 February 2020 aussiepollination.com.au

92 Image caption (based onLVP) Figure 39.Distributionofhoney andbeeswaxproductionby stateandterritory, 2017–18 Figure 38.Annualvalue ofhoney beeandbeeswaxproduction,2007–18 Table 22.HighPriorityPests ofthehoney beeindustry Acarapis woodi Vespa spp.(exotic species) Varroa jacobsoni Varroa destructor Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps clareae Slow paralysis virus(Iflavirus) Hoplostoma fuligineus Deformed wingvirus(Iflavirus) Apis mellifera scutellata Apis mellifera scutellata Apis mellifera capensis sub-species) Apis cerana (exotic strains,genotypes and Scientific name (hybrid) Hornets T Varrora mite Varroa mite Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Large hive beetle African honey bee Cape honey bee Asian honey bee Africanised honey bee Slow paralysis virus Deformed wingvirus Common name racheal mite

93 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES LYCHEES

Represented by the Australian Lychee Growers' Association Figure 40. Annual value of lychee production 2009–18 australianlychee.com.au In 2017–18, lychee production of 2,733 tonnes was valued at $24 million (LVP), with 466 tonnes exported valued at $5.2 million.

Higher volumes of lychee exports occur during the lead up to the Chinese New Year. Kwai Mai Pink is the preferred export variety due to availability, taste, quality and price. Salathiel, with a good flesh to seed ratio, is in high demand in Singapore and yields good returns for growers willing to persist with this variety. Exports of Australian lychees to the United States are increasing each year, with 10 tonnes exported in the 2018–19 season. This figure is expected to double in the 2019–20 season. PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY The new Chinese varieties of Chompogo, Erdon Lee and Baitangying are now appearing in the domestic markets: even though quantities are small, these varieties will continue to increase as current plantings mature. CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Following the 2016 signing of the memorandum of understanding between the Australian Department of Agriculture and Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute, six Taiwanese lychee varieties have now been planted on an orchard in central Queensland. This is a long-term project, as it will be a number of years before Taiwan is able to apply for Plant Breeder’s Rights for these new varieties.

Lychees are produced as a single annual crop with the harvest period from late October Figure 41. Distribution of lychee production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP) (north Queensland) to March (northern NSW). This gives the Australian lychee season one of the world’s longest production period, as well as a counter-seasonal supply to most other lychee producing countries.

Table 23. High Priority Pests of the lychee industry

Scientific name Common name Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, Oriental fruit fly B. philippinensis) Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug Peronophythora litchii Brown blight Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Longan and lychee witches' broom disease

94 Table 24.HighPriorityPestsofthemacadamiaindustry response beingmanagedby the QueenslandGovernment. The macadamiaindustryisalsoone ofthecontributors totheVarroa miteincursion and thesocietyrecently distributedover 500farm biosecuritysignstomacadamiagrowers. disease managementrelated research projects are beingfundedthrough HortInnovation, reviewed andany new pestand diseasesightingsreported. Anumberofintegratedpestand Macadamia Societyconvenes aforum where pestpressures for theprevious season are Approximately 70percent oforchards employ professional pestscouts. TheAustralian and intheRichmondClarence Valleys inNSW. NSW. New plantingsare alsobeingdeveloped inMackayandMaryborough inQueensland crop. Production isgrowing fastestinBundaberg inQueenslandandtheClarence Valley in Bundaberg andtheNorthernRivers region produce more than75percent oftheAustralian Macquarie inthesouththrough totheAtherton Tablelands inthenorth.Collectively Macadamias are grown alongtheeasternseaboard ofNSWandQueensland,from Port very popular. Harvest commences inMarch and runsthrough toAugust. last few years includingMCT1,asmallprecocious andhighyieldingvariety thatisproving remainder beingAustralian.Five new Australian-bred varieties have beenreleased inthe Macadamia integrifolia growers with28,000hectares ofcrop inAustralia.Themajority ofplantingsare varieties of South Americaare alsosignificantproducers. There are now approximately 800macadamia Kenya are currently theworld’s largest producers ofmacadamia.China,therest ofAfrica and Japan andotherAsiancountries askernel andtoChinain-shell.Australia,SouthAfrica and Approximately 70percent ofthecrop isexported,principallytoEurope, theUnitedStates, 2019. The exportvalue oftheAustralianindustrygrew by 23percent inthe12monthstoJune at $266million.Annualmacadamiaproduction hasmore thantripledinthelast10years. In 2017–18,macadamiaproduction was valued at$242million(LVP) with exportsvalued australian-macadamias.org Represented by theAustralian MacadamiaSociety MACADAMIAS Hypothenemus obscurus Scientific name X. fastidiosa subsp.piercei fastidiosa, X.fastidiosa subsp. multiplex, Xylella fastidiosa (includingX.fastidiosa subsp. Varroa destructor Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps clareae Phytophthora ramorum . Ofthese,about75percent are Hawaiian varieties, withthe ) (withvector) T Common name Almond leaf scorch, pecan bacterialleafscorch Varroa mite Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Sudden oakdeath ropical nutborer Figure 43.Distributionofmacadamiaproductionby stateandterritory, 2017–18 (basedonLVP) Figure 42.Annualvalue ofmacadamiaproduction2007–18

95 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES MANGOES

Represented by the Australian Mango Industry Association Figure 44. Annual value of mango production, 2007–18 industry.mangoes.net.au In 2017–18, mango production was valued at $127 million (LVP), with exports valued at $28.7 million.

Over the last four years the average production volume has been 70,000 tonnes per year. Approximately 80 per cent of fruit is consumed fresh, 10 per cent is exported and the remaining fruit is processed.

In Australia, nine varieties of mango are in commercial production. The most abundant variety, Kensington Pride, accounts for around 45 per cent of Australian production. PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Other varieties include B74 (Calypso), Honey Gold, and R2E2, green eating varieties such as Keow Savoey and Nam Doc Mai, as well as late season varieties such as Brooks, Keitts, Palmers, Kents and Pearls. B74 and R2E2 are popular in export markets. There are other varieties produced in smaller volumes. CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: The industry supplies the Australian market, with production occurring from August to March each year. Most mangoes are grown in Queensland and the NT with smaller but significant production in regions throughout WA.

An Industry Development Officer is part-funded through the PHA levy to promote and facilitate biosecurity practices in the mango industry. In 2019 the mango industry updated their biosecurity plan with PHA and governments. Figure 45. Distribution of mango production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

96 Table 25.HighPriorityPests ofthemangoindustry Aleur Acanthocoris scabrator Scientific name Ceratocystis fimbriatasensulato Batocera rufomaculata Batocera rubus Bactrocera zonata Bactrocera xanthodes Bactrocera tuberculata Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera trilineola Bactrocera psidii Bactrocera passiflorae Bactrocera occipitalis Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera kirki Bactrocera kandiensis Bactrocera facialis B. philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn. B.invadens, B.papayae, Bactrocera curvipennis Bactrocera correcta Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera albistrigata Anastrepha obliqua Amritodus atkinsoni ocanthus woglumi Squash bug Common name blight Mango suddendecline syndrome, Ceratocystis Red-spotted longhornbeetle Lateral-banded mangolonghornbeetle Peach fruitfly Pacific fruitfly Fruit fly New Guineafruitfly Vanuatu fruitfly South Seaguava fruitfly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly, Bezzifruitfly Fruit fly, Cook Islandsfruitfly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly Tropical fruitfly, Tongan fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Banana fruitfly Guava fruitfly Carambola fruitfly White stripedfruitfly West Indianfruitfly Mango leafhopper Citrus blackfly Deanolis sublimbalis(syn. Noorda albizonalis Dasineura amaramanjarae Chlumetia transversa Ceratocystis manginecans Scientific name cucurbitae) Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Xylosandrus compactus curvicauda) Toxotrypana curvicauda (syn. Anastrepha leucotreta) Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia Sternochetus frigidus Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Rastrococcus invadens Procontarinia schreineri Procontarinia pustulata Procontarinia matteiana mangiferae) Mangodiplosis mangiferae, Rhabdophaga mangiferae, Erosomyia mangiferae, E.indica, Procontarinia mangiferae (syn. Dasineura Procontarinia frugivora Procontarinia fructiculi Procontarinia allahabadensis Parasa lepida Idioscopus nagpurensis Hypocryphalus dilutus Bactrocera ) Mango gallmidge Mango shootborer Mango suddendeclines Common name Red-banded mangocaterpillar Melon fruitfly Black twigborer Papaya fly False codling moth Mango pulpweevil Grapevine thrips Mango mealybug Mango gallmidge Mango leafgallmidge Mango leafgallmidge Mango blossomgallmidge Mango fruitgallmidge Gall midge Mango gallmidge Blue-striped nettlegrub Mango leafhopper Ambrosia beetle yndrome

97 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES MELONS

Represented by the Australian Melon Association Table 26. High Priority Pests of the melon industry melonsaustralia.org.au Scientific name Common name In 2017–18, melon production was valued at $147 million (LVP), with exports valued at Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, Oriental fruit fly $31.6 million. The main destinations for melon exports are New Zealand, United Arab B. philippinensis) Emirates, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore. Bactrocera latifrons Solanum fruit fly The Australian melon industry consists of approximately 200 growers producing around Bemisia tabaci (types Asia 1, China 1, China 2, 215,000 tonnes of melons annually, with the majority of production in Queensland, NT, WA Asia II (1-8), Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Silverleaf whitefly and NSW. Fresh seedless watermelons, rockmelon, honeydew and Piel de Sapo melons are Uganda, New World, Mediterranean, Middle the major products and are produced all year round. The main form of value-adding is cut East–Asia Minor 2, Indian Ocean) and wrapped fruit, fruit salad products and juices. Erwinia tracheiphila Cucurbit bacterial wilt PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (exotic races) Fusarium root and stem rot of melons The Australian melon industry has a research and development (R&D) levy, a PHA levy and an Emergency Plant Pest Response levy, currently set at zero. The industry contributes Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (exotic races) Fusarium root and stem rot of melons funds to a Varroa mite emergency response and the Torres Strait Fruit Fly Strategy. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum Fusarium root and stem rot of melons CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner A Melon Farm Biosecurity Program is funded through the PHA levy to engage with growers on their biosecurity issues. In 2019 a melon farm biosecurity planner and 20 pest- and Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner practice-specific fact sheets were developed and distributed to growers. A workshop in Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner, American leaf miner 2019 helped prepare growers and industry leaders to manage an emergency response and Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner what would be required to allow their businesses to continue to operate in an incursion. Monosporascus cannonballus Monosporascus root rot Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Bactrocera Melon fruit fly cucurbitae)

Figure 46. Annual value of melon production, 2010–18 Figure 47. Distribution of melon production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

98 Figure 48.Annualvalue ofolive production,2007–18 has alsobeensignificantreplanting ofestablishedgroves withmore suitablevarieties. joined theassociationbringingrenewed enthusiasmandvision.Inmore recent timesthere Since theglobalfinancialcrisisin2013new growers have purchased olive orchards and collecting alevy tofundresearch, development andextensionprojects. and remains animportant employer inregional Australia.In2013theindustrybegan planted between 1996and2004.Theindustryisnow regarded asmainstream agriculture The Australianolive industrybeganinearnest1990withthemajorityoflarge groves are UnitedStates, China,NZ,JapanandSpain. for therest. There are nomeasurablefresh olive exports.Majorexportmarkets for Australia $16.5 million.Olive oilaccounted for 96percent oftheexports,withtableolives accounting During 2018–19theolive industryexportedaround 2,384tonneofolive products worth cent extravirgin olive oil. biennially. Dependingonseasonalconditions, production istypicallybetween 85–95per 10.3 millionlitres in2018, reflecting seasonalfactorsandolive trees tendingtobearfruit In 2019production ofolive oilwas nearly20,000tonnes,or20.8millionlitres, upfrom of fresh olives produced from 20,568hectares ofgroves. In 2017–18Australianolive production was valued at$63million (LVP), with125,000tonne australianolives.com.au Represented by theAustralian Olive Association OLIVES Figure 49.Distributionofolive productionby stateandterritory, 2017–18(basedonLVP) Table 27.HighPriorityPests oftheolive industry Xylella fastidiosa subsp.pauca Verticillium wilt Xylella fastidiosa subsp.multiplex Verticillium dahliae(exotic defoliating strain) Prays oleae Bactrocera oleae Scientific name quick decline Pierce’s disease,blueberryleafscorch, olive No common name Olive moth Oliv Common name e fly

99 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES ONIONS

Represented by Onions Australia Table 28. High Priority Pests of the onion industry onionsaustralia.org.au Scientific name Common name In 2017–18, onion production was valued at $192 million (LVP) with fresh exports valued at $21.7 million. Botrytis squamosa Leaf blight Cladosporium allii (syn. C. allii-cepae, Leaf spot Onions are grown in most states, but SA and Tasmania together produce 66 per cent of the Heterosporium allii, Mycosphaerella allii) Australian crop. Key onion production locations are the Lockyer Valley in Queensland, Delia antiqua Onion fly north-eastern regions and the Adelaide Plains of SA and the Devonport–Launceston region of Tasmania. The total area planted to onions is largest in SA, as is the average plantings per Delia florilega Bean fly farm. Dickeya spp. (onion infecting exotic pathovars) syn. Bacterial soft rot Erwinia chrysanthemi

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY The main type of onion grown in Australia is the traditional brown onion, which accounts for Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner, American leaf miner 79 per cent of fresh production. Onion production is during late spring, summer and autumn. Planting starts around April through to September, harvesting from August to March, and Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. M. mayaguensis) Root knot nematode storage supplies the market for the winter months. Puccinia allii ('Koike's race') Rust of garlic and chives

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Puccinia mixta Rust of chives Puccinia porri Rust of leek Thrips tabaci (exotic strains, biotypes) Onion thrip Urocystis cepulae Onion smut Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Xanthomonas leaf blight

Figure 50. Annual value of onion production, 2007–18 Figure 51. Distribution of onion production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

100 Table 29.HighPriorityPests ofthepassionfruitindustry process ofbeingcommercialised. next five years. New varieties bred intheNTdesignedfor tropical regions are alsointhe Breeding Program iscontinuing withthegoalofdeveloping new commercial varieties inthe and themajorPanamapassionfruitvarieties are PandoraandPanamaRed. ANational September. Themainpurplepassionfruitvarieties grown are MistyGem and Sweetheart, Passionfruit isgrown year-round, butmainmarket supplytimeisDecember through to and there are new plantingsintheNTandVictoria. grown inQueensland,andaround onethird inNSW. TheindustryisstartingtoexpandinWA, around 375,000passionfruitvines.About60percent oftheAustralianpassionfruitcrop is There iscurrently around 280hectares ofpassionfruitundercultivation inAustraliawith At present, there isaminimalamountofpassionfruitexported. In 2017–18,passionfruitproduction of4,790tonnesfruitwas valued at$17million(LVP). passionfruitaustralia.org.au Represented by PassionfruitAustralia PASSIONFRUIT Scientific name Tmvrs Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus Passionfruit veinXanthomonas clearing virus axonopodis Passionfruit yellow mosaicvirus(Tymovirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankanmottlevirus Passionfruit vein clearingvirus(Rhabdovirus) Passionfruit SriLankan mottle virus(Potyvirus) (Begomovirus) Passionfruit severe leafdistortionvirus Passionfruit ringspot virus(Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinklevirus(Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus(Potyvirus) East Asianpassiflora virus(Potyvirus) Bactrocera xanthodes Bactrocera psidii Bactrocera passiflorae Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera kirki Bactrocera kandiensis Bactrocera facialis B. philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn. B.invadens, B.papayae, Bactrocera carambolae Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Bactrocera cucurbitae) pv. passiflorae Passionfruit severe leafdistortionvirus Pacific fruitfly South Seaguava fruitfly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly, Cook Islandsfruitfly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly Tropical fruitfly, Tongan fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Common name Melon fruit fly Bacterial blight Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit crinkle virus Passiflora chlorosis virus East Asianpassifloravirus (based onLVP) Figure 53.Distributionofpassionfruitproductionby stateandterritory, 2017–18 Figure 52.Annualvalue ofpassionfruitproduction,2007–18

101 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PINEAPPLES

Represented by GROWCOM Figure 54. Annual value of pineapple production, 2007–18 growcom.com.au In 2017–18, pineapple production was valued at $49 million (LVP). The industry estimates that in 2019 around 43,400 tonnes of fresh fruit and 23,500 tonnes of processed fruit were marketed. The farm gate value for fresh fruit is $1,584 per tonne and the average price for processed fruit is $352 per tonne.

There are approximately 75 commercial pineapple enterprises, all but one based in Queensland. Key growing districts are in Wamuran, Elimbah, Glasshouse Mountains, Beerwah, Yandina, Maryborough, Hervey Bay, Childers, Bundaberg, Cawarral, Yeppoon, Rollingstone, Mutarnee, Bilyana and Mareeba, with one commercial farm located just PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY outside Darwin in the NT.

Australia produces less than one per cent of the world’s fresh pineapple but supplies almost the entire domestic market. Four primary packing houses pack and market more than 70 per

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: cent of fresh pineapples. The primary pineapple processor, Heinz Golden Circle Ltd, produces canned pineapple and juice, accounting for 91 per cent of processed fruit.

Approximately 69 per cent of pineapple varieties grown are Smooth Cayenne. The remaining 31 per cent of plantings are hybrid varieties that appeal more to the fresh market and this proportion is expected to increase. Figure 55. Distribution of pineapple production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

Table 30. High Priority Pests of the pineapple industry

Scientific name Common name Cotinis mutabilis Fig beetle Dickeya spp. (pineapple infecting strains) (syn. Bacterial fruit collapse, bacterial heart rot Erwinia chrysanthemi) Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Fusarium spp. (F. ananatum and F. guttiforme Fusariosis, fusarium stem rot, pineapple eye syn. F. subglutinans f. sp. ananas) rot, fruitlet core rot Strymon megarus (as a vector of fusariosis) Pineapple fruit borer Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia False codling moth leucotreta)

102 Table 31.HighPriorityPestsofthepistachioindustry Roundtables. (PS16002). Theindustryisrepresented atPHAmeetingsandgovernment Biosecurity (PS16000) andPathogensotherfactorscontributing todarkstainingonpistachioshells Innovation research projects: Understandingandmanaginginsectsonpistachioorchards Australian PistachioIndustryFive Year Strategic Plan–2015to2020,andintwo Hort Biosecurity isapriorityfor theindustry, withaspectsofbiosecurityembedded inthe In 2019,thePistachioGrowers’ Associationparticipatedinresponses topestincursions. average of two seasons)by 2021andto10,000tonnesby 2030. States. Thedomesticproduction ofpistachioisexpectedtoincrease to4,000tonnes(rolling with theremainder importedfrom othermajorproducers includingIranandtheUnited Australian pistachioproduction currently meetsonly50percent ofdomesticconsumption, less thanfive tonnesofpistachios(dry) perannumfrom onetofive hectares. and another five orchards of10to15hectares. Around 20mixed fruitgrowers eachproduce 2014. Thesenew orchards are notyet inproduction. There are five large pistachioorchards 2019, andanestimated240are expected in2020,atotalof1,165new hectares since SA, withsmallplantingsinWA. 180hectares ofnew orchards were planted in2018,200 in VictoriaandWaikerie inSA. Further plantingsare incentral-west Victoria andPinnaroo, pistachio nuts.Majorproduction areas are alongtheMurray River Valley between Swan Hill In 2019,there was 1,300hectares undercultivation, producing arecord 2,300tonnesof $1.4 million. In 2017–18,pistachioproduction was valued at$42million(LVP), withexportsvalued at pgai.com.au Represented by thePistachioGrowers’Association PISTACHIOS Amyelois transitella Scientific name eoi eoitn tan)Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae(exotic defoliating strains) Trogoderma granarium Lymantria dispar Leptoglossus zonatus Leptoglossus occidentalis Leptoglossus clypealis Chinavia hilaris(syn. C. hilare) Nav Common name Khapra beetle Gypsy moth (AsianandEuropean strains) Western leaffooted bug Western conifer seedbug Leaf footed bug Green stinkbug el orangeworm Figure 56.Annualvalue ofpistachioproduction2008–18 Figure 57.Distributionofpistachiosby stateandterritory, 2017–18(basedonLVP)

103 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PROCESSING TOMATOES

Represented by the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Figure 58. Annual value of processing tomato production, 2007–18 aptrc.asn.au In 2017–18, Australian processing tomato production was valued at approximately $20.3 million (LVP). A total of 211,961 tonnes of tomatoes were delivered to three processors, a seven per cent decline from the previous year. All of the 2,347 planted hectares were harvested, despite a severe outbreak of bacterial speck disease early in the season due to weather conditions.

Heinz varieties make up the bulk of crops grown in Australia. Most crops are transplanted, and for the first time, 100 per cent of the production area was irrigated using sub-surface drip lines. PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Australia consumes around 605,000 tonnes of processed tomatoes, with local production supplying approximately one third of this demand. The majority of imports come from Italy and the United States. CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3:

Table 32. High Priority Pests of the processing tomato industry Figure 59. Distribution of processing tomato production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Bactericera cockerelli* Tomato potato psyllid Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (syn. Zebra chip Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous) Frankliniella intonsa Flower thrips Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner, American leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African snail South American tomato moth, tomato leaf Tuta absoluta miner

*established in Australia

104 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3:

Image caption 105 PRODUCTION NURSERIES

Represented by Greenlife Industry Australia greenlifeindustry.com.au In 2017–18, nursery production (propagation stock, vegetable and forestry seedlings, bedding plants, indoor plants, fruit and landscape trees and shrubs) was valued at $1 billion (LVP). The industry has a limited export focus of approximately $18 million annually, however there is ample opportunity for international export growth.

The nursery industry operates in all states and territories, being one of the largest and most diverse plant industries in Australia. The industry estimates an annual gross production value of approximately $2.5 billion (production nurseries only) will occur in 2020 across the entire supply chain. Greenlife member nurseries supply to ornamental retail, landscape, revegetation, rehabilitation and PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY production horticulture sectors including tree crops (e.g. fruit, vines, tea tree), vegetables, forestry and cut flowers with a combined annual production value of more than $15 billion.

In 2016, Nursery Garden Industry Australia, NGIA (now Greenlife Industry Australia) developed the

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Australian Plant Production Standard website nurseryproductionfms.com.au which is the one-stop shop for industry biosecurity information for growers, including access to pest fact sheets, management plans, videos and an eLearning portal.

In early 2018, Greenlife Industry Australia achieved certification and recognition of BioSecure HACCP as an Approved Biosecurity Scheme under the Queensland Biosecurity Act 2014, the first such recognition of a third party certification program in Australia. This was followed by NSW providing equivalent certification under the NSW Biosecurity Act 2015 in late December 2018.

Greenlife Industry Australia continues to work in partnership with state and territory governments on the roll out of BioSecure HACCP, with legal recognition for market access achieved in Queensland, NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, SA and WA by the end of 2019. This allows certified producers to self-certify consignments of nursery stock for interstate market access and issue BioSecure HACCP Biosecurity Certificates.

The industry continues to build the online electronic plant pest identification resource Pest ID Tool pestid.com.au which combines information and images on endemic and key exotic plant pests that impact on production or trade.

Image courtesy of Greenlife Industry Australia

106 Image caption Figure 60.Annualvalue ofproductionnurseries,2007–18 (based onLVP) Figure 61.Distributionofproductionnurseriesby stateandterritory, 2017–18 Table 33.HighPriorityPestsoftheproductionnurseryindustry Image courtesy ofGreenlife Industry Australia Aphis gossypii ( Homalodisca vitripennis Echinothrips americanus Diaphorina citri Candidatus Liberibacterasiaticus East–Asia Minor2,IndianOcean) Uganda, New World, Mediterranean,Middle Asia II(1-8),Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Bemisia tabaci(typesAsia1,China2, (syn. Puccinia psidii ) Austropuccinia psidiisensulato(exotic variants) sbp o pcfe)Pierce’s disease,blueberryleafscorch, olive Xylella fastidiosa (subsp.notspecified) Pseudomonas syringae pv. Pomacea canaliculata Phytophthora ramorum Oligonychus ilicis Lymantria dispar Lygus lineolaris Lettuce infectious yellows virus Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Liriomyza huidobrensis Lettuce infectious yellows virus(Crinivirus) Scientific name exotic strains) (syn. H.coagulata) syringae (exotic races Bacterialcanker ) Poinsettia thrips Asian citruspsyllid Huanglongbing (Asiaticstrain) Silverleaf whitefly Myrtle rust,guava rust,Eucalyptus rust Cotton aphid Glassy wingedsharpshooter plum leafscald leaf scorch, olive quickdecline, phony peach, Golden applesnail Sudden oakdeath Southern red mite Asian gypsy moth Tarnished plantbug Giant African snail Serpentine leafminer Common name

107 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES RICE

Represented by the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Figure 62. Annual value of rice production, 2007–18 rga.org.au In 2017–18, rice production was valued at $228 million (LVP), with the export value estimated at $368m.27

The Australian rice industry is predominantly located in the temperate climatic region of the Riverina in southern NSW, with a small amount grown in northern NSW and an emerging production area in north Queensland and NT. In NSW over 938 farms produced a total of 625,812 tonnes of rice.

In the Riverina, the major varieties grown are temperate Japonica varieties planted in PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY October and November that are harvested from March to May of the following year.

The rice industry is conducting research into suitable varieties and management techniques to maximise water efficiency and allow production in north Queensland. Strict biosecurity

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: measures have been put in place to ensure that any pests endemic in northern Australia are not spread south to the major rice growing area in NSW.

Table 34. High Priority Pests of the rice industry Figure 63. Distribution of rice production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast Pomacea cancliculata Golden apple snail Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassy stunt virus Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Ragged stunt virus Rice tungro bacilliform virus (unassigned) Rice rungro bacilliform virus Rice tungro spherical virus (Waikavirus) Rice tungro spherical virus, Waikavirus Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle

27. Australian Bureau of Agricultural Resource Economics and Sciences. Agricultural commodities: June quarter 2019 Accessed online 25 March 2020 agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural- commodities/jun-2019 108 Figure 64.Annualvalue ofrubusberryproduction,2009–18 the harvest seasonandproductivity. systems, new low-chill rubusvarieties andproduction methodstosimulatewinter extend Queensland production sites where harvest occurs lateautumntospring.Hydroponic autumn. However, year-round supplyispossiblefrom subtropical NSWandsouth-east Traditionally rubusare acool temperatecrop withpeakproduction inearlysummerto Stanthorpe, south-eastofBrisbane. Production isexpandingin newer areas suchas GinGin,northofPerthinWA, and and rain.New plantingscontinue inresponse toincreasing demand from consumers. production islargely underprotected cropping (whiteplastictunnels)toprotect from wind countries. There isapproximately 700hectares oflandundercultivation withrubusvarieties: berries are alsoexportedtoSingapore, HongKong, India,Indonesia andPacificIsland While mostraspberries,blackberriesandbrambleberriesproduced are consumed locally, fresh production. followed by blackberries at14percent andotherhybrid bramblesconsisting ofonepercent berries. Raspberriesare themostpopularaccounting for 85percent offresh production, loganberries, youngberries andmarionberries) are collectively referred toasrubus or cane Raspberry, blackberryandhybrid brambles(includingsilvanberries, boysenberries, at lessthan$100,000. In 2017–18,therubusindustrywas valued at$176million(LVP), withfresh exportsvalued freshberries.com.au Represented by Raspberries andBlackberriesAustralia(RABA) RUBUS Table 35.HighPriorityPests oftherubusindustry Figure 65.Distributionofrubus berry productionby stateandterritory, 2017–18(based onLVP) Tomato ringspot virus Strawberry latentringspot virus Raspberry ringspot virus(Nepovirus) Popillia japonica Pennisetia marginata Pennisetia hylaeiformis Heterocrossa rubophaga Halyomorpha halys Euschistus conspersus Drosophila suzukii Cherry leafroll virus(Nepovirus) (exotic strains) Cercosporella rubi Arthuriomyces peckianus Scientific name (Nepovirus) ( Sadwavirus) Tomato ringspot virus Strawberry latentringspot virus Raspberry ringspotvirus Japanese beetle Raspberry crown borer Raspberry crown borer Raspberry budmoth Brown marmoratedstinkbug Orange rust(short-cycled) Consperse stinkbug Spotted wingdrosophila Blackline Rosette Orange rust(long Common name -cycled)

109 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES STONE FRUIT

Represented by Summerfruit Australia Figure 66. Annual value of stone fruit production, 2007–18 summerfruit.com.au In 2017–18, stone fruit production (fresh apricots, nectarines, peaches and plums) was valued at $207 million (LVP), with exports valued at $65.1 million.

Nectarines and peaches comprised two thirds of national stone fruit production, followed by plums and apricots. Production is mainly located in subtropical and temperate Australia where the industry is a major rural and regional employer. Victoria produces around 75 per cent of Australia’s stone fruit (161,000 tonnes nationally) with the remaining production spread between NSW, Queensland, SA, WA and Tasmania.

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Increased summerfruit exports have been driven by demand from China. Market access to mainland China for nectarines (in May 2016) and apricots, peaches and plums (in November 2017) allowed an expansion of exports. During the 2018–19 export season, a record 23,013 tonnes were exported (an increase of 30 per cent), with 12,000 tonnes going to China and

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Hong Kong. Other major markets were United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Malaysia.

In 2019, Summerfruit Australia was involved in a number of responses to pest incursions affecting the stone fruit industry, including detections of brown marmorated stink bug in cargo, Varroa mite and exotic fruit fly. The industry also updated their biosecurity plan with PHA and governments.

Table 36. High Priority Pests of the stone fruit industry Figure 67. Distribution of stone fruit production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based upon LVP)

Scientific name Common name Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha serpentina Sapodilla fruit fly, sapote fruit fly Anastrepha striata Guava fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, Oriental fruit fly B. philippinensis) Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Homalodisca vitripennis (syn. H. coagulata) Glassy winged sharpshooter Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus, sharka Pierce’s disease, blueberry leaf scorch, olive Xylella fastidiosa (subsp. not specified) leaf scorch, olive quick decline, phony peach, plum leaf scald

110 Table 37.HighPriorityPestsofthestrawberryindustry Australia. 2017–18 seasonapproximately 30percent ofallvarieties grown nationallywere bred in States. There iscontinued industryinvestment inanationalbreeding program, andinthe are increasingly beinggrown, withsomevarieties importedfrom FloridaintheUnited States, withsomeAustralianbred varieties. Insubtropical regions, Australianbred varieties In temperateregions, thevarieties grown are predominantly from California intheUnited regions from MaytoOctober, andintemperateregions from OctobertoJune. Strawberries are grown inAustraliathroughout theyear, withproduction insubtropical Wannaroo, Bullsbrook andAlbany inWA, theAdelaide HillsinSA, andTasmania. the Yarra Valley andtheMorningtonPeninsulainVictoria,withotherproduction areas in 500 growers. Production isconcentrated intheSunshine Coast area ofQueensland,and Strawberries are grown inallstatesofAustralia(except theACT andNT)by anestimated Thailand andHongKong. approximately five percent ofproduction toUnitedArabEmirates,New Zealand, Singapore, Although primarilyfocused onthedomesticmarket, in2017–18theindustryexported chain management. capita consumption, driven by higherplanting numbers,improved varieties andbettercool at $29.7million.Theincrease inproduction over recent years isdueprimarilytorisingper In 2017–18,strawberryproduction was valued at$303million(LVP) withexportsvalued strawberriesaustralia.com.au Represented by Strawberries Australia STRAWBERRIES Lygus hesperus Scientific name Tomato blackringvirus Raspberry ringspot virus(Nepovirus) Phytophthora fragariae Lygus lineolaris Tomato ringspot virus Xanthomonas fragariae (Nepovirus) var. (Nepovirus) fragariae W Common name Red steeleroot rot Tarnished plantbug Strawberry angular leafspot Raspberry ringspotvirus Tomato black ringvirus Tomato ringspot virus estern plantbug Figure 68.Annualvalue ofstrawberryproduction,2007–18 (based uponLVP) Figure 69.Distributionofstrawberry productionby stateandterritory, 2017–18

111 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES SUGARCANE

Represented by CANEGROWERS canegrowers.com.au In 2017–18, sugarcane production was valued at $1.25 billion (LVP).

In 2018, the industry produced 32.5 million tonnes of cane, and 4.72 million tonnes of processed sugar.

Australia’s sugarcane is grown in high rainfall and irrigated areas along coastal plains and river valleys on 2,100 km of Australia’s eastern coastline between Mossman in far north Queensland and Grafton in NSW. Queensland accounts for about 95 per cent of Australia’s raw sugar production. PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Australia is the world’s third largest exporter of raw sugar, with approximately 80 per cent of production sold to international markets. Major export customers include east Asia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, the United States and New Zealand. CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3:

Image courtesy of CANEGROWERS

112 Image caption (based uponLVP) Figure 71.Distributionofsugarcaneproductionby stateandterritory, 2017–18 Figure 70.Annualvalue ofsugarcaneproduction,2007–18 Table 38.HighPriorityPestsofthesugarcaneindustry Xanthomonas albilineans White leafphytoplasma Sugarcane streak mosaic Unknown Sugarcane streak mosaicvirus(Poacevirus) Stagonospora sacchari Sesamia grisescens Scirpophaga excerptalis Pyrilla perpusilla Polyocha depressella Peronosclerospora sacchari Peronosclerospora philippinensis Perkinsiella vitiensis Perkinsiella vastatrix Grassy shootphytoplasma Eumetopina flavipes Eldana saccharina Chilo tumidicostalis Chilo terrenellus Chilo sacchariphagus Chilo infuscatellus Chilo auricilius Ceratovacuna lanigera Aleurolobus barodensis Scientific name serological groups 2or3) (exotic strains, Ramu stuntdisease White leaf Leaf scorch Stem borer Top shoot borer Sugarcane pyrilla Root borer Sugarcane downy mildew Philippine downy mildew ofmaize Sugarcane planthopper Sugarcane planthopper Grassy shoot stunt disease) Sugarcane leafhopper(asavector ofRamu African sugarcane stalkborer Spotted sugarcane stemborer Sugarcane stemborer Sugarcane internodeborer Yellow topborer ofsugarcane Sugarcane internodeborer Sugarcane woolly aphid Sugar Common name Leaf scald cane whitefly

113 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES SWEETPOTATOES

Represented by Australian Sweetpotato Growers Table 39. High Priority Pests of the sweetpotato industry aspg.com.au Scientific name Common name In 2017–18, sweetpotato production was valued at $99 million (LVP), with exports valued at $1.6 million. The main export markets are United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong and Singapore. Achatina achatina Giant African snail, giant Ghana snail Agrotis segetum Turnip moth, cutworm, black cutworm Sweetpotatoes are available all year round in Australia with total production of around 96,000 tonnes. There are around 80 commercial producers with farm sizes ranging from 10 Belonolaimus longicaudatus Sting nematode to 200 hectares, with most in the 15 to 80 hectare range. Diaprepes abbreviatus Citrus weevil, West Indian weevil, sugarcane rootstalk borer Queensland is the biggest producer with 88 per cent of production, mainly around Ditylenchus destructor Potato tuber nematode Bundaberg. The second major production area is around Cudgen in northern NSW. Elasmopalpus lignosellus Lesser corn stalk borer PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Sweetpotatoes are also grown in Mareeba, Atherton and Rockhampton in Queensland; Murwillumbah in NSW; and Perth, Carnarvon and Kununurra in WA. Euscepes postfasciatus (syn. E. batatae) West Indian sweetpotato weevil

Four types of sweetpotato are grown in Australia, categorised by skin and flesh colour. Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African snail The gold variety (rose-gold skin, gold flesh) dominates the Australian sweetpotato industry Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. M. mayaguensis) Root knot nematode CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: with over 90 per cent of production. Red category (red skin, white flesh) makes up around Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (Crinivirus) Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus eight per cent, with purple (white skin, purple flesh) and white (white skin, white flesh) Sweet potato mild mottle virus (Ipomovirus)* Mild mottle of sweet potato making up the remainder. The majority of sweetpotato production is consumed domestically, with around 1.5 per cent exported. Sweet potato mild speckling virus (Potyvirus)* Sweet potato mild speckling virus Veronicella cubensis Cuban slug Commercial growers purchase pathogen-tested planting material several times every year, a measure that has doubled marketable yield per hectare. This scheme supports biosecurity *with Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) by constraining what was previously a pest movement risk between farms. The pathogen testing scheme is reinforced by a major research program into nematode diagnostics and management, as well as ongoing development of diagnostics for viruses and other endemic and exotic pests. Figure 73. Distribution of sweetpotato production by state and territory, 2017–18 In 2019, the sweetpotato industry developed a biosecurity plan with PHA and governments. (based upon LVP)

Figure 72. Annual value of sweetpotato production, 2011–18

114 Table 40.HighPriorityPests ofthetablegrapeindustry with a35:65splitbetween thedomesticandexportmarkets. facilities. The2019–20seasonisforecast toseeapproximately 200,000tonnesproduced, in theSunraysia region beingredeveloped intotablegrapevineyards and packingshed both new landholdersinvesting inexistingtablegrapeproperties, andnon-productive land In thepastthree years there has beenasignificantexpansioninthetablegrapesector, with and TiTree intheNT. SA; Swan Valley, Carnarvon andGeraldtonregions ofWA; thesouth-eastofQueensland; the majorgrowing regions ofSunraysia andtheMurrayValley inVictoria;theRiverland in and blue-blackvarieties oftablegrapesare produced by approximately 1,000growers in valued at$555million,whichwas 30percent higherthantheprevious year. Green, red In the12monthsendingJune2019,tablegrapeindustryexported 146,000tonnes, and thePhilippineswere valued at$384million. produced. Exportsof110,280tonnespredominantly toChina,Indonesia,Japan,HongKong In 2017–18tablegrapeproduction was valued at$399million(LVP), with177,416tonnes australiangrapes.com.au Represented by theAustralian Table GrapeAssociation TABLE GRAPES Bactr Bactrocera carambolae Scientific name Xylella fastidiosa (subsp. notspecified) Pseudococcus maritimus Polychrosis viteana Planococcus ficus Lobesia botrana Hyalesthes obsoletus Homalodisca vitripennis Flavescence dorée Guignardia bidwellii Grapevine phylloxera Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Drosophila suzukii Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Candidatus Phytoplasma solani B. philippinensis) ocera dorsalis (syn. B.invadens, B.papayae, (syn. H.coagulata ) Carambola fruitfly Common name plum leaf scald leaf scorch, olive quickdecline,phony peach, Pierce’s disease, blueberryleafscorch, olive Grape mealybug American berrymoth Vine mealybug European grapevine moth Cixiidae planthopper Glassy winged sharpshooter Black rot Spotted wingdrosophila Bois noir Oriental fruitfly Figure 75.Distributionoftablegrapeproductionby stateandterritory, 2017–18(baseduponLVP) Figure 74.Annualvalue oftablegrapeproduction,2007–18

115 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES TEA TREE

Represented by the Australian Tea Tree Industry Association (ATTIA) Figure 76. Annual value of tea tree production, 2013–18 teatree.org.au In 2017–18, tea tree production was valued at $41 million (LVP), with the vast majority exported.

In 2019, there were about 140 tea tree growers in Australia and about 4,600 hectares under plantation production. Industry growth has stabilised, with an average annual production of 1,000 tonnes of oil.

The main product of the Australian tea tree industry is tea tree oil, which is steam distilled from Melaleuca alternifolia, an iconic Australian native plant species. Nearly all Australian tea

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY tree oil production is sourced from plantations. Three quarters of plantations are in the coastal region of northern NSW, with 10 per cent located in the Atherton Tablelands of Queensland.

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Tea tree oil is exported as bulk oil which is used to make value-added products including healthcare, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, veterinary and aromatherapy products. Most oil (90 per cent) is exported through an established supply chain to over 70 countries, particularly North America and Europe.

Domestic consumption is estimated to be around 95,000 kilograms per annum, with much of this also destined for the export market as value-added cosmetic and therapeutic goods Figure 77. Distribution of tea tree production by state and territory, 2017–18 such as soap, shampoo, burn dressings and tea tree oil. (based upon LVP) In 2019, the tea tree industry developed a biosecurity plan with PHA and governments.

Table 41. High Priority Pests of the tea tree industry

Scientific name Common name Austropuccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Myrtle rust, guava rust, Eucalyptus rust (syn. Puccinia psidii) Calonectria brassicae (syn. C. gracile) No common name Calonectria pteridis Blight, leaf spot, cutting and root rot Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer

116 Table 42.HighPriorityPestsofthetruffleindustry commercial production inAustraliaare T. aestivumandT. borchii. is available whenlocalproduct isoutofseason. Thetwo other speciesoftrufflewithlimited after inoverseas markets, particularlyinthenorthernhemisphere, where Australianproduce Australian T. melanosporumare recognised for theirexcellent qualityandare highlysought next few years. Victoria. Asmallnumberofnewer farmsinSA andsouthernQueenslandwillproduce inthe around 75percent oftheharvest. There isincreasing production inTasmania, ACT, NSWand production area for AustraliantrufflesistheManjimupregion of WA, whichaccounts for producer ofthePérigord blacktruffle( Since the firsttrufflewas harvested in1999,Australiahasbecome thefourth largest Association has170membersacross thetrufflegrowing states. which around 30to40percent have harvested truffles.TheAustralianTruffle Growers' There isestimatedtobe 450 to500truffleorchards, ortruffières, around thecountry, of States andAsia. is exported,withmarkets inmore than40different countries, primarilyinEurope, United In 2017–18,Australiantruffleproduction was valued at$7million(LVP). Mostoftheharvest trufflegrowers.com.au Represented by theAustralian Truffle Growers'Association TRUFFLES Haly Anisogramma anomala Scientific name Pucciniastrum coryli avellanae) Pseudomonas avellanae (syn. Phytophthora ramorum Lymantria monacha omorpha halys P. syringae pv. Tuber melanosporum)intheworld. Themajor

Eastern filbertblight,hazelnutblight Common name Hazelnut rust Bacterial canker Sudden oakdeath Nun moth Brown marmoratedstinkbug Figure 79.Distributionoftruffleproductionby stateandterritory, 2017–18(basedonLVP) Figure 78.Annualvalue oftruffleproduction,2012–18

117 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES VEGETABLES (INCLUDING POTATOES)

Represented by AUSVEG Figure 80. Annual value of vegetable production (excluding potatoes), 2007–18 ausveg.com.au In 2017–18, vegetable and potato production was valued at $2.3 billion (LVP). Major crops include potatoes, carrots and lettuce. Potato production alone was valued at $558 million (LVP). Exports of vegetables, including potatoes, were valued at $255 million.

Australia’s diverse climate and soils accommodate vegetable cultivation in all states and territories, ensuring a constant supply of fresh vegetables. Australian vegetable growers provide the majority of fresh vegetables consumed in Australia and an increasing amount of fresh vegetables consumed overseas.

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY The Australian vegetable industry is committed to building its capacity to respond to potential biosecurity threats. A vegetable industry biosecurity advisor, two full-time farm biosecurity officers, and a potato pest surveillance project officer allow the industry to participate in a range of biosecurity initiatives. CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: During 2019, the farm biosecurity officers visited numerous growing regions across Australia including Greater Sydney in NSW; Darwin in the NT; Bowen, Ayr, Mareeba and Atherton in Queensland; Mornington Peninsula and Cranbourne in Victoria; Adelaide Plains and Riverland in SA; Devonport in Tasmania; and Perth and Albany in WA. They held a series Figure 81. Distribution of vegetable production (excluding potatoes) by state and territory, of regional biosecurity awareness seminars and visited more than 80 individual farms. 2017–18 (based upon LVP) The farm biosecurity officers were also involved in biosecurity initiatives including participation in technical meetings with the Australian Government Department of Agriculture as well as engagement with state government departments, relevant committees, other industry bodies and PHA. They also facilitated a Melbourne-based pilot program that focused on exotic plant pest awareness in urban environments. The program enabled the farm biosecurity officers to engage with community gardeners and others involved in urban farming, in order to raise awareness of exotic plant pests and reporting protocols .

In 2019 the development of a national potato biosecurity surveillance strategy for the Australian potato industry commenced. This involved significant engagement with potato growers, processors, seed suppliers and certifiers, industry bodies, the Australian Government and governments in WA, NSW, SA, Tasmania, Victoria and Queensland.

Graphs of the annual value of production for vegetables and potatoes are presented separately, as are the lists of High Priority Pests.

118 Table 43.HighPriorityPests ofthevegetable industry(excluding potatoes) Achatina achatina Scientific name Lissachatina fulica (syn. Liriomyza trifolii Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza bryoniae Heterodera ciceri Heterodera carotae Budnecrosis disease Harpophora maydis Halyomorpha halys Groundnut budnecrosis virus(Tospovirus) Eumerus strigatus Delia florilega Delia floralis Delia antiqua Colletotrichum lentis Colletotrichum higginsianum Candidatus Liberibacterpsyllaurous) Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum (syn. East-Asia Minor2,IndianOcean) Uganda, New World, Mediterranean,Middle Asia II(1-8),Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Bemisia tabaci(typesAsia1,China2, Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera passiflorae B. philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn. B.invadens, B.papayae, Bactrocera carambolae Aulacophora foveicollis Aphis fabae Alternaria humicola Late lni fetn tan Lentil anthracnose, soybean anthracnose (lentil affecting strain) Achatina fulica) Giant A Common name Giant African landsnail American serpentine leafminer Vegetable leafminer, Americanleaf miner Serpentine leafminer Tomato leafminer Chickpea cyst nematode Carrot cyst nematode Brown marmoratedstinkbug Lesser bulbfly Bean fly Summer cabbagefly Onion fly Anthracnose Zebra chip Silverleaf whitefly New Guineafruitfly Fijian fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Red pumpkin beetle Black beanaphid Leaf spot wilt frican snail,giantGhanasnail Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. Lygus hesperus Scientific name cucurbitae) Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Bactrocera Watermelon budnecrosis virus Uromyces lineolatus Tuta absoluta Trichoplusia ni Tomato mottle mosaicvirus Tomato brown rugosefruitvirus leucotreta) Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Spodoptera frugiperda Rhizoglyphous setosus Thanatephorus cucumeris (teleomorph: Corticium sasakii(syn. Rhizoctonia solanif. sp. sasakii (AG1) Puccinia spp.(exotic species) Puccinia opizii Puccinia nitida Puccinia apii Puccinia agrophila Psila rosae (exotic strains) Potato spindletuberviroid (Pospiviroidae) exotic strains ofA1matingtype) Phytophthora infestans Phytomyza gymnostoma Meloidogyne naasi mayaguensis) (A2 matingtypeand ) Tbmvrs Tomato mottle mosaicvirus(ToMMV) (Tobamovirus) Meloidogyne Meloidogyne Tsoiu)Watermelon budnecrosis (Tospovirus) Cryptophlebia Cryptophlebia (oaoiu)Tomato brown rugosefruitvirus(ToBRFV) (Tobamovirus) W Common name Melon fruitfly Rust miner South Americantomatomoth, leaf Cabbage looper False codling moth Fall armyworm Bulb mite Banded leafandsheathspot Rust Rust ofdill Rust ofcelery No common name Carrot rustfly Potato spindletuberviroid Late blight Allium leafminer Barley root knot nematode Root knotnematode Rusts estern plantbug

119 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES Figure 82. Annual value of potato production, 2007–18 Table 44. High Priority Pests of the potato industry

Scientific name Common name Aphis fabae Black bean aphid Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid

Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (syn. Zebra chip Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous)

Globodera pallida Pale potato cyst nematode PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY Globodera rostochiensis (pathotypes RO2, RO3, Golden potato cyst nematode RO4 and RO5)

Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner

Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner, American leaf miner

Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner

Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. M. mayaguensis) Root knot nematode

Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type and Late blight exotic strains of A1 mating type) Figure 83. Distribution of potato production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP) Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato spindle tuber viroid (exotic strains)

Ralstonia syzygii (syn. R. solanacearum race 4, Bacterial wilt Pseudomonas solanacearum)

120 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3:

Image caption 121 WALNUTS Figure 84. Annual value of walnut production, 2007–18

Represented by the Australian Walnut Industry Association walnut.net.au In 2017–18, the walnut industry was valued at $55 million (LVP), with exports valued at $22.7 million. In-shell production of 11,800 tonnes was produced from 3,890 hectares.

About 60 per cent of Australia’s walnut production is exported with greatest demand for in-shell walnuts in China, Turkey and Italy. The Australian walnut industry operates in most states of Australia. Major walnut production areas are on the east coast of Tasmania; the Goulburn Valley near Shepparton; the Murray Irrigation area near Kerang and Swan Hill in Victoria; the Riverina near Griffith in NSW; and Manjimup in WA. The industry is predicted to grow to 14,000 tonnes (4,300 hectares) by 2021 as current growers expand their orchards PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY and new growers enter the industry.

Australia is free from the major pests and diseases that affect walnuts overseas, and the Australian Walnut Industry Association prioritises biosecurity to maintain this status.

CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: Biosecurity is included in the Australian Walnut Industry Five Year Strategic Plan – 2015 to 2020 and it is part of the industry development officer’s role. The industry website maintains a biosecurity section to raise awareness of biosecurity among growers, and a Figure 85. Distribution of walnut production by state and territory, 2017–18 (based on LVP) representative attends PHA meetings and Australian Government Biosecurity Roundtables.

In 2019, the Australia Walnut Industry Association participated in responses to pest incursions. The association has funded projects to establish an Emergency Plant Pest Response (EPPR) levy and an Owner Reimbursement Cost Framework for the walnut industry. Consultation was undertaken on the EPPR levy and the request to implement the levy, set at zero, is currently with the Minister for Agriculture.

Table 45. High Priority Pests of the walnut industry

Scientific name Common name Amyelois transitella Navel orange worm Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt

122 Figure 86.Annualvalue ofwinegrapeproduction,2007–18 Australia jointlyfundedthenational Xylella preparedness initiative (seepage44). potential impactsonhorticulture crops inAustralia,2019HortInnovation andWine serious endemicpestevents or exotic pestincursionsimpactingthesector. Recognising the as well asworking withVinehealthAustraliatodevelop biosecurityalertsintheevent of Australian Grape&Wineincludesregular biosecurityupdatesviatheirmembernewsletter, across thewinesectorand promoting leadership. Biosecurity Committee asamechanismfor coordinating andprioritisingbiosecuritywork industry more broadly, andsince itsinception inFebruary 2019hasconvened aWine Australian Grape&Winepromotes biosecurity withinthewinesectorandviticulture an enviable globalreputation for producing highqualitywines. work hard tomanagethespread ofphylloxera. Australiangrapeandwineproducers enjoy in theworld. Australiaremains free from most devastating grapevinepestsandasaresult possessessomeoftheoldestvineyards The Australianwineindustryhasbeenfortunate todate inavoiding many oftheworld’s and Merlotfor reds andChardonnay, SauvignonBlancandSemillonfor whites. (18%) andChardonnay (16%).Themajorvarieties by colour are Shiraz,CabernetSauvignon grapes intowine.Themostgrown winegrape varieties are Shiraz(30%),Cabernet Sauvignon growers, avineyard area of146,128hectares, and2,400Australianwineproducers blending The wineindustryhasasignificantfootprint inAustralia,withmore than6,000winegrape exported andaninepercent increase inprice perlitre wine exportsgrew 20percent to$2.76billionasaresult of10percent increase involume In 2017–18,theAustralianwineindustrywas valued at$943million (LVP) andthevalue of agw.org.au Represented by Australian GrapeandWine WINE GRAPES Xylella fastidiosa, andtheindustrycontinues to Figure 87.Distributionofwinegrape productionby stateandterritory, 2017–18(basedonLVP) Table 46.HighPriorityPestsofthewinegrapeindustry Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Candidatus Phytoplasma solani philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn. B.invadens, B.papayae, B. Bactrocera carambolae Scientific name Homalodisca vitripennis Guignardia bidwellii Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Drosophila suzukii Xylella fastidiosa (subsp. notspecified) Pseudococcus maritimus Polychrosis viteana Planococcus ficus Lobesia botrana Hyalesthes obsoletus (syn. H.coagulata) (exotic strains) Bois noir Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Common name Black rot Flavescence dorée Spotted wingdrosophila plum leafscald leaf scorch, olive quickdecline,phony peach, Pierce’s disease,blueberry leafscorch, olive Grape mealybug American berrymoth Vine mealybug European grapevine moth Cixiidae planthopper Glassy wingedsharpshooter Grapevine phylloxera

123 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES

Chapter 4 Pre-border and border biosecurity

Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture Pre-border and border biosecurity

Australia benefits from importing a range of goods and produce from overseas. Imports provide access to a wide range of products, technology and services that enable economic growth in multiple sectors. While Australians consume mostly local products, the food that is imported is commonly produce that is out of season in the southern hemisphere.

The movement of plant produce and other goods around the world poses biosecurity risks to importing countries. To mitigate the risks, the Australian Government performs a number of activities pre-border and at the border to safeguard our biosecurity status and maintain trade.

The Department of Agriculture has primary responsibility for pre-border and border biosecurity activities. These focus on minimising the likelihood of exotic pests and diseases reaching our border or arriving through the movement of people and goods into Australia. They provide assurance to the PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER community and producers about the biosecurity status of commodities imported into Australia.

International trade is important to Australia in a global economy. Australia gains significant economic benefits as a net exporter of agricultural products, with around two-thirds of agricultural production

CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: exported to overseas markets. The amount of exported product varies between industries, with some such as the grains and cotton industries exporting much of the produce grown, and others gradually increasing exports, such as the horticulture industry. The Australian Government’s efforts to support exports is covered in this chapter.

Post Entry Quarantine Facility, Mickleham, Victoria. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture 126 Image caption Pre-border biosecurity

OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS As an active trading nation, Australia has entered into multilateral and bilateral trade agreements that influence the plant biosecurity system. Biosecurity risks are managed in keeping with Australia’s legislative framework for biosecurity and international obligations.

On a multilateral level, Australia’s rights and obligations in relation to plant biosecurity are set out under World Trade Organization agreements, particularly the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), although others, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, may apply in certain circumstances.

The SPS Agreement provides World Trade Organization member countries with the right to use sanitary and phytosanitary measures to protect human, animal and plant life or health. The agreement also imposes obligations, including that sanitary and phytosanitary measures cannot be used to inhibit trade where there is no danger to human, animal or PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER plant health.

Members can specify the level of protection that they consider fitting within their territory. This is known as the appropriate level of protection (ALOP) or acceptable level of risk, provided it is science-based, is applied consistently, and considers the objective of CHAPTER 4: minimising negative trade effects. Australia’s ALOP is defined in section 5 of the Biosecurity Act 2015 as providing “a high level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection aimed at reducing biosecurity risk to a very low level, but not to zero”.

All Australian state and territory governments have agreed to this statement as the basis for the national biosecurity system. Consistent with these requirements, Australia’s policy is to reduce biosecurity risk to this level by using science-based risk assessments.

Australia has a number of bilateral free trade agreements with other countries, each of which deals with biosecurity issues in a slightly different way. However, all agreements are consistent with the SPS Agreement and Australia does not negotiate on specific biosecurity measures within its free trade agreements.

There are also multilateral agreements on plant protection, to which Australia is a party, that outline the responsibilities and obligations to members. These agreements also set standards to help harmonise phytosanitary (plant health) measures.

Port . Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture

Image caption 127 The International Plant Protection Convention The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) was established to protect the world’s plant resources from the spread of serious pests by international trade, including diseases and invasive species. The IPPC is an Article XIV statutory body of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, from which it receives program funding, sourced from FAO assessed contributions and donations and supplemented by voluntary contributions of contracting parties.

The IPPC is recognised by the SPS Agreement as the body responsible for the establishment of phytosanitary standards relating to plants and plant products in international trade, as well as to anything that can act as a vector for the spread of plant pests.

These standards, known as International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), set specific requirements for the management of biosecurity issues, such as the development of pest risk analyses or guidelines for surveillance. Importantly, these standards are a means by which governments can harmonise their phytosanitary regulations. The standards not only reduce the number of pests moved through international trade, but also help facilitate safe trade. Australia, through the Department of Agriculture, coordinates and provides input PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER into four governance bodies: • Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, the governing body that oversees implementation of the IPPC

CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: • IPPC Strategic Planning Group, which determines strategic priorities for IPPC activities • IPPC Standards Committee and associated working groups responsible for the development of ISPMs • IPPC Implementation and Capacity Development Committee responsible for facilitating implementation of the convention and its standards and recommendations.

Australia has contributed a number of technical resources to help other contracting parties better manage phytosanitary risks, including guidance on managing risks posed by sea containers and internet trade of plants and plant products. Australia has also taken a lead role in the development and implementation of the electronic generation and transmission of phytosanitary certification through the IPPC ePhyto program. Reporting and exchange of information, including the pest status of parties, is available on the International Phytosanitary Portal at ippc.int

Australia’s membership of these IPPC bodies provides an important avenue for the Department of Agriculture to raise and address plant health matters related to international trade. The department consults with peak industry groups and state and territory governments as appropriate, to determine Australia’s position on items for the IPPC agenda.

Image courtesy of AUSVEG

128 Image caption The Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific region PRE-BORDER ACTIVITIES TO MITIGATE THE RISKS FROM The Plant Protection Agreement is an intergovernmental treaty administered by the Asia IMPORTS and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC), a Regional Plant Protection Organisation The Department of Agriculture has primary responsibility for pre-border activities to recognised under the IPPC. The APPPC covers phytosanitary issues relating to the mitigate the risk of exotic pests and diseases reaching our border or arriving through the movement of pests in trade, pesticide use and regulation, and integrated pest management. movement of people and goods into Australia. The department also provides assurance to Through its Standards Committee, the APPPC develops Regional Standards for the community and producers about the biosecurity status of imported commodities. Phytosanitary Measures that deal with specific regional issues, support the region’s trade Pre-border activities include: and may form the basis of an international standard. Australia is an active participant in the APPPC assisting with the development of standards and their implementation in the region. • regulating imports to manage risks • assessing import risks Australia is involved in the following APPPC committees and regional working groups: • conducting risk assessments to consider the level of biosecurity risk that may be • Chair and member of the APPPC Standards Committee. associated with imports and imposing relevant risk management measures • Chair of the APPPC ePhyto Working Group. • biosecurity risk analyses Australia is also involved in leading a series of APPPC workshops over six years (2016–22) • conducting pre-border verifications, inspections and audits on imports on surveillance management, methodologies and analysis. • conducting pest and disease surveillance in neighbouring countries

• participating in international plant health agreements AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER A workshop on irradiation as a phytosanitary measure was held in 2019. The proposed workshop on risk categorisation and mitigation for semi-processed products under ISPM 32 • collaborating with international partners on multilateral or bilateral plant health issues has been rescheduled to 2021. and the development of standards • building regional capacity through collaborative activities These opportunities allow Australia to enhance its plant health engagement with the CHAPTER 4: • gathering intelligence to determine and address emerging biosecurity risks 28 member countries of the APPPC. This strengthens regional plant health and biosecurity capacity and implementation of international plant health standards. • negotiating market access for Australian exports • maintaining the Biosecurity Import Conditions (BICON) database Canberra Agreement • establishing offshore risk management schemes in partnership with industry and Australia is also a member of a second Regional Plant Protection Body, the Pacific Plant National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) Protection Organisation (PPPO), which is an auxiliary body established under the then South • education and awareness activities. Pacific Commission of the Canberra Agreement. The PPPO provides advice and support to its members on phytosanitary measures to facilitate international trade whilst protecting the plant health status of parties. The Pacific region covers Pacific island countries, the United States, French territories, Australia and New Zealand.

In 2019, the PPPO hosted an IPPC regional workshop to consider draft ISPMs and other IPPC activities. A meeting of the PPPO Executive Committee was also held with Australia attending as a member.

129 REGULATING IMPORTS TO MANAGE RISK Risk analyses are conducted in accordance with Australia’s rights and obligations under the SPS Agreement and following the guidance of relevant international standards including Since imported plant products could bring exotic pests into the country, the importation of ISPM 2 (Framework for Pest Risk Analysis) and ISPM 11 (Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine plants and plant products into Australia is strictly regulated. The Australian Government has Pests) of the IPPC. responsibility for regulation under the Biosecurity Act 2015, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, and where relevant, the Gene Technology Act 2000 and any Risk analyses conducted by the Department of Agriculture staff are consistent with subordinate legislation. Australia’s international biosecurity obligations to establish a balance between our international trade obligations and risks posed by goods. Import conditions are imposed to ensure that goods entering the country do not introduce new pests and diseases to Australia. Import conditions are determined on a case-by-case Table 47 details policy advice finalised by December 2019, as well as draft policy advice that basis, depending on the pest risks associated with the product, the location of production is currently in progress. and the shipping arrangements. The Department of Agriculture verifies that imported goods meet these conditions and compliant goods are allowed entry. Regulated risk analyses conducted before 16 June 2016 were completed under the Quarantine Act 1908 and were called an Import Risk Analysis. Some imported goods require an import permit and these are issued under the Biosecurity Act 2015. Other goods may be allowed entry without a permit subject to standard conditions The department is responsible for conducting each BIRA as well as other risk analyses, but that are included in the Biosecurity (Prohibited and Conditionally Non-prohibited Goods) the process can involve other stakeholders including: Determination 2016. Permits may also be required under the Environment Protection and • departmental officers with expertise in science and regulation, pests and diseases,

PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 for imports of internationally endangered species commercial processes or other relevant disciplines designated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild • a Scientific Advisory Group, comprising external scientific and economic experts Fauna and Flora, and live specimens. • a BIRA Liaison Officer, acting as the first point of contact for stakeholders In establishing import conditions, Australia must be confident that the required risk • other external experts, government agencies and domestic and international CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: management measures are properly implemented and can be maintained. Pre-border site stakeholders. visits or audits may be required. A review of existing biosecurity measures can be done when there is a change in biosecurity Assessing import risks risk, and when there are technological advancements or process improvements that remove Import risk assessment is an important part of Australia’s biosecurity protection. or minimise the biosecurity risk associated with a particular commodity. Assessments consider the level of biosecurity risk that may be associated with imports and These ‘non-regulated’ risk reviews are usually undertaken because of a change in impose relevant risk management measures. biosecurity risk such as a change in pest status or new scientific information. The reviews Assessments are conducted by technical and scientific experts and can take several forms, can also be initiated by requests from an industry body or country, and usually result in more such as Biosecurity Import Risk Analyses (BIRAs), pest risk assessments and policy reviews. treatment options for importers to meet biosecurity requirements. BIRAs have a timeframe for completion which is regulated by legislation and the process Similar methodology can be used to conduct a scientific review of existing policy, with includes mandated public consultation periods and a formal appeal process. specific adjustments and modifications to methods being explained in the individual reports. A risk analysis under the Biosecurity Act 2015 may be conducted where relevant risk In 2019, the Department of Agriculture announced final import policy advice for avocados management measures have not been established, or where they exist for a similar product from Chile, breadfruit from Fiji, Samoa and Tonga, dates from the Middle East and North and pest or disease combination, but the likelihood or consequences of entry, establishment Africa, longans from Vietnam, pineapple (decrowned) from Taiwan and brassicaceous or spread of pests or diseases could differ significantly from those previously assessed. vegetable seeds from all countries. There were also final pest risk analyses released for brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), cut flowers and foliage (Part 1), and mealybugs and the viruses they transmit from all countries.

130 Pre-border verifications, inspections and audits on imports

A range of verifications, inspections and audits are undertaken offshore to manage risks Year Commodity Country (from) prior to import into Australia to ensure that exporting countries can meet Australia’s biosecurity requirements, to provide export systems for safe trade, and prevent the arrival of Finalised policy advice (continued) non-compliant consignments at the border. 2003 Cherries (into Western Australia) New Zealand Regular verifications and audits are undertaken to ensure compliance of specified plant 2003 Citrus (revision) Israel material with prescribed risk management procedures. Controls also extend to production 2003 Grapes (table, revisions) USA areas and stock feed processing facilities. 2003 Maize (bulk) USA The Australian Government works with national plant protection organisations in exporting countries to increase confidence in their systems’ ability to effectively manage biosecurity 2003 Olive (plants from approved sources) Generic risks pre-border. This reduces the pressure on mitigating risks at the border and provides 2003 Pears (Asian) China opportunities to reduce post-border intervention. Philippines, Solomon Islands, 2003 Pineapple (modification) Sri Lanka, Thailand Table 47. Australian Government import policy advice, final and in progress 28 2003 Pome fruit testing China, Japan, Korea

Year Commodity Country (from) 2003 Sweet corn (seed) USA

Finalised policy advice AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER 2003 Tomato (truss) Netherlands 1998 Apples (Fuji) Japan 2004 Lychee and longan China, Thailand 1998 Pears (Ya) China 2004 Mangosteen Thailand

1999 Durian Thailand CHAPTER 4: 2004 Persimmon Israel, Japan, Korea 1999 Mangoes Philippines 1999 Pears Korea 2005 Grapes (table) Chile 2000 Durian (supplement) Thailand 2005 Oranges (sweet) Italy 2000 Seed contaminants (review of tolerances) All countries 2005 Pears China 2002 Apple and pear (budwood) Generic 2006 Grains Various 2002 Citrus Egypt 2006 Grapes (table, revisions) USA

2002 Grapes (table) USA 2006 Limes (Tahitian) New Caledonia 2002 Lentil (seed and human consumption) All countries 2006 Mangoes Taiwan 2002 Papaya Fiji 2006 Permitted seeds All countries Philippines, Solomon Islands, 2002 Pineapple Sri Lanka, Thailand 2006 Stone fruit (into Western Australia) New Zealand 2002 Tomato (truss, review) New Zealand 2006 Wood packaging Generic

28. Australian Government Department of Agriculture. Plant risk analyses. agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/ risk-analysis/plant 131 Table 47. Australian Government import policy advice, final and in progress (continued)

Year Commodity Country (from) Year Commodity Country (from) Finalised policy advice (continued) Finalised policy advice (continued) 2007 Apples New Zealand Eueupithecia cisplatensis for the biological 2012 Source country control of the weed Parkinsonia aculeata 2007 Avocado (revision) New Zealand 2012 Mangosteen Indonesia 2007 Grains Various 2012 Pineapple (de-crowned) Malaysia 2007 Lettuce (re instatement) New Zealand 2013 Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila) All countries 2008 Grains Various 2013 Ginger Fiji

2008 Mangoes India 2013 Grapevine propagative material All countries

2009 Bananas Philippines Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, 2013 Island cabbage Vanuatu Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous 2009 (capsicum, nursery stock, potato tubers, New Zealand, USA 2013 Lilium spp. Taiwan PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER tamarillo fruit, tomato) 2013 Lychee Taiwan, Vietnam 2009 Capsicum Korea Mastrus ridens for the biological control of 2013 Source country 2009 Mandarin (Unshu) Japan codling moth, Cydia pomonella

CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: Potato propagative material (Solanum 2010 Apples China 2013 All countries tuberosum) 2010 Hops propagative material All countries Baeodromus eupatorii for the biological 2014 Source country 2010 Mangoes Philippines (additional areas) control of the weed Ageratina adenophora Cydia succedana for the biological control of 2010 Phalaenopsis orchids (nursery stock) Taiwan 2014 Source country gorse, Ulex europaeus Plectonycha correntina for the biological Eueupithecia spp. (two) for the biological 2010 Source country 2014 Source country control of Madeira vine control of the weed Parkinsonia aculeata

2010 Stone fruit USA 2014 Grapes (table) Japan

2011 Apples New Zealand (review) 2014 Salacca Indonesia

Candidatus Liberibacter spp. and their Tortricid moth, Cydia succedana, for the 2011 All countries 2014 Source country vectors associated with Rutaceae biological control of gorse, Ulex europaeus 2011 Grapes (table) China Dactylopius tomentosus (fulgida) for the 2015 biological control of coral cactus All countries 2011 Grapes (table) Korea Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata 2011 Hazelnut propagative material Chile 2015 Fresh ginger Fiji 2011 Mangoes (revisions) India 2015 Mangoes Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam 2011 Mangoes Pakistan 2015 Phytophthora spp. host propagative material All countries 2011 Pseudomonas syringae pv. actindae New Zealand Tachardiaephagus somervillei for the 2015 All countries 2011 Taro corms (fresh) Generic biological control of yellow lac scale

132 Table 47.AustralianGovernment importpolicyadvice,finalandinprogress(continued) 09Breadfruit 2019 Brassicaceous vegetable seeds Avocado 2019 2019 Limes 2019 2018 Dragonfruit 2018 2018 ThripsandOrthotospoviruses 2018 Strawberries 2017 2017 Dragonfruit 2017 2017 2017 2017 Poppy strawfor processing USA Nectarines 2016 Grapes(table,intoWestern Australia) 2016 Grapes(table) 2016 Grapes(table) 2016 2016 Commodity 2016 Year halys) Brown marmorated stinkbug(Halyomorpha control of Kordyana brasiliensis for thebiological control of Cecidochares connexa for thebiological nectarine IRA) Peaches, plumsandapricots (extention to analysis (hostcucurbitseeds) Cucumber green mottle mosaicviruspestrisk celery) (apiaceous crops, includingcarrot and Allcountries Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum Zantedeschia spp.propagative material Tradescantia fluminensis Chromolaena odorata Finalised policyadvice(continued) Vietnam Sonora, Mexico Country (from) All countries All countries Fiji, Samoa,Tonga Chile Vanuatu Cook Islands,Niue,Samoa,Tonga, Source country Indonesia Source country All countries Korea China All countries All countries Turkey, Hungary, Portugal China India 08PmgaaeIndia 2019 Pomegranate China 2018 2018 Limes Mexico 2018 2018 Chinesejujubes 2018 2018 07Srwere Japan Strawberries New Zealand 2018 2017 2017 Potatoesfor processing 2017 2012 Allcountries 2009 Pineapple(de-crowned) Mealybugsandviruses they transmit 2019 Longan 2019 Dates 2019 Commodity 2019 Year of Mikania micrantha Puccinia spegazziniifor thebiologicalcontrol Xylella bacterialpathogens tomato seeds Pepino mosaicvirusandpospiviriodsin consultation periodfor anothersixweeks) Cut flower andfoliage (extension of Capsicum spp. import conditions) Cucurbitaceous crop seeds(review of conditions) Apiaceous crop seeds(review ofimport activated onthispolicy) Apples (stoptheclockprovisions have been Finalised policyadvice(continued) Draft policyadvice(inprogress) All countries Vietnam Country (from) Source country All countries All countries Solomon Islands,Tonga, Vanuatu Fiji, PapuaNew Guinea,Samoa, Middle EastandNorthAfrica region Taiwan All countries All countries USA

133 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY OTHER INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Participating in international plant health systems Australia engages in international activities to gather national and international plant pest Regulating bulk grain imports to safeguard Australia’s information. The information is made available to regional plant health practitioners through biosecurity status a variety of sources including published records, surveillance data, insect and herbarium collections and networks. Intelligence assessments of High Priority Pests informs pre- In June 2019 Australia received its first imports of wheat since 2007, as the border risk management and early detection of pests that may enter and establish in drought impacted production in major grain growing areas of eastern Australia. Australia. The Department of Agriculture issued ten permits for single shipments of Canadian wheat after receiving applications to import bulk grain from the United States and Australia also participates in setting standards for both international and regional bodies. Canada. This cooperative approach boosts Australia’s ability to actively monitor pests pre-border, Applications require a thorough risk assessment, and site and desk audits of the limits their spread, and reduces their impact on the agricultural systems of regional proposed import pathway. It must be determined that the risks along the entire neighbours and trading partners. Significant effort is also invested in gaining intelligence and import pathway can be managed to an acceptable level, otherwise a permit will not promoting Australia’s interests in the evolution of trade regulations, codes and standards. be issued. The department had engaged extensively with stakeholders since mid-2018 about Building capacity in the Asia-Pacific region PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER the best way to meet industry’s needs while maintaining Australia’s freedom from Activities to build capacity are delivered for Asia-Pacific countries that are close to Australia pests and diseases. Out-of-date protocols established in the drought of 1994–5 and for important and emerging trading partners. Commonly, these activities are for managing the biosecurity risks associated with imported grains were updated coordinated through regional bodies, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to align with the Biosecurity Act 2015. (ASEAN) or the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group of countries. Activities are

CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: often delivered with the assistance of funding from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Importing grain is a commercial decision by importers. The responsibility of the Trade. department is to protect Australia’s biosecurity by ensuring appropriate risk reduction measures are in place. Capacity building activities yield a better understanding of the plant pest risks in the region, With Australia’s climate predicted to become more variable over time, and the improve regional biosecurity, build diagnostic networks and capabilities, and foster links associated likely impacts to grain production, imports are expected to become among plant health and biosecurity agencies and experts. These programs also help more frequent in future. The advice is that applying for a permit is a complex and Australia to meet its formal international obligations to assist developing countries. extensive process that may require investment in new infrastructure. Businesses Increasingly, capacity building activities promote approaches to managing phytosanitary risk considering importing should assess their need for grain and plan early. that safeguard existing trade or create opportunities for expanding markets.

Anticipating exotic plant pest threats A range of sophisticated technologies and approaches including research, shared international resources and intelligence are used to anticipate exotic plant pest threats and to help prevent their introduction and spread. Work is undertaken with domestic and international partners to inform responses to emerging risks and to risks associated with deliberate or inadvertent non-compliance.

Information and intelligence are shared between partners through legislative requirements, memoranda of understanding and agreements with international bodies. The intelligence is used to develop cargo profiles and targeted campaigns, and to support identification and management of non-compliance, enabling resources to be focused on the areas of greatest risk. See also High Priority Pests and National Priority Plant Pests in Chapter 2. The first shipment of Canadian bulk wheat being inspected by biosecurity staff upon arrival at Port Kembla in June 2019. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture 134 ENSURING AUSTRALIAN EXPORTS MEET REQUIRED Table 48. Australia's export legislation, administered by the Department of Agriculture STANDARDS Legislation Many Australian plant industries export a proportion of the food and fibre that they produce. A few, notably grains, sugar and cotton, export almost everything that is grown. Just as Export Charges (Collection) Act 2015 imports are subject to restrictions to protect plant health, exports must also meet Export Charges (Collection) Regulation 2015 conditions, such as evidence of pest freedom in the area where the produce was grown. Export Charges (Imposition – Customs) Act 2015 Export trade is therefore heavily reliant on plant biosecurity. Export Charges (Imposition – Customs) Regulation 2015 The Export Control Act 1982 and its subordinate legislation provides the legal framework Export Charges (Imposition – Excise) Act 2015 by which Australian producers can export their products. Exporters must meet the requirements of the act and any quarantine requirements of the importing country. Export Charges (Imposition – General) Act 2015 Export Charges (Imposition – General) Regulation 2015 The Department of Agriculture regulates the provision of phytosanitary export inspection, Export Control Act 1982 verification, and certification services for plants and plant products, to meet the importing country requirements and Australia’s international obligations. Export Control (Fees) Order 2015 Export Control (Hardwood Wood Chips) Regulations 1996 The department also negotiates technical market access for Australian export produce Export Control (Orders) Regulations 1982 and has responsibility for the Australian Wood Packaging Certification Scheme, which AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER enables Australia to provide ISPM 15 compliant wood packaging material for export. Export Control (Organic Produce Certification) Orders Export Control (Plants and Plant Products) Order 2011 The Export Control (Plant and Plant Products) Orders 2011 provide criteria for the export of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, hay and straw, specific prescribed grains, and other plants Export Control (Plants and Plant Products – Norfolk Island) Order 2016 CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: or plant products for which a phytosanitary certificate, or any other official certificate, is Export Control (Prescribed Goods – General) Order 2005 required by an importing country authority. Export Control (Regional Forest Agreements) Regulations More specific legislation relating to the export of plants and plant products is listed in Export Control (Unprocessed Wood) Regulations Table 48. Strong linkages are maintained with exporters through industry consultative Export Inspection Charges Collection Act 1985* committees (e.g. the Grain and Plant Products Export Industry Consultative Committee and Horticulture Export Industry Consultative Committee) which are instrumental in Export Inspection (Establishment Registration Charges) Act 1985* developing effective and efficient operational responses to government policy and Export Inspection (Quantity Charge) Act 1985* legislation. Export Inspection (Service Charge) Act 1985* Primary Industries (Customs) Charges Act 1999 Primary Industries (Customs) Charges Regulations 2000

* Proposed for repeal

Post Entry Quarantine Facility staff member, Mickleham, Victoria. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture 135 New measures to stop the arrival of unwanted pests Meeting biosecurity conditions of importing countries with cut flower imports To assist Australia’s exporters, the Manual of Importing Country Requirements (MICoR) provides information on the specific requirements of importing countries that must be met The Department of Agriculture has been working with domestic and overseas to export plants and plant products from Australia. This includes requirements for import stakeholders to implement new measures to ensure that imported fresh cut permits, phytosanitary certificates, additional declarations and treatments, and other flowers and foliage do not compromise Australia’s biosecurity status. relevant export information and documentation. Information in MICoR Plants is a guide only and exporters are advised to also check with the importing country before exporting. A review in 2017 found inspection failure rates for consignments of cut flowers and foliage from some countries were unacceptably high. As a result, the For plant industries, the Export Documentation (EXDOC) system supports the preparation department made significant changes to the import conditions for fresh cut and issue of export documentation for primary produce prescribed under the Export Control flowers and foliage in March 2018. An improvement in compliance was seen from Act 1982 and associated legislation. most countries under the changes, including a significant reduction in the total number and diversity of pests being intercepted. The system provides certification for plant and plant product exports, as well as for animal products. EXDOC accepts details of proposed exports from exporters. This is linked to PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER In September 2019, mandatory import permits were introduced to address the endorsements and results in inspections as required, and where applicable, an export permit risks posed by a small number of high-volume exporting countries who were not and phytosanitary certificate is issued. complying with the requirements. Importers must now seek approval prior to importing from these countries. The importer’s supply chain management system With funding from the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, the Department of

CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: must meet Australia’s biosecurity requirements before a permit will be issued by Agriculture has developed new policies to improve regulation across the export certification the department, and importation can be suspended or cancelled at any time. system. This includes standards for cold treatment, fumigation, irradiation, dipping in dimethoate and vapour heat treatment, and processes to manage and audit accredited Monitoring the compliance of all other countries continues and import permits may properties and treatment facilities. be mandated for other markets should the need arise. The same approach may be used to reduce the biosecurity risks from long-standing trade arrangements for other imported plant commodities.

Compliance of imported fresh cut flowers is improving under changed import conditions, including a significant reduction in the total number and diversity of pests being intercepted at the border. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture 136 Negotiating market access Visit by biosecurity partners from the Pacific There is a high level of investment in negotiating protocols and building export systems that increase the value of plant exports. In May and June 2019 biosecurity specialists from Papua New Guinea and the Pacific islands came to Australia to strengthen their skills and build professional Australia negotiates technical market access with its trading partners for the benefit of networks in their region. Australia’s producers. These activities are conducted in close consultation with industry stakeholders, while taking into consideration the required phytosanitary requirements. The Pacific Plant Biosecurity Partnership is a joint initiative of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research and the Crawford Fund, involving biosecurity Changes in pest status, the emergence of new or improved treatment technologies, and organisations in Australia and New Zealand. reviews by trading partners of their import conditions mean that negotiations surrounding market improvement and market maintenance are increasingly the focus of activities to The 19 participants took part in a week of workshops, lectures, group activities and ensure Australia can continue to export its plant products. networking to give them the opportunity to practice real-time critical analysis and negotiation skills while taking part in market access simulations. They were each When prioritising activities, the department consults with industry to ensure its processes hosted for several weeks in various organisations before doing a course in select market pathways with the highest likelihood of technical and commercial success, communication, engagement and advocacy. AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER with a strong focus on evidence-based analyses.

The Grains Industry Market Access Forum provides a conduit between government and industry to ensure market access decisions are informed and prioritised in line with overall

industry benefit. CHAPTER 4:

For the horticulture industry, advice to the Department of Agriculture on the industry’s priorities for new or improved market access requests is provided through Hort Innovation’s Trade Assessment Panel.

Table 49 (see page 138) details market access achievements since 2000, including access to new markets, improving opportunities in existing markets, and preserving existing market access. In 2019 Australia gained market access for almonds to Chile and walnuts to India, for beet and carrot seeds to Ecuador and for radish and beet seeds to Mexico. Improved market access was gained for table grapes to New Zealand. Australia maintained market access for: ware potatoes to Korea; summerfruit, table grapes and cherries to China; and for key fruit and vegetables to Europe through new phytosanitary conditions applied by the European Union.

Participants from the Pacific taking part in a course in communication, engagement and advocacy in Brisbane. Image courtesy of the Crawford Fund

137 Table 49. Market access achievements for pollinator and plant product exports from Australia since 2000

Year achieved Country Commodity Year achieved Country Commodity Market access gained and restored Market access gained and restored (continued) 2000 Lemons South Korea 2010 Citrus European Union 2000 Oranges South Korea 2010 Citrus (grapefruit) Japan 2010 Kiwifruit India Multiple products (from Goulburn Valley) 2003 New Zealand – pest free area 2010 Table grapes China 2011 Lentils Saudi Arabia 2003 Olives, rooted cuttings Peru 2012 Carrots Taiwan 2003 Tomatoes, greenhouse USA 2012 Chia seed, sowing Peru 2004 Lychees, nursery stock Brazil 2012 Cotton seed, stock feed USA 2004 Mangoes China 2012 Grapevine, nursery stock Chile 2004 Mangoes, irradiated New Zealand

PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER 2012 Hemp seeds, sowing Uruguay 2004 Olives, rooted cuttings Morocco 2012 Honey Egypt 2005 Cherries (from Tasmania) Japan 2012 Paulownia, rooted cuttings Peru 2005 Citrus China 2012 Pearl millet seed, sowing India CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: 2005 Citrus (unspecified) South Korea 2012 Sorghum seed, sowing Peru 2005 Mangoes South Korea 2012 Sunflower seed, sowing Bolivia 2005 Seed potatoes, microtubers South Africa 2012 Table grapes, summerfruits and cherries Indonesia 2006 Apples Japan 2012 Wax flower, rooted cuttings Peru 2006 Bananas – resumption of trade New Zealand 2012 Whole lupins, processing Taiwan 2006 Papaya New Zealand 2006 Potatoes, brushed ware Thailand 2013 Apples USA 2006 Seed potatoes (from Victoria and WA) Thailand 2013 Bana grass cuttings Phillipines 2007 Mangoes South Korea Barley – for consumption following a 2013 Ecuador technical submission in 2008 2007 Multiple products South Korea 2008 Cherries (mainland) USA Canola – re-opening of trade after 2013 resolving quarantine issues preventing China 2008 Lupins South Korea exports since 2009 2008 Lychees New Zealand Cherries – access after initiating a protocol 2013 China and meeting Chinese requirements Citrus (from Sunraysia) – seasonal 2009 Japan freedom 2013 Creeping signal grass, sowing Malaysia 2009 Peanuts, processed India Macadamia nuts – access gained for 2013 Ecuador macadamia nuts in-shell for consumption Cherries – access reinstated for non pest 2010 Taiwan free areas 2013 Teak seed, sowing Peru 2010 Cherries (from Tasmania) South Korea 2014 Cherries Thailand 138 Table 49.Market access achievements for pollinatorandplantproductexportsfromAustraliasince2000(continued) 2019 2019 2018 2018 2018 2018 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2014 2014 2014 2014 Country Year achieved Beet seeds Almonds Hard mature avocados Strawberries Phaseolus vulgaris (bean)seed All melons Vegetable seeds,sowing Lentils Queen bees oswtotbr n antme Iran Plants andplantproducts Logs withoutbarkandsawntimber Honey Cherries Watermelons Nectarines Melon ( Honey bees(live queens) Onion seed,sowing oe n te pcluepout French Polynesia Honey and other apiculture products following suspensionfor allAustralianfruit Table grapes–market access restored Mangoes andlychees Lentils –market access restored import suspensionsfor Australianfruit Citrus –market access restored following Blueberries Summerfruit (apric Table grapes Grape seed Table grapes and peaches) Market access gainedandrestored(continued) Cucumus melo)Japan ots, plums,nectarines Chile Mexico United ArabEmirates Japan Ecuador Kuwait Iran Solomon Islands Vietnam Chile Iran Japan Vietnam Myanmar Saudi Arabia China USA Vietnam Fiji India South Korea China Japan Thailand Commodity Saudi Arabia 2019 2019 08Ot India China China Mangoes –revised protocol Citrus –revised protocol 2010 2009 Oats India 2009 2008 Japan 2008 2008 Mangoes–reduced inspectionrate Indonesia Mangoes,irradiated 2008 Citrus–in-transit cold disinfestation New Zealand 2008 Japan 2008 Citrus–2–3degree cold disinfestation 2008 Tomatoes –improved conditions 2008 2007 SouthKorea 2006 SouthKorea 2006 Citrus–3degree cold disinfestation Carrots –freedom from nematode 2006 2006 2006 Country Year achieved 2019 2019 2005 2005 Beet seeds from thepestlist conditions Apples (from Tasmania) –improved disinfestation Table grapes–in-transit cold requirement Operating PolicyandProcedure Multiple products –removal ofStandard disinfestation Multiple products –2–3degree cold protocol Cherries (from Tasmania) –revised freedom reinstatement ofQueenslandfruitflyarea Multiple products (from Tasmania) – requirements Mangoes –new phytosanitary Radish seeds Carrot seeds Walnuts irs–23dge oddsnetto Thailand Z Citrus –2–3degree cold disinfestation ucchini – removal ofQueenslandfruitfly Market access gainedandrestored(continued) Improvements inmarket access Mexico Mexico New Zealand Commodity China Indonesia United ArabEmirates Taiwan Japan Taiwan Malaysia India Ecuador

139 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY Table 49. Market access achievements for pollinator and plant product exports from Australia since 2000 (continued)

Year achieved Country Commodity Year achieved Country Commodity Improvements in market access (continued) Improvements in market access (continued) Cherries (from mainland) – stand alone 2010 USA 2013 Soybeans – removal of a five per cent tariff Indonesia cold treatment 2010 Citrus South Korea 2013 Wheat Kenya 2010 Grapefruit Japan 2014 Grain and seed Thailand

2011 Citrus – 3 degree cold disinfestation USA 2015 Cherries – improved inspection rates Korea Citrus – in-transit cold disinfestation from Cherries – new temperature for cold 2011 Indonesia 2015 Thailand non pest free areas treatment Citrus – more varieties approved for export 2011 Macadamia nuts India 2015 Thailand from non pest free area districts Table grapes – in-transit cold 2011 Indonesia Persimmons – irradiation for fruit fly disinfestation from non pest free areas 2015 Thailand control PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER 2012 Apples USA Table grapes – new temperature for cold 2015 Thailand 2012 Avocado – in-transit cold treatment New Zealand treatment Citrus (unspecified) – 3 degree in-transit Wheat and barley – access improved with 2012 India 2015 China

CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: cold treatment new protocol Citrus (unspecified) – in-transit cold Blood oranges and other sweet orange 2012 New Zealand 2016 Korea treatment varieties Citrus (unspecified) – more favourable 2012 India 2016 Kangaroo paw nursery stock Colombia temperatures and flexible conditions 2016 Lychees USA 2012 Pears – in-transit cold treatment New Zealand 2016 Mango USA 2012 Table grapes – in-transit cold treatment New Zealand 2016 Pumpkins Japan All products – FTA negotiations concluded 2013 South Korea in December 2013 2016 Walnuts Japan 2013 Apples Taiwan 2017 Chickpeas Iran

2013 Canola China 2017 Chickpeas Pakistan Citrus – some import limitations removed 2017 Lentils Bangladesh 2013 Thailand by Thailand 2017 Wheat Iran Fruit – revised protocol including 2013 Phillipines favourable cold treatment conditions 2018 De-hulled kiln dried oats India

2013 Grain and seed Iran 2018 Persimmons Thailand

2013 Grain and seed Libya 2018 Rolled oats and oat flakes Iran 2013 Hay Qatar 2018 Seed potatoes Indonesia 2013 Plants and plant products Hong Kong 2019 Table grapes New Zealand

140 Table 49.Market access achievements for pollinatorandplantproductexportsfromAustraliasince2000(continued) 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2009 2008 2007 2004 2007 2007 2004 2007 2006 2004 2004 Country Year achieved Summerfruit (plums) Pome fruit Multiple products Papaya Multiple products Barley (malting),processing umrri pahsadncaie)Taiwan Table grapes Summerfruit (peachesandnectarines) Multiple products Mangoes Lychees Potatoes Mauritius Multiple products Citrus Multiple products Summerfruit Grain Citrus (unspecified) Potatoes Citrus Citrus Multiple products Cut anddriedflowers Citrus Various Maintained inmarket access Vietnam New Zealand New Zealand India Indonesia Vietnam Taiwan South Korea Thailand Thailand Thailand Malaysia Thailand Canada India Thailand New Zealand China Mauritius Commodity Indonesia South Korea

2019 2019 2019 2017 2017 2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 2016 2015 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 Country Year achieved Ware potatoes Fruit flyhostcommodities sp,Slnca European Union Citrus, Mangifera, Prunus spp.,Solanaceae treatment options Cherries, summerfruits,tablegrapes – Plants andplantproducts Nuts, consumption Grains, consumption Seed, sowing Plant basedstockfeed Wheat flour Pears Mangoes consumption Wheat –access maintainedfor grainfor Table grapes Persimmon Kiwifruit tolerance levels methyl bromide fumigationandnew Cottonseed, for stockfeed –reinstated Strawberries All pr Avocado Taiwan Apples –revised improved exportprotocol security paperfor exporthealthcertificates Apples oducts –implementationofanew Maintained inmarket access (continued) New Zealand Vietnam China Vietnam Vietnam India Korea Vietnam Korea Indonesia China Thailand USA Thailand Myanmar Thailand All markets Commodity Thailand Thailand Thailand

141 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY Plant pest surveillance supports market access Governments and industries conduct systematic checks for pests within our borders to provide evidence that Australia does not have certain exotic pests, particularly those that could preclude market access for exporters. Nil findings are recorded and collated to provide evidence of absence of a pest from the country, state or region.

In recent years Australia’s trading partners and international organisations have asked for more robust and quantitative evidence of Australia’s plant health status to both justify import requirements and defend export certification. It is no longer sufficient to state a pest is ‘not known to occur’, or rest on the assurance of Australia being historically free of a particular pest. Reporting on the likely presence or absence of pests at a particular place and time is crucial to support market access negotiations.

To meet these challenges, the Australian Government invested in improving biosecurity surveillance and analysis through the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper which concluded in June 2019, strengthening the ability of Australian industry groups and governments to collate, share, analyse and report surveillance data on plant pests, including fruit flies. PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER Better access to more surveillance data gives trading partners confidence in claims of pest absence and area freedom. For exporters this minimises delays and allows producers to get a better price for their quality produce overseas. CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: Australia’s plant pest surveillance programs are detailed in Chapter 5.

National Minimum Dataset Specifications for surveillance To ensure consistency in the collection and sharing of surveillance data, Australia uses the national minimum dataset specifications (NMDS), introduced in 2017 following agreement from the National Biosecurity Committee. To comply with NMDS, each record has its own unique identifier code, with comprehensive data captured on the location and type of surveillance activity, as well as the name and jurisdiction of the organisation entering the data.

With the use of the NMDS and real time data tools such as AUSPestCheck™, Australia will continue to be amongst a handful of countries able to fully comply with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures on recording and reporting of plant health surveillance information.

Melbourne docks. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture

142 Image caption Border biosecurity COLLABORATIONS TO REDUCE BORDER BIOSECURITY RISKS

Activities to deal with risks posed by cargo imports Live animals and plants, packaging, plant material, animal products and certain food from overseas could introduce some of the world’s most damaging pests into Australia. This The Australian Government works with the cargo and shipping industries to prevent pests could devastate our valuable agriculture and tourism industries and unique environment. and diseases being imported with cargo. Biosecurity restrictions on imported goods can be complex. People who wish to import goods are advised to check whether the goods will be With increasing levels of international trade and travel, the detection of threats at the border allowed to enter. Sometimes the treatments will be more costly and time consuming than remains an important element of the biosecurity system. Australia has strict laws relating to the goods are worth. the importation of certain goods, including goods brought back from overseas by travellers, to reduce the chance of an exotic pest incursion. First time or infrequent importers are encouraged to use the services of a licensed customs broker to facilitate the process. The Department of Agriculture has primary responsibility for international border biosecurity activities, to restrict the import of items that pose a risk to Australia. The department BICON, the Australian Government’s Biosecurity Import Conditions database, holds undertakes a range of measures at the border to reduce and detect biosecurity risks, information on requirements for foreign plant, animal, mineral and human commodities. including: People wishing to bring in goods can check the conditions of entry on the Department of Agriculture website. • raising awareness of Australia’s biosecurity requirements among importers, industry The information available on BICON is the same information that biosecurity officers use operators, travellers, and senders of mail AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER when inspecting goods arriving in Australia. Import conditions within BICON are regularly • screening and inspecting international vessels, passengers, cargo, mail, animals, plants reviewed, so importers need to check the conditions each time they travel or send goods. and plant products arriving in Australia More information on import risk assessment is on page 130. • managing the high biosecurity risks of live plants and animals through containment,

observation and treatment at quarantine facilities CHAPTER 4: First point of entry biosecurity operators • identifying and evaluating the specific biosecurity risks facing northern Australia through the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy. First point of entry (FPoE) refers to seaports and airports where international arrivals are permitted. FPoE operators and staff are in a unique position to notice biosecurity risks and respond to them. The Australian Government works with FPoE authorities, operators and Activities at the border are risk-based, informed by evidence and subject to review and workers to reduce biosecurity risks. continual improvement. Between January and October 2019 over 235,000 biosecurity risk items were intercepted at Australia’s international airports: 50,000 at Melbourne, over Operators and authorities are required to have facilities, arrangements and systems in 29 34,000 at Perth and over 80,000 at Sydney. In the same period, around 87 million mail place to manage the risk of pests and diseases entering, spreading and establishing. items moved through mail centres: the most common risk items intercepted were seeds, The requirements for FPoE authorities and operators are listed in the First Point of Entry meat and other animal products such as pet treats. Biosecurity Standards for both landing places and ports. For example, operators at seaports must manage vegetation to ensure weed species do not flower and spread seed.

A map of the points of entry for vessels is available from the Department of Agriculture website agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/avm/vessels/first-point-entry-and-non-first- point-entry

The See. Secure. Report. Hotline (1800 798 636) is for FPoE workers to report any biosecurity risks they find during day-to-day operations.

The special responsibilities of FPoE authorities, operators and staff are an example of the biosecurity responsibilities of every Australian (see Figure 88 on page 144).

29. Australian Government Department of Agriculture. Christmas biosecurity risks unwrapped. Accessed Melbourne airport biosecurity compliance. Image courtesy of Michael Masters online 7 April 2020 awe.gov.au/news/media-releases/christmas-biosecurity-risks-unwrapped 143 Figure 88. Entity responsibility for biosecurity risks, first points of entry (ports) GOVERNMENT SCREENING AND INSPECTION The Department of Agriculture employs more than 4000 staff,30 some of whom contribute to the inspection of international vessels and passengers, cargo and mail for biosecurity risks as they arrive at airports, seaports and mail centres. Officers operate in conjunction with the Department of Home Affairs and the , which police people movements and intercept illegal goods, such as drugs and weapons. Some goods need to be declared at the border, whether they are being brought back from overseas or arriving in the mail. The department’s sophisticated risk assessment and intelligence tools are used to assess biosecurity risk and respond appropriately.

Screening passengers In an effort to intercept risk material from being brought in from overseas, when travelling to Australia, passengers are provided with an Incoming Passenger Card by the crew on the aircraft or cruise vessel. The Incoming Passenger Card is a legal document and must be completed correctly. Passengers must declare if they are carrying certain food, plant material or animal products. Declared goods can be taken to the inspection point where they PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER will be assessed by a biosecurity officer.

Alternatively, goods such as food, plant material or animal items can be voluntarily disposed Biosecurity at ports and other first points of entry is shared between stakeholders. of in bins located in the terminal. Any goods that present an unacceptable level of Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: biosecurity risk will be managed according with the Biosecurity Act 2015.

Depending on the risk, you may: • pay for the goods to be treated to reduce the biosecurity risk (for example, fumigation, gamma irradiation) • pay to export the goods from Australia • destroy the goods.

The first two options are subject to fees and special conditions may apply. Biosecurity officers can also inspect baggage when passengers do not declare any goods.

If arriving passengers are found to have made a false declaration on the Incoming Passenger Card, they can be penalised. A stronger approach to enforcement of the Biosecurity Act 2015 led to the first tourist visa cancellation for a biosecurity breach in October 2019.31 This was quickly followed by more in November.32 The visitor's visas were cancelled for failing to declare food concealed in luggage, or knowingly providing false or misleading information.

30. Australian Government. Transparency Portal. Accessed online 31 March 2020 transparency.gov.au 31. Australian Government Department of Agriculture. Biosecurity Matters, Edition 4, 2019. Accessed online 4 April 2020 agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/australia/reports-pubs/biosecurity-matters/2019-04 32. Australian Government Department of Agriculture. Biosecurity Matters, Edition 5, 2019. Accessed online 4 April 2020 agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/australia/reports-pubs/biosecurity-matters/2019-05

144 Screening mail When goods arrive at the Australian border, they are assessed for biosecurity risk and a decision is made on whether they can be imported.

When sending mail to Australia, the contents of packages must be accurately declared on the mail article declaration. The department applies risk profiles to all international mail to target high biosecurity risks. Biosecurity officers assess the risk based on the declaration and use detector dogs and x-ray machines to screen packages.

Some goods may require treatment (at the importer’s expense) before they are permitted into Australia. Goods that are not permitted will either be exported back to the sender overseas or destroyed. If any attempt has been made to conceal goods, the importer may be subject to an investigation and possible criminal prosecution.

Use of detector dogs Detector dogs are used by the Department of Agriculture and play a key role in helping to protect Australia from exotic pests and diseases. They are used in combination with other

biosecurity strategies and detection technologies. AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER

There are approximately 40 detector dog teams operating in international airports, seaports, mail centres and courier depots throughout Australia. Detector dogs are currently sourced exclusively from the Australian Border Force Detector Dog Breeding program and undergo rigorous testing to ensure they possess the ideal characteristics for the job. They need to CHAPTER 4: have an extraordinary sense of smell, be cooperative and gentle with people, and possess extreme hunt, food and retrieve drives.

Detector dogs are trained to find items that could bring pests or diseases into Australia such as certain food, plant material and animal products. They have a working life of about six to eight years, and on average, find between 3,000 and 3,500 biosecurity risk items during their working life. In 2019, detector dogs intercepted more than 56,000 biosecurity risk items in airports and mail centres.33

The department’s dogs are multipurpose and deploy across a wide range of environments. They will offer a different behaviour when target material is detected, based on the type of item they are screening. • When screening at international passenger terminals they will sit beside the item or person of interest to indicate that they have found something. This is called a passive response and is a safe, non-intrusive method of indicating to people. • When screening mail or cargo items, dogs will offer a focused dig at the source of the target odour. This is called an active response and allows the team to pinpoint the exact item from amongst many.

33. Australian Government Department of Agriculture. Pawsome detector dog achievements in 2019. Accessed online 7 April 2020 awe.gov.au/news/media-releases/pawsome-detector-dog- Around 40 detector dog teams operate in international airports, seaports, mail centres and achievements-2019 courier depots throughout Australia. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture

Image caption 145 NATIONAL BORDER SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM PROTECTING OUR NORTHERN COASTLINE The National Border Surveillance Program commenced in late 2016 and operates under the The unique biosecurity threats in Australia’s north – stretching from Cairns in Queensland to policy direction of the Compliance Division within the Department of Agriculture. National Broome in WA and including the Torres Strait – are managed by the Department of border surveillance teams are located in the ports of Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Agriculture’s Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS). Perth, Darwin and Cairns. The northern coastline is vast and sparsely populated. It faces biosecurity risks from The teams’ scope of work includes site assessments and plant health surveillance at all countries close to Australia including Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. Australian first points of entry (seaports and airports), premises of businesses handling These countries have many pests, plant diseases and weeds that are not present in imported goods of biosecurity interest or biosecurity risk material (so-called Approved Australia, which could spread to Australia by human activities or natural pathways. Arrangements34), and areas associated with or surrounding these. There are three main components to NAQS: surveillance, location and cooperation. An assessment is made of the biosecurity risk a site poses based on the type, quantity and origin of the goods it receives and factors such as the type of vegetation present, presence Officers carry out surveillance for exotic pests, diseases and weeds on horticultural plants of dunnage or other rubbish piles, level of weed control and maintenance of surfaces. as well as native and cultivated alternative hosts. Pest checks are made for nationally The aim is to detect pest that may have escaped from conveyances, containers, agreed target species as well as those identified as High Priority Pests during biosecurity goods or passengers at the border, before they have the chance to spread to production planning for industries. Reports of damage on host plants are also investigated. Increasingly, areas. Surveillance contributes to Australia’s area freedom determinations by looking for the surveillance is conducted in partnership with industry and other government partners.

PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PRE-BORDER National Priority Plant Pests in the border vicinity. Each year NAQS staff notify relevant authorities when a pest, disease or weed is found Data from border surveillance is also used to inform policy when reviewing import conditions that is a new record for Australia or is an extension to a pest’s known range or host. and requirements for Approved Arrangements. More about pest surveillance is in Chapter 5. This intelligence improves national and local incursion responses and aids in determining plant pest status across the north. CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: Figure 89. Biosecurity risk pathways regulated by NAQS In the Torres Strait, department officers manage risks associated with the southward movement of people, vessels, aircraft and goods through the Strait to mainland Australia. This includes traditional visitors from Papua New Guinea under the Torres Strait Treaty – up to 30,000 movements per year.

Officers regulate plant risks associated with the movement of goods and conveyances from Papua New Guinea and through the islands. Regulated pathways are from Papua New Guinea into Torres Strait, and from the Torres Strait Protected Zone to the Permanent Biosecurity Monitoring Zone, and from either zone to mainland Australia, as shown in Figure 89.

Importantly, the success of activities is due to the cooperation and good will of people in northern Australia. The strategy invests heavily in community engagement including the well-known campaign ‘Top Watch’ to create strong community support. As a result, biosecurity awareness is high and local communities comply with requirements in the Torres Strait, report unusual pests and diseases, and provide access to land and country Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture for surveillance.

34. Approved Arrangements, previously Quarantine Approved Premises and Compliance Agreements, are voluntary arrangements entered into with the Department of Agriculture. These arrangements allow operators to manage biosecurity risks and/or perform the documentary assessment of goods in accordance with departmental requirements, using their own sites, facilities, equipment and people, and without constant supervision by the department and with occasional compliance monitoring or auditing. 146 all associatedcosts for services. biosecurity concern, thedepartmentwillrelease thegoodstoimporter, whocovers screening procedures have taken place andthe plantsare deemedto be free ofany biosecurity risks they pose, andthespecifictestingrequired. Once allrequired testing and The amountoftime theplantsspendinapost-entry quarantine facilitydependsonthe be grown andscreened for pestsatanapproved facility(seeTable 50). quarantine facilityatMicklehamin Victoria.Othernurserystockandrestricted seedscan departmental officers ashigh-riskwillbetaken directly tothegovernment post-entry may choosetodevelop importconditions for thenew species.Plantmaterialclassified by been importedwillalsobesubject toaweed riskassessment,afterwhichthedepartment and issueaphytosanitary certificate priortoexport. New speciesthathave notpreviously The nationalplantprotection organisation of the BICON and,ifthespeciesisallowed intoAustralia,applying for animportpermit. Plant importersbegintheprocess by checkingimportconditions usingtheimportdatabase the genusandspeciesofplant andtheform oftheimportedplantmaterial. imported for thepurposesofgrowth orpropagation. Importconditions vary, dependingon Live plant materialisdefinedasalllive plantsorplantmaterial,otherthanseeds,thatis screening andtestingtoeliminatespecificdiseaseconcerns. material spendingtimeinpost-entry quarantinefacilities,allowing for growth and disease imported, subjecttoconditions andriskassessmentprocesses. Theseincludenew plant competitiveness andproductivity ofAustralian agribusiness.Asaresult, live plantscanbe advantageous attimesfor growers toimportnew varieties, tohelpmaintainthe While importedlive plantmaterialcanintroduce foreign plantpestsanddiseases, itcanbe Deed. these pestsoutofAustralia.SeeChapter6for more ontheEmergency PlantPestResponse That meansthatpotentiallyaffected industryPartiespayashare ofthecost ofkeeping Fisheries andfallsundertheauspices oftheEmergency PlantPestResponse Deed. Response Plan.Theresponse ismanagedby theQueensland DepartmentofAgriculture and These seasonalincursionsare eradicated eachyear undertheExotic Fruit FlyinTorres Strait NAQS team. permanent trapsplaced throughout theTorres Strait islandsthatare monitored by the monsoonal weather patterns moving over PapuaNew Guinea.Incursionsare detectedby industries. AnnualincursionsintotheTorres Strait by thesepestsare associatedwith New Guineaandare oneofthebiggestbiosecurity riskstoAustralia’s horticultural Exotic fruitflyspecies–includingOrientalandmelonare present inPapua Exotic fruitflysurveillance anderadication POST-ENTRY PLANTQUARANTINE country ofexportwill inspecttheplants Table 50.Australia's post-entry plantquarantinefacilities* NAQS rangers conduct fruitflysurveillance innorthern Australia. Imagecourtesy ofKerry Trapnell *** Note thesefigures represent individualApproved Arrangement sitesandnot facilities ororganisations asawhole. Arrangement sitesthatmaybeassociatedwiththem. ** Note thesefigures represent facilities andorganisations asawhole anddoesnot includetheindividualApproved numberof approved facilities issubjecttochangeover time. * Note thetablerepresents Australia's post-entry plantquarantine facilities asat28January 2020,however the plant material*** for medium-risk Arrangement sites Private Approved plant material** approved for high-risk private (P)facilities Scientific (S)and material** high-risk plant facilities approved for State government plant material*** for medium-risk Arrangement sites (SG) Approved state government Scientific (S)and Go Australian vernment facilities 1 P 1 S 11 S – NT WA – – VIC – TAS – SA – QLD – NSW ACT 1P 1S 2P 2 P 2 SG 4 S 11 310 53 7 7 15 11 121 1 SG 3 S 3 SG 7 S 3 S – 2 SG 2 S – 21 1 2 SG 6 S 2 P – – – – – –

147 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY

Chapter 5 Plant pest surveillance and diagnostics Post border biosecurity – plant pest surveillance and diagnostics

Since pests can enter the country despite all the precautions in place, Australia has established a unique and highly effective post-border biosecurity system to provide additional protection against exotic pests. Plant pest surveillance and diagnostics are critical components of the system.

Surveillance is a system of checking and recording the presence or absence of plant pests, while diagnostics is used to precisely identify a plant pest, including species that are not known to be present in Australia.

The information derived from surveillance and diagnostics provides the basis on which decisions about the status of pest presence, absence and distribution are made. This underpins the profitability, productivity and sustainability of Australia’s plant industries PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE and helps protect our landscapes and natural environment from plant pests.

Surveillance is carried out around the country by state governments, the Australian Government and plant industries, with increasing support from the community, and aims to: CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: • to find new incursions or outbreaks before they spread too far to be eradicated • to gather the ‘evidence of absence’ data needed to show overseas trading partners that Australia is free from pests of particular concern • to monitor the amount or distribution of pests at a national, regional or property level.

Diagnostic services, which rely on scientific expertise, are primarily provided by governments, universities and research organisations, coordinated via a national network.

Definitive identification of pest species, types and strains is done: • to allow appropriate response to an incursion • to support pest management • to provide evidence for pest status (pest presence or absence).

150 Image caption commenced in2019,andwillprovide afoundation for continued reform andimprovement. The development ofanew ten-year strategy, andanimplementationplanfor itsdelivery, Strategy toguidenationalefforts toimprove andreform surveillance arrangements. Surveillance Strategy 2013–20was developed undertheNationalPlantBiosecurity maintaining aneffective planthealthsurveillance system, theNational PlantBiosecurity Recognising boththeimportance ofplanthealthsurveillance andthechallengesof National PlantBiosecuritySurveillance Strategy Monitoring establishedpests–Thisincludessurveillance for pestssuchasQueensland • Delimitingthespreadofpests • Plantpeststatus–Dataconfirming thatpestsare absentfrom growing areas • • Early detection –Findinganew pestor outbreak early, before ithasachance tospread • Early warning –Shows where new biosecuritymeasures are required toprevent the objectives: Activities withintheplantbiosecuritysurveillance system work togethertoachieve five key market access. early detectionofplantpestsanddiseases,supportspestfreedom claimsandfacilitates underpins many aspectsofthebiosecuritysystem. Aneffective surveillance system enables Information onthepresence orabsence ofplantpestsishighlyvaluable becauseit Plant pestsurveillance OVERSIGHT OF PLANTPESTSURVEILLANCE parts ofAustralia. and Mediterraneanfruitflies,grapevine phylloxera, which are onlyfound insome they are not is very importantduringaneradicationresponse. Australia andoverseas. as ‘evidence ofabsence’ andiscriticalinformation tosupportaccess tomarkets within receiving pestsandhelptojustifyourimportconditions toothercountries. Thisisknown demonstrates toothercountries thatthey cansafely importAustralianproduce without and become widelyestablished. priority. arrival or spread ofaplantpest,withsurveillance alonghigh-riskpathways beinga –Theabilitytodefinewhere pestsare present andwhere enhancingthecollaboration, coordination, efficiencyandeffectiveness ofsurveillance • reviewing thecollection anduseofinformation from generalsurveillance programs to • designing processes toprioritisenationalsurveillance efforts • coordinating andoverseeing thedevelopment ofawebsite tosupportthenetwork • stablishingthe PlantSurveillance Network Australasia-Pacifictoimprove connections • developing theReference Standard for NationalSurveillance Protocols for PlantPests, • In 2019thekey roles ofthesubcommittee were: territory governments, PHAandtheCSIRO. subcommittee comprises representatives from theAustralianGovernment, stateand (PHC) provides coordination andleadershipfor plantpestsurveillance inAustralia.The The Subcommittee onNationalPlantHealthSurveillance ofthePlantHealthCommittee Subcommittee onNationalPlantHealth Surveillance Competitiveness WhitePaper(seeFigure 90onpage152). investment inimproving biosecuritysurveillance andanalysis through theAgricultural for improvement andreform. Itwas developed aspartoftheAustralianGovernment’s The framework provides anoverview ofthenationalsystem andisusedtoidentifyareas biosecurity surveillance andanalysis. territory governments, PHA,community andenvironmental stakeholders tocarryout the DepartmentofAgriculture works inpartnershipwithpeakindustrybodies,stateand Under theNationalPlantBiosecuritySurveillance System framework developed in2017, National PlantBiosecuritySurveillance System framework and PHA. AUSVEG, SummerfruitAustralia,Growcom, NationalResource ManagementRegions Australia Development Corporation, Centre ofExcellence for BiosecurityRiskAnalysis, HortInnovation, from theDepartmentofAgriculture, PlantHealthCommittee, Grains Research and through theAgricultural Competitiveness WhitePaper. Thecommittee includes members investment inthenational plantbiosecuritysurveillance system, includingprojects funded The PlantHealthSurveillance Consultative Committee, establishedin2016,helpstoguide Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee efforts nationally. provide evidence ofpeststatus between surveillance practitionersandbuildcapacitycapabilityfor surveillance including aprocess for review ofNationalSurveillance Protocols asthey are developed

151 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Figure 90. National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System framework Annual Surveillance Workshop 2019

More than 60 people working in pest surveillance attended the Annual Surveillance Surveillance enablers Workshop on 13–14 March in Brisbane, becoming part of the newly established • Policy and legislation • Processes and • Communications and Plant Surveillance Network Australasia-Pacific.Australasia–Pacific. AttendeesAttendees camecame fromfrom severalseveral plantplant • Partnerships and workflows engagement industries, the Australian Government, state governments, research agencies and shared responsibility • Information • Evaluation and New Zealand. • Risk analysis and risk management assurance based allocation • Technology and tools Topics included industry led surveillance, general surveillance, plant pest • Resources and funding • People capability interception information and pathways for pest movement. These annual workshops are an important way for a wide range of stakeholders to meet, share knowledge and learn about new initiatives in surveillance. Surveillance processes • Specific surveillance • Delivery • Protocols and programs • Data collection procedures • Design (surveys, • Capability and SPECIFIC trapping) capacity SURVEILLANCE PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE

• Observations • Notifications • Data collection • Inspections • Investigations GENERAL SURVEILLANCE CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: • Quality systems • Diagnostic protocols • Capability and • Proficiency testing • Pest reference capacity programs system DIAGNOSTICS

Attendees at the 2019 Annual Surveillance Workshop. Applications • Emerging pests • Social amenity pests • Environmental pests

PESTS • Industry priority pests

• Border • Northern Australia • Jurisdictions • Urban and peri-urban • External territories • Natural resource

REGIONS • Rural • Offshore management regions

• Hosts • Regulated • Emerging pathways • Commodities and • Unregulated or industries natural PATHWAYS

Australia’s national surveillance system framework, developed in 2017. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture

152 absence’ dataneededtosupporttradeandmarket access for Australianproducers. Information collected by theprogram alsoprovides acriticalsource ofthe‘evidence of exotic plantpest, Plants around thecountry are alsochecked for any signsofthenation’s mostunwanted intercepted quickly. could arrive onimportedcargo andquicklymove intonearby peri-urbanorurbanareas ifnot ‘hitchhiker’ pestssuchasthebrown marmoratedstinkbugandAsian gypsy moth, which where exotic pestscould potentiallyenterAustraliaand spread. Thisincludestrappingfor Surveillance is conducted around internationalentrypointssuchasairportsandseaports, risks. Australia’s ‘top40unwanted andexotic’ NationalPriorityPlantPests,andotherbiosecurity look for pestsofparticularconcern. Itprovides important ‘early detection’ surveillance for The program, inplace since the1990s,provides fundstostateandterritorygovernments to Department ofAgriculture incollaboration withstateandterritorygovernments. The NationalPlantHealthSurveillance Program ismanaged by theAustralianGovernment National PlantHealth Surveillance Program occur inadditiontothesurveillance undertaken toeradicatepests(seeChapter6). These andothersurveillance activitiesacross Australia(asshown inTable 51on page158) Grains Farm BiosecurityProgram (seepage206). government(s) suchastheNationalBeePestSurveillance Program (seepage154)andthe flies (seepage158).There are alsoprograms thatare partnershipsbetween industryand Northern AustraliaQuarantineStrategy (seepage146)andsurveillance programs for fruit Surveillance Program, theNationalBorder Surveillance Program (seepage146),the and thewiderangeoflocationswhere surveillance occurs –are theNationalPlantHealth The mostextensive programs for targeted surveillance –intermsofthenumberpests undertake targeted surveillance for pestsofconcern. are captured. Mosttargeted surveillance isdoneby governments, butplantindustriesalso Targeted surveillance iswhere checksorsurveys are madefor particularpests,and records GOVERNMENT SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS Xylella fastidiosa, aspartoftheprogram’s earlydetectionactivities. importance ofsurveillance for earlydetectionanddeterminingpeststatus. sample collection for pestidentification.Italsoincreased understandingofthe government personnelontechniquestoimprove surveillance for citrus pestsand The workshop helpedtoshare knowledge andinformation between industryand packing shedinMildura. mediated isothermalamplification(LAMP)diagnostictechniqueand visitedafruit and diseasesintwo orchards. They were alsogiven a demonstration oftheloop Participants puttheirtrainingintopractice andconducted surveillance for pests Agriculture VictoriaandNSWDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries. Government DepartmentofAgriculture andin-kindsupportfrom CitrusAustralia, Plant HealthAustralia.Itwas supportedwithfunding from theAustralian New Zealand Ministryfor PrimaryIndustriestookpartintheworkshop runby Attendees from allAustralianstatesandterritories,thecitrusindustry transport todiagnosticlaboratories. laboratories. Theworkshop alsocovered collection andpackagingofsamplesfor in thefieldtoreduce thenumberofsamples needingtobesentdiagnostic of 50industryandgovernment personnel intriagingprioritypestsanddiseases A citrussurveillance andpestworkshop in MildurainSeptemberbuilttheskills Citrus surveillance andpesttriageworkshop Plant Health Australia. Surveillance officers taking partinthecitrussurveillance and pest triageworkshop. Imagecourtesy of 153 1

5 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS 3 INDUSTRY SURVEILLANCE STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS Examples of industry surveillance programs (as shown in Table 51 on page 158) include those for grains, cotton, honey bees, mangoes, sugarcane and vegetables, and they are Forest pest surveillance in NSW often facilitated by industry biosecurity officers. Surveillance programs for the citrus (see page 207) and forest industries (see below), for which specific national strategies Forest biosecurity surveillance programs for the early detection of exotic forest were released in 2018, are being established. pests that threaten native forests, plantations and amenity trees in NSW, Victoria and Queensland are now underway. National Forest Biosecurity Program Activities to initiate a National Forest Biosecurity Program continued in 2019 with the NSW Department of Primary Industries Forestry, for example, conducts National Forest Biosecurity Coordinator overseeing the establishment of a government– surveillance at high-risk sites around major ports, such as Port Botany and industry partnership to enhance forest pest surveillance. Port Kembla, that have been determined to be likely entry points for exotic pests. Host trees of target pests are visually assessed for damage, and traps with An assessment of the high-risk pathways for the entry of forest pests into Australia and a pest-specific lures are installed from October to March to capture pest insects. pilot of high-risk site surveillance in Queensland, NSW and Victoria is being used to identify the requirements for a risk-based national program of surveillance for forest pests. The pests targeted include those of Pinus species, but also of hardwood species such as eucalypts that can impact on amenity trees and native forests. The National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2018–23 and its implementation Surveillance is designed to increase the chance of detecting pests soon after plan guide the program, in consultation with industry, government and the R&D sector. they arrive and before they spread too far, increasing the chance of eradication The program is overseen by a National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Group, with the PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE (if necessary). coordinator working directly with industry, state governments, environmental groups and other stakeholders.

In 2019 the coordinator role was co-funded by the Department of Agriculture (through the

CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper) and the Australian Forest Products Association (see page 84).

National Bee Pest Surveillance Program The National Bee Pest Surveillance Program is an example of a strong biosecurity partnership between the industries that rely on pollination, all state and territory governments, the Northern Australian Quarantine Strategy team and the Australian Government, as well as port staff and beekeepers.

The program, led by PHA, has coordinated surveillance activities at ports nationwide since Biosecurity surveillance for exotic forest pests and diseases at Port Botany, showing location of hosts surveyed and insect traps monitored (left), and an insect trap hanging in a tree (right). 2012. It is an early warning system to detect new incursions of a wide range of pests and Image courtesy of NSW DPI Forestry diseases of honey bees. It also provides technical, evidence-based information to support pest free status for export negotiations and assists exporters meet export certification requirements.

The program uses a variety of activities to detect 14 exotic bee pests and pest bees, four regionalised but significant bee pests, and continued surveillance of European honey bee (Apis mellifera) swarms at ports that could have hitchhiked on cargo and be carrying exotic pests.

154 From 1 January to 30 November 2019, 176 sentinel hives of European honey bees were located at 32 sea and airports, an increase from 138 in the previous year. These strategically placed sentinel hives are inspected for bee pests including Varroa mite, bee viruses, Tropilaelaps mites, large African hive beetle, small hive beetle and braula fly.

Floral sweep netting is also carried out near ports for the early detection of exotic pest bees including red dwarf honey bee (Apis florea), the giant honey bee (A. dorsata), exotic and established strains of Asian honey bee (A. cerana) and bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). European honey bees collected by sweep netting are also inspected for exotic pests.

With catchboxes also deployed at many ports, there were 1,345 inspections for the presence of European honey bee (EHB, Apis mellifera) or Asian honey bee (AHB, Apis cerana) in 2019. EHB swarms were captured on five occasions, and despite these catchboxes not being particularly suitable for AHB, this species was captured twice. There were 19 other swarm captures at Australian ports.

Development of new surveillance strategies The following surveillance strategies funded by the Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper began or were developed in 2019 to support plant industries. PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE • National Grain Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2019–29 – provides a framework for continued freedom from the impacts of exotic pests and demonstration of pest status claims. It supports ongoing market access and enhances the productivity and international competitiveness of the CHAPTER 5: Australian grain industry. • National Temperate Fruit Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy – was developed in consultation with plant industries and most state governments. It covers a diverse range of crops including pome fruit (apples and pears), grapes (table, wine and dried), cherries, stone fruit (apricots, nectarines, peaches and plums), berries (strawberries, blueberries, blackberries and raspberries) and almonds. • National Tropical Plant Industries Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy – was developed following extensive consultation with plant industries and governments. Northern Australia presents unique biosecurity challenges due to its high plant diversity, sparse population, extensive coastline and isolated growing regions. • National Potato Industry Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy – was developed to guide a coordinated approach to surveillance for the detection of new pests and the collection of data and information on the presence or absence of pests to support international and domestic market access.

Sentinel hives of European honey bees are located at sea and airports and are routinely inspected for bee pests. Image courtesy of Jenny Shanks

Image caption 155 Biosecurity Pathways and Surveillance Strategy GENERAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS workshop General surveillance programs raise awareness about pests with growers and the wider community and rely on people to look for and report anything unusual. For surveillance to be effective and efficient there must be a strong understanding of which pests should be targeted for surveillance, and the pathways along which Growers need to undertake routine crop monitoring to inform production practices and they are likely to be found. Industry and government representatives met in manage established pests and diseases. Biosecurity manuals, industry newsletters, fact Brisbane for a Biosecurity Pathways and Surveillance Strategy workshop on sheets, webpages and apps developed by industry, PHA and governments all encourage the 2–3 April. reporting of unusual pest or diseases symptoms.

Participants gained a greater understanding of the biosecurity risks posed by the Findings made by general surveillance activities can be range of routes via which pests can get into and travel through northern Australia. reported to state or territory government agriculture departments via the the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline, The surveillance activities that are already occurring within many plant production 1800 084 881. industries were discussed, and how the information gained can be better used to minimise the risk of exotic pests and pathogens becoming established in Australia. Surveillance for exotic pests is also an important component of Emergency Plant Pest The workshop also focused on the establishment of a collaborative surveillance responses and is covered in Chapter 6. strategy for northern plant-based industries. PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5:

Mango production in Bowen, Queensland. Image courtesy of Trevor Dunmall

156 The Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourneispart of theInternational Plant SentinelNetwork. established toraiseawareness ofbiosecurityandtoundertake surveillance for key pests. In 2019asurveillance network ofstaffandvolunteers inbotanicgardens andarboreta was identifypotential biocontrol agents. • identifynew pest–host associations(e.g. suggestwhichspeciesofplantmaybe • increase understandingabout‘known’ pestsanddiseases(e.g. dispersal mechanisms, • Sentinel plantsalsoprovide information whichcanhelp: potential threats tothehealthofouruniqueflora. Australian plantsinbotanicgardens andarboreta overseas canactassentinelsandidentify about plantbiosecurity. With millionsofvisitorsevery year, they’re also aninvaluable way toinform thecommunity making themidealsentinelstodetectnew plantpestordiseaseincursionsinAustralia. Gardens andarboreta holda rangeofnative flora,exotic plantsandrelatives ofcrops, For more information gotoplantsentinel.org Gardens were theAustralianmembersofInternationalPlantSentinelNetwork in2019. Botanic Garden Sydney, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria,andRoyal Tasmanian Botanical The AustralianNationalBotanicGardens (Canberra), NationalArboretum Canberra,Royal scientists, botanicgardens andarboreta. through anetwork ofnationalandinternationalpartnershipsbetween plantprotection warning system torecognise new andemerging pestandpathogenrisks.Itdoes this The InternationalPlantSentinelNetwork isaEuphresco initiative thatactsasanearly International PlantSentinelNetwork particularly susceptible orresistant toaparticularpest) origin) Visit thewebsite extensionaus.com.au/botanicgardensbiosecurity protect theirbotanicandhomegardens from exotic plantpests anddiseases. knowledge andskills.Thisinformation willenablepeopletolookoutfor and gardens, community interest groups andmembers ofthepublictodevelop their The network willpublishpracticalinformation andadvice for staffofbotanic biosecurity through communications and hands-on surveillance activities. The aimistoempower peopleinthebotanic gardens tospread knowledge about together botanicgardens staff, friends,volunteers andbiosecurityexperts. The BotanicGardens BiosecurityNetwork isacommunity ofpractice bringing with ahighlikelihood thatexotic pestsanddiseaseswillestablishthere. Botanic gardens are themostvisiteddestinationsby overseas touristsinAustralia, gardens from plant pestsanddiseases. November 2019tobuildbiosecurityknowledge andcapacitytoprotect botanic A new hubofbiosecurityinformation for botanicgardens was launchedin Botanic Gardens BiosecurityNetwork pests inNovember 2019. Members of theFriends of theRoyal Botanic Gardens Melbournelearning aboutsurveillance for plants

157 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS IN 2019 Table 51. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs During 2019, there were 112 plant pest surveillance programs undertaken, which are Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* detailed by jurisdiction in Table 51. Australian Government The following figures show the same surveillance programs by target host (Figure 91) and Various target pest type (Figure 92). External Territories environmental, High priority exotic pests General and targeted Surveillance Program production and ornamental plants Figure 91. Surveillance programs by target host Multiple surveillance International Plant Health programs of tropical 4% Broadacre – cotton High priority exotic pests General and targeted Surveillance Program horticultural, 15% Broadacre – grains environmental and agricultural species 5% Broadacre – multiple Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, 1% Broadacre – sugarcane Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, 6% Forestry Oplostoma fuligineus, Braula General (noting other coeca, acute bee paralysis virus, stakeholders conduct 9% Honey bees National Bee Pest Bee swarms at first deformed wing virus, slow the targeted surveillance Surveillance Program points of entry 16% Horticulture – fruit paralysis virus, Apis cerana, required under this A. dorsata, A. florea, Bombus program) 2% Horticulture – grapes terrestris, Vespa velutina and PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE 5% Horticulture – multiple new exotic swarms of A. mellifera 9% Horticulture – vegetable Mutiple surveillance 1% Nursery crops programs focusing National Border Surveillance

CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: on regulatory High priority exotic pests General and targeted 4% Urban/natural environment Program import pathway 23% Multiple risks

National Plant Health Surveillance Program Various High priority exotic pests General and targeted (delivered through states and Figure 92. Surveillance programs by target pest type territories)

Exotic fruit flies including Northern Australia Bactrocera dorsalis, B. latifrons, Quarantine Strategy – Various B. trivialis, B. umbrosa, Targeted exotic fruit fly trapping Zeugodacus atrisetosa, Z. cucurbitae , Z. decipiens 39% Invertebrate – insect 1% Invertebrate – other Northern Australia Wild and cultivated Fall armyworm (Spodoptera Quarantine Strategy – fall General and targeted 46% Multiple gramineous hosts frugiperda) armyworm 3% Pathogen – bacteria TAS VIC WA 3% Pathogen – fungi Multiple 4% Pathogen – multiple surveillance Northern Australia programs of tropical 123 high priority exotic pests, 4% Pathogen – virus Quarantine Strategy – pest General and targeted horticultural, diseases and weeds and disease surveys environmental and agricultural species

158 Table 51.Australia's plantbiosecuritysurveillance programs(continued) trapping Exotic longhornbeetle Exotic fruitflies–Riverina Cotton Diseases ofcotton Citrus canker tree inspections Citrus budwood mother Production CGMMV PestFree Place of citrus andcherries Asian market access for vegetable diseases Area widemanagement– Tar Surveillance programname around ports Various hosts (citrus, stonefruit) horticultural crops Various hosts Multiple citrus hosts Multiple citrus Cucurbits Cherries andcitrus and Brassicaceae Cucurbitaceace including Multiple hosts e ot agtpssType ofsurveillance* Target pests get hosts Within New South Wales beetle (Aprionagermari ) brown mulberrylonghorn (Monochamus alternatus ), Japanese pinesawyer beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Asian longhornbeetle flies lure responsive exotic fruit (Ceratitis capitata), othertri Mediterranean fruitfly f. sp.vasinfectum) wilt (Fusarium oxysporum exotic strainsofFusarium wilt (Verticillium dahliae ), exotic strainsofVerticillium (Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot leaf curlvirus(Begomovirus), disease (Luteovirus), cotton campestris), cotton blue blight (Xanthomonas Exotic strainsofbacterial citri subsp Citrus canker, Xanthamonas priority pests diseases andotherhigh Various grafttransmissable mosaic virus Cucumber green mottle exotic fruitflies various cuelure attracted (Bactrocera neohumeralis), Queensland fruitfly (Bactrocera tryoni), lesser Queensland fruitfly mosaic virus cucumber green mottle high prioritypestsincluding Various endemicandexotic ), ), Targeted Targeted Targeted Targeted Targeted Targeted Targeted Targeted Khapra beetle Surveillance Program Services Periurban Greater Sydney Local Land Program Grains Farm Biosecurity Surveillance Program Forest High-Risk Surveillance NSW Forest Health Forestry Corporation of Tar Surveillance programname Surveillance Program National BeePest bee European honey manufacturers goods facilities, dry processing farm), grain handlers and Stored grain(bulk gardens community including landscape, hosts inperiurban Multiple plant grains In-crop andstored Multiple General forests Within New SouthWales (continued) e ot agtpssType ofsurveillance* Target pests get hosts Trogoderma granarium vitripennis) sharpshooter (Homalodisca erytreae) andglassy winged African citrus psyllid (Trioza citrus psyllid (Diaphorinacitri), (Halyomorpha halys marmorated stinkbug cockerelli), brown potato psyllid ( Various, includingtomato (Mayetiola hordei) barley stemgallmidge fly (Mayetiola destructor bunt (Tilletiaindica striiformis f. sp. hordei), Karnal Barley stripe rust(Puccinia spp. high prioritypestsof Various exotic andendemic high prioritypests Various exotic andendemic A. mellifera new exotic swarms of terrestris, Vespa velutina A. dorsata,florea, Bombus paralysis virus,Apiscerana, deformed wing virus,slow coeca, acutebeeparalysis virus, Oplostoma fuligineus, Braula T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, Tropilaelaps clareae, Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Bactericera ), hessian ), Asian Pinus and ), Targeted Targeted Targeted General Targeted Targeted

159 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 51. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Within New South Wales (continued) Within the Northern Territory (continued) Multiple including Bactrocera Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, albistrigata, B. carambolae, B. Tropilaelaps clareae, caryae, B. correcta, B. T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, curvipennis, B. dorsalis, B. Oplostoma fuligineus, Braula facialis, B. kandiensis, B. kirki, coeca, Aethina tumida, acute National Bee Pest European honey B. melanotus, B. occipitalis, bee paralysis virus, deformed Targeted Surveillance Program bee B. passiflorae, B. psidii, B. wing virus and slow paralysis trilineola, B. trivialis, B. umbrosa, virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, B. xanthodes, B. zonata, Ceratitis A. florea, Bombus terrestris, capitata, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, Vespa velutina and new exotic Z. tau, gypsy moth (Lymantria swarms of A. mellifera spp.), glassy winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca Multiple including citrus canker National Plant Health vitripennis), Xylella fastidiosa, (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Surveillance Program – Multiple Targeted fire blight (Erwinia amylovora), citri), huanglongbing multi pest surveillance brown marmorated stink bug (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.), (Halyomorpha halys), exotic Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina mites (including Brevipalpus citri), giant African snail PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE spp., Aceria granati), Asian citrus (Achatina fulica), glassy winged psyllid (Diaphorina citri), African sharpshooter (Homalodisca citrus psyllid (Trioza erytreae), vitripennis), Pierce's disease huanglongbing (Candidatus (Xylella fastidiosa), banana black Liberibacter asiaticus), citrus Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella

CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: canker (Xanthomonas fijiensis), red imported fire ant National Plant Health axonopodis subsp. citri), and (Solenopsis invicta), electric ant Surveillance Program – Multiple Targeted invasive ants (Solenopsis spp., (Wasmannia auropunctata), multi pest surveillance Wasmannia auropunctata, yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis Anoplolepis gracilipes) gracilipes), Bactericera cockerelli, Candidatus Liberibacter National tomato potato Tomato potato psyllid solanacearum, potato psyllid and zebra chip Solanaceous hosts Targeted (Bactericera cockerelli) leafminer, pea leafminer, surveillance serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza White rot (Sclerotium huidobrensis), American cepivorum), onion smut leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii), Onion diseases – Riverina Onions, garlic Targeted (Urocystis cepulae), onion rust vegetable leafminer (Liriomyza (Puccinia allii) sativae), exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp. and Ceratitis Within the Northern Territory spp.) Area Freedom Surveillance Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera Horticultural crops Targeted All pests and pathogens that Program tryoni) Plant Pest Diagnostic Service Broadacre crops can affect broadacre crops General – broadacre cropping Mango malformation (Fusarium (pastures) mangiferae), mango pulp weevil All pests and pathogens that (Sternochetus frigidus), mango Plant Pest Diagnostic Service can affect horticultural crops Major Industry Monitoring seed weevil (Sternochetus Horticultural crops General Mango General and targeted – horticulture (mango, chilli, watermelon, and Surveillance mangiferae), mango gall midges Cucurbitaceae) (Procontarinia spp.) and red banded mango caterpillar Regional Fruit Fly Monitoring Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp. Horticultural crops Targeted (Deanolis sublimbalis) and Surveillance and Ceratitis spp.)

160 Table 51.Australia's plantbiosecuritysurveillance programs(continued) diagnostic service project Grow HelpAustralia companies Grain bulkhandling surveillance General forest pest Program Forest High-Risk Surveillance Strait Program Exotic Fruit Flyin theTorres virus surveys Endemic andexotic grains General of cotton Endemic andexotic diseases Arangeofbananapests Banana Banana pestsurveillance vegetable diseases Multiple Area widemanagementof Area freedom surveys Tar Surveillance programname ornamental hosts Fruit, vegetable and Stored grains Multiple Multiple Multiple Grains andcotton Cotton hosts Multiple vegetable e ot agtpssType ofsurveillance* Target pests get hosts Within Queensland Erwinia spp.andviruses Pythium spp ., Ralstonia spp., Alternaria spp.,Rhizoctonia spp., spp., Colletotrichum Phytophthora pathogens include Commonly encountered growers andhome gardeners. national parks,gardens, hobby can affect horticulturalcrops, All pestsandpathogensthat grain pests Endemic andexotic stored General forest pests banana bunchy topvirus papaya ringspot virusand A rangeofpestsincluding high prioritypestsofPinusspp. Various exotic andendemic Bactrocera andZeugodacusspp. Exotic fruitflyincluding complex aphid transmittedPolerovirus Various viruses,especially Verticillium spp. including Fusarium spp.and Endemic cotton diseases, and allother exotic viruses. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum) strains Fusarium wilt(Fusarium (Verticillium dahliae),exotic exotic strainsVerticillium wilt (Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Polerovirus), Texas root rot cotton leafroll dwarf virus leaf curlvirus(Begomovirus), cotton bunchy topvirus,cotton disease (suspectedLuteovirus), (Xanthomonas campestris), blue Exotic strainsofbacterialblight pests Multiple virusesandbacterial spp.,Fusarium spp., ), General General Targeted Targeted Targeted Targeted Targeted General andtargeted General Surveillance Program National BeePest Tar Surveillance programname – multipestsurveillance Surveillance Program National PlantHealth Program Resistance Monitoring National GrainInsect aaaT4PormBanana Panama TR4Program – broadacre cropping Plant Pest DiagnosticService bee European honey Multiple Grains crops Broadacre field e ot agtpssType ofsurveillance* Target pests get hosts Within Queensland(continued) swarms of terrestris, andnew exotic A. dorsata,florea, Bombus paralysis virus,Apiscerana, deformed wingvirus,slow coeca, acutebeeparalysis virus, Oplostoma fuligineus,Braula T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, Tropilaelaps clareae, Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, (Homalodisca vitripennis glassy wingedsharpshooter disease (Xylella fastidiosa), (Lymantria spp.),Pierce's Ceratitis spp.),gypsy moths (Bactrocera, Zeugodacus and Uroceris gigas wood wasps (Siricid wasps e.g. beetles (Dendroctonus spp.), (Ips spp.),pinebeetles,bark ambrosia beetles,barkbeetles (Stromatium barbatum drywood longicorn beetle beetles (Monochamusspp.), (Batocera rubus banded mangolonghornbeetle (Aristobia testudo),lateral- spp.), lychee longicorn beetle longhorn beetle(Anoplophora buqueti), Asianandcitrus longhorn beetle(Dorysthenes Multiple, includingsugarcane surinamensis) beetle (Oryzaephilus ferrugineus), sawtoothed grain grain beetle(Cryptolestes (Tribolium castaneum), rusty oryzae), rust-red flourbeetle dominica), rice weevil (Sitophilus Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha oxysporum f. sp.cubense ) Panama disease( pastures) broadacre crops (cotton, grains, All pathogensthatcan affect A. mellifera ), exotic fruit flies ), sawyer Fusarium ), ) Targeted Targeted Targeted General Targeted

161 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 51. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Within Queensland (continued) Within South Australia (continued) Broadacre field Various, including barley stripe Post-Entry Quarantine crops (e.g. cotton, All pathogens that affect rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. General inspections sorghum, maize, broadacre field crops hordei), khapra beetle peanuts) (Trogoderma granarium), Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), Silverleaf whitefly resistance Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia Grains Farm Biosecurity In-crop and stored Cotton Targeted Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis General and targeted monitoring tabaci B-type) Program grains noxia), Sunn pest (Eurygaster Sucking pest management in Solenopsis mealybug integriceps), wheat stem rust Cotton Targeted cotton (Phenacoccus solenopsis) (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), wheat stem sawfly Ratoon stunting disease (Cephus cinctus) (Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli), leaf Grapevine phylloxera scald (Xanthomonas albilineans), Grape phylloxera Vitus vinifera General and targeted sugarcane mosaic virus (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) Sugar industry surveys, seed (Potyvirus), Fiji leaf gall Grape vine pinot gris virus cane inspections, variety (Fiji disease virus (Fijivirus)), Grape vine pinot gris virus Grape vines General and targeted Sugarcane General and targeted (Trichovirus) trials and general pest sugarcane smut (Sporisorium Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis surveys scitamineum), sugarcane rust Mediterranean fruit fly Horticultural crops General and targeted

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE (Puccinia melanocephala, capitata) P. kuehnii), yellow spot Japanese pine sawyer beetle (Mycovellosiella koepkei), Monochamus Program Pinus spp. (Monochamus alternatus), pine General and targeted exotic pests and diseases wilt nematode Surveys and associated CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, diagnostics of the incidence Various pests and diseases of Tropilaelaps clareae, T. and severity of diseases of Cereals and pulses cereals and pulses in the General and targeted mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, cereal and pulses within the Northern Region Oplostoma fuligineus, Braula Northern Region coeca, acute bee paralysis virus, National Bee Pest European honey deformed wing virus, slow General and targeted Tomato potato psyllid Surveillance Program bee Tomato potato psyllid Solanaceae Targeted paralysis virus, Apis cerana, (Bactericera cockerelli) A. dorsata, A. florea, Bombus terrestris, Vespa velutina and West Indian drywood termite West Indian drywood termite new exotic swarms of Timber structures Targeted surveys (Cryptotermes brevis) A. mellifera

Within South Australia Multiple including exotic invasive ants (tramp ants), Area freedom surveys Multiple Multiple pests General and targeted Asian and African citrus psyllids Bee surveillance – endemic European honey American foulbrood (Diaphorina citri, Candidatus General and targeted Liberibacter africanus), disease bees (Paenibacillus spp.) huanglongbing (Candidatus National Plant Health Liberibacter asiaticus), citrus Brown marmorated stink bug Surveillance Program Multiple General and targeted Brown marmorated stink bug Multiple General and targeted canker (Xanthomonas (Halyomorpha halys) – multi pest surveillance axonopodis pv. citri), Khapra Conifer auger beetle (Sinoxylon beetle (Trogoderma granarium), Conifer auger beetle Conifers General and targeted conigerum) Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), glassy winged sharpshooters Exotic longhorn beetle Citrus longicorn beetle (Homalodisca vitripennis and H. Rutaceae General and targeted trapping (Anoplophora chinensis) coagulata)

Giant pine scale (Marchalina Ports of Entry Trapping Eucalyptus spp., Exotic gypsy moths (Lymantria Giant pine scale Pinaceae General and targeted General and targeted hellenica) Program ornamental trees spp.)

162 Table 51.Australia's plantbiosecuritysurveillance programs(continued) oaosidetbrvri oaaeePtt pnl ue iod Generalandtargeted Horticulturalcrops Potatospindletuberviroid Queensland fruitfly Solanaceae Potato spindletuberviroid Program Ports ofEntryTrapping Tar Surveillance programname Blueberry rustsurveillance foulbrood Bee surveillance –American oaoptt sli Solanaceae Tomato potato psyllid trapping Devonport (Stoney Rise)light surveillance Codling moth trapping Surveillance Program National BeePest Fruit flytrappingsurveillance oaoylo ulla iu oaaeeTmt elwcr efvrsGeneralandtargeted Tomato yellow curlleafvirus Trogoderma glabrum Solanaceae Tomato yellow curlleafvirus hosts Various fruitfly wholesale nurseries blueberry crops and Commercial bees European honey Targeted Multiple Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) Apples, cherries bee European honey fruit andvegetables Host fruittrees, Multiple e ot agtpssType ofsurveillance* Target pests get hosts Within SouthAustralia(continued) Within Tasmania tryoni) Queensland fruitfly(Bactrocera capitata, Zeugodacus cucurbitae B. xanthodes, B.zonata, Ceratitis B. trivialis,umbrosa, B. melanotus, B.psidii,tau, B. dorsalis,facialis, B.kirki, albistrigata, B.carambolae, Multiple –Bactrocera minima) Blueberry rust(Thekopsora (Paenibacillus spp.) American foulbrood (Bactericera cockerelli) Tomato potato psyllid beneficials Numerous flying pestsand swarms of Vespa velutina andnew exotic A. florea, Bombusterrestris, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, slow paralysis virus, virus, deformed wingvirus, tumida, acutebeeparalysis Oplostoma fuligineus, Aethina T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, Tropilaelaps clareae, Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, flies Ceratitis capitata andexotic fruit Bactrocera dorsalis,B.tryoni, Trogoderma glabrum A. mellifera General andtargeted General General andtargeted Targeted General Targeted General andtargeted General andtargeted Targeted – multipestsurveillance Surveillance Program National PlantHealth Tar Surveillance programname surveillance Silverleaf whitefly surveillance Warehouse beetletrapping Tomato potato psyllid Multiple Nursery stock animal feed outlets processors and Stored grains,grain pathways gardens, urban community and tomatocrops, Commercial potato e ot agtpssType ofsurveillance* Target pests get hosts Within Tasmania (continued) (Homalodisca vitripennis glassy wingedsharpshooter disease (Xylella fastidiosa), (Trogoderma granarium), Pierce’s apicallis, Khaprabeetle Bactericera trigonica, Trioza Diaporia citri,Trioza erytreae, asiaticus), (Candidatus Liberibacter L. xylina,huanglongbing L. pulverea, L.sinica, L.umbrosa, L. monacha,postalba, L. marginata, L.minomonis, japonica, L.dissoluta,fumida, asiatica, L.dispardispar, L.dispar L. atameles,concolor, L.dispar including Lymantria albescens, L. sativae, L.trifolii, gypsy moth, L. cicerina, L.huidobrensis, subsp. citri),Liriomyza bryoniae, canker (Xanthomonas citri (Halyomorpha halys Brown marmoratedstinkbug (Bemisia tabaci) Silver leafwhitefly variable) Warehouse beetle(Trogoderma (Bactericera cockerelli Tomato potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli, ), citrus ) )

Targeted Targeted Targeted Targeted

163 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 51.Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Within Victoria Within Victoria (continued)

Blueberry rust (Thekopsora Multiple including citrus canker Blueberries, port minima), red imported fire ant (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Area Freedom surveillance for area, processed (Soelenopsis invicta), tomato Targeted citri), fruit flies (Bactrocera spp., market access tomatoes and yellow leaf curl virus, tomato potatoes potato psyllid (Bactericera Ceratitis capitata), Pierce's cockerelli) disease (Xylella fastidiosa), glassy winged sharpshooter American serpentine leaf miner (Homalodisca vitripennis), plum (Liriomyza trifolii), maize pox virus, Japanese sawyer leafhopper (Cicadulina mbila), beetle (Monocamus alternatus), turnip moth (Agrotis segetum), National Plant Health wood wasp (Urocerus fantoma), barley stem gall midge Surveillance Program Multiple black spruce longhorn beetle Targeted (Mayetola hordei), European – multi pest surveillance (Tetropium castaneum), brown wheat stem sawfly (Cephus spruce longhorn beetle pygmeus), cabbage seedpod (Tetropium fuscum), Asian gypsy weevil (Ceuthorhynchus moth (Lymantria dispar and assimilis), canola Verticillium other Lymantria spp.), pine wilt wilt (Verticillium longisporum), nematode (Bursaphelenchus Fusarium wilts of chickpea spp.), brown marmorated stink

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE Crop Safe Program In-field grains General (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. bug (Halyomorpha halys), exotic ciceris) and canola (Fusarium fruit flies, various Bactrocera oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans), and Ceratitis spp. barley stripe rust (Puccinia striifomis f.sp. hordei), lentil rust Victorian funded containment Pasture and fruit

CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: Green snail (Cantareus apertus) Targeted (Uromyces viciae-fabae), lupin program trees anthracnose (Colletotrichum lupini) and Karnal bunt (Tilletia Within Western Australia indica), lentil anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum), Agrisearch Grain crops Grain pests General Khapra beetle (Trogoderma AgWest grain testing granarium) Grain crops Grain pests General laboratory Multiple including barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Khapra beetle Biosecurity Blitz All hosts All plant pests General (Trogoderma granarium), Karnal Grains Farm Biosecurity In-crop and stored bunt (Tilletia indica), Sunn pest Targeted Program grains (Eurygaster integriceps), wheat All hosts, urban Brown marmorated stink bug stem rust (Puccinia graminis Brown marmorated stink bug General and targeted f. sp. tritici), wheat stem sawfly areas (Halyomorpha halys) (Cephus cinctus) Environmental, Browsing ant Browsing ant surveillance General Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, urban areas (Lepisiota frauenfeldi) Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, Braula Tomato, potato, Candidatus Liberibacter Tomato potato pysllid coeca, acute bee paralysis virus, capsicum, chilli and General National Bee Pest European honey solanacearum (Bactericera cockerelli) deformed wing virus, slow Targeted eggplant crops Surveillance Program bee paralysis virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea, Bombus terrestris, Vespa velutina and new exotic swarms of Codling moth surveillance Pome fruit Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) Targeted A. mellifera

164 Table 51.Australia's plantbiosecuritysurveillance programs(continued) European wasp surveillance Tar Surveillance programname ainlVreyTil ri rp ri et General Grainpests Grain crops Pantry Blitz National Variety Trials Program Grains Farm Biosecurity – multipestsurveillance Surveillance Program National PlantHealth program resistance monitoring National graininsect Surveillance Program National BeePest MyPestGuide e-surveillance MyCrop e-surveillance River IrrigationArea) Medfly Area Freedom (Ord horticultural crops Urban areas and products Stored grain grains In-crop andstored crops Pome andcitrus Grainpests Grain crops bee European honey surveillance All hosts,general general surveillance Broadacre crops, hosts Many horticultural Within Western Australia(continued) e ot agtpssType ofsurveillance* Target pests get hosts stink bug(Halyomorpha halys (Vespula germanica) European wasp granarium) Khapra beetle (Trogoderma (Cephus cinctus) f. sp. tritici),wheatstemsawfly stem rust(Puccinia graminis (Eurygaster integriceps (Diuraphis noxia ), Sunnpest Russian wheataphid Karnal bunt(Tilletiaindica), (Trogoderma granarium), hordei), Khaprabeetle rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Various, includingbarley stripe f vitripennis), Xylella ( sharpshooter (Homalodisca chinensis), glassy winged longicorn beetle ( axonopodis pv. citri),citrus canker (Xanthomonas psyllid (Diaphorinacitri),citrus Multiple includingAsiancitrus A. mellifera and new exotic swarms of Bombus terrestris, Vespa velutin Apis cerana, A.dorsata,florea, paralysis virus(two strains), wing virus(two strains),slow bee paralysis virus,deformed coeca, Aethina tumida,acute Oplostoma fuligineus,Braula T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, Tropilaelaps clareae, Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, All plantpests All plantpests (Ceratitis capitata) Mediterranean fruitfly astidiosa), brown marmorated Anoplophora Xylella ), wheat ) Targeted Targeted General andtargeted General andtargeted Targeted Targeted General General andtargeted General andtargeted Targeted surveillance iswhere checksorsurveys are madefor particularpests,andrecords are captured. usedtodetectthepresence orabsence of pests,includingthepresence of new orunusualpestssymptoms. * General surveillance isarange of crop monitoringandawareness activitiesoutsideof specificsurveys thatcan be syn. synonym spp. multiplespecies sp. species pv. pathovar f. sp. forma specialis Legend surveillance Queensland fruitfly trapping Port ofEntry–fruitfly Allplantpests moth trapping Broadacre crops Port ofEntry–Asiangypsy PestFax e-surveillance Tar Surveillance programname merchants Sentinel stored products hosts Many horticultural Horticultural hosts native species ornamental and forest, orchard, More than600 products Stored grain Within Western Australia(continued) e ot agtpssType ofsurveillance* Target pests get hosts (Bactrocera tryoni) Queensland fruitfly Ceratitis spp. Various Bactrocera and (Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth granarium) Khapra beetle(Trogoderma ) Targeted Targeted Targeted General General andtargeted

165 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Diagnostics – identifying plant pests and diseases Building skills through the Diagnostic Residential Accurate diagnosis of plant pests and diseases underpins all aspects of the plant biosecurity Program system. It is essential that diagnostic services can quickly and accurately identify both established and exotic species. The differences between species can be very minor, making In 2019 ten members of the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network from identification a matter of an expert undertaking close examination, morphological various states and universities took part in the Diagnostic Residential Program. comparison to reference species or using molecular techniques. This takes the total number of people who have benefited from the program since its inception to 55. The cause of poor plant health can be difficult to determine. There can be many different causes for a given symptom, not all of them related to insects or pathogens. The health of a Plant biosecurity diagnosticians spend 5–14 days in a laboratory or workplace in plant may be affected by soil structure and nutrients, weather conditions, amount of light, Australia or overseas that is conducting relevant activities. Residential placements other environmental and cultural conditions, as well as the activities of animals and people. provide opportunities for diagnosticians to share ideas and practices, and to gain essential skills and knowledge relevant to their role and the diagnostic network. In the event of a new pest incursion, diagnostic expertise is critical to identify the initial sample, to help determine how widespread the pest is and the appropriate response to it, In February 2019 Stefan Harasymow of the WA Department of Industries and and eventually to provide the evidence necessary to claim the pest has been eradicated. Regional Development travelled to the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries in Brisbane to work with Senior Plant Pathologist Dr Kathy Crew to Diagnostics also supports many of the management practices that are integral to the PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE improve his skills in transmission electron microscopy of plant viruses. production and trade of plant products. Pest management programs, including the selection and application of farm chemicals, rely on the accurate identification of pests. Rapid identification supports quarantine processes such as maintaining pest free areas, which allow access to domestic and international markets. CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: OVERSIGHT OF NATIONAL PLANT BIOSECURITY DIAGNOSTICS

National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy The National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, developed in 2012, contains four recommendations to ensure that the diagnostic system meets Australia’s needs. They are to: • develop a nationally integrated plant biosecurity diagnostic network that underpins Australia’s plant biosecurity system • implement and maintain appropriate quality management systems in diagnostic laboratories • develop and maintain diagnostic capability and capacity for all High Priority Pests • establish a national plant biosecurity information management framework to optimise data sharing.

Review of this strategy commenced in 2019 in conjunction with review of the National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy and, once finalised, will guide the improvement and coordination of plant biosecurity diagnostics in Australia. Dr Kathy Crew, Senior Plant Pathologist with Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (L) with Stefan Harasymow, Laboratory Scientist with Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development WA (R). Image courtesy of Ms Sari Nurulita. 166 pest identification. resources, memberexpertise andcontact details, The network issupported by awebsite surge capacityduringincursions. services, preventing duplicationofeffort, identifying andaddressing gaps,andproviding An integrated,national network hasnumerous benefits, includingmore efficient delivery of activities. members ofthenetwork togethertoshare ideasandknowledge, andtoidentifyfuture proficiency testingprogram. Eachyear the AnnualDiagnosticians’Workshop brings sharing ofdiagnosticresources, andoffers professional development activitiesanda who was appointedin2019.Thenetwork facilitatescommunication between expertsand Activities are coordinated viaanetwork implementationworking group andacoordinator Zealand Ministryfor PrimaryIndustries. territory governments, theAustralianGovernment, CSIRO, PHA,universities andtheNew makers. They are from arangeoforganisations including,butnotlimited to,stateand entomologists andplantpathologists, through toresponse program managersandpolicy Network memberscomprise expertsfrom across thediagnostic system, from maintain diagnosticcapabilityandcapacityfor AustraliaandNew Zealand. The NationalPlantBiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork (NPBDN)was formed tohelpbuildand National PlantBiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork improving thesurge capacityofdiagnosticservices tosupportplantpestresponses. • drivingthe development anduptake ofaccreditation andqualitymanagementsystems • coordinating nationalcapability buildingthrough aprofessional development framework • coordinating andfostering theNationalPlantBiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork • endorsingNational DiagnosticProtocols (NDPs)(seeFigure 93onpage168). • reviewing, developing andimplementingstrategiestoaddress nationalcapabilityand • reviewing anddeveloping diagnosticpolicies,protocols andstandards • Key roles andresponsibilities ofSPHDinclude: ensuring thediagnosticsystem effectively supportsthebroader biosecuritysystem. The implementationoftheNationalPlantBiosecurityDiagnostics Strategy isledby SPHD, pest diagnostics. Health Committee was establishedtosustainandimprove thequalityandreliability ofplant diagnostics policy, standards andcoordination for Australia.Thissubcommittee ofthePlant The Subcommittee onPlantHealthDiagnostics(SPHD) provides leadershipinplantpest Subcommittee onPlantHealth Diagnostics for diagnosticlaboratories capacity issues plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au whichcontains news, events andvarious toolsto assistin fastidiosa andfeedback from aninternationalXylella workshop. They were also introduced toanew majordiagnosticresearch project for challenges inthebiosecuritysystem. keys, insightsintospecificdiagnosticactivitiesandsomekey diagnosticcapability emergency responses, tricksandtipsfor thedevelopment oflucididentification Participants heard aboutthechallengesfaced by diagnosticlaboratoriesduring knowledge. more than60participantskeen tonetwork andshare theirexperiences and The AnnualDiagnosticians’Workshop heldinSydney inMarch 2019attracted Annual Diagnosticians’Workshop 2019 Participants in theAnnualDiagnosticians'Workshop, Sydney, March 2019 Xylella

167 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOLS Figure 93. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process National Diagnostic Protocols (NDPs) are documents that contain detailed information about a specific plant pest or related group of pests, to allow accurate taxonomic identification. They comply with International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 27, Diagnostic Protocols for Regulated Pests, and include diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, detection and identification. New protocols include diagnostic information relevant to surveillance activities and the high throughput of samples. The protocols are used in: • general surveillance for pest status • testing of material for compliance with certification procedures • surveillance as part of an official control or eradication program • pest diagnostic operations associated with phytosanitary certification • routine diagnosis of pests found in imported consignments • detection of a pest in an area where it is not known to occur • emergency responses to exotic plant pests. PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE SPHD is responsible for endorsing the protocols, setting them as the agreed procedures for use in the event of an incursion. The use of endorsed NDPs provides confidence in diagnostic outcomes and consistency across the laboratories of the NPBDN. CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: The protocols are developed according to SPHD Reference Standards, which include the processes of peer review, verification and endorsement as shown in Figure 93.

These reference standards cover: • Reference Standard 1: Glossary of Terms (Version 4) • Reference Standard 2: Development of Diagnostic Protocols – Procedures for Authors (Version 7) • Reference Standard 3: Guidelines for the Approval Process of National Diagnostic Protocols (Version 5.1) • Reference Standard 4: Guidelines for Verification and Peer Review Reports (Version 4).

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) has diagnostic protocols that are recognised internationally. Where an IPPC diagnostic protocol exists, it should be used in preference to NDPs, unless it is shown that the NDP has improved procedures for Australian conditions. NDPs may also contain additional information to aid diagnosis. IPPC protocols are available on the IPPC website ippc.int/en/core-activities/standards-setting/ispms.

168 ainlDansi rtclrfrnenme * National Diagnostic Protocol reference number Table 52.NationalDiagnosticProtocols Adoxophyes orana Cherry leafroll virus(Nepovirus) Zebra chip Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum Candidatus Liberibacterasiaticus Bactericera cockerelli Scientific name Potato moptop virus Plum pox virus(Potyvirus) Plenodomus tracheiphilus avellanae Phytophthora ramorum Phakopsora euvitis Ophiostoma ulmi Neonectria ditissima Monilinia fructigena Liriomyza trifolii Leptinotarsa decemlineata Homalodisca vitripennis Guignardia bidwellii Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.ciceris Endocronartium harknessii Echinothrips americanus Diuraphis noxia Diaporthe helianthi Dendronoctonus valens Cryphonectria parasitica Clavibacter michiganensis (Pomovirus) subsp. sepedonicus Endorsed protocols uoensoefutylos12 European stonefruityellows Summer fruittortrix X disease Huanglongbing Tomato potato psyllid Common name Mal secco Hazelnut bigbudmite Sudden oakdeath Grapevine leafrust Dutch elmdisease European canker 27 Apple brown rot 23 American serpentineleafminer Colorado potato beetle Glassy wingedsharpshooter Black rot Fusarium wiltofchickpea Pine gallrust Poinsettia thrips Russian wheataphid Sunflower stemcanker Red turpentinebeetle Chestnut blight Potato ringrot Blackline Potato mop topvirus Plum pox virus number NDP* 17 25 20 18 30 26 5 29 37 21 1 22 13 36 32 28 40 11 10 39 4 24 2 8 15 oaosidetbrvri Psiiode PSTVd Pr Potato spindletuberviroid (Pospiviroidae) Agrilus planipennis Xylella fastidiosa Xanthomonas citri Uromyces viciae-fabae Tilletia indica Synchytrium endobioticum Scirtothrips perseae Roesleria subterranea Pyricularia oryzae Pulvinaria iceryi Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Scientific name Citripestis sagittiferella Cicidula mbila and C.terrenellus C. partellus,polychrysus, C.sacchariphagus Chilo spp.,including C. auricilius,infuscatellus, Ceratovacuna lanigera Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bymovirus group Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Broad beantruemosaicvirus Burkholderia glumae Broad beantruemosaicvirus(Comovirus) Broad beanstainvirus(Comovirus) Broad beanmottle virus(Bromovirus) Banana bract mosaic virus(Potyvirus) Aphidoidea otopulvinaria pyriformis subsp. citri (lentilstrain) Endorsed protocols(continued) Draft protocols

Emerald ashbor Pierce’s disease Citrus canker Karnal bunt Potato wart Avocado thrips Grape root rot Rice blast Pulvinaria scale Barley striperust Pyriform scale Common name Citrus fruit borer South African maizeleafhopper borer and stemborer stem borer, darkheaded stripeborer, spotted Gold fringedrice borer, topborer, spotted Sugarcane woolly aphid Bois noir Pine wiltnematode Panicle bight Exotic aphidgroup Lentil rust Broad beanstainvirus Broad beanmottle virus Soil-borne Gramineaevirus Banana bractmosaicvirus er number NDP* 6 9 19 3 14 34 38 33 35 7 31 16

169 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 52. National Diagnostic Protocols (continued)

NDP* NDP* Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name number number Draft protocols (continued) Draft protocols (continued) Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis Goss’s bacterial wilt and blight of corn Pea enation mosaic virus (Enamovirus) Pea enation mosaic virus Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose Pecluvirus group Soil-borne peanut virus Coryphodema tristis South African cossid moth Pepino mosaic virus (Potexvirus) Pepino mosaic virus Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Cotton leaf roll dwarf virus (Polerovirus) Cotton leaf roll dwarf virus Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot Daktulosphaira vitifoli Grape phylloxera Phytophthora infestans A2 Late blight Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Potyvirus (general) Potyvirus Drosophila suzuki Spotted wing drosophila Pseudocercospora spp. Black Sigatoka, yellow Sigatoka, eumusae

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Erionata thrax Banana skipper butterfly Pseudomonas papulans Blister spot of apple Erwinia amylovera Fire blight Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch grape

CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: Furovirus group Soil-borne Gramineae virus Puccinia psidii (exotic strains) Guava (Eucalyptus) rust Fusarium circinatum Pine pitch canker Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt and vector beetle Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease Ralstonia solanacearum (phylotype IIB) Moko, bugtok Giberella fujikuroi Bakanae Ralstonia syzgii subsp. celebesensis (syn. R. Blood disease Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode solanacearum race 2, biovar 1) Grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma Flavescence doree Ramu stunt (Tenuivirus) Ramu stunt Hordieivirus group Virus of Gramineae Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus Hyalensthes obsoletus Cixiidae plant hopper Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Liriomyza huidobrensis Pea leafminer Scirpophaga nivella White rice borer Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Scirtithrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth Scolytines Bark beetles Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth, gypsy moth complex Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Maize dwarf virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf virus Sitobian avenae English grain aphid Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch of sugar Orthaga euadrusalis Mango web weaver Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Pantoea stewartii Stewart's wilt of maize Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Pea early browning virus (Tobravirus) Pea early browning virus Termites (group) Termites 170 Table 52. National Diagnostic Protocols (continued)

NDP* Scientific name Common name number Draft protocols (continued) Tetranychus spp. Spider mites Tilletia controversa Dwarf bunt of wheat Tilletia horrida Kernel smut of rice Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Verticillium dahliae Defoliating strain Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (Bymovirus) Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum Hyper virulent bacterial blight of cotton Xanthomonas fragariae Angular leaf scorch of strawberry Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum Banana bacterial wilt

Xylophilus ampelinus Bacterial blight of grapevine AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE

Ledgend Endorsed – the protocol has been assessed and endorsed by the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics as

a National Diagnostic Protocol CHAPTER 5: Draft – the protocol is under development, an old draft, or in the pre endorsement review process f. sp. forma specialis pv. pathovar spp. multiple species subsp. subspecies

Botanic gardens are often visited by overseas tourist, and are a likely entry point for exotic pests and diseases

Image caption 171 DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES IN AUSTRALIA Diagnosticians use collections to determine the status of a pest and to support export market access. Proof of area freedom requires vouchering of specimens and records under Diagnostic services are distributed across every state and territory in Australia. Services are international standards including ISPM 8, Determination of Pest Status in an Area, a service delivered by a range of agencies, including state and territory governments, the Australian that is provided by Australia’s collections. Government, commercial and private diagnostic laboratories, museums, the CSIRO and universities. The National Plant Pest Reference Collections Strategy35 and implementation plan were developed by SPHD in 2018. Implementation of the strategy will ensure reference Australia’s diagnostic facilities and their services are detailed in Table 53. collections are integrated into the plant biosecurity system, coordinated with other system components, and can support Australia’s trade and biosecurity activities. Services may be provided on an ad hoc, commercial or nationally coordinated basis, as required. Diagnostic operations are often performed as part of collaborative research In 2019, a project in line with the implementation plan began to: activities that focus on specific pests of concern. • determine if specimens of the National Priority Plant Pests were present in Australian NATIONAL REFERENCE COLLECTIONS reference collections • determine a prioritised approach to address any key gaps Biological reference collections are an essential part of the plant biosecurity system, providing validated reference specimens for comparison during the identification of a plant • develop nationally agreed standards for curation and the vouchering of specimens. pest. Comprehensive and well-maintained collections are a vital tool to support effective diagnostics, and they are also used for other purposes, such as biodiversity or scientific research.

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE Most biosecurity and biodiversity reference collections contain: • Exotic pest specimens – necessary for identification since these pests are not present in Australia. • Common native relatives and lookalikes of exotic pests – essential for comparison CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: when identifying exotic or unknown pests, and used in the development of effective diagnostic methods. • Type specimens – definitive and validated specimens of a species or strain, which are important for taxonomic research and diagnostics. • Historical material and records – including vouchers and evidence of surveillance or distribution.

Biological reference collections provide validated reference specimens for comparison to identify a plant pest. Image courtesy of Agriculture Victoria

35. Plant Health Australia (2018). National Plant Pest Reference Collections Strategy. Accessed online 17 April 2020 from planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Plant-Pest-Reference- Collections-Strategy.pdf. 172 Table 53.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilities,accreditationsandcollections ac giutrlIsiue ac NSWDPI Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco Wagga Wagga Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, NSWOffice ofEnvironment andHeritage Tamworth Tamworth Agricultural Institute, Royal BotanicGarden, Sydney West Pennant Hills Forest HealthManagementLaboratory, ala uem ynyUiest fSde noooyEntomology Entomology DA University ofSydney Operational Science, Mascot Macleay Museum,Sydney Advisory Station, Grafton Grafton Agricultural Research and Narrabri Australian Cotton Research Institute, utainMsu,Sde utainMsu noooyEntomology Entomology Entomology Rust pathology Institute, Menangle Elizabeth MacarthurAgricultural NSWDPI,University AustralianMuseum ofSydney CSIRO CSIRO Cotton Research Unit,Narrabri Cereal RustLaboratory, Cobbitty Australian Museum,Sydney Orange Agricultural Institute,Orange Agricultural ScientificCollections Unit, Laboratory andlocation Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra CSIROHealth andBiosecurity Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra CSIROHealth andBiosecurity Black Mountain Laboratories,Canberra hre tr nvriy S P Plantpathology andmolecular biology Charles Sturt University, NSW DPI NSW DPI S P Insectpests Internalroutine diagnostics NSW DPI NSW DPI NSW DPI NSW DPI,CSIRO NSW DPI (Australian NationalInsectCollection) National Research Collections Australia,CSIRO (Australian NationalHerbarium) National Research Collections Australia,CSIRO Or ganisation Australian CapitalTerritory pathology andbroadacre crops) Invertebrates andpathogens(entomology, plant pathology) Invertebrates andpathogens (vegetables and rice methods Plant pathogens,using both classical andmolecular Bee pathogens Diagnostic capability to determinecausal agent immature stagesofarthropods. Pathologyinvestigation Pest anddiseaseidentification,collection andrearing of Fungi identification mycology) Invertebrates andpathogens(virology, bacteriologyand bacteriology) Cotton pathology(e.g. mycology, virology and identification (mycology andentomology) Invertebrates andpathogens,specialistinsectmite biology Insect, nematodeandmiteidentification,molecular Fungi identification,weeds andseeds New SouthWales Accreditation

containment 5.2/7.2 DA accredited quarantine BC3) containment BC2and Site (biosecurity IEC 17025:2005);DA AA NATA accreditation (ISO/ ISO9001 17025:2005) accreditation (ISO/IEC Testing Authorities(NATA) National Associationof Entomology Fungi, bacteriaandnucleic acids Fungi, bacteriaandarthropods other invertebrate collections centipede), earthworm and (e.g. spider, Insect, nematode,mite,other Herbarium andfungicollections Collections

173 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 53. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities, accreditations and collections (continued)

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Northern Territory CSIRO Tropical Ecosystems Research Ant identification for general public and biosecurity Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre CSIRO Centre, Darwin purposes ant collection Northern Territory Economic Insect Entomology Laboratory, Berrimah NT DPIR Insects and mites, molecular biology Reference Collection and insect DNA collection NT Department of Registration for exchange (export Herbarium, Flora and Fauna Division, Plant identification for general public and commercial Native plant collection of the Northern Environment and Natural and import) of scientific Palmerston purposes Territory Resources specimens Mollusc, insect, and myriapod collections of the Northern Territory Mollusc, insect, fish and other faunal identifications for Registration for exchange (export fauna with some interstate and Natural Sciences, Museum and Art Museums and Art Galleries of the general public, commercial and biosecurity and import) of scientific overseas material. Also extensive Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin the Northern Territory purposes specimens reference collections and expertise covering fish, terrestrial vertebrates and marine invertebrates PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE Plant pathology: herbarium specimens, desiccated virus and virus-like disease collections and nucleic acids from Tropical plant pests. Plant pathology including Australia and northern neighbouring microscopy, serology and molecular assays CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy countries. Entomology: Northern DA (conventional and real time PCR) for selected Regional Laboratory, Darwin Territory Quarantine Insect Collection organisms. Entomology and botany including which comprises general entomology microscopy and molecular capacity insect pests; WA, NT and Timor Leste Tephritidae; and WA, NT and overseas Culicoides biting midges Registered for exchange of Northern Territory Plant Pathology Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, PCR, mycology Plant Pathology Laboratory, Berrimah NT DPIR scientific specimens (Australian Herbarium and plant pathogen nucleic and diagnostics native non-CITES specimens) acids collection Queensland Biosecurity Queensland Control Centre, QDAF Fire ants Fire ant reference collection Moggill Bowen Research Station, Bowen QDAF Entomology Cairns Research Station, Cairns QDAF Plant pest and disease triage Entomology, plant pathology, molecular and Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Mareeba QDAF Entomology bacteriology Entomology, plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, DA Approved Arrangement for Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park QDAF mycology, nematology, molecular biology and exotic Class 5.2 and 5.3. Biosecurity Plant pathology and entomology fruit fly screening containment levels BC2 and BC3

Gatton Research Station, Gatton QDAF Vegetable pests and diseases

174 Table 53.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilities,accreditationsandcollections(continued) Laboratory andlocation South Australian Museum,Adelaide Sciences, Adelaide School ofEarthand Environmental Waite Institute,Adelaide School ofAgriculture, Food andWine, SARDI, Adelaide Toowoomba University ofSouthernQueensland, Toowoomba Toowoomba Research Station, Woodford, Mackay, Tully Sugar Research Australia,Indooroopilly, Acaralogy andentomology South Johnstone South Johnstone Research Station, QueenslandMuseum Queensland Museum,SouthBrisbane Warwick, Nambour Food Innovation, St Lucia, DuttonPark, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Regional Laboratory, Cairns Northern AustraliaQuarantineStrategy QDAF Maroochy Research Station, Nambour nvriyo dlieEntomology and Cabinet SA Departmentof Premier Nematology andviticulture virology University ofAdelaide University ofAdelaide SARDI Queensland University ofSouthern QDAF Sugarcane pestsanddiseases Sugar Research Australia QDAF Queensland Innovation, University of Agriculture andFood Queensland Alliance for DA Or ganisation Plant pathology Diagnostic capability Nematology, entomologyandplantpathology Entomology surveillance nematology, virology, ), entomologyand Molecular diagnostics,plantpathology (mycology, Plant pathologyandnematology virology, nematologyandmycology Field crop pestsanddiseases, molecular, entomology, Plant pathologyandvirology limited molecularcapacity. Botany includingmicroscopy organisms. Entomologyincludingmicroscopy and (conventional andreal timePCR)for selected microscopy, serology andmolecularassays Tropical plantpests.Plantpathologyincluding Queensland (continued) South Australia Accreditation for insectsandplants accredited containment facilities potato virustesting.DA Biologicals. NATA accredited for is NATA accredited under Molecular DiagnosticsLaboratory Acarology andentomology University Entomology collection, Adelaide collection overseas specimensandalarge fruitfly extensive insectcollections including disease collections. Entomology: and desiccated virus andvirus-like Plant pathology:herbariumspecimens Collections

175 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 53. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities, accreditations and collections (continued)

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Tasmania Laboratory DA containment Peracto, Devonport Peracto Plant pathology and nematology approved Laboratories DA containment Plant Diagnostic Services, New Town Entomology, plant pathology (virology, mycology, approved, TASAG laboratories (satellite entomology laboratories at DPIPWE nematology and bacteriology including molecular Insect reference collection have NATA accreditation (ISO/IEC Devonport and Launceston) testing), TASAG ELISA testing services (virology) 17025:2005) Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Queen Victoria Museum and Invertebrate reference collection Insect identification for the general public Launceston Art Gallery covering most groups including insects Feed grain quarantine assessments for declared International Seed Testing Prohibited and quarantinable species Seed Analysis Laboratory, Mt Pleasant DPIPWE species Association accredited seed reference collection

Limited pathology diagnostics, particularly focusing on Sustainable Timber Tasmania Sustainable Timber Tasmania testing for Phythophthora cinnamomi. Entomology, Laboratory, Derwent Park, Hobart specialising in beetles for internal projects

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Tasmanian Museum and Art Entomology, specialising in beetles and moths, and Tasmanian forest insect collection, Hobart Gallery insect identification for the general public herbarium including weeds and fungi

University of Tasmania, University of Tasmania Cradle Coast Tasmanian Institute of Plant pathology (mycology including molecular testing) Limited collection of fungal pathogens Campus, Burnie CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: Agriculture

University of Tasmania, University of Tasmania Sandy Bay Laboratory DA containment Tasmanian Institute of Entomology, forest pathology and molecular laboratory Insect reference collection Campus, Hobart approved Agriculture Victoria Victorian Plant Pathogen Herbarium: DA approved AS/NSZ 9001:2000/ 43,000 specimens of fungi, bacteria, Commercial diagnostic laboratory for general plant QA certification. Laboratory is nematodes and a limited number of pathology, pathogen identification, entomology, NATA accredited under viruses. Victorian Agricultural Insect AgriBio, Bundoora DJPR, La Trobe University mycology, virology, nematology, bacteriology, fungal Biologicals. NATA accredited for Collection (VAIC): 200,000 invertebrate and insect taxonomy, high throughput molecular potato virus testing, potato cyst specimens. Victorian Agricultural Insect diagnostics and weeds nematode identification, fruit fly Tissue Collection: DNA collection and phylloxera identification associated with VAIC Fungal, bacterial and virus pathogen Horsham Research Centre, Horsham DJPR General plant pathology and virology (grains focus) working collections pertaining to temperate grain crops

Irymple Research Centre, Irymple DJPR General entomology

Operational Science Laboratory, DA accredited quarantine DJPR Entomology and plant pathology Entomology collection Tullamarine Airport containment 5.2/7.2 General plant pathology including mycology, Plant Post-Entry Quarantine facility, DA bacteriology, botany, virology (traditional and modern) Mickleham and nematology 176 Table 53.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilities,accreditationsandcollections(continued) Laboratory andlocation Biotechnology Centre Insectidentificationfor generalpublic Western Australian State Agricultural Western Australian Museum Western Australian Museum,Kewdale Murdoch University Phytophthora Laboratory, Murdoch International Airport Operational Science, DA, Perth Entomology Broome Northern AustraliaQuarantineStrategy, Entomology South Perth DPIRD DiagnosticPlantLaboratories, Perth DJPR Department ofEnvironmental Biology, Tatura Research Centre, Tatura DJPR Rutherglen Research Centre, Rutherglen Royal BotanicGardens, Victoria Murdoch University DA DA DPIRD Technology Curtin University of Victoria Royal BotanicGardens, Or ganisation Diagnostic capability for plantpathogen identification Commercial andresearch molecularbiologylaboratory Herbarium,including fungiandweeds viruses exotic pestsincludingarthropods, fungi,bacteriaand Identification ofquarantineintercept samples,mostly exotic pests Identification ofquarantineintercept samples,mostly bee pathogens bacteriology, mycology, seeds andlimitednumberof identification, entomology, nematology, virology, Commercial diagnosticlaboratoryfor plantpathogen Mycology Mycology andweeds purposes Diagnostic laboratoryfor commercial andresearch Victoria (continued) Western Australia Accreditation containment 5.2/7.2 DA accredited quarantine laboratory isQC2accredited accredited. Plantquarantine Seed labisISTA andQC2 seed andcultures invertebrates withalimitedcollection of Small reference collection, mostlyexotic invertebrates Small reference collection, mostlyexotic invertebrate collections Western Australian plantpathogenand Western Australia Largest invertebrate collection in Collections

177 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS HANDBOOK FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF FRUIT FLIES The accurate identification of fruit flies is a key component of Australia’s biosecurity system that underpins the domestic movement of fruit and vegetables, maintains international market access for Australian producers and protects Australia’s borders from exotic pest incursions.

The latest version of the Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies (v 3.1) was released in 2018. The volume was developed in consultation with, and input from, fruit fly entomologists, scientists, academics and diagnosticians from Australia and overseas, including government departments of agriculture or primary industries and research institutions.

The handbook consists of two integrated components: an illustrated hardcopy identification ‘bench-top handbook’ and an online resource.

The Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies – The fully illustrated

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE handbook includes new images of all target species and revised information pages. The handbook includes 65 pests and close relatives in Dacinae (Bactrocera, Dacus, Zeugodacus, Ceratitis), Trypetinae (Anastrepha, Rhagoletis, Toxotrypana), Phytalmiinae (Dirioxa) and Drosophilidae (Drosophila suzukii). Introductory sections support bench-top diagnostics, and links to the online resource provide more in-depth information CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 5: (e.g. molecular diagnostic techniques).

The Fruit Fly Identification Australia website – The companion website fruitflyidentification.org.au includes: • high-resolution diagnostic images of target species • pages detailing information about all high priority target pests and non-pest close relatives • a 3D rotating fly and glossary of morphological terms • supplementary information on molecular diagnostic tools and applications • a completely new and fully illustrated lucid key to 65 species, including all high priority target taxa and readily confused non-pest Australian species.

Entire fly dorsal classic with wing (B. frauenfeldi). Image courtesy of The Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies v3.1

178 Image caption The AustralianPlantPestDatabase(APPD) at The AustralianPlantPestDatabase awareness andinformation resources suchastheFarm Biosecuritywebsite and • shared spaces for committees andworking groups suchastheNationalFruit FlyStrategy • knowledge basesanddatalibrariessuchastheFruit FlyBody ofKnowledge • toolsanddatabases suchastheAustralianPlantPestDatabase • Sites fallintofour categories: key information source for biosecuritystakeholders. the BiosecurityPortalhousedandlinked to40websites andshared workspaces makingita information thatcanbefound at The BiosecurityPortalishostedby PHA,bringingtogetherasuiteofonlinebiosecurity The BiosecurityPortal biosecurity system withsomeofthemajoronesdescribed here. analysis and access ofinformation. Many online systems are usedby stakeholders inthe Digital resources are ofincreasing importance toplantbiosecurity, providing fastdownload, aggregating biodiversity datafrom multipledatasources. has information relevant toplantbiosecurityasit isacollaborative, nationaldatabase pest statusinformation. APPDishousedwithintheAtlas ofLivingAustralia (ALA).ALAalso is interrogated during every plantpestincursionthatisdetectedinAustralia to assistwith Currently APPDdrawsinformation from 18databasesthroughout Australia.Thisdatabase the environment. records ofpestsanddiseasesplantswithsignificance toagriculture, forestry, pasture or reference system for plant pests.TheAPPDcontains information onvalidated specimen ONLINE SYSTEMS SUPPORTING PLANTBIOSECURITY BeeAware. Advisory Committee andtheSubcommittee onPlantHealthDiagnostics biosecurityportal.org.au planthealthaustralia.com.au/appd . At theend ofDecember 2019, isakey Other resources interface. automatically from pre-existing databasesorsystems viaanapplicationprogramming pests. Standardised dataare uploadedeithermanuallyusingpreformatted spreadsheets, or All theinformation isintegratedtoallow mappingandsearching for information aboutplant records have beenaddedinthedatabasetoestablishsystem. concept trialsfor coordinating surveillance dataonline.Well over 3millionsurveillance alerts, tables,mapsandgraphics.During2019,AUSPest and provide registered participantsinformation of peststatusaround thecountry, using This system cancollate surveillance datafrom multipleindustryandgovernment sources data onthepresence orabsence ofexotic andestablishedpestsaround Australia. AUSPestCheck™ isasystem developed by PHAfor coordinating andhostingsurveillance MyPestGuide smart phoneappsare usedby Australianstocontribute tobiosecurity. Examplesincludethe improving accessibility tothetools andintegrationintobiosecurityoperations.Various Mobile devices suchassmartphonesandtabletsare supplementing onlinesystems, Australia’s highpriorityexotic peststosupportstakeholders inthebiosecuritysystem. factsheets, contingency plans,diagnosticprotocols andotherinformation specificto PHA hasthePestInformation Document Databaseonitswebsite. Thisdatabaseholds by theDepartmentofAgriculture, asdescribedinChapter4. Databases ofagreed importpolicies(BICON) andexportconditions (MICoR) are maintained government diagnosticservices for identification. AUSPESTCHECK™ TM Reporter, which sendsimagesofplantpestsorsymptoms directly to Check™ facilitatedtwo proof of

179 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS

Chapter 6 Post-border biosecurity – eradicating new plant pests Post-border biosecurity – managing plant biosecurity emergencies

Even with a highly effective biosecurity system, including strong border controls, there is still a risk that new plant pests will enter the country. Passenger arrivals and commodity imports are increasing and, together with natural means of entry such as wind and water currents, the risk of exotic pest incursions is ever present.

Australia has post-border mechanisms to rapidly and effectively respond to plant pests to minimise negative impacts. These include nationally collaborative and coordinated means to: • report suspect plant pests of concern through the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline 1800 084 881 • manage plant biosecurity incidents on the ground through the all hazards approach identified under the Biosecurity Incident Management System (BIMS) • determine the national response and associated shared funding to plant biosecurity incidents under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) • prepare for potential plant biosecurity incidents through training and awareness activities.

This chapter uses the EPPRD definition of a plant pest, which is: any species, biotype or strain of invertebrate pest or pathogen injurious to Plant Health, Unprocessed Plant Products, Bees or Fungi provided

ADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS – ERADICATING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER that it is discrete, identifiable and genetically stable, but excludes Genetically Modified Organisms. This definition does not include weeds.

Other defined terms from the EPPRD appearing in this chapter are identified through capitalisation, with the current version of the EPPRD available at planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd CHAPTER 6: CHAPTER 6:

182 Image caption Australian GrapeandWine)nursery crop producers (now Greenlife IndustryAustralia). representative peakindustrybodyoccurred for thewinegrape cropping sector(now During 2019nonew cropping sectorssigned uptotheEPPRD, thoughchangestothe peak industrybodyundertheEPPRD. horticulture, nurseryproduction, forestry, ediblefungiandhoneybees –are represented by a The vast majorityofAustralia’s plantcropping sectors–extending across broadacre, Plant industrycroppingsectors provisions oftheagreement andprogressive improvement tomeettheneedsofsignatories. has thedualroles ofhelping toensure thatresponses are carriedoutinaccordance withthe PHA isthecustodianofEPPRDwhichcameintoeffect inOctober 2005.Thecompany a nationalresponse. Pest (EPP)by providing prioragreement onthegovernance (decision making)andfundingof 2019). Itsupportstherapidandeffective response tothedetectionofanEmergency Plant all stateandterritorygovernments, and37plantindustry peakbodies(asat31December The EPPRDisaformal, legallybindingagreement between PHA,theAustralianGovernment, provisions oftheEPPRD, thefocus ofthischapter. Serious exotic plantpeststhatwould affect agriculturalindustriesare dealtwithunderthe collaboration whenresponding toabiosecurityincident. however, nationalarrangementsandagreements thatsupportgovernment andindustry responsibility for responding totheincidentresides withtherelevant jurisdiction.There are, In caseswhere anew pestisdetectedthatwarrants furtheraction,operational arrangements National plantbiosecurityresponse EMERGENCY PLANTPESTRESPONSEDEED and they are documentedinschedule13oftheagreement. Signatories have already agreed thatsomehighpriorityplantpests(seepage46)are EPPs, anestablished plantpestthatisrestricted toadefinedarea ofAustraliathrough theuse • aseriousplant pestofunknown oruncertain originwhichmaybeanentirely new plant • avariant from ofaplantpestthatisestablished inAustraliabutcanbedistinguishedby • aknown exotic plantpestnotyet present inAustralia • regionally andnationallyifitwere toestablishinAustralia,andmeetsoneofthefollowing: In brief, aplantpestmaybeconsidered anEPPifitcould have anadverse economic impact defined intheagreement. For aplant pest tobecovered by theEPPRD, itmustbeanEmergency Plant Pest(EPP)as Emergency PlantPests convened by the CCEPP, asrequired, toadvise onspecificmatters. Committee onEmergency Plant Pests (CCEPP). Ascientific advisory panelmayalsobe The NMGisadvised ontechnicalmattersrelated totheresponse by aConsultative beneficial. requirements, ifitisagreed thateradicationofthe EPPistechnicallyfeasible and cost- a response undertheEPPRD. TheNMGapproves response plans,includingallfunding The NationalManagementGroup (NMG)makes thekey policyandfinancialdecisionsabout PHA. Thiscomposition reflects thepartnership approach embeddedthroughout theEPPRD. Government, allstateandterritorygovernments, industry partiesaffected by theEPP, and membership rights,withbothcommittees comprising representatives from theAustralian when responding toanEPP. Onlythose parties thatare signatories totheEPPRDhave The termsoftheEPPRDidentify two key committees tosupporteffective decisionmaking responding willbeshared, basedonthe relative publicandprivate benefitoferadication. making andoperationalprocesses ofresponding toanEPP, includinghow thecost of The EPPRDspecifiesgovernment andindustryroles andresponsibilities inthedecision Decision makingundertheEPPRD response isrequired toprevent anincidentofregional andnationalimportance. defined area, andislikely tohave anadverse economic impactsuchthatanemergency of regulatory measures, thatisnotnative toAustralia,hasbeendetectedoutsidethe pest appropriate investigative methods

183 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS Categorisation of EPPs PLANTPLAN Investment in a response plan by governments and industries is guided by the relative public PLANTPLAN provides nationally consistent guidelines for response procedures, outlining and private benefit of eradication. This is known as ‘categorisation’ of the EPP, with four the phases of an incursion (investigation and alert, operational, stand down and transition categories and the process for categorisation described in the EPPRD. to management) and key roles and responsibilities of industry and government participants during each of these phases. It incorporates best practice in EPP responses and is consistent If the NMG agrees to implement and fund a response plan for an EPP which has not been with the Biosecurity Incident Management System (BIMS; see page 185). PLANTPLAN is categorised, then costs will be shared 50 per cent by government parties and 50 per cent by part of schedule 5 of the EPPRD and is endorsed by all EPPRD signatories. industry parties until categorisation has occurred. PLANTPLAN is supported by several documents that provide further detail and guidance on Transition to management specific topics as required. In 2019, parties endorsed a number of new and revised Following the implementation of a response plan, the NMG (on the advice of the CCEPP) supporting documents, all of which are available at planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan may conclude that it is no longer feasible to eradicate the EPP. In such incidents the NMG may agree to proceed with a short (maximum 12 months) ‘transition to management’ NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSECURITY RESPONSE phase. During this phase, certain activities may be agreed upon and funded to support AGREEMENT transition from the ‘emergency response’ phase to ongoing management outside of EPPRD If a new pest is considered to primarily impact the environment or social amenity and is not processes. able to be dealt with under the EPPRD, then the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement (NEBRA) may be activated. The NEBRA is a non-legally binding The objectives and activities undertaken in the transition to management phase are arrangement signed by all Australian governments, which came into effect in January 2012. considered on a case-by-case basis and depend on the biology of the pest and the circumstances relating to the stage of the response. Activities might include development of During 2019 the governments continued with their review of the agreement, including public control options and tools to support pest management, research to improve knowledge of consultation, and a new version is expected to be available in 2020. the pest, or communication, engagement and training activities.

Owner Reimbursement Costs

ADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS – ERADICATING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Following a response under the EPPRD, growers impacted by the response plan actions and who are covered by the provisions of the EPPRD, may be eligible to receive reimbursement of specific costs or losses. These are referred to as Owner Reimbursement Costs (ORCs) and are funded by both government and industry through the EPPRD arrangements. CHAPTER 6: CHAPTER 6: Review and evaluation To maintain the ongoing relevance and integrity of the EPPRD, the implementation of the agreement is subject to continual review and improvement. This encompasses a formal review of the agreement every five years (next review to occur in 2020), an annual review of PLANTPLAN, individual incident debriefs (for completed or current responses), and findings arising from training activities.

PHA manages the continual improvement to the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN on behalf of the signatories. No significant amendments to the EPPRD were made during 2019. A new version of PLANTPLAN was issued in December 2019, with focused improvements identified through debriefs undertaken between 2017 and 2019.

184 This ensures greater interoperability, withresponse capacity able tobeboostedmore easily. Coordination System andtheNew Zealand CriticalIncidentManagementSystem. including AustralasianInterServices IncidentManagement System, AustraliaEmergency employed by otheremergency response agenciesacross Australia andinothercountries, Importantly, BIMSisconsistent withcontemporary incident managementsystems provides aguidefor personnelworking withinoperationscentres establishedatnational, • canbeappliedtoallbiosecurityincidents,irrespective ofsectororscale ofresponse • co-exists withandcomplements current, sectorspecificandjurisdictional response • The system isan‘allhazards’ approach, which: Incident ManagementSystem (BIMS). Across allsectors,biosecurityincidentsare managedinaccordance withtheBiosecurity confidentially. Information onAustralia’s diagnosticsystem indescribedChapter5. the potentialpestorcauseofunusualplantsymptoms. Eachcallistreated seriouslyand A report through thehotlinetriggersinvestigations by thereceiving jurisdictiontoidentify state orterritorydepartmentofagriculture. (1800 084881),withcallersdirected totherelevant It isreferred toastheExotic PlantPestHotline of potentialnew plantpestsordiseasesinAustralia. maintain anationalhotlinetofacilitatereporting The stateandterritorygovernments collectively some ofthekey systems andtrainingactivitiestoprepare for emergency responses. maintain andimprove response capabilityandcapacity. Thefollowing sectiondescribes A rangeofpreparedness activitiesare undertaken by industry, government and PHAto Preparing for plantbiosecurityincidents BIOSECURITY INCIDENTMANAGEMENT SYSTEM REPORTING APLANTPESTORDISEASE state, territory, localandfieldlevels. arrangements

the complexities ofworking inunfamiliar environments. Control Centre duringaresponse aswell asundertakingfieldtripstoexperience Exercise participantsconducted activitieswhichwould beundertaken inaLocal legislation would beapplicableandhow thedifferent agenciescould work together. The scenarios were usedtoinvestigate whowould leadtheresponse, what ared importedfire antdetectiononthegrounds of Canberra International • aVarroa mitedetectioninJervisBayTerritory • The exercise presented two fictionalscenarios: development created for andrunby theNBRT. The simulationexercise was partoftheannualprogram ofprofessional originating ina‘Commonwealth Place’. the Commonwealth andadjoiningjurisdictionstorespond toabiosecurity incident In March 2019Exercise Crown andAnchorwas runinCanberratotesttheabilityof Exercise CrownandAnchor beehives duringExercise Crown and Anchor, March 2019.Image courtesy of Plant HealthAustralia National BiosecurityResponse Team members learnaboutthecomplexities of conducting surveillance on Airport.

185 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS NATIONAL BIOSECURITY RESPONSE TEAM NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENTS The National Biosecurity Response Team (NBRT) is a group of trained and experienced During an EPP response, the relevant state or territory government takes the lead in personnel, drawn from biosecurity agencies across Australia, who can be deployed to a ensuring that the public and stakeholders are kept informed of activities. Effective jurisdiction to boost capacity temporarily to assist in a response to a biosecurity incident. communication and engagement with those impacted by a biosecurity incident is vital. Deployment might be in response to an animal, plant, aquatic or environmental biosecurity It aids response activities by informing growers of what they can do to prevent the pest or incident. disease affecting their property, and how to comply with movement and other quarantine restrictions. It also helps the wider community to understand their role in biosecurity. Members are government officers with knowledge, experience and training in emergency management, incident management or more specifically, responding to biosecurity National Biosecurity Communication and Engagement Network incidents. They may be deployed in a State Coordination Centre or Local Control Centre to perform functions including incident management, liaison, public information, planning, The National Biosecurity Communication and Engagement Network (NBCEN) advances operations and logistics. preparedness and prevention activities nationally that relate to communication and engagement during a response. The network consists of communication managers from The NBRT has two cohorts of members: a group of personnel with experience in a functional the Australian Government, state and territory governments, and organisations including response and another of highly experienced mentors. The NBRT program is managed by an PHA and Animal Health Australia. Industry personnel receive network communications advisory group, with standing members from the Australian Government Department of during a response that is relevant to them. Agriculture, Animal Health Australia and PHA. Animal Health Australia manages the administration of the NBRT. The NBCEN also has a key role in developing national talking points during a response, which allows for consistent national messaging. Members of the NBRT participate in professional development opportunities and maintain their skills in exercises and responses through workshops organised by the advisory group. Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual They can also apply for sponsorship from the NBRT to attend external workshops and During a response, agricultural agencies and industry organisations refer to the Biosecurity conferences that will benefit their NBRT roles. Incident Public Information Manual (BIPIM), developed by the NBCEN. The BIPIM is in line with the Public Information function set out in BIMS.

ADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS – ERADICATING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER The use of the BIPIM ensures that anyone performing a function in public information knows their role and how each of the jurisdictions work with industry to deliver consistent information to stakeholders and the public.

CHAPTER 6: CHAPTER 6: Having specific roles and job cards can help jurisdictions recruit additional personnel promptly, when they are needed in a long-term or widespread biosecurity incident. The BIPIM is available as an AUSVETPLAN resource document from the Animal Health Australia website animalhealthaustralia.com.au

When numerous live, adult brown marmorated stink bugs hitchhiked their way to Australia in a shipping container packed with electrical components, Hager Electro's warehouse manager Sione (John) Matakaiongo (pictured) immediately raised the alarm. In 2019, Hager Electro were joint winners with Greater Sydney Local Land Services of an Australian Biosecurity Award. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture 186 Bachelor ofBiosecurity Science (Box Hill Institute). • Graduate course inBiosecurity(Advanced) (Australian NationalUniversity) • Master ofBiosecurity (Murdoch University) • GraduateCertificate inPlantBiosecurity (Murdoch University) • Examples ofthe university courses are: students withagood grounding for enteringthebiosecurity workforce. These university courses increase awareness inthebiosecuritysystem andprovide Some Australianuniversities offer graduateandpost-graduate qualifications inbiosecurity. PUA50219 –Diplomaof PublicSafety (BiosecurityEmergency Response Management). • PUA40419 –Certificate IVinPublicSafety (Biosecurity Emergency Response Leadership) • PUA30919 –Certificate IIIinPublicSafety (Biosecurity Emergency Response Operations) • Qualifications available are: standard. ensures thatbiosecurityemergency response trainingacross thecountry meetsthedesired those inotheremergency response areas, suchaspolice andfirefighters. Thesystem Achieving thesequalificationsputsbiosecurityresponse personnelonthesamefooting as work experience andtraining. delivered by jurisdictions,allowing peopletoachieve formal qualificationsbasedontheir Package were released inJuly 2019.Thesealignwiththeemergency response role training Updated biosecurityemergency response qualificationsaspartofthePublicSafety Training Qualifications for biosecurityemergencyresponses Biosecurity DiagnosticNetwork toaddress gapsinskillsorcapacity(seeChapter5). identification andtechnique-basedtrainingisavailable tomembersoftheNationalPlant to membersoftheplantbiosecuritysystem. For example,plantpesttaxonomic In additiontoemergency response training,arangeofrelated skills-based trainingisoffered improvement. responses andimproves preparedness by identifyingaspectsofthesystem thatneed through theirpaces underasimulatedincursionscenario. Thisprovides practice inEPP Parties alsoundertake simulationexercises on aregular basis,where responders are put training mayalsobedelivered withAnimal HealthAustralia. presentations ande-learning courses, through toformal educationalqualifications.Joint PHA andpeakplantindustrybodies.Itisoffered inavariety offorms, from short This trainingisprovided by stateandterritory governments, theAustralianGovernment, through tobeingmembers ofcontrol centres and field-basedofficers. industries andgovernments, covering roles onnationaldecision-makingcommittees experienced personnelatalllevels oftheresponse. Thisincludesrepresentatives from The effective delivery ofEPPresponses issupportedby preferentially usingtrainedand TRAINING INBIOSECURITY EMERGENCYRESPONSES cotton industry. The exercise was fundedby CRDCtoimprove thebiosecuritypreparedness ofthe and FisheriesNSWDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries. Government DepartmentofAgriculture, QueenslandDepartmentofAgriculture agronomists, ginoperators, researchers, extension officers, theAustralian Australia, CottonInfo, Cotton Research Development Corporation (CRDC), growers, Attendees came from awiderangeofcotton industrysectorsincludingCotton thecommunication channelsindustryusetoensure therightmessagesreach • how industrywillbeengagedinaresponse • The mainaimsoftheexercise were toidentify: how theindustrywould respond toanincursionofthisexotic pest. farm nearDalby, Queensland,inarangeofdiscussionsandactivitiestofindout Exercise Blueprintusedafictionaldetectionofcotton bluediseaseonacotton real-life exotic pestincursion. August 2019,highlightedthedesire ofthecotton industrytobeready for a The enthusiasmoftheparticipantsatExercise Blueprint,heldinToowoomba in Exercise Blueprintfor thecotton industry Plant Health Australia Exercise Blueprint participants attempt to identifycotton bluediseaseinacrop. Image courtesy of their stakeholders.

187 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS Workshop Sugar Rush tests industry's preparedness National EPP Training Program PHA conducts the National EPP Training Program on behalf of its members, delivering In May 2019, PHA ran a biosecurity workshop for the sugar industry in Townsville. training to industry and government representatives, growers and other biosecurity The workshop was funded by Sugar Research Australia with the aim of assessing stakeholders. The aim is to ensure that members can effectively fulfil their roles and and improving the biosecurity preparedness of the industry. obligations under the EPPRD.

Through a series of activities, the participants at the workshop investigated how Simulation exercises the sugar industry would respond to an incursion of Ramu shoot borer (Sesamia grisescens) in the Burdekin growing region in Queensland. Practical training in emergency response via simulation exercises is an important component of the National EPP Training Program. These exercises support the other forms of training The sugar industry has a wide range of stakeholders: the workshop was attended delivered and test specific aspects of member’s biosecurity emergency preparedness. by cane growers, millers, productivity boards, peak bodies, researchers and staff Simulation exercises are run from a national perspective by PHA working with states and from the Queensland Government. industry groups, and also on a state basis. During 2019 the cotton and sugarcane industries participated in Exercise Blueprint (see page 187) and Workshop Sugar Rush (see page 188). On the day, participants worked through exercises to learn: • what their role would be in an emergency plant pest response Online training in plant biosecurity • what information they would want to know and how best to communicate it PHA offers online training through the e-learning platform BOLT (Biosecurity Online Training). Courses available during 2019 included: • how a response plan is put together and what information needs to go into it. • PHA Foundation Course – provides a summary of the Australian biosecurity system and The workshop provided an introduction to biosecurity for many of the attendees, how emergency responses to plant pests are managed under the EPPRD. and scope to apply what they had learnt to other cane growing regions. • National EPP Response Management – introduces the purpose of the CCEPP and the ADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS – ERADICATING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER NMG, the roles and responsibilities of the committees and their members, and the decision-making process in an incident. • Bee Biosecurity Awareness – is a short awareness course that adds to the information

CHAPTER 6: CHAPTER 6: in the Biosecurity Manual for Beekeepers. It provides an introduction to biosecurity best practice, hive inspections, surveillance, moving hives and how to report a suspect EPP. • Biosecurity for Beekeepers – provides advice on keeping honey bees healthy using industry best practice. This course supports the Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice. Two tailored courses – called Pest Reporting and Responses – were released in 2019 to inform growers and researchers about reporting suspect EPPs.

In 2019, the BOLT courses were completed just over 1300 times, with the PHA Foundation Course being completed 423 times. Since their launch in mid and late 2019, the two new reporting courses were completed a combined total of 149 times. Since BOLT was launched in 2013, 5390 users had registered on the site in order to enrol in plant biosecurity courses.

A Sugar Rush participant tries to determine whether a sugarcane pest is an EPP. Image courtesy of Plant Health Australia. BOLT courses are open to all plant biosecurity stakeholders and can be accessed through planthealthaustralia.com.au/bolt

188 listed inTable 55 (see page192). investigation in2019 and furtheractionsmaybetaken in2020.Thesepestdetections are plan in2019.Somewere assessedasrequiring nofurtheraction:otherswere stillunder A numberofplantpestswere reported during2019thatdidnotproceed toaresponse description ofkey activitiesundertaken during theyear, isinTable 54onpage190. A shortsummaryofnationalresponse plansinplace during2019,togetherwitha 2019. number ofactive response plansundertheEPPRDdecreasing tosixasat31December and Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum (haplotypesDandE)drawingtoaclose–sawthe together withresponses relating tobrown marmoratedstinkbug,tomatopotatopsyllid Area freedom from bananafreckle was recognised nationallyinFebruary 2019which– and seasonalincursionsofthree exotic fruitfliesontotheTorres Strait Islands(Queensland). to anew detectionof During 2019two new response planswere implementedundertheEPPRDinresponse Outbreak website outbreak.gov.au imported fire antsorred witchweed) may befound ontheAustralianGovernment’s EPPRD butmayhave flow-on implicationsfor Australia’s plantindustries(suchasred Information onnationalresponses topestsorweeds thatare not managedunderthe coordinated responses thatwere managedundertheEPPRDduring2019. This sectionhighlightsthenotificationsofplantpestincidentsand thenationally Notifications andresponsesin2019 OTHER PLANTPESTNOTIFICATIONS NATIONAL RESPONSEPLANS Varroa jacobsoni inQueensland(unrelated tothe2016incursion), financially andin-kindtotheresponse. territory governments, andthenurserygarden industryalsocontributing response, investing halfofthecosts, withtheAustralianGovernment, stateand The nationalbananaindustrywas theprinciplefunder ofthebananafreckle emergency responses by signingtheEPPRDin2004. the firstcropping sectorsinAustraliatocommit tothepartnershipapproach to The bananaindustry, through the AustralianBananaGrowers’ Council, was oneof under theEPPRD. The diseasewas successfully eradicatedthrough amulti-million-dollar program stop thediseasefrom spreading tothebroader industryinotherstates. commercial bananagrowers, backyard growers andcommunity intheNT, helped Australia’s banana industryisworth some$600millionannually. Theactionofthe disease was firstdetectedintheNorthernTerritory in2013. cavendishii) afteraneradicationcampaignthathadbeenunderway since the In February 2019Australiawas declared free ofbananafreckle ( Banana frecklefreedomdeclared Image courtesy ofJuliane Henderson. The disease bananafreckle intheCavendish strain of bananas makes the fruitunappealingto buyers. Phyllosticta

189 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS 190

CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS Table 54.Responses toplantpestsunderEPPRDarrangements* cetfcnm omnnm rp fetdRgo Pastaction Region Cropsaffected Common name Bactrocera dorsalis Scientific name cucurbitae Zeugodacus Bactrocera trivialis parasitica Cryphonectria and E haplotypes D solanacearum Liberibacter Candidatus cockerelli Bactericera Oriental fruitfly hsntbih hsnt Victoria Chestnuts Chestnut blight yellows decline Vegetative disorder, psyllid Tomato potato Melon fly New Guineafruitfly V and vegetables nurseries production Vegetables, nurseries production vegetables, Tomatoes, arious fruits Torres Strait NSW WA activities ongoingin2018. Containment measures inplace andsurveillance implemented. Response Plansubsequently revised and destroyed. Infected trees andsurrounding hosttrees were detections occurred in2014,2016and2017. Following extensive surveillance activitiessporadic eradication activitiesundertaken. endorsed by theNMGinNovember 2010and First detectedinSeptember2010.Response Plan an annualbasis. 2018. Surveillance anderadicationactivitiesoccur on Strait Response Planfor theperiodJuly2015toJune (NMG) endorsedtheExotic Fruit FliesintheTorres In November 2015theNationalManagementGroup Strait anderadicatedtoprotect mainlandAustralia. Exotic fruitfliesare sporadicallydetectedintheTorres grown inAustralia. imported seedsandnotwithinany hostcrops being The bacteriumhasonlybeendetected inunsown surveillance undertaken. parsley seed.Tracing ofimportedseedand Haplotypes DandEdetectedinJuly 2017inimported (haplotypes AandB). pathogen Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum host plantsdidnotdetectthepotentialvectored and implemented.Extensive testingofpsyllids and Management activitieswas approved by theNMG A Response Planincorporating Transition to potato psyllid. agreed thatitwas not feasible toeradicatetomato Response Planfor eradication,however subsequently Detected inPerth inFebruary 2017.NMGendorseda to Management. chestnut blightand endorsedarevised Response Planfor Transition In 2019theNMG agreed thatitwas nolongerfeasible to eradicate Situation asof31December2019 2018 toJune2021. A new Response Plan was endorsedby theNMGfor theperiodJuly following successful implementation oftheResponse Plan. 1 July2015and30June2018have beeneradicatedfrom Australia B. trivialisandZeugodacus cucurbitaeintheTorres Strait between The NMGagreed thatannualincursionsof detections. fly fruit sporadic to response in ongoing Surveillance anderadicationactivitiesintheTorres Strait were successful completion oftheResponse Plan. haplotypes DandEhadbeeneradicated from Australiafollowing In 2019theNMGagreed thatCandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum the EPPRDtoanend. Response Planhadbeencompleted, bringingtheresponse under In 2019theNMGagreed thatTransition toManagementunderthe Bactrocera dorsalis,

* This tablemay not reflect all Cost Shared responses in 2019. Table 54.Responses toplantpestsunderEPPRDarrangements* (continued) cetfcnm omnnm rp fetdRgo Pastaction Halyomorpha halys Region Cropsaffected Common name Scientific name subsp. citri Xanthomonas citri (2019 Incident) Varroa jacobsoni (2016 Incident) Varroa jacobsoni cavendishii Phyllosticta Citrus canker Varroa mite Varroa mite Banana freckle stink bug(BMSB) Br own marmorated nurseries production Citrus, reliant crops pollination- various Honey and reliant crops pollination- various Honey and nurseries production Bananas, nurseries production cotton, grains, hazelnuts, and vegetables, Various fruits NT, WA New incursionin2019. Queensland Queensland NT WA engagement andawareness activities. and surrounding hostplants,andcommunity surveillance andtracing,destructionof infected plants Eradication activities ongoing,includingcontainment, NMG endorsedaResponse Plan inMay2018. and garden sector. The Incidentisrestricted topottedplantsinthehome in northernWA. tracing activitiesidentifyingadditional infected plants Initially detectedinDarwin,NT, inApril2018with Proof offreedom surveillance activitiesongoing. 2016 anderadicationactivitiesundertaken. Response Planendorsedby theNMGinSeptember Queensland inJune2016. Detected onAsianhoney bee( ongoing surveillance activities. the controlled reintroduction ofbananaplantsand Sentinel plantingphasecommenced May2016with period commenced May2015. Destruction ofhostmaterialcontinued andhostfree undertaken. Plan inOctober2013anderadicationactivitieswere Detected inJuly2013.NMGendorsedaResponse No furtherBMSBhave since beendetected. undertaken. Treatment andsurveillance activitieswere A Response Planwas approved by NMG. consignment ofelectricalgoodsfrom Italy. BMSB were detectedinPerth inFebruary 2018ina Apis cerana) in Situation asof31December2019 been nodetections incommerical citrusorchards. No naturalspread ofthediseasehasbeen observed andthere have activities tosuccessfully achieve eradication by 2020. In 2019theNMG endorsed arevised Response Plan whichincluded eradicated from WA. activities, andthe NMGagreed thatcitruscanker hadbeen WA completed destruction andproof offreedom surveillance Areas nearingcompletion andsurveillance activities ongoing. were ongoingintheNTwithhostplant destructioninRestricted The response remained ontracktoachieve eradication.Activities Varroa mite. Surveillance activitiesare ongoingwithnofurtherdetectionsof in July2019.TheAsianhoney beenestandmiteswere destroyed. to the2016incursion.AResponse Planwas endorsedby the NMG 2019. Thedetectionwas anew entryintoAustraliaandnot related Detected onAsianhoney bee( activities were ongoingin2019. V. jacobsoni related tothisincursion.Proof offreedom surveillance There were nofurtherdetectionsofAsianhoney beeor Plan. from Australiafollowing successful completion oftheResponse In 2019theNMGagreed thatbananafreckle hadbeeneradicated successful completion oftheResponse Plan. In 2019theNMGagreed thatBMSBhadbeeneradicatedfollowing Apis cerana ) inQueenslandMay

191 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS 192

CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS Table 55.PlantPestdetectionsnotifiedundertheEPPRDin2019 Colletotrichum liriopes Scientific name virus (Marafivirus) Grapevine rupestrisvein feathering Grosmannia radiaticola Vic Fusarium phyllophilum Epiphyllum carlavirus1 Ernocladius sp. Epiphyllum carlavirus 1(Carlavirus) (Badnavirus) Epiphyllum badnavirus1 Dinoderus ocellaris Dickeya fangzhongdai Halyomorpha halys Nisotra basselae Pseudocercospora platanigena Pitaya virusX(Potexvirus) Phytopythium chamaehyphon laurina Phytophthora Pectobacterium polaris Pectobacterium parmentieri Diaporthe sp.onrockmelon Pseudoidium sp. (Badnavirus) Schlumbergera badnavirus1 virus (Tobamovirus) Rattail cactus necrosis associated Ralstonia sp. Puccinia vincae pathotype 198E16A+J+T+ Puccinia striiformis Pseudomonas savastanoi sp. onTristaniopsis f. sp.tritici pv. nerrii Common name Anthracnose of Blue stainfungus feathering virus Grapevine rupestrisvein Vic No common name Qld Pygmy borer Vic Epiphyllum badnavirus1 Bamboo beetle Soft rot Sliperi beetle Brown marmoratedstinkbug Stigmina leafspot No common name No common name No common name Black legofpotato No common name Powdery mildew clmegr anvrs1WA Schlumbergera badnavirus1 associated virus Rattail cactusnecrosis No common name Periwinkle rust Wheat striperust No common name Pitaya virusX New detections p.Qld Liriope spp. State SA, WA NT SA Fremantle Wharf) Melbourne), WA (BibraLake, (Dandenong South,Port NSW (Banksmeadow), Vic Vic NSW Qld Vic NSW, Tas, Vic NSW Qld Vic SA, Tas, Vic Qld ACT SA WA Qld Vic (oevrs Zygocactus virusX Nocommon name Zygocactus virusX(Potexvirus) Xanthomonas sp.onMusa Xanthomonas gardneri virus 1(unassigned Phenuiviridae) Watermelon crinkleleafassociated Vryburgia trionymoides Velataspis dentata Urocystis cepulae Tomato necrotic spot virus Tetranychus piercei Tarsonemus sp. Stemphylium eturmiunum Stemphylium beticola Stemphylium astragali Schlumbergera virusX (Tobamovirus) Schlumbergera tobamovirus 1 (Begomovirus) Schlumbergera begomovirus 1 Scientific name Dickeya dianthicola Diaporthe masirevicii aurantifolia Candidatus Phytoplasma Cactus virusX(Potexvirus) Amphorophora rubi Fusarium pseudograminearum cucumerinum Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Fusarium foetens Exserohilum rostratum (Potyvirus) Endive necrotic mosaicvirus Ptxiu)ShubreavrsXVic Schlumbergera virusX (Potexvirus) Iavrs oaoncoi ptvrsWA Tomato necrotic spotvirus (Ilarvirus) Extensions ofgeographicand/or hostrange Common name Bacterial leafspot associated virus1 Watermelon crinkleleaf Exotic mealybug Dentate scale Onion smut NSW, Qld,SA, Vic Vic,WA Banana spidermite Vic Tarsonemid mite No common name No common name No common name Vic Schlumbergera tobamovirus 1 WA Schlumbergera begomovirus 1 Blackleg ofpotato No common name Tas Phytoplasma Large blackberryaphid uaimwl fccme NT No common name Fusarium wiltof cucumber No common name WA No common name Endive necrotic mosaicvirus Cactus virusX New detections State NT NSW SA (external territory) Cocos (Keeling) Island Qld NT WA Qld Qld Tas Qld Qld Vic Vic NT Vic, WA Table 55.PlantPestdetectionsnotifiedundertheEPPRDin2019(continued) Sampling plants for citruscanker. Image courtesy ofWA DPIRD pv. pathovar f.sp. forma specialis Ledgend Marchalina hellenica Heliococcus summervillei Fusarium tricinctum (Begomovirus) Tomato leafcurlvirus Fusarium subglutinans Fusarium sambucinum Scientific name Ozognathus cornutus Neopestalotiopsis rosae Neofusicoccum parvum Megaspidiotus fimbriatus brasiliense Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. (orvrs Tobacco rattlevirus Tobacco rattle virus(Tobravirus) Tetranychus evansi Rotylenchulus reniformis (Ophiovirus) Ranunculus whitemottle virus spp. multiplespecies sp. species subsp. subspecies Extensions ofgeographicand/or hostrange oaola ulvrsWA Tomato leafcurlvirus Common name Giant pinescale Tas No common name No common name No common name No common name Ptinid beetle No common name No common name No common name oaordsie ieSA Tomato red spidermite Reniform nematode NSW Ranunculus whitemottlevirus Black leg State WA SA Qld Vic Tas, Vic WA Qld SA, Tas, Vic,WA Vic, WA Vic Vic by theendof2020. well positionedtofinisheradicationactivities anddemonstrateproof offreedom citrus canker. On-the-ground response teams remain inplace intheNTandare All jurisdictionsexcept theNThave now demonstratedthatthey are free from Surveillance for citruscanker andotherpestsofconcern willcontinue. restrictions onthemovement ofcitrusbothintrastate andinterstatewere lifted. In November 2019,WA was officiallydeclared tobefree ofcitruscanker and citrus canker found. of 12months.Duringthistimeover 5,000properties were inspectedwithnonew After theinitialresponse phase, follow upsurveillance was conducted for aperiod to minimiseitsspread. more than1,500plantswere destroyed, andthree restricted areas were declared positive samplesfound onthree infected premises inWA. To eradicatethedisease, During theemergency response, 682properties were inspected withseven the NTborder toExmouthinthesouth. surveys andtracingsurveillance inthestate,covering anarea of360,000km an emergency response on26April2018andimmediatelybegandelimiting The DepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesandRegional Development inWA declared following asuccessful five year eradicationprogram inQueensland. 2018. Priortothisoutbreak, Australiahadbeenfree ofcitrus canker since 2009, subsequently found onthree properties innorthernWestern AustraliainMay Citrus canker was detectedinaplantwholesalertheNTApril2018,and chance toripen,decreasing fruityieldsand damagingtrees. plants develop lesionsontheleaves, fruitandstems,drop fruitbefore ithasa commercial citrusspeciessuchasoranges,limes,lemonsandmandarins.Affected Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri citrus canker Western Australiaregainsfreedomfrom subsp. citri)isatropical diseaseaffecting 2 from

193 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS

Chapter 7 Post-border biosecurity – controlling pests and weeds Post-border biosecurity – controlling plant pests and weeds

While many resources are invested in keeping new pests out of Australia and responding to pest detections, existing pests and weeds require biosecurity measures to prevent further spread.

This chapter describes biosecurity measures that apply to pests found in certain parts of Australia, pests that are established and must be managed, and weeds.

There is a national system that coordinates domestic quarantine restrictions to prevent pest spread within Australia, but post-border control of pests and weeds is one part of the biosecurity system where agricultural industries and the Australian community have a major role to play.

CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS PESTS CONTROLLING Farmers are aware that they have responsibility for controlling pests and weeds on their property and the use of on-farm biosecurity practices is on the rise. However, there is more that producers can do to prevent biosecurity incursions on their properties. This chapter details the communication initiatives to encourage on-farm biosecurity risk mitigation undertaken by Plant Health Australia (PHA), government and industries.

The chapter finishes with an overview of Australia’s weed biosecurity system. POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER CHAPTER 7:

196 Image caption to supportinternational market access. practices, whichnot onlyprovide for domestictrade,butalsopresent apotentialpathway and implementnew treatment arrangements,as well asadoptinginternationaltreatment It works closely withstateandnationalplantquarantineagenciesindustries todevelop consistent withAustralia’s international obligationsundertheWorld Trade Organization’s • coordinated andharmonisedacross thecountry andregions totheextentpossible • technicallyjustifiedandleasttraderestrictive, tominimiseregulatory burdens on • The SDQMAistasked withensuringthatconditions are: such asin-field andpost-harvest treatments. regions canbemoved tonon-affected regions for sale,once ithasmetcertain conditions avoiding thespread ofregionalised plantpests. For example,produce from fruitflyaffected standards and conditions thatallow movement ofproduce around thecountry while The objective ofthecommittee istodevelop, review andmaintaindomesticquarantine and anindependentchairfrom PHA. governments, representatives from theAustralianGovernment DepartmentofAgriculture, This committee consists of seniorplanthealthregulators from stateandterritory assisted by theSubcommittee onDomesticQuarantine andMarket Access (SDQMA). The coordination ofdomesticquarantinebetween thestateandterritorygovernments is import andexportofgoodstofrom Australia. legislation tocomplement andsupportthenationalquarantinelegislationthatgoverns the items applyineachstateandterritory. Restrictions operateunderstateandterritory To address thisrisk,domesticquarantinerestrictions imposedonthemovement ofhigh-risk newly establishedandregionalised pests. movement ofplants,plantproducts, people,soilandequipment.Themainconcerns are Plant pestscanbespread easilyfrom onepartofAustraliatoanotherthrough the Domestic quarantine ACCESS SUBCOMMITTEE ONDOMESTICQU Agreement oftheApplication SanitaryandPhytosanitary Measures. industry ARANTINE ANDMARKET on theAustralianInterstateQuarantinewebsite for the latestinformation. those points.Ruleschangeasnew pestincursionsoccur, sotravellers are advisedtocheck and stateorquarantinezoneborders. Travellers must disposeofany restricted products at There are interstatequarantinebinsatsomehigh-riskdomestic airports,ferry terminals, – theelectronic version ofwhich was updatedinAugust2019. This information isalsoinabooklet–Australian InterstateQuarantine:ATraveller’s Guide provides information ondomestic quarantinerestrictions for travellers andproducers. The AustralianInterstateQuarantinewebsite found atinterstatequarantine.org.au and recreational equipment. products, fruitandvegetables, honey andbeekeeping equipment, soil,agriculturalmachinery by stateandterritorylegislation.Rules applytohigh-riskmaterialincludingplantsandplant produce around thecountry isboundby restrictions onwhatthey canandcannotcarryset Anyone travelling withinAustralia,moving houseacross regional orstateborders, ormoving vegetables into SA withoutaPlant Health Certificate orPlant HealthAssurance Certificate. vegetables attheYamba Quarantine Stationorroadblocks. Commercial operators cannot carry fresh fruitandfruiting SA hasenforced on-the-spot finesfor travellers entering thestateifcaught withrestricted fresh fruitandfruiting PRODUCE RESTRICTIONS ONINTERSTATE TRAVELLERS CARRYING

197 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS Restrictions on interstate movement of commercial consignments

Nursery industry biosecurity program pays off Commercial trade in products being moved around Australia is managed by the states and territories, who regulate the provision of certificates attesting that the goods meet the In September 2019 the National Biosecurity Committee recognised the receiving state or territory’s entry conditions. Consignments of produce that originate from a achievements of the first national third-party accreditation system for biosecurity, controlled region can be shipped into a region that does not have the pest of concern, if the the Australian nursery industry’s BioSecure HACCP program. produce is certified to have been treated in such a way that it no longer poses a biosecurity The on-farm plant protection and biosecurity program was developed by Nursery risk. It might be growing or packing produce in a particular way, such as under cover, or being & Garden Industry Australia (now Greenlife Industry Australia) with funding from treated after harvest. Hort Innovation and continues to be supported by the industry levy through the Four types of certificates are issued by the exporting state or territory to certify that produce Hort Innovation Nursery Fund. for interstate trade meets the receiver’s requirements: The system allows certified production nurseries to self-certify consignments of • Plant Health Certificate – issued by a government officer from the state or territory of nursery stock for interstate market access and issue BioSecure HACCP Biosecurity origin. Certificates. The system allows businesses to generate these certificates electronically, adding to business efficiencies and securing market access records. • Plant Health Assurance Certificate – is supplied by an approved business under an Interstate Certification Assurance (ICA) scheme. To issue these certificates a business Lockyer Valley production nursery, Pohlmans Nursery, is one business that is must meet specific requirements and undergo regular audits by the state or territory benefitting from adopting the BioSecure HACCP program. The business produces government accreditation authority. more than 1,200 different types of plants on 150 acres in the fertile Lockyer Valley • BioSecure HACCP Biosecurity Certificate – is issued through a third party. In 2018, in Queensland, employing more than 200 staff. Nursery and Garden Industry Australia (now Greenlife Industry Australia) received approval to issue the first certificates of this type. The plant protection and biosecurity program helps them to better manage endemic and exotic pests, disease and weed risks. It has enabled the business to • Area Freedom Certificate – is issued by a government officer when an area is known to POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS – CONTROLLING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER establish an internal plant protection and quarantine process for imported and be free of a particular pest. exported plant material, underpinned by reliable plant data to support decision- In 2019, states and territories updated several ICAs for a variety of produce to mitigate the making. risk of spreading Queensland and Mediterranean fruit fly, and blueberry rust. The Australian

CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER 7: Staff now use smartphones and tablets to monitor and survey plants on a routine Interstate Quarantine website lists all ICAs by state or territory and holds the Schedule of basis. This has led to greater staff engagement and a team that is likely to National Interstate Certification Assurance Documents, a complete list of ICAs. The site also communicate and act as soon as an issue is detected. refers users to BioSecure HACCP Biosecurity Certificates, where they exist.

By adopting the BioSecure HACCP risk management approach, Pohlmans Nursery has halved pesticide use and reduced stock losses by more than two per cent, whilst maintaining a system that supports the safe trade of plants.

Mangosteens at a market in Cairns. Image courtesy of Sue Pederick, Primary Industries and Regions SA 198 the plant pest. control iscost-beneficial orwhetherother managementoptions are more appropriate for governments, inconsultation withpeakindustry bodies,mustdetermine whether official associated withcontainment, surveillance andmovement restrictions. State andterritory While there are numerous benefits inimplementingofficialcontrol, there are alsocosts for thatpest. justify continuing toprevent thepest’s entry by regulating importedgoodsand conveyances biosecurity risk.Ifanestablished pest isnotunderofficialcontrol, thedepartmentcannot by thepestordisease,are treated toimporting country standards tomanagethe accept plantsorproducts thathave beenproduced inareas ofAustraliathatare notaffected Official control mayalsounderpinnegotiations for exportwithconcerned tradingpartnersto prevent exotic pestentry. official control, thedepartmentcancontinue tojustifyregulating internationalimportsto If Australiacanprovide tradingpartnerswithevidence thatthepestordiseaseisunder Australia toreview itscurrent importconditions. Australia, itcantriggertradebans orrestrictions onourexports,aswell asrequests for Convention. Whenothercountries become aware ofthepresence ofthepestordiseasein Department ofAgriculture hasanobligationtonotifytheInternationalPlantProtection When anexotic pestordiseaseentersandisofficiallyconfirmed tobeinAustralia,the be consistent across allstatesandterritories. Official control canbeappliedataregional or nationallevel. Ifitisappliednationally, itmust movement restrictions sothepestordiseasedoesnotspread toanarea thatisnot • surveillance inthearea where thepestordiseasecould establish • containment orsuppression activities(mostlyinvolving destruction,disposaland • that aimtocontain andcontrol thepestordisease.Thesemandatoryactivitiesinclude: When ‘official control’ isapplied,thestateorterritorygovernment hasputinplace measures and thegovernment ofthestateorterritoryinwhichitoccurs. In thesecircumstances, responsibility for managingthepestordiseaserests withindustry On occasions, anexotic plantpestordiseasemay enterAustraliathatcannotbeeradicated. exports, sogrowers cancontinue sendingtheir products tooverseas markets. regulate importstoprevent pest entryattheinternationalborder. Thepolicyalsofacilitates new plantpestsanddiseases,whileallowing theAustralianGovernment to continue to by theChief PlantHealthManagersacross Australia–hashelpedtocontain andcontrol Since 2017,thePlantQuarantinePestandOfficial PROTECT OVERSEAS TRADE OFFICIAL CONTROL OFQUAR affected. decontamination) ANTINE PLANTPESTSTO Control NationalPolicy–implemented their current area ofdistributionwithinAustralia. Table 56liststhe96regionalised pestsrecognised by stateandterritorygovernments and but not inSA, Tasmania orWA. notably theQueenslandfruitflywhichisfound onthemainlandstates ontheeastcoast, In additiontointroduced pests,someregionalised pestsare native topartsofAustralia, distribution andtheabilitytoimplementcost-beneficial measures for containment. Regionalised pestscanbecontained atalocal,regional orstatelevel, dependingoncurrent contain thepest,minimisingnegative impacts. Depending onthecircumstances, domesticquarantinemeasures may beimplementedto eradication istheidealgoal.Insomecases,however, apestcannotbe eradicated. When peststhathave thepotentialtodamage Table 56.Australia’s regionalisedpests AUSTRALIA’S REGIONALISED PESTS subterranea Spongospora Ralstonia solanacearum Panonychus citri Daktulosphaira vitifoliae virus (Babuvirus) Banana bunchy top Areaofregionalisation Bactrocera tryoni Common name Scientific name potatoes Powdery scabof potatoes Bacterial wiltof Citrus red mite phylloxera Grapevine top virus Banana bunchy fruit fly Queensland New SouthWales Act 2015 the Biosecurity Regulation 2017 Tablelands andNorthernTablelands asdefinedin comprising specificareas withintheCentral Present inNSWexcluding theSeedProtected Area, Act 2015 the BiosecurityRegulation 2017 Tablelands andNorthernTablelands asdefinedin comprising specific areas withintheCentral Present inNSWexcluding theSeedProtected Area, under theBiosecurityAct 2015 counties asdefinedintheBiosecurityRegulation 2017 comprising the Cumberland andNorthumberland Present withintheCitrusRed MiteBiosecurityZone, under theBiosecurityAct 2015 regions asdefinedin theBiosecurityRegulation 2017 Areas, comprising theSydney andtheAlbury-Corowa Present withintheGrapevine Phylloxera Infested 2017 undertheBiosecurityAct 2015 Biosecurity (BananaBunchy Top Virus) Control Order Zone onthefarnorthcoast asdefinedinthe Present withintheBananaBunchy Top VirusControl 2017 undertheBiosecurityAct 2015 defined inBiosecurity Fruit FlyControl Zone ontheVictorianborder as Endemic withinallofNSWexcluding theQueensland the environment oragriculture are detected, (Queensland Fruit Fly) Control Order under the under the Biosecurity Biosecurity

199 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS Table 56. Australia’s regionalised pests (continued) Table 56. Australia’s regionalised pests (continued)

Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Northern Territory Northern Territory (continued)

Aleuroidicus dispersus Spiraling whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine Sternochetus Mango seed Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Batchelor, mangiferae weevil Adelaide River Queensland Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine, Bactrocera tryoni fruit fly Tennant Creek, Alice Springs Tetranycus gloveri Glovers' mite Darwin rural area

Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine, Thrips palmi Melon thrips Darwin rural area Bemisia tabaci Silver leaf whitefly Alice Springs Dundee Downs, Palmerston, Noonamah, Darwin rural Uredo morifolia Mulberry rust Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area area Queensland Citripestis eutrapera Mango fruit borer Darwin, Darwin rural area, Katherine Torres Strait Islands, Cape York Peninsula, Mareeba, Banana weevil Aleurodicus dispersus Spiraling whitefly Cosmopolites sordidus Darwin rural area Charters Towers, coastal towns south to Bundaberg borer

Cryptosporiopsis Darwin, Darwin rural area, Batchelor, Daly River, Populations dotted in various locations spanning Cryptosporiopsis citri Anoplolepis gracilipes Yellow crazy ant leaf spot Litchfield region Cairns to the Gold Coast

Cucumber green mottle Cucumber green Surrounding Cairns region, north to Twyford (near mosaic virus mottle mosaic Darwin rural area, Katherine, Alice Springs (Ti Tree) Mossman), west of Dimbula and south to Feluga. (Tobamovirus) virus Apis cerana, Java Asian honey bee A genetically distinct population of AHB is the focus of genotype Fusarium oxysporum a Varroa jacobsoni (Varroa mite) eradication in f. sp. cubense (tropical Panama disease Darwin, Darwin rural area Townsville race 4) Banana bunchy top

POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS – CONTROLLING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of Darwin, Darwin rural area, Katherine Bunchy top Noosa, south to the NSW border f. sp. niveum watermelon virus (Babuvirus) Idioscopus clypealis Mango leaf hopper Tiwi Islands, Darwin rural area Detected on a number of occasions in sugarcane on Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Adelaide River, two of the three Torres Strait islands closest to Papua Idioscopus nitidulus Mango leaf hopper (Pagenstecher) borer CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER 7: Pine Creek, Katherine New Guinea (Saibai and Dauan) Monomorium Monomorium dichroum Darwin Cucumber green mottle Cucumber green dichroum Confined to three quarantined businesses; one in mosaic virus mottle mosaic north Queensland and two in the Wide Bay region Parlatoria blanchardi Date palm scale Alice Springs (Tobamovirus) virus

Phakopsora cherimoliae Phakopsora rust Darwin rural area West Indian Greater Brisbane, Wide Bay–Burnett, Rockhampton, Cryptotermes brevis drywood termite Bowen, Townsville Pineapple mealy bug Pineapple mealy wilt associated virus One property only (Darwin Correctional Facility bug wilt Red banded (Ampelovirus Shoal Bay) Deanolis sublimbalis Far northern Cape York Peninsula associated virus mango caterpillar PMWaV-1, PMWaV-3)

Pseudocercospora Eumetopina flavipes Island sugarcane Torres Strait island archipelago and the northern Cercospora spot Darwin rural area purpurea (Muir) planthopper peninsula area of Cape York

Selenothrips Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Adelaide River, Red banded thrips rubrocinctus Pine Creek, Katherine Fiji disease virus Fiji disease virus Sugarcane biosecurity zones 4, 5 and 6

200 Table 56.Australia’s regionalisedpests(continued) Tetranychus piercei virus (Carlavirus) mosaic associated Sugarcane striate (Potyvirus) virus (strainA) Sugarcane mosaic purpurea Pseudocercospora jackbeardsleyi Pseudococcus Pseudococcus cryptus Procontarinia spp. Planoccoccus lilacinus (Potyvirus) Papaya ringspot virus fijiensis Mycosphaerella Liriomyza sativae Idioscopus nitidulus Idioscopus clypealis tropical race 4) subtropical race 4and (race 1,race 2, f. sp.cubense Fusarium oxysporum Areaofregionalisation Common name Scientific name spot Cercospora leaf mealybug Jack Beardsley Cryptic mealybug midge Mango leafgall BoiguIsland,Torres Strait islands Coffee mealybug virus Papaya ringspot Somenorthernandeastern Torres Strait islands Black Sigatoka leafminer Vegetable Mango leafhopper Mango leafhopper Panama disease pdrmt Weipa, Cape York Peninsula Spider mite mosaic virus Sugarcane striate mosaic virus Sugarcane Queensland (continued) Mareeba Shire Council andTablelands Regional Council Torres Strait islandsandtheCapeYork Peninsula Queensland, includingCairns(notwidely distributed) Islands intheTorres Strait andisolatedplaces innorth Torres Strait andnortherntipofCapeYork Peninsula area South-east QueenslandasfarnorthBundaberg northern peninsulaarea ofCapeYork Some islandsinTorres Strait andatSeisiainthe Biosecurity Obligation Cape York Peninsula.ManagedundertheGeneral Obligation Gordonvale. ManagedundertheGeneralBiosecurity Atherton, andalongthecoast from Wangetti to Cape York PeninsulaandMareeba area, southto remains inplace) three separateproperties (acontainment program Race 4(tropical) detectedin2015,2017and 2018on Biosecurity Obligationapplies. are nolongerinregulation, althoughtheGeneral (north ofBundaberg); races 1,2andsubtropical race 4 south-east QueenslandasfarnorthRosedale race 2southJohnstoneandCairns;race 4(subtropical) Race 1endemicthroughout bananagrowing regions; Sugarcane biosecurity zone2and6 Sugarcane biosecurity zones4,5and6 Paenibacillus larvae Nosema ceranae Nosema apis Melissococcus pluten virus Grapevine pinot gris Galleria mellonella Diuraphis noxia (Tobamovirus) mottle mosaicvirus Cucumber green terminifera Chortoicetes Ascosphaera apis Aethina tumida Achroia grisella auropunctata Wasmannia Areaofregionalisation Thrips palmi Common name Scientific name foulbrood American Endemicacross allofSA Nosema Nosema foulbrood European gris virus Grapevine pinot moth Greater wax aphid Russian wheat virus mottle mosaic Cucumber green locust Endemicacross allofSA Australian plague Chalkbrood Small hive beetle L Electric ant Melon thrips se a ohEndemicacross allofSA esser wax moth Queensland (continued) South Australia occur onKangaroo Island Endemic across mostof SA, butnot known to occur onKangaroo Island Endemic across mostofSA, butnotknown to occur onKangaroo Island Endemic across mostofSA, butnotknown to Established inSA Endemic across allofSA Endemic withinSA cereal growing regions the NorthernAdelaide Plains Known tobepresent onatleastfive properties on Endemic withinallofSA known tooccur onKangaroo Island Limited known distributionwithinallofSA, butnot Bay Far north Queensland,CairnshinterlandandBingle Mossman andAtherton Tablelands area. NorthQueenslandcoastal areas from Ayr to South-east QueenslandasfarnorthBundaber g

201 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS Table 56. Australia’s regionalised pests (continued)

Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Victoria Western Australia (continued) Cornu apertus (syn. Management of green snail linked and infested Green snail Regulations or controls for movement and control Cantareus apertus) lands (refer to specific gazetted orders) Galleria mellonella Larger wax moth in specified areas Daktulosphaira Grapevine Phylloxera Infested Zone and Phylloxera Free Zone vitifoliae phylloxera (refer to specific gazetted orders) European house Regulations or controls for movement and control Hylotrupes bajulus Management of potato cyst nematode linked and borer in specified areas Globodera Potato cyst infested lands, and Plant Protection District (refer rostochiensis nematode to specific gazetted orders) Oryzaephilus Sawtooth grain Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant surinamensis beetle strains Western Australia

Regulations or controls for movement and control Pentalonia Carnarvon. Host material restricted from Achroia grisella Lesser wax moth Banana aphid in specified areas nigronervosa movement to rest of the state Kimberley Region. Host material restricted from Aethina tumida Small hive beetle Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant movement to rest of state Plodia interpunctella Indian meal moth strains Bemisia tabaci Carnarvon. Host material restricted from Silverleaf whitefly (B biotype) movement to Kununurra Potato spindle Potato spindle tuber Broome. Host material restricted from movement tuber viroid Carnarvon Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle viroid (Pospiviroidae) to rest of state (PSTVd) Cornu apertus (syn. Regulations or controls for movement and control Green snail Lesser grain Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Cantareus apertus) in specified areas Rhyzopertha dominica borer strains Absent from east Kimberley region (Ord River Mediterranean POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS – CONTROLLING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Ceratitis capitata Irrigation Area). Regulations or controls for Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant fruit fly Sitophilus granarius Granary weevil movement and control in specified areas strains Chortoicetes Australian plague Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Regulations for control in specified areas Sitophilus oryzae Rice weevil terminifera locust strains

CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER 7: Banana weevil Kununurra and Carnarvon. Host material restricted Cosmopolites sordidus Angoumois grain Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant borer from movement to rest of state Sitotroga cerealella moth strains Cryptolestes Regulations or controls for movement and control Flat grain beetle ferrugineus in specified areas Thrips palmi Melon thrips Kimberley (low pest prevalence area) Regulations or controls for movement and control Cryptolestes pusillus Flat grain beetle in specified areas Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour strains Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Ephestia elutella Tobacco moth strains Confused flour Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Tribolium confusum Mediterranean Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant beetle strains Ephestia kuehniella flour moth strains Warehouse Regulations or controls for movement and control Fusarium oxysporum Carnarvon. Host material restricted from Trogoderma variabile Panama disease beetle in specified areas f. sp. cubense (race 1) movement to rest of the state

Legend f. sp. forma specialis spp. multiple species 202 syn. synonym informed. commercial producers. Itissupportedby ane-newsletter andTwitter tokeep stakeholders The website preventfruitfly.com.au and oftheCouncil’s role inanationallycoordinated system. improve the generalawareness offruitfly as importantpests,ofhow they canbemanaged, for actionandtopromote coordination ofactivitiesbetween members. Itisalsoworking to Regular meetingsoftheCouncil provide animportantopportunitytoidentifypriorityareas current andemerging nationalfruitflymanagementissues. In 2019work begantoreview progress onthestrategyandtoupdateitbetterreflect The Council oversees andmonitorsimplementationoftheNationalFruit FlyStrategy. research anddevelopment toensure thatinnovative solutionsandtechnicallyjustifiable • legislationandregulation thatsupportsfruitflymanagement,isharmonised across • maximising market access, including activitiesthatassistinsecuringentryconditions for • systems for theprevention, detection,eradicationandmanagementoffruitflies • The Council focuses onfour areas: from PHA. Innovation. Ithasanindependentchairandissupportedby amanagerandsecretariat The Council includesrepresentatives from governments, plantindustriesandHort flies beingaconstraint tosustainableproduction orabarriertotradeandmarket access. The NationalFruit FlyCouncil helpsdrive thedelivery ofanationalsystem thatprevents fruit management collectively. fruit fliesfrom reaching orbecoming establishedinAustraliaandtotacklefruitfly Given thewidespread ramificationsoffruitflies,it’s ineveryone’s interest to prevent exotic and SA, andMediterraneanfruitflyspreading from WA. quarantine restrictions toprevent Queenslandfruitflyfrom spreading intoTasmania, WA and theMediterraneanfruitfly. They are thefocus ofpestmanagementprograms and Two fruitflyspeciesinAustraliaare significant pestseconomically –Queenslandfruitfly system ofsurveillance andanongoingresponse intheTorres Strait. here. To ensure we remain free ofthesedevastating pests,Australiahasanextensive fly –would causeconsiderable damagetocrop production inAustraliashouldthey establish overseas. Someofthese–like theOrientalfruitfly, Natalfruitfly, melonflyandpeachfruit Australia isfortunate tobefree ofsomethemostdamagingfruit flyspeciesthatoccur PREVENTING THESPREAD approaches are available tomeettherequirements ofthethree areas above. Australia andisconsistent withinternationalstandards horticultural produce intomarkets provides information for backyard growers and OF FRUITFLIES fruiting vegetables tobetreated before they are allowed to entertheirjurisdictions. Mediterranean fruitfly isestablishedinparts of WA. Otherstates andterritoriesrequire fruitand

203 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS Community involvement in domestic quarantine

THE BIOSECURITY OBLIGATIONS OF ALL AUSTRALIANS THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT Abiding by international and domestic border restrictions is one role that all Australians As the community’s closest tier of government, local government is a key stakeholder in must play in maintaining Australia’s biosecurity status. In addition, everyone has an biosecurity management. Local government’s involvement in biosecurity varies from state obligation to avoid spreading plant pests and weeds, including keeping a lookout for to state and even from region to region, but generally includes: anything unusual and reporting unfamiliar pests. • managing pest species on land owned by local governments The introduction of a general biosecurity obligation or duty makes explicit the role that all • on-going support for local community groups in the area of natural resource Australians have to play in the biosecurity system. A biosecurity risk exists when dealing management including the management of post-border invasive species with any pest, disease or contaminant. This includes moving an animal, plant, turf, soil, • developing and enforcing pest management local laws under the Local Government Act machinery or equipment that could carry a pest, disease or contaminant. 1995 • providing tools, management plans, staff support and training on post-border biosecurity People in Queensland, NSW and Tasmania are now required by law to take all reasonable issues and practical steps to prevent or minimise the risk of causing a biosecurity ‘event’ and limit the consequences of such an event. A biosecurity event is caused by a pest, disease or • delivering environmental education programs and other information relating to contaminant that is, or is likely to become, a significant problem for human health, social biosecurity in the community amenity, the economy or the environment. • regional collaboration between local governments to deal with regional biosecurity issues • providing field trial sites for biological control of certain weeds. Australians are not expected to know about all biosecurity risks but are expected to know about those associated with their day-to-day work and hobbies. For example:

• Those who live or work in a biosecurity zone (for example a builder or developer in a fire ant biosecurity zone) are expected to know what can and cannot move in to and out of POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS – CONTROLLING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER the zone, and any other precautions required. • Residential gardeners are expected to know the basics about reducing the risks of spreading a pest or disease, and the problem pests in their local area. They are not

CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER 7: expected to know about all of the biosecurity risks to plants. • Farmers are expected to stay informed about and appropriately manage the pests and diseases that could affect or be carried by their crops and livestock, as well as weeds and pest animals that could be on their property. • Land owners are expected to stay informed about and appropriately manage the weeds and pest animals (such as wild dogs) that could be on their property. • Transporters of agricultural produce are expected to check whether the transportation of goods could spread diseases or pests and, if so, to manage the risks appropriately.

The general biosecurity duty or obligation means that Australians are expected to know about the biosecurity risks related to their day-to-day work and hobbies, like gardening.

204 Cr Dinny Adem andMichaelCarrafa. Imagecourtesy of Dannika Bonser From lefttoright:Merran Socha,Adrian Conti, Ross Abberfield(holdingtheaward), RussellFox,. CrLibro Mustica, The GoulburnMurray Valley Regional Fruit FlyProject won two VictorianRegional Achievement andCommunity Awards. is theremit ofseveral programs, describedinthefollowing sections. uptake ofon-farm biosecurityvaries between andwithinindustries.Increasing thisuptake Increasingly, growers are appreciating thebenefitsofon-farm biosecurity. Therateof pests oftheircrop are includedinbiosecuritymanuals(seepage209). that farminputsare cleananddiseasefree. Thesemeasures andinformation aboutthe providing footwear for visitstoproduction areas, disinfecting pruningshearsandensuring Often measures are procedural, suchaschangingvehicles between zonesonaproperty, On-farm biosecuritymeasures are mosteffective whenintegratedintoeveryday activities. biosecurity for theirregion, their industryandsupportingmarket access for produce. layer ofprotection, allowing producers tominimise pestproblems aswell asboosting entry andspread ofpests,diseasesandweeds. Measures usedonfarmestablish another On-farm biosecurityisasetofmeasures producers canuseto protect aproperty from the On-farm biosecurity buildingcapabilitywithin industryandcommunity totake ownership offruitfly • providing smaller community grantsofupto$5,000allow groups totackle • advertising, community signage, schoolprograms, community andindustry • working withlandholderstomanagefruitfly‘hotspots’, including anurban • Some ofthehighlightsinclude: coordinators. implementation ofregional plansandtheappointmentofthree regional Agriculture Victoria’s $7.8millionRegional Grants Program fundsthe management offruitfly. fruit growing regions andemphasisingthateveryone hasarole toplayinthe coordinated approach tomanagingfruitflyacross thestate,focusing onthelarge The ManagingFruit FlyinVictoriaAction Plan 2015–20takes acollaborative and plan for managingfruitflyinVictoria. developed comprehensive regional plans.They alignwithanoverarching action There are similargroups inGreater Sunraysia andtheYarra Valley whohave Queensland fruitflyinitsregion. The project usesthe‘NoFliesOnUs’messagetostrengthen managementof Agriculture Victoria,government agencies,industry, growers andthecommunity. together membersofthelocalhorticulture industryassociations,agronomists, The GoulburnMurrayValley Regional Fruit FlyProject isaninitiative bringing disrupting trade,andimpactingproduce grown incommunity andhomegardens. significant threat tothestate’s horticulture industry, affecting production and Control ofQueenslandfruitfliesisahighpriorityinVictoria where they posea two VictorianRegional Achievement andCommunity Awards inOctober2019. A regional fruitflyproject inVictoria’s GoulburnMurray Valley was recognised with Regional fruit flyinitiative recognised replicate usingapurely government-based approach tomanagement. management, resulting incollaboration andoutcomes whichwould behard to Queensland fruit flyinindividualtowns orlocalitiesininnovative ways raising awareness offruitflyimpactsandmanagementoptions workshops, fielddays andone-on-onediscussions,thathave allcontributed to urban land trapping program inSunraysia andhosttree removal onpubliclandandprivate

205 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS BIOSECURITY EXTENSION AND ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMS Grains Farm Biosecurity Program Through the leadership of their peak bodies, plant industries are becoming increasingly The Grains Farm Biosecurity Program is funded by grain producers and managed by PHA involved in biosecurity communication and engagement. Biosecurity extension and and Grain Producers Australia, in partnership with the governments of five grain-producing engagement programs are funded by industries to improve the management of, and states. Grains Biosecurity Officers are responsible for raising awareness of biosecurity preparedness for, biosecurity risks at the farm level. Biosecurity officers associated with management practices among grain growers and others along the supply chain. The officers some of these programs are often funded by grower levies and so tend to work with engage growers at field days and conferences, giving presentations and demonstrations and producers of particular crops. running training sessions on biosecurity management practices that growers can use to protect their farms. Some state governments have additional outreach programs with officers who work with groups of producers and others along the supply chain to strengthen the state’s biosecurity Since it began in 2007, thousands of in-crop and stored grain pest and disease surveys have system. For example, the NSW Local Land Services brings together agricultural production been undertaken with industry, improving on-farm biosecurity as well as raising awareness advice including biosecurity, natural research management and emergency management for in grain growing regions. Data from these surveys has and continues to be captured within farmers, landholders and the community. PHA for inclusion in the national reporting tool AUSPestCheck™. Media, newsletter and Ground Cover articles are distributed year-round to raise awareness of seasonal biosecurity risks for grain growers. Biosecurity officers also undertake surveillance for exotic pests of grains and have assisted in various recent post-border incidents such as Russian wheat aphid and lupin anthracnose.

Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity Program The Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity Program is an extension and engagement program funded by vegetable growers and managed by PHA and AUSVEG to enhance the biosecurity management practices of producers and others along the supply chain in that industry.

It focuses on increasing the awareness and adoption of farm biosecurity among vegetable

POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS – CONTROLLING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER and potato growers and is increasingly being used as a platform for driving strategically important biosecurity initiatives.

Two dedicated biosecurity officers develop extension and training material, write articles on biosecurity themes for industry magazines, engage with producers at field days, and liaise CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER 7: with growers during pest incursions. In 2019, the officers completed a pilot urban biosecurity program after many of the recent exotic pest incursions were located at seaports, airports and other urban hotspots across Australian cities.

Throughout 2019, the officers took part in a variety of forums, biosecurity meetings and working groups. Their involvement also precipitated a number of initiatives with industry and researchers to extend surveillance capabilities and improve general surveillance NSW Grains Biosecurity Officer, Bill Gordon, at AgQuip in August 2019. Image courtesy of Pip Cotter (former NSW DPI Plant Biosecurity Officer) reporting outcomes.

206 state governments alsocontributing extensive in-kind resources. workshops andvisits toapiaries.The program isfunded by industryviathe honey levy, with attending industry fielddays, presentations atbeekeeper clubmeetings,delivery of pest anddisease managementpractices. Extensionandeducation-based activitiesinclude to understandtheir biosecurityobligationsunderthe Code ofPractice, andprovide advice on Bee BiosecurityOfficers (BBOs)are employed inallsixstates. The officers help beekeepers biosecurity. Practice whichprovides aframework for Australianbeekeepers toengageinbest-practice pests. Underpinningtheprogram istheAustralianHoney BeeIndustryBiosecurityCode of pests anddiseasesthatare already inAustralia, andtoprepare for incursionsby exotic the AustralianHoney BeeIndustry Council. Theprogram aimstohelpbeekeepers manage The NationalBeeBiosecurityProgram ismanagedandadministered by PHAonbehalfof National BeeBiosecurityProgram Read more aboutpestand diseasesurveillance inthecitrusindustry onpage153. Strategy andNationalPlantBiosecurity Surveillance Strategy, asdescribedinChapter1. the DepartmentofAgriculture. ThestrategyisalignedwiththeNationalPlantBiosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2018–28,developed by PHAinconsultation withCitrusAustraliaand The program isguided by theframework provided by theNationalCitrusBiosecurity a network oftrapsfor Asiancitruspsyllid, thevector ofhuanglongbing. industry. TheCPDPCandtheNational CitrusBiosecurityProgram are working toestablish coordinate research andextensionneededtomanageHighPriorityPestsfor thecitrus Prevention Committee (CPDPC), anindustryinitiative establishedin2018toidentify and The NationalCitrusBiosecurityCoordinator isamemberoftheCitrusPestandDisease and themaintenance of existingmarkets. evidence todemonstratearea freedom from pests,tosupportnew market access requests and minimisethecosts oferadication.Improved surveillance also helpstoprovide ongoing Should anexotic pestenterAustralia,earlydetectionofincursionshelpstolimittheirspread peri-urban andurbancommunities. also worked withtheUrbanPlantHealthNetwork toimprove awareness andsurveillance in scouts whomonitortheircrops regularly for any signofexotic pests.Thecoordinator has The program re-established theFirstDetectorsNetwork, agroup ofgrowers andcrop citrus growers andothersalongthesupplychain. industry toimprove surveillance for exotic pestsandraiseawareness ofpestthreats among During 2019,theNationalCitrusBiosecurityCoordinator worked withgovernment and and awareness inthecitrusindustry. Biosecurity Program was initiatedin2017 toimprove biosecurityplanning,preparedness Agriculture (through theAgricultural Competitiveness WhitePaper), aNationalCitrus As partofapartnershipprogram fundedby HortInnovation andtheDepartmentof National CitrusBiosecurityProgram Farm biosecurityprogramsfor horticulturalindustries to develop capability anddeliver farmbiosecurityinformation toproducers. In 2019PHAworked withmelon,avocado, mango,grapeand wineindustryrepresentatives biosecurity riskstotheircrop(s). awareness ofon-farm biosecurityandimprove managementdecisionstomitigatethe grow. Many industriesnow recognise the importance oftailoringinformation toraise Each year thenumberofindustriesestablishingfarmbiosecurityprograms continues to Image courtesy ofCitrusAustralia National CitrusBiosecurityCoordinator JeffMilnespeakswithgrowers inMundubbera, Queensland.

207 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS Strawberry grower awarded for on-farm biosecurity The Farm Biosecurity Program Plant Health Australia (PHA) and Animal Health Australia (AHA) work together in a joint The plant category of the 2019 Farm Biosecurity Producer of the Year Award went communication and awareness program, Farm Biosecurity, to provide biosecurity advice for to Victoria’s Yarra Valley strawberry grower Luciano Corallo. both crop and livestock producers.

The award is supported by Plant Health Australia and Animal Health Australia, and The program aims to help producers identify and reduce the risks to their enterprises posed is part of the annual Australian Biosecurity Awards run by the Department of by diseases, pests and weeds. The program website farmbiosecurity.com.au provides an Agriculture. array of information and tools, including biosecurity manuals, templates for record keeping, farm biosecurity gate signs to download or purchase, industry specific information, videos Luciano Corallo was nominated because he has demonstrated a commitment to outlining best practice, a personal profile builder, a biosecurity planner and a planning app. ensuring his farm is a leader in industry best practice, quality assurance and biosecurity. Resources produced by Farm Biosecurity are structured around the six biosecurity essentials: He takes a preventative approach to disease and pest management, actively participating in surveillance and hosting biosecurity workshops on-farm to share • farm inputs his knowledge with the industry. • people, vehicles and equipment Luciano takes part in the Queensland fruit fly awareness program in the Yarra • production practices Valley, with the farm hosting remotely accessed camera- based fruit fly traps as • feral animals and weeds part of a sentinel detection network for the region. • farm outputs • train, plan and record.

POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS – CONTROLLING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER By considering how these principles apply to their properties, producers can go a long way towards protecting their farms and their future from the impact of new or established diseases, pests and weeds.

The Farm Biosecurity Producer of the Year Award was established by PHA, AHA and the CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER 7: Department of Agriculture to recognise the contribution of producers who demonstrate outstanding, proactive on-farm biosecurity practices.

Left: Victorian strawberry producers Heather and Luciano Corallo, winners of the 2019 Farm Biosecurity Producer of the Year Award. Right: (L to R) Karen Thomas of the Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment Management Authority, who nominated the Corallos for the award, Luciano and Heather Corallo

208 BIOSECURITY MANUALS FOR PRODUCERS Table 57. Biosecurity manuals for producers To help improve farm biosecurity, PHA in partnership with plant industries and governments, Manual Version has released 21 crop-specific biosecurity manuals, listed in Table 57. In 2019 a biosecurity Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural 1.0 manual for cherry producers was developed. Farms

These documents are designed with growers and consultants in mind, explaining effective Biosecurity Manual for Beekeepers 1.1 measures that can be incorporated into day-to-day operations to improve biosecurity and Biosecurity Manual for Citrus Producers 2.0 help protect farms from both exotic and established pests. Each manual also raises Biosecurity Manual for Grain Producers 4.0 awareness of the exotic High Priority Pests identified in the biosecurity plan for that industry, increasing the likelihood of detecting an exotic pest incursion early. Biosecurity Manual for Sugarcane Producers 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry 1.0 The information from biosecurity manuals is also provided in the crops section of the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Papaya Industry 1.0 Biosecurity website farmbiosecurity.com.au and complete manuals are available for download. Biosecurity Manual for the Plantation Timber Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry 1.0 Cherry Growers' Biosecurity Manual 2.0 Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry 1.0 Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry 1.1 New Cherry Growers’ Biosecurity Manual Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains 1.0 Vegetable Growers A revised version of the Cherry Growers’ Biosecurity POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS – CONTROLLING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Manual released in May 2019 provides an up-to- Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Organic Grains Industry 1.0 date guide for growers and their consultants and Onion Growers’ Biosecurity Manual 1.0 advisors to improve biosecurity on farm. Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry 1.0

Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear CHAPTER 7: The manual was produced by PHA in collaboration 2.0 with Cherry Growers Australia and government Industry representatives from state departments of primary Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Avocado Industry 1.0 industries and agriculture. Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry 1.0 The manual includes fact sheets on high priority Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Summerfruit Industry 1.0 exotic pests and diseases of cherries that were Potato Growers' Biosecurity Manual 1.0 identified during an update to the Biosecurity Plan for the Cherry Industry.

This project was funded by Hort Innovation, using the cherry research and development levy and contributions from the Australian Government.

209 MANAGING PESTS ON FARM Australian farmers manage pests with a variety of methods tailored to the type of pest, It is estimated that up to 73 per cent ($20.6 billion) 36 of Australia’s total value of crop the crop and agroecological conditions. Most growers use an integrated pest management production is attributable to the use of crop protection products. Table 58 illustrates the approach, which means that they combine chemical, cultural, mechanical and biological amount and type of agricultural chemicals used for controlling plant pests in Australia. controls in a flexible way that can change over time. This total expenditure on pesticides for plants represents over six per cent of the gross value of production for all crops in Australia. 37 38 Chemical control For the management of many plant pests, pesticides are the fastest and easiest option Cultural and mechanical control for control and most growers use at least one type of chemical to maintain productive Cultural and mechanical control refers to the practice of modifying the growing environment agriculture. Pesticide availability in Australia is regulated by the Australian Pesticides and of production crops to reduce the prevalence of unwanted pests. Examples include tillage Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), an independent statutory authority. As the methods and changing soil pH levels, irrigation practices and fallow periods, which make the national regulator of agricultural and veterinary chemicals, the APVMA regulates pesticides environment less favourable for the survival, growth and reproduction of pest species. in line with responsibilities described in the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals These practices can provide significant relief from some pests when used effectively. (Administration) Act 1992 and the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994.

The APVMA exists to ensure that Australia has access to safe and effective agricultural and Biological control veterinary chemicals to control pests and diseases of animals and plants. It also monitors Biological control is a method of controlling pests using natural enemies. Natural enemies and enforces compliance with the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code and other of pests are known as biological control agents and include predators, parasitoids and legislation. Records are kept of approved agricultural and veterinary constituents, registered pathogens. Biological control has been highly successful in many instances, with a number products and approved labels. More information is available from apvma.gov.au of pest problems permanently solved by importation and successful establishment of biological control agents. Successes tend to be confined to particular ecosystems or pest All agricultural chemicals sold or used in Australia must be registered with the APVMA. situations, and when they are effective, can provide long-term and even permanent results. National registration ensures that all agricultural chemical products, when used as directed on the product label, will be effective and have no harmful or unintended effects on people, animals, crops, the environment or international trade. The actual use of chemicals is POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS – CONTROLLING BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER regulated by state and territory governments.

Table 58. Sales of plant chemicals in Australia, 2016-19 39

CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER 7: Mixed function Herbicide Insecticide Fungicide Miticide Molluscicide Nematicide Total pesticide No. of products 3,301 1,445 939 149 131 54 18 6,037 Value of product 2016 1,717 337 254 32 19 12 4 2,375 sales ($ million) No. of products 3,363 1,482 967 148 131 54 15 6,160 Value of product 2017 1,683 484 343 39 36 16 2 2,603 sales ($ million) No. of products 3,517 1,515 1,021 145 131 52 16 6,397 Value of product 2018 1,714 413 269 37 20 14 2 2,469 sales ($ million) No. of products 3,643 1,570 1,088 145 134 51 17 6,648 Value of product 2019 1,507 358 242 32 25 13 3 2,180 sales ($ million)

210 Australia’s weed biosecurity system

The scope of Australia’s plant biosecurity system covers more than just invertebrates and pathogens, with a range of prevention, surveillance, eradication and ongoing management activities in place to address the threats posed by weeds. It has been estimated that the annual cost to the Australian economy from the agricultural impacts of weeds is almost $5 billion. 40

A weed is a plant that requires some form of action to reduce its negative effects on the economy, the environment, human health or amenity. Weeds reduce the establishment, growth and yields of field crops, pastures and forestry, and can invade natural environments, outcompeting native plants and disrupting ecosystem processes.

Around 20 naturalisations of garden plants are recorded each year, albeit a small number from the large pool of over 30,000 plant species that have been imported for cultivation in CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS CONTROLLING Australia.

Australia’s weed biosecurity system aims to: • prevent entry of high weed risk species • detect and eradicate or contain significant weeds in the early stages of invasion • mitigate the impacts of established weeds.

Responsibility for weed biosecurity is shared between government, industry and the community. Legislation sets out the various roles of governments in managing weeds across

Australia. State and territory government departments of primary industries and – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER environment, along with local governments or natural resource management authorities, have responsibility for weed biosecurity policy and management.

Weed management is also a component of on-farm biosecurity. Producers of both crops and CHAPTER 7: livestock manage weeds on individual properties to reduce their impacts and play an integral part in the weed detection and reporting network.

36. CropLife Australia, 2018. Economic activity attributable to crop protection products. Deloitte Access Economics Pty Ltd. agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/abares/data/agricultural-commodities-statistics.xlsx 37. Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Gazette No 5 March 2020. Accessed online 31 March 2020, apvma.gov.au/node/64531 38. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Research Economics and Sciences. Agricultural commoditiesDecember quarter 2019. Accessed online 16 March 2020, agriculture.gov.au/abares/ researchtopics/agricultural-commodities/australian-crop-report 39. Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Gazette No 5 March 2020. Accessed online 31 March 2020, apvma.gov.au/node/64531 40. McLeod R (2018) Annual Costs of Weeds in Australia. eSYS Development Pty Limited. Published by the Raelene Kwong standing within a Sagittaria platyphylla infestation in Broken Creek, northern Victoria. Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra, Australia Image courtesy of Agriculture Victoria

Image caption 211 COORDINATION OF WEED MANAGEMENT The Environment and Invasives Committee (EIC) provides an intergovernmental mechanism for identifying and resolving weed issues at a national level. It comprises members from the Australian Government, all state and territory governments, and observers from the CSIRO, PHA, the Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Wildlife Health Australia, AHA, and ABARES.

EIC oversees the administration of the Australian Weeds Strategy 2017–27, which is the overarching policy for weed management in Australia. It outlines goals and actions required to keep Australia's economic, environmental and social assets secure from the impacts of weeds. The strategy is reviewed every 10 years to ensure it remains relevant to Australia’s needs. CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS PESTS CONTROLLING The strategy provides information on where improvements can be made at the national level that will result in benefits across Australia. It draws attention to areas that require national collaboration and will drive the development of consistent and coordinated national approaches by clarifying priorities, roles and responsibilities.

The strategy is available at agriculture.gov.au/pests-diseases-weeds/pest-animals-and- weeds/review-aus-pest-animal-weed-strategy/aus-weeds-strategy PREVENTING THE ENTRY OF NEW WEEDS Around 65 per cent of current weed species were originally imported for use as garden POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER ornamentals, with introductions for potential pasture species being another key source. However, most of these species were imported decades ago and modern improvements to biosecurity arrangements have significantly reduced this risk.

CHAPTER 7: The Department of Agriculture develops and implements biosecurity policies for plant imports (seeds, tissue culture or any other material for propagation) into Australia. Since 1997, new plant species have been subject to a Weed Risk Assessment process that determines the weed potential of any proposed new plant imports. If a plant species is not listed in the department’s Biosecurity Import Conditions database (BICON) as being permitted to enter Australia, it will require a weed risk assessment to determine its potential weed risk. Australia’s Weed Risk Assessment system was developed following extensive consultation and collaboration of weed experts and has been adapted for use in other parts around the world. All propagative material entering the country must meet standard biosecurity import conditions, including verification of the botanical name (species). In order to prevent the entry of weeds that may be present as a contaminant, consignments must also be inspected by a biosecurity officer before permission is given for it to enter. Two weevil species under consideration for the biological control of Sagittaria platyphylla are the fruit-feeding weevil (left) and crown-boring weevil (right). Image courtesy of Agriculture Victoria

212 Image caption (left) andJackie Steel(right) within Agriculture Victoria’s quarantine insectary. Imagecourtesy ofAgriculture Victoria Host specificity testingof candidate biological control agents beingundertaken by biocontrol scientists NathanHarms jurisdictions whendeclared plantsare found tobeadvertised for sale. Surveillance alsoextendstoonlinetrade,withgovernments sharinginformation between the Weeds attheEarlyStage ofInvasion program runby theVictorian Government. supported intheiractivitiesby government agenciesthrough stateherbaria.Anexampleis Volunteers inthesegroups report new weed detectionsintheirareas andare generally Community-based weed spotterprograms are active inmany statesandlocalareas. inspections ofproperties for declared plants. Elsewhere, stateandlocalgovernment weed officers conduct surveillance aspartof routine 146), whichinvolves surveillance activitiesinAustralia’s northandneighbouringcountries. Weeds are alsoanintegralpart oftheNorthernAustraliaQuarantineStrategy (seepage environment. to ensure they are unabletogrow andspread, shouldthey beinadvertently released inthe directed for mandatorytreatment ifweed seedsare found. Treatments devitalise theseeds Seed consignments importedfor otheruses,suchasfor humanconsumption, mayalsobe purity analysis, theseed lotmaybedeniedentryun Seed Testing Association.Ifany weed speciesare detectedeitherby visualinspectionor regime ofstatisticalsamplingandanalysis atalaboratoryaccredited by theInternational Generally, larger seed lots(more than10kilograms)undergo purityanalysis underastrict WEED SURVEILLANCE til theweed seedshave beenremoved. agents for thefuture. This approach isensuringthatAustraliahasasustainedpipeline ofweed biocontrol mass-rearing andfieldrelease ofapproved agentsinAustralia. • riskand efficacyassessmentofagents • identification ofpotentialbiocontrol agents • Activities have spanned three stages: sowthistle. parkinsonia, parthenium,pricklyacacia,sagittaria,silverleaf nightshadeand rat’s tailgrass, gorse,Hudsonpear, motherofmillions,navuasedge,ox-eye daisy, lovegrass, cabomba, clidemia,cylindropuntia, European blackberry, fleabane,giant targets for primaryindustryandagriculturalwater assets:African boxthorn, African deployment ofnew agentsorfast-tracking ofagentreleases on19priorityweed and multipleinternationalresearch agenciestosupportthedevelopment and 2022. Theprojects have brought together Three projects onbiocontrol ofpriority weeds have beenfundedfrom 2015to industries. for Profit thatincludessignificantco-investments from other governments and An exampleistheAustralianGovernment’s Rural Research andDevelopment Investment inresearch onweed biocontrol hasincreased inrecent years. populations andhadanegative impactontheweed. investment once biocontrol agentsare widelyestablished,have built-up their costs by over 23:1.Itisasustainableapproach thatrequires littlefurther widespread weeds across different landuses,withbenefitsoutweighing R&D Biocontrol isconsidered theonlycost-effective approach tomanageabundantand Increased supportfor weedbiocontrol biocontrol expertise from four Australian

213 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS ERADICATION AND CONTAINMENT OF WEEDS Eradication of weeds is only possible if incursions are detected early, and a response is mounted before they have a chance to spread too far.

The National Tropical Weeds Eradication Program continued in 2019, targeting six weed species native to tropical America that have been detected in north Queensland (and one also in northern NSW). The program is managed by Biosecurity Queensland and is cost- shared by the Australian, Queensland, NSW, NT and WA governments. The species are:

• limnocharis (Limnocharis flava), a wetland plant • miconia (Miconia calvescens, M. nervosa, M. racemosa), rainforest tree and shrubs • mikania vine (Mikania micrantha). The National Red Witchweed (Striga asiatica) Eradication Program also continues. The response is led by the Queensland Government and is being funded by the Australian, CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS PESTS CONTROLLING Queensland, NSW and NT governments, Meat and Livestock Australia, Grain Producers Australia and Canegrowers. Since July 2013 there has an 85 per cent reduction in the soil seedbank and a 99.99 per cent decline in plant detections, indicating good progress towards eradication.

Hawkweeds, Hieracium species, are also the subject of eradication programs in NSW, Victoria and Tasmania.

Weed containment programs occur at state, regional and local levels under a jurisdictions’ legislation, aimed at preventing further spread of significant weeds that cannot be eradicated. A state-level example is the ongoing detection and treatment of parthenium POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) incursions from established populations in Queensland into NSW. Similarly, the NT has on-going responses to detect and treat new cross-border incursions of parthenium, rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) and Siam weed (Chromalaena odorata). CHAPTER 7: Local or regional government organisations lead coordinated control programs for declared weeds across multiple properties, where control is generally the legal responsibility of each land owner. MANAGING ESTABLISHED WEEDS The management of established weeds is a shared responsibility between landholders, community, industry and government. At the national level, the Australian Government administers a number of programs to assist with the management of established weeds for the benefit of the environment, agricultural productivity and local communities. Through these programs, the Australian Government invests in RD&E activities, national coordination and the development and implementation of policy and associated programs.

The weed purple Viper's bugloss (Echium vulgare) is similar to Paterson's curse (Echium plantagineum)

214 Image caption site inKosciuszko NationalPark. Image courtesy ofNSWNationalParks andWildlife Service Cocker spanielSallydiligently sniffs thelandscape for hawkweed at theprotected Blue Lake Ramsar Northern AustralianQuarantineStrategy. surveillance for new incursions incollaboration withthestatesandterritories extensive areas ofcountry. Onthenorthern coastline, theserangergroups alsoconduct indigenous rangergroups are employed toreduce the impactofestablishedweeds across Protected Areas andotherareas undermanagementby traditional owners inthe NT, sensitive restoration activitiestomaintain localbushland.For example,inIndigenous and private andgovernment owners ofconservation parksand reserves, undertaking Weed managementinnaturalecosystems isundertaken by volunteers, groups, contractors are cost-prohibitive. rangeland grazingsystems andnaturalecosystems where intensive weed control measures often usedfor thebiologicalcontrol ofhighpriorityweeds, whichisparticularlyimportantin particularly for herbicideresistant weeds. Co-investment by industriesandgovernments is Corporation, invest considerably inRD&Etoimprove weed managementsystems, Plant industryresearch fundingbodies,suchastheGrainsResearch andDevelopment production systems, whichuseherbicidestocontrol weeds, are now common inAustralia. applications, soiltillage,slashing,grazing,weed seedcapture and/or burning.No-till commonly managedusingacombination ofcompetition withother plants,herbicide take anintegratedapproach ofchemicalandnon-chemicalcontrol methods.Weeds are management differ greatly amongindustriesandregions, but mostproduction systems Combating weeds isanintegralpartofmostfarmingsystems. Problem weeds andtheir reduce off-farm impactsonnaturalresources. protection andimprovement ofsoil,water, vegetation andbiodiversity on-farm, aswell as governments, industry, communities andindividualstomanageestablishedweeds for the second phase oftheprogram, theAustralianGovernment aimstowork inpartnershipwith management andsustainableagriculture, andtoprotect Australia’s biodiversity. Now inthe The NationalLandcare Program provides arangeofmeasures tosupportnaturalresource along withalarge group oftechnical expertsandvolunteers. Primary Industries,SouthEastLocal LandServices andarangeofotherpartners, The program isbeingdelivered by theNSWEnvironmental Trust, Departmentof timeto eradication modelling. • hawkweed ecology andseedlongevity • multispectral imagerytoimprove detectionofhawkweed • modelling winddatatodeterminehawkweed seeddispersal patterns • behavioural changetoimprove weed hygiene practices ofparkusers • Research tofurtherenhance the program covers: target. hawkweed was found in2018–19,indicatingeradication ofthisspeciesison cent since 2010–11.Less thanonesquare metre, or160plants,ofmouse-ear 60 percent compared totheprevious seasonandhasdropped by nearly97per decreasing. In2018–19, the area oforangehawkweed discovered decreased by Over anincreasing large search area, thenumberofnew hawkweed detectionsis detector dogssniffoutandlocateplants. together ontheground, humansvisuallyscantheterrain for hawkweed and eradication teamsintoandoutofremote andhard toaccess areas. Working high resolution imagesofthelandscape.Helicopters transportequipmentand From theair, drones abletodetecttheuniqueorangehawkweed flowers capture surveillance technologywithtraditionalon-the-ground weed detectionmethods. National Parkandsurrounds. Theprogram integratescutting-edge airborne in NSW–aimstoeradicatemouse-earandorangehawkweed from Kosciuszko The NSWHawkweed EradicationProgram –thelargest weed eradicationprogram biomass controlled, andtheseedbankexhausted. infestation mustbedelimited(allplants found), reproduction halted,above ground Eradicating aweed from aninvaded rangeis adeceptively difficult task:the Multi-prong attackonhawkweedyieldsresults

215 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS

Chapter 8 Plant biosecurity RD&E Plant biosecurity research, development and extension

An understanding of the biology of plant pests, the hosts that are susceptible to them, their effects on production, and methods of control are fundamental to an effective plant biosecurity system.

Plant biosecurity research, development and extension (RD&E) develops this understanding and how to apply it to situations to minimise negative impacts from plant pests.

Industry and government often combine resources to invest in plant biosecurity RD&E. The research

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY on pests and how to manage them is undertaken by research institutions across Australia, including CSIRO, the Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products, the Australian Government, state and territory agencies as well as universities, plant industries, PHA, botanic gardens and private organisations. CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: The science underpinning Australia’s plant biosecurity system takes many forms. It covers the topics of pest management, crop improvement, risk analysis, data management, surveillance, diagnostics, protecting the natural environment, and the basic biology of pests and crops. It involves the full range of crops grown in Australia as well as pollinators.

The pests investigated include bacteria, fungi, nematodes and viruses, along with the diseases they cause, and also weeds, insects and other invertebrates, such as mites.

The data for 2019 provides an overview of plant, weed and pollinator biosecurity RD&E in Australia, with a summary of where it was carried out, the size, the topic, pest and crop types.41 Surveillance programs that include some research or extension activities are also included, as are some training and awareness programs.

Identifying fruit fly from large samples collected in male fruit fly lure traps from north 41. Every year, the methods used to collect data for this chapter improve incrementally. While every effort is made to Queensland. Image courtesy of Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries secure accurate data for inclusion in Table 59 on page 232, we acknowledge that it is not complete. 218 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy Australian Government agencies and statutory authorities

The National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy provides an overarching framework to guide The Australian Government currently contributes to a variety of plant biosecurity related and strengthen cross-sectoral biosecurity RD&E for Australia’s plant industries and those RD&E activities. This occurs predominantly through the Department of Agriculture but also dependent on them. through the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, the Department of Education, the Department of the Environment and Energy, and the Department of Foreign Affairs and The strategy’s objective is to enable the effective management of economic, environmental Trade. and social risks posed by established pests as well as those that may enter, emerge, establish or spread within Australia. AUSTRALIAN CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL Developed in 2013 by PHA in collaboration with stakeholders around Australia, the strategy RESEARCH PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY sits under the National Primary Industries RD&E Framework. The framework is overseen by aciar.gov.au the Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee (AGSOC) Research and Innovation Committee whose goal is to implement cross-jurisdictional cooperative and coordinated approaches to The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) works to achieve more matters of national interest such as plant biosecurity research. productive and sustainable agricultural systems for the joint benefit of developing countries and Australia through international agricultural research partnerships. The research focuses CHAPTER 8: The National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy Implementation Committee, which reports to on fields where Australia has special research competence and develops enduring research the AGSOC Research and Innovation Committee, is chaired and supported by PHA to drive collaborations as a trusted science partner. implementation of the strategy. ACIAR’s biosecurity projects adopt various approaches and are spread across several The implementation committee includes representatives from the Australian Government, program areas, including horticulture, agricultural systems, crop improvement and state governments, PHA, the Council of Rural Research and Development Corporations, Hort management and forestry. This research provides a unique opportunity to learn about the Innovation, Grains Research and Development Corporation, Wine Australia, CSIRO and the biology and management of exotic pests and diseases, preparing for potential exotic Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative. incursions, and to develop and share best practice in biosecurity management. Working to build capacity in biosecurity science in our neighbouring countries also contributes to earlier The committee is funded by Hort Innovation (lead coordinator role across the RDCs), the knowledge of the spread of pests and diseases and contributes to Australia’s preparedness Victorian Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (on behalf of the state and territory for incursions and pre-border security. governments), Cotton Research and Development Corporation, Dairy Australia, Grains Research and Development Corporation, Sugar Research Australia, AgriFutures Australia, Wine Australia and Forest and Wood Products Australia.

Dr Richard Markham (right) and Stewart Lindsay (left) inspect the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries banana collection in South Johnstone, Queensland, part of ACIAR project on the integrated management of Fusarium wilt of bananas in the Philippines and Australia. Image courtesy of ACIAR 219 AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH arc.gov.au ORGANISATION .au/research The Australian Research Council (ARC) is a Commonwealth entity and advises the Australian Government on research matters, administers the National Competitive Grants Program, a As Australia’s national science agency, CSIRO is solving the greatest challenges through significant component of Australia's investment in research and development, and has innovative science and technology. CSIRO delivers impact nationally and globally through responsibility for Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA). collaboration with industry, governments and communities. CSIRO feeds into the plant biosecurity system via its Health and Biosecurity and Agriculture and Food business units, The ARC’s purpose is to grow knowledge and innovation for the benefit of the Australian together with its National Research Collections. community through funding the highest quality research, assessing the quality, engagement and impact of research and providing advice on research matters. CSIRO’s Health and Biosecurity business unit delivers research-based solutions to manage the impacts of invasive pests, weeds and diseases. It also assesses the risks they pose, In seeking to achieve its purpose, the ARC supports the highest-quality fundamental and PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY prioritises the pathways of entry and provides new technologies for surveillance and early applied research and research training through national competition across all disciplines. response through sensor networks and autonomous platforms. The Agriculture and Food Clinical and other medical research is primarily supported by the National Health and Medical business unit takes an integrated gene-to-plate approach to improving crop quality and Research Council. In addition, the ARC encourages partnerships between researchers and yield. industry, government, community organisations and the international community. CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: CSIRO is the custodian of a number of plant and plant pest specimen collections that The outcomes of ARC-funded research deliver cultural, economic, social and environmental contribute to national and international biological knowledge that underpin a significant part benefits to all Australians. of the country’s taxonomic, genetic, agricultural and ecological research. They include the The ARC is the primary source of advice to the government on investment in the national Australian Tree Seed Centre, Australian National Insect Collection and Australian National research effort. The ARC: Herbarium, amongst others. • supports the highest quality research and research training through national competition PLANT INNOVATION CENTRE @ POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE in all fields of science, social sciences and the humanities (PIC@PEQ) • brokers partnerships between researchers and industry, government, community The Plant Innovation Centre was launched at the Mickleham Post-Entry Quarantine facility organisations and the international community. near Melbourne’s Tullamarine Airport in November 2017. The purpose of the facility, known as PIC@PEQ, is to: • develop in-house R&D capability to conduct applied trials that address operational issues with a focus on implementing into service delivery • further engage with the scientific research community • develop closer collaborative links with the education sector.

Outcomes will improve the capacity to address current and anticipated plant biosecurity risks, ensuring the nation has a modern and effective plant biosecurity system in place to secure Australia's border.

The centre’s research team consists of a small group of departmental scientists who collaborate with external scientists and other biosecurity stakeholders to deliver on the agreed projects.

One of the purposes of the PIC@PEC facility is to develop in-house R&D capability to conduct applied trials. Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture 220 221 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS Research and development corporations (RDCs) bring together industry and researchers to establish the strategic directions for RD&E and to fund projects that provide industries with the innovation and productivity tools needed to compete in global markets.

RDCs provide funding and support to research providers including state governments, universities, CSIRO, industry associations and research organisations in the private sector.

In 2019, the Department of Agriculture released a discussion paper to modernise and improve the RDC system. An advisory panel will make recommendations in the first half of 2020 to the Department of Agriculture for implementation. Fifteen rural RDCs cover most Australian agricultural industries, with seven focusing on plant production. PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY RDCs of relevance to Australia’s plant industries are described in this section. They include a mixture of industry owned companies and statutory corporations. The industry owned RDCs have statutory funding agreements with the Australian Government that lay out the general principles that must be observed when investing levy funds, as well as reporting obligations CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: to levy payers and the Australian Government. AGRIFUTURES AUSTRALIA agrifutures.com.au

AgriFutures Australia invests in research, leadership, innovation and learning to support industries that do not have their own research and development corporation, new and emerging industries, and the issues that affect the whole of agriculture. Primarily funded by the Australian Government, the vision of the organisation is to grow the long-term prosperity of Australian rural industries.

AgriFutures Australia invests in biosecurity RD&E activities, including:

• incursion risk analysis • biosecurity planning • pest management • weed management • resistance breeding • adoption of knowledge.

David Trohdal, Research and Development Agronomist, NSW DPI. Image courtesy of Rice Extension 222 COTTON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GRAINS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION crdc.com.au grdc.com.au

The Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) is a partnership between the The GRDC is a corporate Commonwealth entity established to plan and invest in RD&E for Australian Government and cotton growers that invests in world-leading RD&E to benefit the Australian grains industry to create enduring profitability for Australian grain growers. Australia’s cotton industry and the wider community. A key driving force behind the cotton Activities drive the discovery, development and delivery of innovation to the benefit of grain industry’s continued success is investment in innovation and transformative technologies to growers, the grains industry value chain and the wider community. deliver impact. GRDC’s primary source of income is through a levy on grain growers, which is matched by CRDC invests across five strategic areas, as outlined in the Strategic RD&E Plan 2018–23. the Australian Government. The research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops, spanning Protecting Australian cotton from endemic and exotic biotic threats is a key focus area under temperate and tropical cereals, oilseeds and pulses, which are worth over $13 billion a year the goal of increasing the productivity and profitability of cotton farms. CRDC supports in farm production.

RD&E that contributes to: RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY The GRDC investment objective ‘Optimise input costs’ in addition to an overarching core • investigating and monitoring the economic, environmental and social impacts of biotic biosecurity framework are identified as part of the GRDC’s five year RD&E plan. threats The following key investment targets are related to crop protection and biosecurity: • investigating and delivering new and improved tools, systems and strategies for the surveillance, prevention and sustainable and responsible management of biotic threats • develop and implement management options to minimise the cost of effectively and CHAPTER 8: • working collaboratively with growers and consultants to deliver industry-led biosecurity sustainably managing vertebrate and invertebrate pests, weeds and diseases preparedness activities and address identified knowledge gaps. • maintain and/or improve the price of Australian grain through differentiation based on functionality, food safety and traceability, sustainability of production, reduced downgrading, new and/or enhanced grain classification processes, and optimal FOREST AND WOOD PRODUCTS AUSTRALIA management of biosecurity issues fwpa.com.au • reduce the gap between actual and potential grain yield through more informed and timely decision-making on planting time, crop or variety choice, weed management, pest Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA) is an industry service company that provides a and disease control, and crop nutrition. nationally integrated strategy to increase demand for forest and wood products and reduce the impediments to their supply. FWPA is committed to helping industry grow through targeted RD&E investments, generic promotion and other services as requested by members.

These services include direct and collaborative investment in RD&E to provide innovative solutions for the industry and promotion of the industry’s products, services and values. FWPA provides services to the industry that are designed to increase the sustainability and international competitiveness of wood products. FWPA is funded by private companies and government agencies within the Australian wood products sector, except for pulp and paper manufacturers.

Launched at the Hart Field Day in South Australia in September 2019, the $21 million RD&E partnership iMapPESTS Sentinel is a mobile surveillance unit designed to sample air for fungal spores and insects. Image courtesy of iMapPESTS 223 HORT INNOVATION horticulture.com.au

Hort Innovation is a not-for-profit, grower-owned RDC for Australia’s $13.2 billion horticultural industry. Hort Innovation invests around $110 million into research and development (R&D) and marketing programs annually to benefit the industry and the wider community. It exists to drive a prosperous and healthy Australia, by providing the best knowledge and solutions to create a world-class horticulture sector. Key functions include:

• providing leadership to and promoting the development of the Australian horticulture sector • increasing the productivity, farm gate profitability and global competitiveness of

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY horticultural industries by investing grower levies and Australian Government contributions in RD&E • marketing funds, programs and services • providing information, services and products related to project outcomes CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: • promoting the interests of horticultural industries overseas, including the export of Australian horticultural products.

SUGAR RESEARCH AUSTRALIA sugarresearch.com.au

Sugar Research Australia (SRA) invests in and manages a portfolio of research, development and adoption projects that drive the productivity, profitability and sustainability of its levy payers and the Australian sugarcane industry.

In its role as the industry services body, SRA receives the statutory levies paid by growers and milling businesses, and matching funds from the Australian Government. SRA’s team of in-house researchers conducts research in the areas of plant breeding, trait development, biosecurity, plant health and farming systems.

The SRA Breeding Program and SRA Biosecurity Program collaborate to breed disease and pest-resistant crop varieties and support quarantine and disease-free seed cane programs. Cooperating with government departments to prevent entry of these pests and to prepare for possible incursions is also a high priority.

224 Image caption delivered efficiently, avoiding duplication ofeffort. A coordinated approach ensures that thiseffort isalignedtobroader nationalgoalsand In 2018–19,theplantRDCscollectively invested $135.4millionintobiosecurity RD&E. Council ofRuralResearch andDevelopment Corporations • DepartmentofAgriculture • PlantHealthAustralia • Australia’s seven plantresearch anddevelopment corporations: • include; partners thatwork collaboratively withindustry, stateandfederal biosecuritystakeholders biosecurity RD&E,delivering vitalprojects andattractingfurtherco-investment. ThePBRI The PlantBiosecurityResearch Initiative (PBRI)supportscross-sectoral investment for plant pbri.com.au the wineindustry. stakeholders tocoordinate anddirect investments tobestaddress theRD&Eprioritiesof contributions matchedby theAustralianGovernment. WineAustraliacollaborates withkey wine. WineAustralia’s revenue comes from levies ontheannualwinegrapeharvest with disseminating knowledge, encouraging adoption andprotecting thereputation ofAustralian Wine Australiasupportsacompetitive winesectorby investing inRD&E,marketing, wineaustralia.com THE PLANTBIOSECURITY RESEARCHINITIATIVE WINE AUSTRALIA à à à à à à à

Wine Australia Sugar Research Australia Hort Innovation Grains Research andDevelopment Corporation Forest andWood Products Australia Cotton Research andDevelopment Corporation AgriFutures Australia impacts are andhow to betterprepare usingthebestavailable knowledge. symposium, describingthelessonslearntduring biosecurityincursions,whatthe The presentations by growers andindustryrepresentatives were ahighlightofthe Cross-sectorial RD&Epriorities. • Industryresilience: Coping withfuture shocks–business continuity • Capabilitybuilding:Future expertiseinbiosecurityacross sectors–are we • Trans-Tasman biosecurity–collaboration andopportunities • Sustainablepest,diseaseandweed management • Surveillance: Monitoringfor earlydetectionandarea freedom • Diagnostics:Identifyingbiosecuritythreats • Preparedness: Biosecuritythreats andtherisktobusiness –whathave we • Themes included: Biosecurity Research Initiative andBetterBorder Biosecurity(B3)New Zealand. The focus was onresearch fundedby themember organisations ofPlant environments pests, diseasesandweeds affecting plantproductions systems andsurrounding Zealand. Thesymposium, attendedby 220delegates,showcased research on 2019 was anopportunitytoshare plantbiosecurityRD&EinAustraliaandNew The inauguralPlantBiosecurityResearch Symposium held in BrisbaneAugust Plant BiosecurityResearch Initiative Symposium Plant BiosecurityResearch Initiative. Imagecourtesy ofTony Steeper International speaker atthesymposium DrBaldissera Giovani from Euphresco and DrJo Luck, Program Director, prepared? learnt andare we prepared?

225 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E State and territory governments University and private research institutes

Most of Australia’s state and territory departments of agriculture have dedicated RD&E Many universities across Australia provide biosecurity research and education services for divisions that undertake research, including aspects of plant biosecurity that are a priority the community, often in partnership with other organisations. Research is funded by for that jurisdiction. These organisations carry out a significant proportion of Australia’s governments, industries and domestic or international sources, often in partnership agricultural RD&E. arrangements.

A smaller proportion of projects are undertaken by researchers in other departments in Private research institutions commonly collaborate with universities to provide research

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY some states. Research projects are funded by the state, territory and Australian facilities and services in specific subject areas. They contribute specialist knowledge and Governments, and some are commissioned by commercial clients. research skills in areas of significance to the Australian community and plant production industries.

CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH ARRANGEMENTS Some state and territory governments have formed partnerships with universities. These partnerships allow for the sharing of facilities, staff and equipment (such as next generation sequencers) and encourage the specialist agricultural training of students. Collaborative research arrangements also ensure that state and territory government plant biosecurity priorities are funded and supported by researchers. It also provides a larger pool of expertise for the government agencies to work with.

AgriBio – a partnership between the Victorian Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions and La Trobe University.

Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation – a partnership between the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries and the University of Queensland.

Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture – a partnership between the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment and the University of Tasmania.

Waite Research Institute – a partnership between the South Australian Research and Development Institute and the University of Adelaide.

Graham Centre for Agriculture Innovation – a partnership between NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University.

A partnership also exists between the Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Resources and Charles Darwin University.

Stereo microscope set up for examining bee sticky mats for pest mites by the diagnostic entomologists of Agriculture Victoria based at AgriBio, Centre For AgriBioscience. Image courtesy of Agriculture Victoria

226 CENTRE FOR CROP AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT ccdm.com.au

The Centre for Crop and Disease Management (CCDM) focuses on reducing the economic impact of disease in the Australian grains industry. Established in 2014 the centre is co-supported by Curtin University and the GRDC. In 2019 CCDM rolled out its new strategic direction that will guide its research efforts and focus through until mid-2022.

The new direction includes three key research themes: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY • fungicide resistance management and disease impacts • cereal diseases • canola and pulse diseases. CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: Five Foundation Projects will also support CCDM’s research outputs: • bioinformatics • physiological impacts of disease • genomic analysis of co- • communication and engagement • improving the return on investments in crop protection.

2019 also saw the centre grow to more than 75 researchers and professional support staff who, through laboratory-based research, field work and the development of integrated farm management strategies, work to deliver real impact and in-field solutions for Australian growers.

Barley researcher Elzette Wentzel planting net blotch field trials. Image courtesy of Carole Kerr, Centre for Crop and Disease Management

Image caption 227 CENTRE FOR FRUIT FLY BIOSECURITY INNOVATION AUSTRALIAN PLANT BIOSECURITY SCIENCE FOUNDATION fruitflyittc.edu.au apbsf.org.au

The Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation is an ARC funded Industrial Transformation The Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation was established to follow the Plant Training Centre dedicated to providing the Australian horticulture industries new, sustainable Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC), which finished operations in June 2018, and environmentally friendly tools to control fruit fly pests. The centre coordinates research and is supported by unspent funds from PBCRC. and research training across three universities and four partner organisations. The Foundation supports plant biosecurity RD&E and capacity building, particularly where With a focus on research training, the Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation supports there is a need for investment in environmental, capacity building, international linkages, PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY research fellows and PhD students, who are distributed across and move freely between non-levy payer, cross-sectoral and strategic plant biosecurity research. It also invests in participating organisations. Research activities are supported by a grant of $3.7m from the commercial IP developed by and inherited from the PBCRC. It is hoped in the long term that ARC’s Industrial Transformation Training Centre program, with supplementary support from a return is realised from this IP and the Foundation will manage and invest those funds in NSW Trade and Investment’s Research Attraction and Acceleration Program. plant biosecurity science. CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR BIOSECURITY RISK ANALYSIS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE FOR HONEY BEE cebra.unimelb.edu.au PRODUCTS crchoneybeeproducts.com The Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis (CEBRA) is a group of quantitative scientists housed in the School of Biosciences at the University of Melbourne. CEBRA The Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Honey Bee Products was established in focuses on improving the management of biosecurity risk, working closely with Australia November 2017 to bring together industry and research expertise from across Australia for and New Zealand’s peak biosecurity regulatory bodies. five years. The research work is trans-disciplinary across four programs, driving innovation within the industry to meet export demands. CEBRA’s remit covers animal, plant and environmental biosecurity, as well as protecting social amenity, and its scientific output spans the biosecurity continuum. Areas of expertise The CRC aims to help resolve problems that limit the value and expansion of the Australian include pest pathway analysis, incursion impact assessment, mathematical and statistical honey bee products industry. The four focus areas are honey bee hive sites, honey bee modelling, and agricultural economics. products, honey bee health and honey bee chain of custody. The CRC has 25 industry and community partners and is presently running 30 projects. CEBRA collaborates with organisations in New Zealand and the United States, and has international linkages with other nations including Canada, South Africa and the United Kingdom. CEBRA collaborates with a wide range of state and national agencies.

CEBRA was created in 2013 by deeds between the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (now known as Department of Agriculture), New Zealand’s Ministry for Primary Industries and the University of Melbourne, which will expire in 2021.

228 229 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Plant biosecurity RD&E projects in 2019 Figure 95. RD&E projects by research type or location 10% Field based (ecology) In 2019, a substantial amount of RD&E that benefits plant biosecurity occurred across Australia. PHA received data from over 90 organisations who were asked to provide 9% Field based (other) information relevant to plant or pollinator (e.g. honey bee) biosecurity RD&E projects 17% Laboratory based (molecular) which they either funded or in which they were involved. 6% Laboratory based (non-molecular) Research projects covered the spectrum of crops and pest types relevant to Australian 42% Multiple plant production industries and the natural environment. Figures 94–98 present the Policy or office-based research projects by pest type, research type, project value, biosecurity area and affected 16% crop type to give some indication of how research budgets are spent in Australia.

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY Table 59 on page 232 lists 681 plant biosecurity related research projects undertaken during 2019. Fifty of these projects are categorised as extension activities, highlighting the extensive work being performed in the area of communication, training and awareness. Although projects have simply been listed by project title in the table, other information

CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: (e.g. an abstract) was sourced to help categorise the research.

Figure 94. RD&E projects by pest type Figure 96. RD&E projects by project value

2% Bacteria 5% $1-$20,000 Fungi 18% 20% $20,001-$100,000 23% Insect 13% $100,001-250,000 36% Multiple 14% $250,001-$500,000 2% Nematode 15% $500,001-$1,000,000 3% Other 22% $1,000,001-$5,000,000 2% Other invertebrate 7% $5,000,001+ 3% Unknown 2% Other pathogen

<1% Unknown 4% Virus 8% Weed

230 *The definitionfor ‘crop type’ are generally based ontheHort Innovation, Agrifutures Australia andGRDCcrop groupings. Figure 97.RD&Eprojectsby biosecurityareas 20% 10% 14% <1% <1% 11% 5% 7% 2% 2% 5% 3% 2% 3% 7% 7% Risk anlysisndmodelling Resea Prevention Pest management Pest basicbiology Multiple Mark Information mnagement Host orpestidentification Host basicbiology Extension Emergency response Diagnostics Crop improvement Systems a Surveilla et a rch centreorcommittee nce ccess support pproa ches Figure 98.RD&Eprojectsby croptype* <1% 19% <1% <1% 11% 12% 21% 5% 1% 4% 4% 4% 2% 4% 1% 1% 1% 3% 4% Nursery crops Naturl environment Horticulture -other Horticulture -multiple Horticulture -veg Horticulture -nuts Horticulture -grapes Horticulture -fruit Forestry Broadcre -other Broadcre -multiple Broadcre -sugarcne Broadcre -grins Broa Other crops Multiple crops Urban/ Unknown Pollinators d a amenities cre -cotton eta bles

231 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 232

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects monitor f Application ofmoleculartoolsto cotton pests2 support management ofemerging Integrated pestmanagement to cotton pests1 support management ofemerging Integrated pestmanagement to for highyieldresearch technical leadandpest management Integrated pestmanagement diseases Innovative solutionstocotton farming systems cotton diseasesinAustraliancotton Improving themanagementof whitefly oncotton farms Improved managementofsilverleaf cotton integrated pestmanagementin Identifying sensorsfor better cotton spider miteandstrawberryin caused by two-spotted mite,bean Evaluation ofrelative damage from irrigationwater pathogens usingenvironmental DNA Detecting cotton pestsand and soils suppressive cotton farmingsystems Characteristics ofdisease A. mitchellii Biology ofAmarathus hybridus, improved cotton production Biological basedproducts for managing suckingpestsoncotton monitoring tool(Zappatrap) for Assessing thepotentialofanew Helicoverpa Project title or resistance allelesin and A.powelii (PhD) CSIRO NSW DPI QDAF NSW DPI QDAF QDAF Queensland Univeristy ofSouthern NSW DPI DA University ofQueensland QDAF, CRDC NSWDPI,CSIRO CRDC University ofQueensland Western Sydney University NSW DPI CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe Broadacre –cotton CRDC, Monsanto(USA) Funding sourceorbody CRDC, CSIRO CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC, QDAF CRDC, NSWDPI QDAF CRDC, WineAustralia, CRDC, QDAF QDAF Southern Queensland, CRDC, University of CRDC, NSWDPI CSIRO CRDC, QDAF, NSWDPI, CRDC, NSWDPI support c Large scale biosecurityscenario to reniform nematodesincotton Understanding the ecology of cotton causal agentofVerticillium wiltof Transformation ofVerticillium dahliae, Australian cotton aphids, mitesandmiridsin and resistance managementof The sustainablechemicalcontrol monitoring improved insectresistance resistance managementthrough Sustainable silverleaf whitefly Australian cotton of mites,aphidsandmiridsin Sustainable resistance management cotton endemic andexotic virusdiseasesof Surveillance andmonitoringfor monitoring Silverleaf whiteflyresistance development innorthernAustralia Science leadershipfor cotton black root rot risks Ready tousesoiltestmanage regional extension extension andcentral Queensland National biosecurityordisease Bt toxins Monitoring tomanageresistance to best practice Mirid andmealybugmanagement NSWDPI Managing Verticillium riskfor cotton preparedness Project title otton industry Broadacre –cotton(continued) QDAF NSW DPI NSW DPI QDAF NSW DPI QDAF QDAF CSIRO Australia Microbiology Laboratories QDAF CSIRO QDAF PHA research Organisation undertakingthe Funding sourceorbody CRDC, QDAF CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC CRDC, QDAF CRDC CRDC, QDAF CRDC, QDAF CSIRO Co-operative Ltd, QDAF, CRDC, Ord River District CRDC CRDC, QDAF CRDC, CSIRO CRDC, QDAF QDAF CRDC, PHA,NSWDPI, Wine Australia,CRDC Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) w A 'focus farms'studytooptimise root-lesion nematodes chickpea relatives for resistance to Assessing collections ofwild focus onlentils Ascochyta blightof pulseswitha focus onchickpea Ascochyta blightofpulseswitha GRDC pathogen surveillance germplasm for resistance and selection methods,mining Curtin University (CCDM) integrating development ofnovel Ascochyta blightofpulses– Ascochyta blightoffieldpea crops management inoilseedandpulse Aphid andinsecticideresistance northern region sorghum stalkrot intheGRDC sustainable managementof An integrative approach towards increased lentilyield Actinobacterial endophytes for increased chickpeayield Actinobacterial endophytes for resistance toleafrustinbarley deployment ofdurableadultplant Accelerating theutilisationand weeds real-time detectionofresistance in A simpleandinnovative testfor Ascochyta blightrisk A modelfor predicting chickpea practices inWA Project title eed resistance management of Cukuorva (Turkey) California, Davis(USA), University Queensland, CSIRO, University of University ofSouthern GRDC GRDC Curtin University (CCDM), SARDI Curtin University (CCDM) University Curtin University, Griffith cesar GRDC Queensland University ofSouthern Flinders University Flinders University of Queensland University ofSydney, University GRDC University ofWestern Australia Queensland, WAAA University ofSouthern GRDC University ofWestern Australia research Organisation undertakingthe Broadacre –grains Funding sourceorbody GRDC GRDC GRDC Flinders University Flinders University GRDC GRDC pr Australian cereal rustcontrol the canola genome Characterising structuralvariation in weed seedcontrol tool zone –anew, cost effective harvest Chaff liningintheGeraldton port defence andfood security molecular interactions for plant Cereals andrustdiseases– ratings for thesouthernregion Cereal andpulse cultivar resistance Management Centre for Crop Disease GRDC emerging fungalpathogensofcrops Cell wall structure anddynamicsin and slugsingraincrops Curtin University (CCDM) Biology andmanagementofsnails Bioinformatics foundation project analysis molecular marker program –genetic Australian wheatandbarley regional level resistance managementtargeted at Extension Network –fungicide Australian Fungicide Resistance breeding support program –wheatandbarley Australian cereal rustcontrol leaf rust,striperustandstem2 wheat andbarley withresistance to and knowledge required tobreed program –delivering genetictools Australian cereal rustcontrol leaf rust,striperustandstem1 wheat andbarley withresistance to and knowledge required tobreed program –delivering genetictools Australian cereal rustcontrol cereal rustpathogensinAustralia Project title ogram –continued monitoringof Broadacre –grains(continued) nvriyo etr utai ARC University ofWestern Australia Planfarm PtyLtd University ofSydney GRDC DJPR Curtin University (CCDM) University ofAdelaide SARDI GRDC University ofAdelaide Curtin University (CCDM) University ofSydney University ofSydney CSIRO University ofSydney research Organisation undertakingthe Funding sourceorbody GRDC ARC GRDC, DJPR ARC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC

233 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 234

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) f Communicatons andengagement region farming systems ofthesouthern seed banks inhighrainfallzone management ofannualryegrass enable theintegrated andprofitable Development oflocalstrategies to rust Australian barley crops againstleaf Development ofgenetictoolsfor crops deployment ofgeneticresistance in principles tooptimisethe strategies –usingevolutionary Development ofgenedeployment temperate legumes mould causalspeciesaffecting of biosensorsfor Botrytisgrey Development andimplementation infrared hyperspectral (PhD) spectrometry andvisiblenear chromatography/mass phase micro extraction,gas Trogoderma speciesby usingsolid Developing new diagnostictoolsfor grains region pest managementinthenorthern Delivery ofimproved invertebrate yield control andmaintenance ofcrop GRDC Cultural managementfor weed Crown Analytical Services PtyLtd Cultivar crown rot tolerance trials ciliate protozoa – biologicalcontrol ofslugsusing products for snailandslug control Control ofsnailsandslugs–new species revision ofAustralianTrogoderma Conduct integrative taxonomic Project title oundation project Broadacre –grains(continued) University ofAdelaide GRDC University ofSydney, CSIRO CSIRO Griffith University Murdoch University QDAF GRDC University ofWestern Australia GRDC University ofMelbourne GRDC CSIRO Curtin University (CCDM) research Organisation undertakingthe Government ofIraq GRDC GRDC NSW DPI,GRDC GRDC DA Funding sourceorbody and genotypingtoolsf Development ofrapidphenotyping stripe rust disease Enhancing resistance towheat GRDC Engineering rustresistance University ofWestern Australia Emerging foliar diseasesofcanola Stagonospora nodorum Effective geneticcontrol of tritici blotch Effective geneticcontrol of dwarf virusin wheat Effective control ofbarley yellow resistance varieties withgreater crown rot improved grower access todurum Durum crown rot benchmarkingfor powdery mildew Durable resistance tobarley service) Disease screening service (fee for grain growers management toolsfor Australian Disease epidemiologyand management tools Disease epidemiologyand breeding programs germplasm enhancement and Diagnostic services for pulse deployment nematode resistance gene Development oftoolstoaccelerate program the Australianpeanutbreeding key agronomic andqualitytraitsin Project title blotch or selectionof Septoria Broadacre –grains(continued) utainNtoa nvriyARC Australian NationalUniversity NSW DPI University ofTasmania Queensland GRDC University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM) DJPR University (CCDM) Western Australia,Curtin Queensland, University of University ofSouthern WAAA, NSWDPI,SARDI, DJPR, University (CCDM) Western Australia,Curtin Queensland, University of University ofSouthern DJPR, WAAA, NSWDPI,SARDI, DJPR of SouthernQueensland,SARDI University ofAdelaide, University Australia Queensland, PeanutCompany of University ofSouthern WA DPIRD research Organisation undertakingthe CSIRO Funding sourceorbody (USA) Two BladesFoundation GRDC GRDC GRDC Fee for Service GRDC University (CCDM) Australia, Curtin University ofWestern Southern Queensland, DPI, SARDI, University of GRDC, DJPR, WAAA, NSW GRDC, DJPR GRDC Australia Peanut Company of GRDC Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) disease-induced yieldloss Impacts of hostresistance on of grainspests advisory platform for management Identification, surveillance and adapted toBangladesh deployment inwheatvarieties resistance towheatblastandtheir Identification ofsources of adapted springanddurumwheat and theroot lesionnematodesin sources ofresistance tocrown rot Identification andutilisationofnovel grass weeds inwintercereals management ofemerging summer Herbicide optionsfor the diseases PHA GRDC Communities –fieldcrop RuralDirections PtyLtd Grains farmbiosecurityprogram Grain weeds advisorycommittee Victoria Grain crop diseasemanagementin stem rot ofcanolaandpulses Genetics solutionstoSclerotinia potential inchickpea ASSD approach toenhance adaptive gene-pool expansionandintegrated Genetics ofwildgermplasm, to out-compete weeds Genetically improving wheat's ability GRDC in cereals andpulses enhancement for nematodecontrol affecting majorcrops –germplasm Genetic control ofnematodespecies Curtin University (CCDM) underlying mechanisms Fungicide resistance detectionand Extension andengagement Project title mungbean impr Establishing theinternational ovement network Broadacre –grains(continued) DJPR cesar GRDC Improvement Centre International Wheat andMaize Mexico) Improvement Center (CIMMYT; International MaizeandWheat Incorporated Northern Grower Alliance DJPR GRDC DJPR GRDC Curtin University (CCDM) Curtin University (CCDM) CSIRO Queensland, GRDC GRDC University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM) Development Centre, QDAF Asian Vegetable Research and research Organisation undertakingthe Funding sourceorbody Australia, DJPR University ofWestern DPI, SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, WA DPIRD, NSW ACIAR GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC, DJPR GRDC GRDC ACIAR GPA no Improved approaches for rapidde crown rot inwheat Integrated geneticsolutions to region diseases intheGRDC northern tools tomanagesummer crop Integrated disease management Bangladesh Insect tolerantchickpea for cereal andpulses Incidence andseverity ofdiseasein management ofEtiella inlentils Improving monitoringand Phytophthora root rot ofchickpea Improving managementof pathology program crop disease–national chickpea knowledge and toolstomanage management, epidemiology Improving grower surveillence, crop disease knowledge andtoolstomanage management, epidemiology Improving grower surveillance, crop disease GRDC knowledge andtoolstomanage management, epidemiology Improving grower surveillance practices through improved agronomic Improving diseasemanagement Curtin University wheat management ofyellow spotin Improved geneticsolutionsfor Improved farmingsystems epidemiology knowledge surveillance, diagnosticsand South Australianfieldcrops through Improved diseasemanagementin disease diagnostics Project title vo fungicideresistance and Broadacre –grains(continued) QDAF of Southern Queensland,CSIRO, University ofSydney, University Queensland (lead), QDAF University ofSouthern CSIRO ACIAR DJPR NSWDPI SARDI Western Sydney University Melbourne, NSWDPI,DJPR Griffith University, University of WA DPIRD Queensland, GRDC University ofSouthern GRDC SARDI University ofAdelaide, DJPR University (CCDM), WAAA, Southern Queensland,Curtin WA DPIRD, University of SARDI GRDC Curtin University (CCDM) research Organisation undertakingthe Funding sourceorbody GRDC GRDC GRDC, DJPR SA GrainIndustryTrust GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC

235 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 236

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) herbicide r Integrated weed managementof and eastern Africa on wheat production in south Asia Mitigating theeffects ofstriperust sustainability improve productivity and Mitigating disease constraints to inheritance ofresistance Mechanisms, evolution and in blacklegdiseaseofcanola Mechanisms ofantifungalresistance breeding wheat through pre-emptive Managing on-farm biosecurityriskin groups co-ordination ofgrower andadvisor in NSW–establishmentand Managing earlyseasoncanolapests development oftechnicalcontent establishment pestsinNSW– Managing earlyseasoncanola intensive pulsecropping systems Managing Botrytisdiseasesin under threat offungicideresistance Management ofbarley diseases capability inQueensland Maintaining abarley pre-breeding management under sustainedintegratedweed Low weed seedbankpersistence canola small conical snailsoutofbarley and Investigating snailrollers toclean growers strategies for cereal andpulse Integrated diseasemanagement at Lake Bolac Project title esistant annualryegrass Broadacre –grains(continued) University ofSydney ACIAR University ofWestern Australia ARC University ofAdelaide University of Melbourne NSW DPI FarmLink Research Ltd cesar GRDC GRDC SARDI Curtin University (CCDM) GRDC,QDAF QDAF, University ofQueensland GRDC GRDC University ofWestern Australia Stirlings toCoast Farmers DJPR GRDC Southern Farming Systems research Organisation undertakingthe Funding sourceorbody ACIAR GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC, DJPR in Bangladeshandbe Mitigating theeffects ofwheatblast Project title screening National variety trialsdisease National variety trials–pathology and managementprogram National nematode epidemiology WAAA, DJPR program National mungbeanimprovement National hayagronomy project management program National crown rot epidemiology and National canolapathologyprogram improvement program –phaseII National Brassicagermplasm variety initiative program National barley foliar pathogen extension variety improvement program – National barley foliar pathogen variety improvement program National barley foliar pathogen management ofresistance deployment offungicidesfor Modelling framework for optimising yond Broadacre –grains(continued) research Organisation undertakingthe DJPR Queensland University ofSouthern WAAA DJPR, SARDI, NSWDPI,QDAF, QDAF WAAA, DAFWA of SouthernQueensland,SARDI, NSW DPI,DJPR, QDAF, University DPI, SARDI, WA DPIRD, CSIRO Marcroft GrainsPathology, NSW University of Melbourne, NSW DPI Tasmania Queensland, University of University ofSouthern NSW DPI,University ofAdelaide, QDAF University, SARDI, DJPR, DAFWA, QDAF, AustralianNational University ofQueensland Tasmania Queensland, University of University ofSouthern DPI, University ofAdelaide, GRDC University, SARDI, WAAA, NSW QDAF, DJPR, AustralianNational Curtin University (CCDM) Improvement Centre International WheatandMaize Funding sourceorbody GRDC GRDC DPI, QDAF, WAAA GRDC, DJPR, SARDI, NSW GRDC, QDAF DJTR of Western Australia, SARDI, QDAF, University GRDC, DAFWA, NSWDPI, GRDC GRDC GRDC University ofTasmania Southern Queensland, Adelaide, University of NSW DPI,University of University, SARDI, WAAA, Australian National GRDC, QDAF, DJPR, ACIAR AgriFutures Australia Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Broadacre – grains (continued) New capability to survey pulse and GRDC, SA Grain Industry SARDI cereal crops for root pathogens Trust

New knowledge to improve the timing of pest management CSIRO GRDC decisions in grain crops

New uses for existing chemistry University of Queensland GRDC

Novel suppression and resistance management of invertebrate grain University of Melbourne GRDC RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY pests NVT pathology of cultivar disease DJPR GRDC resistance ratings

Pathology support for the CHAPTER 8: Queensland mungbean University of Queensland QDAF improvement program Pathways to registration – minor AKC Consulting Pty Ltd GRDC use Phosphine resistance Murdoch University WA DPIRD Podborer resistant cowpea with two CSIRO with collaborators in African Agricultural different Bt genes Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Ghana Technology Foundation

Protection of stored grains against Davren Global Pty Ltd ACIAR insect pests

Protein trafficking pathways in Australian National University ARC fungal rust pathogens of plants

Pulse breeding Australia – faba bean University of Adelaide, SARDI, GRDC breeding University of Sydney, NSW DPI Pulse pathology and genetics Curtin University GRDC PulseBio 4 – biosecure pulse seeds DJPR GRDC Push notifications to enable proactive management of pests, DJPR GRDC weeds and diseases

Rapid detection and diagnosis of Australian National University Hermon Slade Foundation plant pathogens

Regional risk assessment and SARDI, cesar GRDC thresholds for Russian wheat aphid Resistance to barley net blotches Curtin University (CCDM) GRDC Sclerotinia stem rot of canola Curtin University GRDC Professor John Thompson and Roslyn Reen inspecting chickpea plants as part of the GRDC Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat Curtin University (CCDM) GRDC funded project assessing collections of wild chickpea relatives for resistance to root-lesion nematodes. Image courtesy of David Martinelli, University of Southern Queensland 237 238

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) Snails, slugsandslatersinW CSIRO Snail biocontrol revisited –phaseII breeding Virus threats for pulseand oilseeds respond tochangingvirusthreats oilseeds breeding programs to germplasm for Australianpulse and Virus threats –new tools and manage Septoriaand leafrust effectiveness offungicides to Understanding orevaluating the functions nodorum blotch–biosynthesis and Two new phytotoxins in novel immuneresponse inplants The functionalcharacterisationofa the NorthernRegion diseases ofcereal andpulseswithin of theincidence andseverity of Surveys and associateddiagnostics control systems harbouring inharvest weed-seed invertebrate pestsandbeneficials Survey ofvertebrate and infestation predict earlyseasonriskof moth intheWestern region to Brassica refuges for diamondback Survey ofthesummerandautumn weeds in Australiangraincropping Surveillance ofherbicideresistant industry western node QDAF Statistics for theAustraliangrains Sorghum midgetestingscheme Australian farmingsystems Soil-borne diseasesinteractionin southern coastal region – casestudiesofgrowers inWA’s Project title Septoria A Broadacre –grains(continued) Queensland, QDAF, WAAA NSW DPI, DJPR, University of Queensland, DJPR, WA DPIRD NSW DPI,QDAF, University of GRDC Foundation for ArableResearch ARC University ofWestern Australia ARC Australian NationalUniversity QDAF WA DPIRD WA DPIRD University ofWestern Australia Charles Sturt University, Curtin University Queensland, WA DPIRD, WAAA University ofSouthern GRDC DJPR, NSWDPI,CSIRO, SARDI, Stirlings toCoast Farmers research Organisation undertakingthe Funding sourceorbody QDAF, WAAA University ofQueensland, GRDC, NSW DPI,DJPR, GRDC, NSWDPI GRDC, QDAF GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC WA DPIRD of SouthernQueensland, CSIRO, SARDI, University GRDC, DJPR, NSWDPI, GRDC GRDC Y Weed surveillance Indonesia sugarcane streak mosaic in Integrated diseasemanagement of diagnostics andforecasting deployment ofsmart sensors, management through cross industry Improving sugarcane pest existing product contingency for lossofamenitywith insecticides for canegrubcontrol as Identifying new-generation Queensland General pestmanagement–south Queensland General pestmanagement–north Queensland General pestmanagement–central Woodford training andtechnicaladvice – General pathologydiagnostic, training andtechnicaladvice –Tully General pathologydiagnostic, stunting disease Diagnostic laboratoryfor ratoon stunting diseasediagnostics Development ofnew ratoon productivity improved sugarcane soilhealthand molecular biologicalassays for Development ofcommercial streak disease Delivering solutionsfor chlorotic endoph Bio-prospecting for beneficial diseases inwheatandbarley resistance toleaf, crown androot Yield lossresponse curves for host Project title ellow spotofwheat ytes ofsugarcane Broadacre –grains(continued) Broadacre –sugarcane QDAF SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA DJPR WA DPIRD, QDAF, NSWDPI, AgResearch Ltd research Organisation undertakingthe utnUiest CD)GRDC Curtin University (CCDM) Funding sourceorbody GRDC ACIAR SRA, DA, HortInnovation SRA, QDAF SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA GRDC SRA Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) in Helic Conventional insecticideresistance syndrome associated withyellow canopy novel bacterialstrainsare metagenomics for determiningif Using leafsheathbiopsy rot – nematodesandPachymetra root Soil diagnosticassaylaboratory program –Woodford resistance for theSRA breeding Screening clonesfor disease program –Tully resistance for theSRA breeding Screening clonesfor disease breeding program genes from ErianthusintoSRA integrate Pachymetra resistance New approaches toidentifyand manage themwhenthey arrive? Moth borers –how are we goingto – inthefield Keeping ourchemicalsintheirplace yellow canopy syndrome Investigation ofbioticcauses germplasm quarantine for sugarcane International anddomestic diseases Project title pathogen detectionf Integrated solutionfor on-farm higher CO activate grassresistance under Time toprime –usingsilicon to monitoring through improved insect resistance Sustainable insectmanagement protection soil-derived defences for plant Down toearthdefence –unlocking overpa 2 or sugarcane Broadacre –sugarcane(continued) nvriyo uesadSRA University ofQueensland SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA , SRA University ofQueensland SRA SRA, Griffith University etr ynyUiest ARC Western Sydney University research Organisation undertakingthe NSW DPI ARC Western Sydney University NSW DPI Broadacre –multiple Funding sourceorbody SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA CRDC, NSWDPI,GRDC CRDC, NSWDPI USA, June2019.Image courtesy ofSharon Zuiddam, WA Department ofPrimaryIndustries andRegional Development Sharon Zuiddam learning sweep nettingtechniques for Cephus cinctus(wheat stemsawfly) inMontana grasslands, the absenc Ensuring lucerne seedproduction in ieps n ies iscrt INSWDPI Rice pestanddiseasebiosecurityII Australia Rice –weed managementin lucerne seed production inAustralia Potential exotic virusthreats to north Australia rice growing packagesfor tropical Northern Rice Australia–developing NSWDPI Lucerne seedwasp management crus-galli) indrill-sown rice barnyard grass(Echinochloa establishment, andgrowth of phase ontheseedbank, Impacts ofthepasture legume Project title e ofbees Agropraisals PtyLtd University ofQueensland Queensland University ofSouthern Charles Sturt University AgriFutures Australia University ofWestern Australia research Organisation undertakingthe Broadacre –other Funding sourceorbody AgriFutures Australia University ofQueensland AgriFutures Australia, AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia NSW DPI AgriFutures Australia, AgriFutures Australia

239 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body Project title Funding source or body research research Forestry Horticulture – fruit

Agrichemical residue monitoring A model system for the discovery FWPA, DA, University of program for Australian citrus Citrus Australia Hort Innovation and development of biocontrol University of the Sunshine Coast the Sunshine Coast, NSW exports – stage 2 agents against forest pests DPI, Forestry Tasmania

Alternative quarantine treatment for bananas infested with coffee bean QDAF Hort Innovation Biological control of galling insect weevil pests of eucalypt plantations in the University of the Sunshine Coast ACIAR Mekong region PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY An integrated management response to the spread of Fusarium QDAF ACIAR Forestry aerial spray review for Hancock Queensland University of Queensland wilt of banana in south-east Asia coastal regions Plantations

CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: Hort Innovation, DJPR, WA An integrated pest, disease and FWPA & Australian Forest DPIRD, University of Giant pine scale biology and ecology weed management program for the DJPR, University of Tasmania La Trobe University and Products Association Tasmania, NSW DPI, (PhD) Australian apple and pear industry (16 companies) QDAF

FWPA & Australian Forest Auscitrus horticultural project NSW DPI Collaborative Research Giant pine scale chemical control HVPlantations and Products Association (16 companies) Australian lychee industry Australian Lychee Growers' Hort Innovation University of Tasmania, communication program Association University of the Sunshine Coast, Management strategies for Acacia NSW DPI, Vietnamese Academy Australian mango industry Australian Mango Industry plantation diseases in Indonesia and of Forest Sciences (Vietnam), ACIAR PHA Vietnam Gadjah Mada University biosecurity project Association (Indonesia), Forest Research and Development Agency (Indonesia) Avocado industry biosecurity University of Queensland Hort Innovation capacity building Maximising productivity of Eucalyptus and Acacia plantations for CSIRO ACIAR Avocado sunblotch viroid survey University of Queensland Hort Innovation growers in Indonesia and Vietnam

DA (Agricultural Banana bunchy top virus mitigation National forestry biosecurity PHA Competitiveness White – community management in Bill & Melinda Gates surveillance program University of Queensland Paper) Nigeria, and screening wild banana Foundation progenitors for resistance

Plantation forests biosecurity plan University of the Sunshine Coast, Australian Banana Growers' FWPA Banana industry R&D coordination Hort Innovation review PHA Council

Bee surveillance for avocado CSIRO University of Queensland sunblotch viroid The Industry Plantation Management Group – applied WA Plantation Resources WA Plantation Resources Cherry export readiness and market research and extension Cherry Growers Australia Hort Innovation access

240 Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) Project title bananas rust thrips control inAustralian Evaluation ofBeauveria bassianafor surveillance coordinator Employment ofanational citrus fruit (PhD) cinerea onpost-harvest blueberry Diagnosis andcontrol of banana for Fusarium wiltresistance in Development ofmolecularmarkers suzukii inberrycrops methods for controlling Development ofIPMcompatible Asia-Pacific region Philippines, Australiaandthe flies inmangofor Indonesia, management approaches for fruit Development ofarea-wide ( for spottedwingdrosophila Developing IPM-compatibe controls Ralstonia onbananas Developing diagnosticprotocols for protocol for fruitflyinmangoes Conditional non-hostsystems industry Clean seedprogram for thepapaya committee Citrus pestanddiseaseprevention Citrus canker research maximum r Citrus agrichemicalandexport Drosophila suzukii) esidue limitprogram Drosophila Botrytis Horticulture –fruit(continued) James Cook University Citrus Australia Murdoch University HortInnovation University ofQueensland IPM technologies QDAF IPM Technologies SARDI (SPHD) University ofQueensland HortInnovation QDAF QDAF, GriffithUniversity Citrus Australia Citrus Australia research Organisation undertakingthe NT DPIR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Government ofIraq Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody Innovaiton andScience Department ofIndustry, PHA (DA) ACIAR Citrus Australia eradication program National citruscanker f Exploring IPM-compatible methods banana industry Improved plant protection for the rot ofstrawberry Improved management ofcharcoal production systems solutions inAustralian avocado Implementing precision agriculture accreditation schemereview industry nurseryvoluntary recommendations from theavocado Implementation of evaluation Huanglongbing tolerantrootstock applications inhorticulture crops 2 Generation ofdatafor pesticide applications inhorticulture crops 1 Generation ofdatafor pesticide research program 3 Fusarium wilttropical race 4 research program 2 Fusarium wilttropical race 4 research program 1 Fusarium wilttropical race 4 huanglongbing andcitruscanker First detectornetwork –USA for citruspests Field triagecapabilityandcapacity industry incidence intheVictoriastrawberry Farm survey 2020–charcoal rot crops Project title or spotted wingdrosophila inberry Horticulture –fruit(continued) DF TDI Hort Innovation HortInnovation QDAF, NTDPIR HortInnovation QDAF HortInnovation NSWDPI University ofNew England GIA Hort Innovation NSW DPI Hort Innovation HortInnovation Peracto PtyLtd HortInnovation Peracto PtyLtd HortInnovation NT DPIR DA HortInnovation University ofQueensland QDAF HortInnovation Citrus Australia PHA Certification Authority Victoria Strawberry Industry cesar research Organisation undertakingthe Funding sourceorbody Committee Industry Development Victorian Strawberry

241 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 242

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) pr Improving avocado orchard fumigation ofplums Low-dose methyl bromide bugs inavocados Investigation intocitrusblossom bug inavocados Investigation intocitrusblossom current bestpractice alternative treatments andreview of diphenylamine decontamination, International industryanalysis for blackberries redberry mite( essigi)on Integrated pestmanagementof Sigatoka Integrated managementofyellow CitrusAustralia Philippines andAustralia Fusarium wiltofbananasinthe Integrated managementof Australia fruit inthesouthernPhilippinesand production ofhighqualitypapaya profitable andsustainable CitrusAustralia strategies for theproductive, Integrated diseasemanagement Industry ledsurveillance pilot industry surveillance intheAustralianmango Improving pestanddisease of theAustraliancitrusindustry Improving biosecuritypreparedness management 2 productivity through disease Improving avocado orchard management 1 Project title oductivity through disease Horticulture –fruit(continued) DFHortInnovation HortInnovation QDAF HortInnovation QDAF, University ofQueensland QDAF HortInnovation University ofMelbourne HortInnovation ACIAR University ofTasmania ACIAR Council Australian BananaGrowers' QDAF DA QDAF HortInnovation PHA PHA, CitrusAustralia Hort Innovation HortInnovation University ofQueensland Murdoch University research Organisation undertakingthe Funding sourceorbody Hort Innovation Lychee pestanddiseasefieldguide markets and tradefor selectedmango improve biosecurity, market access Opportunities andstrategies to citrus canker development ofavolatile profile for Odour detectiondog and program National passionfruitbreeding breeding including PRSV-P resistance National papaya breeding program, diseases onstrawberryfarms biosecurity for control ofsoil-borne National masterclasses toimprove surveillance program National citrusbiosecurity program –phaseIV National bananabunchy topvirus program –phaseIII National bananabunchy topvirus supply chaintotheUS Monitoring mangoesthrough the water sprays lychee fruitusinghighpressure Mite andinsectdisinfestation of Melon industrybiosecurity diseases innorthQueensland Management ofbananapestsand Project title Horticulture –fruit(continued) Australian L Griffith University NT DPIR HortInnovation Southern Cross University Griffith University Development Committee Victorian Strawberry Industry PHA, CitrusAustralia Council Australian BananaGrowers' Council Australian BananaGrowers' NT DPIR Association, QDAF Australian Lychee Growers' Pty Ltd Dianne Fullelove &Associates Council Australian BananaGrowers' Association research Organisation undertakingthe ychee Growers' Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody ACIAR DA APBSF Paper) Competitiveness White DA (Agricultural Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation, DA Melon PHAlevy Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) diagnostic capacity Strengthening thebanana industry and Australia China, Philippines,Laos, Indonesia safeguard thebananaindustryin Scoping strategicresearch to manual for cherryproducers development ofabiosecurity plan for thecherryindustryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity plan for thebananaindustry Review ofthenationalbiosecurity industry biosecurityplan Review oftheexistinglychee the berryindustry Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor for avocados andmangoes Review ofnationalbiosecurityplans management arthropod pestsandtheir Review andextensionofavocado blood diseaseinIndonesia Reversing theimpactofbanana environments surveillance inurbanandperi-urban Remote sensing for biosecurity material Protecting Australia’s citrusgenetic program Pineapple integratedcrop protection Project title f Pilot sterilecodling mothreleases or theappleindustry Horticulture –fruit(continued) nvriyo uesadHort Innovation University ofQueensland Council Australian Banana Growers' PHA PHA Association Australian Lychee Growers' PHA PHA IPM Technologies APBSF University ofQueensland University ofNew England Incorporation Propagation Association NSW DPI,AustralianCitrus Global QDAF, Growcom, Agri Supply Agriculture) (Tasmanian Instituteof University ofTasmania research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody ACIAR Hort Innovation Development for Profit) (Rural Research and Horticulture Innovation Innovation, NSWDPI Auscitrus, Hort Hort Innovation Growers Tasmania Hort Innovation, Fruit Image courtesy ofACIAR biological control of gallinginsectpests of eucalypt plantations intheMekong region. Dr SimonLawson inaLao Eucalyptus plantation, part of anACIAR project onthe

243 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 244

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) c The influence ofsoilphysicochemical grape A comprehensive review of of unwanted fungal aromas rot tolerance inwineanddetection Determining thresholds for bunch Coonawarra rootstock trial pathogens (PhD) agents ofgrapevine trunkdisease asbiologicalcontrol evaluation ofendophytic associated withgrapevines and Characterisation ofthemicrobiome Queensland fruitflyintablegrapes integrated pestmanagementfor Building capacityinarea wide Queensland fruitflyintablegrapes management supportfor Area wideintegratedpest and pearindustry certification devices for theapple Variety evaluation andtree weeds: step by stepvideo management ofcharcoal rot and Use ofbiofumigantsfor epidemiology green mottlemosaicvirus role ofhoney beesincucumber Understanding andmanagingthe pineapple andavocado diseases delivered dsRNSfor managementof Topical applicationofBioClay- cubense fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. of thebananadisease-causing Project title onditions ongrowth andinfectivity vine pinotgrisvirus Horticulture –fruit(continued) Charles Sturt University Vignerons Wine Estates,Coonawarra Vinehealth Australia, Treasury Charles Sturt University SunRise 21Inc Association Australian Table Grape Vinehealth Australia HortInnovation HortInnovation Apple andPearAustraliaLimited Certification Authority Victoria Strawberry Industry NT DPIR QDAF HortInnovation, QDAF University ofQueensland James Cook University research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture –grapes Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody Wine Australia Coonawarra Vignerons Treasury WineEstates, Vinehealth Australia, Sturt University Wine Australia,Charles Hort Innovation Wine Australia Committee Industry Development Victorian Strawberry clone ofchar Do viralinfection(s) intheGingin phylloxera to root knot nematodesand rootstocks withdurableresistance improvement –new improved Rootstock geneticsand manual for theviticulture industry Review ofthebiosecurityplanand germplasm –pathway toadoption Regional evaluation ofnew Phylloxera LAMP canopy anddiseasemanagement New technologiesfor dynamic Australian viticulture Managing fungicideresistance in grapevine trunkdiseases(PhD) Botryosphaeriaceae andtheirrole in phytotoxins produced by the Isolation andcharacterisationof established grapevine phylloxera Integrated managementof in diverse climatesinAustralia management for vineyard longevity Grapevine trunkdisease information extensionprogram Grapevine pinotgrisvirus viticulture Fungicide resistance monitoring in efficiency andreduced costs technology for improved water combinations andevaluation ofnew Field trialswithnew scion-rootstock phylloxera (PhD) potential biocontrol agentsofgrape Entomopathogenic fungias resources Enabling technologiesandgenetic consequent winequality? phenotype, performance and Project title donnay influence vine Horticulture –grapes(continued) CSIRO PHA CSIRO DJPR CSIRO SARDI Charles Sturt University DJPR SARDI Vinehealth Australia Curtin University CSIRO Charles Sturt University CSIRO WA DPIRD research Organisation undertakingthe Funding sourceorbody Wine Australia Innovation Wine Australia,Hort Wine Australia DJPR Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Sturt University Wine Australia,Charles Wine Australia Wine Australia Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Horticulture – grapes (continued) Scion genetics and improvement – development of new disease- CSIRO Wine Australia resistant varieties in grapevines Spore trapping technologies for SARDI, Australian Wine Research Botrytis and powdery mildew DNA Wine Australia Institute testing Strategic policy approach for PHA DJPR phylloxera management in Australia PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY Surveillance of South Australia for Vinehealth Australia Vinehealth Australia phylloxera The molecular diversity of viruses infecting Australian grapevines Adelaide University, DJPR Wine Australia

(PhD) CHAPTER 8:

Understanding the basis of Australian Wine Research agrochemical resistance in Wine Australia Institute biotrophic grapevine pathogens

Horticulture – nuts An integrated disease management program for the Australian almond DJPR Hort Innovation industry An integrated pest management program for the Australian almond DJPR Hort Innovation industry

Biology, species, and genetic diversity of macadamia lace bugs Australian Macadamia University of New South Wales (Heteroptera: Tingidae) Ulonemia Society, Hort Innovation spp.

Chestnut industry communications Chestnuts Australia Hort Innovation program Communication and adoption Hort Innovation, program for the Australian chestnut Chestnuts Australia Chestnuts Australia industry

Integrated pest management in NSW DPI Hort Innovation macadamia

Investigating the infection process of Rhizopus stolonifer and symptom DJPR DJPR development in the almond disease, hull rot

Macadamia integrated disease Dr Nicole Thompson is based at SRA’s Woodford research station, which plays a vital University of Queensland Hort Innovation management role in biosecurity research activity for the Australian sugarcane industry. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia 245 Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Horticulture – nuts (continued)

Mid-term review of macadamia integrated pest mangement DJPR Hort Innovation program

New technologies for improved insect management for the almond DJPR DJPR industry

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY Pathogens and other factors contributing to dark staining on AgXtra Pty Ltd Hort Innovation pistachio shells

Understanding and managing insect Ag Dynamics Pty Ltd Hort Innovation

CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: pests of pistachios

Horticulture – vegetable

A genomic approach to understanding the diversity and DJPR DJPR biology of phytoplasmas threatening vegetable production in Australia

A strategic approach to weed management for the Australian University of New England Hort Innovation vegetable industry

Alternaria on tomato University of Queensland University of Queensland

Area wide management of QDAF (lead), University of Hort Innovation, QDAF, vegetable diseases – virus and Tasmania, NSW DPI, NT DPIR, DJPR, WA DPIRD, bacteria DJTR, WA DPIRD University of Tasmania

Characterisation of a Carlavirus of QDAF Hort Innovation french bean

ACIAR, University of Southern Queensland, Charles Sturt University, Developing improved crop protection PNG-Unitech, Central Charles Sturt University, options in support of intensification Queensland University, University of Southern of sweetpotato production in Papua Fresh Produce Queensland New Guinea Development Agency (PNG), National Agricultural Research Institute (PNG) Dr Lars Kamphuis and Dr Silke Jacques measuring wild chickpea plant growth at a trial site in WA. Image courtesy of Carole Kerr, Centre for Crop and Disease Management 246 Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) biosecurity surv Developing thenationalpotato nematology National diagnostic protocols – industry Minor usepermits for theonion potato roots resistance topowdery scab in Mechanisms andmanipulationof nematodes insweetpotatoes Integrated pestmanagementof and Tonga Guinea, Fiji,Samoa,SolomonIslands regional capacitiesinPapuaNew – strengthening nationaland strategies for root andtubercrops Integrated crop management brown etch ARC Improved managementofpumpkin AustralianNationalUniversity Fungus resistant crop development diagnostic service Extension ofthePreDicta Ptpotato soils inpotatoproduction Exploring Spongosporasuppressive zucchini unusual Pseudomonasdiseaseof bacterial crown andfruitrot, an Elucidating theepidemiologyof Project title eillance strategy Horticulture –vegetable (continued) DJPR Hort Innovation University ofTasmania QDAF University ofQueensland Pty Ltd Applied HorticulturalResearch SARDI NZ PFR DJPR PHA research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody SARDI (SPHD) Queensland University ofSouthern Queensland University, Growers, Central Australian Sweetpotato Hort Innovation, QDAF, and Samoa Solomon Islands,Tonga governments ofFiji, PNG-NARI, the of thePacificCommunity, Queensland, Secretariat ACIAR, University of Hort Innovation DJPR DA Onions Australia Sunray Area wide fruitflymanagementin officer program Vegetable andpotatobiosecurity Liberibacter solanacearum Testing ofcarrot seedfor Papua New Guineahighlands production andmarketing inthe Supporting commercial sweetpotato manual for potatoproducers development ofabiosecurity plan for thepotatoindustryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity manual for onionproducers development ofabiosecurity plan for theonionindustryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity the vegetable industry Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor the sweetpotato industry Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor disease potatoindustryinvestments Program approach for pestand potato production inIndonesia Potato virusresistance tosupport Project title purposes of sowing consignments ofseeds importedfor regulatory compliance of measures for assurance about approaches toestablishing Assessment ofalternative nematode c Novel approaches for root knot sia ontrol Candidatus Horticulture –vegetable (continued) Horticulture –multiplecrops AUSVEG AUSVEG AUSVEG DJPR Sweetpotato Growers Henderson RDE,Australian Research Institute(PNG), (PNG), NationalAgricultural Produce Development Agency University, Enterprises,Fresh QDAF, AustralianNational Central QueenslandUniversity, PHA PHA PHA PHA RMCG Consultancy DJPR Australian Sweetpotato Growers QDAF, Henderson RDE, Central QueenslandUniversity, CEBRA Alison Macgregor research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody DA, DJPR ACIAR Scholarship La Trobe University Sweetpotato Growers QDAF, Australian DA

247 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 248

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) k Benefits andrisksofraspberry microbiome undermass-rearing (PhD) Dynamics oftheQueenslandfruit fly diagnosis comprehensive andrapidfruitfly Develop new molecularmethodsfor plantations DJPR residues for theprotection ofcrop Detection andprediction ofherbicide Crop hygiene –hortindexing improving plant pestmanagement Contribution RnD4Pproject – of Queenslandfruitfly Comparisons ofnew sexingstrains fly IPMprograms (PhD) Combining SITinQueensland fruit natural enemies(PhD) Queensland fruitfliesandtheir Chemical relationships between (PhD) fruit flyacross different regions Biotic mortalityfactorsofAustralian Tephritidae) (Honours) Australian Dacinifruitflies(Diptera: evolutionary relationships among Biogeographic historiesand flies (PhD) sexual inhibitioninQueenslandfruit Biochemistry ofejaculatemediated cuelure responsiveness alternative approach toreduced fruit fly, andselectionlinesasan Project title etone supplementsfor Queensland Horticulture –multiplecrops(continued) Macquarie University SARDI Monash University Hort Innovation Macquarie University Macquarie University Macquarie University ARC Western Sydney University Technology Queensland University of Macquarie University Macquarie University research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody DA Program (Austria) Co-operative Research Energy Agency International Atomic ARC DEE Program (Austria) Co-operative Research Energy Agency International Atomic Yitpi Foundation Fee for Services AgriFutures Australia fruit fly(PhD) domestication intheQueensland Genetic consequences of application inhorticulture 2 Generation ofdata for pesticide application inhorticulture 1 Generation ofdatafor pesticide and vegetable seed Gamma irradiationofgarlic,ginger Asian markets horticultural produce destinedfor fungal pathogensofVictorian tools todifferentiate important Fungal taxonomy –useofgenomic (PhD) Fruit flylures from microbial odours Project title horticultural crops improve biologicalcontrol in interaction with Trichoderma harzianumandits Factors influencingefficacyof harvest citrus treatment for fruitflyon post- Evaulation offumigationandcold packages Essential market access data fly and surveillance ofQueenslandfruit to impr Entomology –useofgenomictools ove moleculardiagnostics Botrytis cinerea to Horticulture –multiplecrops(continued) Macquarie University Peracto PtyLtd Eurofins DA DJPR Macquarie University University ofTasmania Murdoch University QDAF DJPR research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation BioAust, HortInnovation DA DA Scholarship La Trobe Univerrsity ARC Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody DA Department Korean Quarantine DJPR Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) Queensland fruitfly Methyl bromide disinfection of Queensland fruitfly SIT(PhD) pre-release supplementsfor Methoprene anddietary yeast as SIT (PhD) fruit fly–apotential constraint on Mating frequency ofQueensland in floatationtrials LAMP postharvest fruitflydetection fruit flysurveillance Investigate the useofsmarttrapsin and Australianfruitfly Interactions ofentomopathogens toleranc Genetics offruitflythermal management –PIPsII Integrated pestanddisease Biosecurity Innovation centre –Centre for Fruit Fly Industrial transformation training wing drosophila (Drosophila) suzukii horticulture for theexotic spotted preparedness ofAustralian Improving thebiosecurity fastidiosa (asevere biosecurityrisk) threat potentiallyposedby Australian horticulturalsectortothe Improving preparedness ofthe for assuringfreedom infruitfly Implementing brown sugarflotation and locationoffruitfly time monitoringfor thepresence Implementation ofRapidAIM–real- Queensland fruitfly(PhD) Heritability ofstress tolerance in Queensland fruitfly(PhD) Gut bacteria-mediatedphysiology in pests (PhD) diagnostics andcontrol offruitfly Genomic toolstoimprove molecular Project title e andpupalcolour Xylella Horticulture –multiplecrops(continued) NSW DPI Macquarie University Macquarie University DJPR ARC Hort Innovation Western Sydney University DJPR University ofTechnology Sydney University, Queensland Macquarie University, Western PHA QDAF, NZMPI NSW DPI,DJPR, WA DPIRD, Pty Ltd Applied HorticulturalResearch CSIRO Macquarie University DJPR Macquarie University DJPR, LaTrobe University Macquarie University research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DJPR Hort Innovation, DJPR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody DA ARC Hort Innovation Hort Innovation ln etsrelac rjc DP,Uiest fQenln Hort Innovation production Post factory pilotofSITplus fly DJPR, University ofQueensland Planthoppers inCixiidae Plant pestsurveillance project lures (PhD) Pheromones aspotential fruitfly eastern Australia improved control ofpestfruitfliesin Optimising theFruition® trapfor flies andassociatedbacteria(PhD) Olfactory relationship between fruit Queensland fruitflies(PhD) Nutritional immunologyof significance tools for insectpestsofbiosecurity New integratedpestmanagement Project title domestication Microbial gutsymbionts and program coordinator National tomatopotatopsyllid zebra chipsurveillance National tomatopotatopsyllid and Xylella vectors National diagnosticprotocols – Mediterranean fruitfly disinfestation research on National centre for post-harvest summerfruit industry National biosecurityplanfor the phase II managing Australiantree crops – Multi-scale monitoringtoolsfor (PhD) performance inQueenslandfruitfly Molecular basisofsexual assurance? pelleted seeds–how much Models for border inspection for Horticulture –multiplecrops(continued) Macquarie University Macquarie University Griffith University Macquarie University Macquarie University DJPR research Organisation undertakingthe NSW DPI,Mac NSW DPI AUSVEG Hort WA DPIRD, DJPR, SARDI DJPR, WA DPIRD Centre) Mediterranean Fruit FlyR&D Murdoch University (Australian PHA many others Central QueenslandUniversity, University ofNew England, Macquarie University CEBRA Western Sydney University quarie University, Hort Innovation Hort Innovation ARC Ltd AgNova Technologies Pty ARC Funding sourceorbody DJPR Hort Innovation DEE SARDI Hort Innovation, DJPR, SARDI (SPHD) Ltd, QDAF, WA DPIRD Consultancy Services Pty Hort Innovation, Kalang AgriFutures Australia, Rural R&Dfor profit Horticulture Innovation, ARC Industries (New Zealand) Ministry for Primary Macquarie University Innovation

249 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 250

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) pr Post-factory pilotofSITPlusfly factory pilot operation2 fruit flysterile insecttechnique SITplus –PortAugustaQueensland factory pilotoperation 1 fruit flysterileinsect technique SITplus –PortAugustaQueensland male Queenslandfruitfly SITplus –dietarysterilisationof Queensland fruitflystrain temperature-sensitive-lethal, production ofamale-only, SITplus –developing andoptimising species for useinSITplus Sex selectiongenesfrom fruitfly Queensland fruitfly enhancement ofsterile male Semiochemical-mediated solanacearum Sampling for CandidatusLiberibacter Macquarie University Queensland fruitflybehaviour(PhD) (PhD) Queensland fruitflymass-rearing Quality control procedures for pest control Liberibacter diseasesurveillance and Psyllid microflora –implications for Queensland fruitflies(PhD) Predator-prey interactionsin incursions ofDrosophila suzukii Potential ofgenedrives toeliminate Queensland fruitfly(PhD) on habitatsuitabilityfor the Potential impactsofclimatechange Project title oduction Horticulture –multiplecrops(continued) University PIRSA, Western Sydney PIRSA CSIRO SARDI Macquarie University NSW DPI SARDI Macquarie University DJPR ARC Macquarie University University ofMelbourne Macquarie University SARDI, NSWDPI,PFRA Macquarie University, DJPR, research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody Sydney University Hort Innovation, Western Hort Innovation Universities Scholarship La Trobe Univerrsity NSW DPI,PFRA University, DJPR, SARDI, Hort Innovation, Maquarie Hort Innovation de Alternative herbicidetreatments to Drosophila strain dynamicsinAustralian Wolbachia endosymbionts –novel The science underpinningISPM37 subtropical Australia The phenologyoffruitflyin so many polyphagousfruitflies? The evolution ofgeneralism–why (PhD) analogues asfruitflyattractants Synthesis andanalysis ofzingerone concept SITplus production facility–proof of Project title tolerance todrought (PhD) pepper for resistance todieback and Developing toolstoscreen native a riskmanagement strategy developing biologicalknowledge and phytoplasma syndromes – New Guineaand related Bogia coconut syndrome inPapua permit effective pestmanagement borer inPapuaNew Guineato Basic research onthecocoa pod initiative leadership structuraldevelopment Australian teatree industry the olive industry management extensionprogram for An integratedpestanddisease SIT tow SITplus –raisingQueensland fruitfly vitalise cutflowers orld standard Horticulture –multiplecrops(continued) nvriyo ebun ARC University ofMelbourne Technology Queensland University of Technology Queensland University of Technology Queensland University of Macquarie University HortInnovation Western Sydney University Macquarie University University ofTasmania Queensland University ofSouthern Charles Sturt University, H DA DA NSW DPI PHA HortInnovation Western Sydney University DA research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture –other Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Diemen Pepper Funding sourceorbody Technology Queensland University of Technology Queensland University of ARC ACIAR ACIAR Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) f Development ofabiosecurityplan their tree hostsinAustralia Pests anddiseases oftrufflesand industry research services for themushroom Pest anddiseasemanagement Minor usepermitrenewals phytophagous mitesonturfgrass Integrated pestmanagementof industry againstpestsanddiseases Improving gingertofuture proof the (Ustilago cynodontis disease managementofcouch smut Improved capacityfor integrated nematodes incoffee (PhD) Identification andmanagementof detection inseedgingerstock University ofQueensland Ginger ninja–automatingdisease Fusarium oxysporum onginger of key pestsofteatree Entomopathogens for management farmers inwest Africa Disease diagnosticsfor smallcocoa of poppy system for systemic downy mildew Development ofariskmanagement Project title or theteatree Industry ) inturf Horticulture –other(continued) Peracto PtyLtd WA DPIRD University ofTasmania IPM Technologies AgriFutures Australia HortInnovation University oftheSunshineCoast University ofQueensland University ofSydney Technology Queensland University of NSW DPI University ofQueensland University ofTasmania PHA research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DFAT (AustraliaAwards) Funding sourceorbody Wine Co. University, Truffle and Australian National Western Australia, DPIRD, Truffle Producers Growers' Association, WA Australian Truffle AgriFutures Australia, AgriFutures Australia QDAF AgriFutures Australia, NSW DPI AgriFutures Australia, Vice-Chancellor) (Office oftheDeputy University ofQueensland USDA Tasmanian Alkaloids, SunPharm Aus, Growers Tasmania, ARC, DPIPWE,Poppy Industry Association Australia Tea Tree Hort Innovation c Protecting thecoffee industryfrom surv Application ofremote sensingfor Rainforest ecosystems with World HeritageGondwana subtropical rainforests associated and culturallysignificant lowland rainforest Myrtaceae inecologically assess theimpacts ofmyrtle ruston Enhancing community capacityto channels Egeria containment inirrigation species mitigation planfor AustralianAcacia Developing an environmental risk associated communities mitigation planfor mangroves and Developing an environmental risk Macquarie University identifying key ecological processes Colonisation by alienmicrobiota – Aquatic weed ecology (PhD) cropping systems Site-specific weed control for ginger plantations management inteatree oil Scoping study ofsustainableweed the PacificIslands diversity for improving livelihoods in Safeguarding anddeploying coconut the gingerindustry Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor Guinea andAustralia Project title plants offee berryborer inPapuaNew eillance ofhighriskinvasive Horticulture –other(continued) NSW DPI DJPR PHA PHA ARC Western Sydney University University ofSydney AgriFutures Australia ACIAR University ofNew England Pacific Community (SPC) PHA QDAF DJPR research Organisation undertakingthe Natural environment Funding sourceorbody APBSF Water Corportation, DJPR Goulburn MurrayRural DA DA AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia ACIAR Sydney Water Macquarie University, DJPR

251 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Natural environment (continued) Eradication of inkweed, a new King Island Natural Resource National Landcare priority weed incursion on King Management Group Program Island

Evaluating progress of detector dogs Monash University Parks Victoria for hawkweed eradication

Evaluating the deployment of autonomous vehicles for weed Murdoch University Chevron (USA) eradication PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY Evolution of chemical warfare in Monash University ARC plants Expanding environmental biosecurity capacity to protect our QDAF APBSF CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: unique ecosystems

Expanding indigenous communities biosecurity surveillance and monitoring capacity to care for Charles Darwin University APBSF country and to protect country from pests and diseases

Impact of draw-down on Egeria in Goulburn Murray Rural DJPR Lake Mulwala Water Corportation, DJPR

Information gap theory as a tool to Murdoch University, assist in biosecurity decision making Murdoch University Chevron (USA) (PhD) Mixed models to analyse pre-border Murdoch University, and border surveillance to assist Murdoch University Chevron (USA) with decision making (PhD) Optimising plant populations for University of New South Wales ARC ecological restoration and resilience

NSW Department of Royal Botanic Gardens Domain Phosphonate bark painting of Planning and Trust, NSW Office of Wollemi pine Environment, Royal Environment and Heritage Botanic Garden Sydney

ARC, SA Water, Forestry SA, DEWNR SA, PIRSA, Nature Foundation SA, Plant ecophysiology – prospecting Lirabenda Endowment for weed control using a native University of Adelaide Fund, Adelaide and Mount parasitic plant, from laboratory to Lofty Ranges, South field implementation Australian Murray Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Boards Image courtesy of Jane Richter, Vines with a View. 252 Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) susc Plant epidemiology–host resources Nursery production visual training biosecurity engagement measures Greenlife IndustryAustralia training program Northern Australia biosecurity biosecurity program National nurseryindustry pyrethrum Integrated diseasemanagementin nursery industry Improving pestmanagementfor the industry Australian production nursery biosecurity capacityofthe Building theresilience andon-farm production industryproject Project title capacity inAustralia’ Building planthealthsurveillance WeedFutures ecosystem rehabilitation practices associatedwithnative CSIRO Weed control for soilhandling Sea spurge genomicsinAustralia NSW significantly impactbiodiversity in and pathogensthatcould Research andaccess potentialpests ecosystems community structures indryforest Plant invasions asadriver tri-trophic eptibility tomyrtle rust s nursery Natural environment(continued) EHR Consultants GIA GIA GIA University ofTasmania GIA QDAF GIA research Organisation undertakingthe hre awnUiest NTDPIR Macquarie University Charles DarwinUniversity of Melbourne Macquarie University, University Monash University Technology Queensland University of Nursery crops Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody DA NT DPIR DA Environment andHeritage NSW Office of Macquarie University, University Australian National Environment andHeritage NSW Office of Macquarie University, Australia Ecological Societyof APBSF PHA in pollination Improving thehealth ofhives used Australia better understanding beehealthin Improving biosecurityresources and collapse University ofWestern Australia detection ofmalnutrition andcolony Honey beenutrition–early Honey beediseasediagnostics horticultural pollinationservices Healthy beepopulations for production inAustralia pollination services for almond Enhancing andsafeguarding surveillance program ports inthenationalbeepest and floralmapsfor specifichigh-risk Development oftarget plantlists Australia improved honey beegeneticsto of protocols toenableimportationof Development andimplementation bee surveillance program of aportalsolutionfor thenational Development andimplementation program national beepestsurveillance surveillance network withinthe a honey beevirusdiagnostic Development andestablishmentof honey bees Context dependent flower choice in Bee pollinationprojects venoms novel biopesticidesfrom arachnid Be(e) friendly venomous spiders– bees andnative beesinNSW(PhD) Assessing pathogenriskstohoney pollinators important agriculturalinsect A world without bees–simulating Project title etr ynyUiest Syngenta Australia Ltd Western Sydney University University ofAdelaide PHA University ofWestern Australia HortInnovation OlamInternational PtyLtd Western Sydney University Western Sydney University Program contracts National BeePestSurveillance of agriculture aspartofthe State andterritorydepartments CSIRO Soda Strategic CSIRO University ofSydney ARC University ofQueensland Western Sydney University Monash Univ research Organisation undertakingthe Pollinators ersity Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia Products CRC for Honey Bee PHA (DA) PHA (DA) PHA (DA) ARC University Western Sydney Products CRC for Honey Bee Funding sourceorbody ARC

253 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 254

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) technology long range communication communication usinglow power, Remote beehive health bee pestsurveillance program as partoftheoverarching national deployment ofremote catchboxes Refinement, development and in aninvasive socialinsect Rapid evolution viagenetic novelty services provision ofpollination ecosystem pollinator biodiversity inthe Quantifying therole ofwildinsect bees genetic selectioninAustralianhoney Progressing implementation of industries inthePacific Increasing participationof honey bee bees – analysing gut bacteriainhealthy Probiotic development for bees Pollination harmony Local Land Services region Native pollinatorsintheRiverina program enhancements National beepestsurveillance program PHA National beepestsurveillance National beebiosecurityprogram program implementation intoabeebreeding disease resistance and Molecular marker identificationfor Managing fliesfor crop pollination chalkbrood outbreaks inAustralia Investigating factorsthatinfluence Project title Pollinators (continued) University ofWestern Australia Queensland University ofSouthern University ofSydney IanPotterFoundation University ofNew England AgriFutures Australia University of New England CSIRO University ofCanberra University ofNew England PHA PHA University ofWestern Australia England University, University ofNew WAAA, Western Sydney CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe University ofWestern Australia Products CRC for Honey Bee PHA (DA) ARC Southern Cross University Funding sourceorbody AgriFutures Australia Products CRC for Honey Bee Association Inc Australian Melon DA DA Grain Producers Australia, Hort Innovation, AHBIC, Products CRC for Honey Bee Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia AHBIC agricultur Securing pollinationfor productive of theAustralian gasteruption wasps Systematics andhost associations pollination for Australia Strengthening andenablingeffective pollinators for Australian horticulture Stingless beesaseffective managed Project title stakeholder adoption pollinator managementand e: guidelinesfor effective Pollinators (continued) Flinders University NZ PFR HortInnovation Western Sydney University AgriFutures Australia research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody DEE Blackberries Australia Raspberries and Northern andYorke, Natural Resource Management Board, Natural Resources Mount Lofty Ranges of Australia,Adelaide and Australia, AlmondBoard Network, Greening Ecosystems Research Association, Terrestrial Mango Industry Association, Australian Australian Melon Australia, Costa Group, Association ofSouth Apple andPearGrowers Apiarist Association, Australia, SouthAustralia for Life, CSIRO, Lucerne Vegetation Council, Trees O’Connor NRM,Native Natural Resources, Environment, Water and DPIRD, SA Departmentof National University, SA England, Australian University ofNew University ofAdelaide, University ofSydney, Hort Innovation, DA (RuralR&Dfor Profit), Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) surv Establishing aprogram ofplantpest pollinator eff The mechanismsunderlyingcrop suppression peri-urban Mediterraneanfruit fly Strengthening theweakest linkin gardens andarboreta Ichneumonidae) (Honours) Australia (Hymenoptera: parasitoids from south-east associations inLabeninae Taxonomy, phylogeny andhost caterpillar parasitoids(PhD) Braconidae) – akey group of microgastrine wasps (Hymenoptera: Systematics ofAustralian genes dynamics ofinsecticideresistance Sexual conflict andevolutionary competition 2020 schools ‘planthealth’ science Hermitage Research Facility – workshops 2019 Invaders competition and Hermitage Research Facility –Pest (Honours) microgastrine parasitoid wasps tax Biodiversity, systematics and Varroa mitehostswitch health andlongevity and itsinfluenece onhoney bee pathogenic fungiinhoney beehives The storageofbeneficialandplant agro-ecosystems Project title onomy ofAustralian eillance inAustralianbotanic ectiveness in Pollinators (continued) Biosecurity Group WA DPIRD, PeelHarvey University ofWestern Australia, PHA University ofAdelaide University ofAdelaide ARC University of Melbourne QDAF QDAF University ofAdelaide University ofAdelaide ARC University ofNew England research Organisation undertakingthe utainNtoa nvriyARC Australian NationalUniversity Urban andamenity Unknown crop Funding sourceorbody APBSF DA DEE University ofAdelaide APBSF APBSF DEE University ofAdelaide

255 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 256

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) Health 2020 InternationalYear ofPlant Esperance port zonegrowers Best practice glyphosateusefor conservation andbiosecurity Australian psyllids –implicationsfor initiative –phaseV Australian herbicideresistance AUSPestCheck™ trial crop protection ARC research hubfor sustainable productivity anddisease prevention ARC research hubfor drivingfarming trial management AgVet minoruseaccess grants– AgVet access grants2018 Project title Hort Inno AGRONOMO University ofAdelaide GRDC University ofWestern Australia PHA University ofQueensland Monash University AgriFutures Australia Agaware Consulting Pty Ltd research Organisation undertakingthe gwr osligPyLdAgriFutures Australia AgAware Consulting PtyLtd Multiple vation Funding sourceorbody GRDC DEE DA California, Riverside Tasmania, University of University, University of University, LaTrobe University, Curtin Institute, AUSVEG, Griffith Australian WineResearch NSW DPI,WineAustralia, CRDC, GRDC,HI,QDAF, ARC, NufarmLimited, ARC All plantRDCs,PBRI,PHA management ofw Biocontrol solutionsfor sustainable in Australia Biological control ofgiantpinescale Project title agriculture eed impactsto Org. Demeter DJPR, CABI, HellenicAgriculture Roof Communications (extention) NSW DPI,QDAF, DJPR, HotTin Meridian Agriculture, CSIRO, research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Funding sourceorbody Products Commission Forest Products, Forest Forests, Green Triangle Plantations, Hume Ltd, OneFortyOne Trust, HQ PlantationsPty Forest OperatingSub Lands, Green Triangle Parks Conservation and Corporation ofNSW, ACT Norske Skog, Forestry Pty Ltd, Forestry SA, Hancock VicPlantations Company ANZOF Sub1, Softwoods, The Trust FWPA, DJPR, ADK Inc, NQDryTropics Murrumbidgee Landcare Murray County Council, Parks Service, Central Council, NSWNational Laboratory, Wyong Shire Biological Control Service (USA), Australian Agricultural Research Services, USDA Murray Local Local Land Management Authority, Broken Catchment Cooperative, Goulburn Ltd, Coleambally Irrigation Murrumbidgee Irrigation Corporation, Murray Water HQPlantations, Goulburn– Regional Council, Council, Gladstone Bundaberg Regional Services, NSWDP&E, North-West Local Land Biocontrol Taskforce, Ravensthorpe, NSWWeed Seqwater, Shire of DPI, QDAF, PIRSA, GRDC, CSIRO, DJPR, NSW AgriFutures Australia, DA (RuralR&Dfor Profit), Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) nightshade Biological control ofsilverleaf farming systems barley grassinthe low rainfall zone management strategies tocontrol implementation of integrated weed Demonstrating and validating the sensitivity analysis scheme –continuous samplingplan Compliance basedinspection based weed spotsprayer evaluation ofamachinevision- Commercial development and crops for non-transgenic modificationof Clay nanoparticle-facilitated RNAi trapping andsurveillance Brown marmoratedstinkbug plant production industries Boosting diagnosticcapacityfor industry action inthefreight andlogistics Boosting biosecurityawareness and legumes inAustralia Black spotoffieldpeasandnative Australia andIndonesia Biosecurity planningworkshop – Project title D University ofAdelaide England CEBRA, University ofNew Queensland University ofSouthern ARC University ofQueensland DJPR AUSVEG, SRA NT, NZPFR,PHA,SARDI, NZ, cesar, CSIRO, DPIPWE,DPIR DJPR, BioProtection Research WA DPIRD, NSWDPI,QDAF, NSW DPI Trust, SARDI Botanic Gardens andDomain University ofAdelaide, Royal Lovett Associates research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) JPR Funding sourceorbody GRDC DA SRA, HortInnovation Southern Queensland, CRDC, University of DJPR SARDI DPIR, NZPFR,PHA, cesar, CSIRO, DPIPWE,NT BioProtection Lincoln, NSW DPI,QDAF, DJPR, Profit), CRDC,WA DPIRD, GRDC (RuralR&Dfor APBSF and DomainTrust Royal BotanicGardens University ofAdelaide, APBSF PIRSA, GRDC AgriFutures Australia, Development for Profit), DA (RuralResearch and appr Developing anationalsystems (PhD) Ecological impacts ofmyrtle rust WA grainbelt control –aworkshop seriesfor the Early andeffective summerweed integrity across value chains Driving food safety culture and skeleton weed Disease resistance genesfrom Plutella xylostella migratory pestdiamondbackmoth, insecticide control oftheglobal mechanisms underlyingbio- Discovering thepathways and tools Development ofsmartsurveillance guidelines Development ofproof offreedom portfolio theory(PhD) surveillance plansutilisingeconomic Development ofeffective insect controlled release pesticides Development ofbiodegradable maps for priorityplantpests Developing scientificallyrobust risk strategies inmonitoringandcontrol of myrtle rustdiseasetofacilitate Developing molecularfingerprinting plant pests and managementofnationalpriority Developing modelsfor thespread key Asianmarkets biosecurity requirements toaccess Project title oach for meetingAM17001 Macquarie University AGRONOMO DJPR CSIRO University ofAdelaide DJPR CEBRA UniQuestPtyLtd Murdoch University University ofQueensland DA University ofMelbourne(CEBRA) APBSF Western Sydney University DA University ofMelbourne(CEBRA) CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody NSW DPI CRC (Plant Biosecurity), GRDC DJPR University Australian National ARC DJPR DA Chevron (USA) Murdoch University,

257 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 258

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) against plantpathogenicfungi Efficacy ofabiocontrol agent for agriculture iMapPESTS –sentinel surveillance screening ofclover root weevil mutations invinegarfliestosupport Identify new trojan female southern region Harvest weed seedcontrol for the General surveillance Phytophthora inNSW Forging aneffective fightagainst Field surveillance capability Farm biosecurityproject peptides Evaluation ofinsecticidalspider establishment marmorated stinkbugriskof Estimating worldwide brown safety riskmanagementsystem Enhancing NSWbiosecurityfood retention coating – from drop impactto Engineering bettersprays for leaf rigidum Australian majorweed Elucidating trifluralinresistance in Project title Lolium Monash Univ [UK]), DJPR, CSIRO, WA DPIRD Rothamsted Research Limited (Burkard ScientificLimited[UK], Queensland (viaCRDC), SARDI AUSVEG, SRA, University of each subproject) –PHA, Eight service providers (one for Monash University GRDC Southern Farming Systems Environment andHeritage Trust, NSWOffice of Royal BotanicGardens Domain UniQuestPtyLtd PHA, AHA University ofQueensland DA NSWDPI University ofMelbourne(CEBRA) University ofMelbourne ARC University ofNew SouthWales ARC,NuFarm Australia University ofWestern Australia research Organisation undertakingthe CSIRO DJPR Multiple (continued) ersity Funding sourceorbody WA DPIRD Development for Profit), Research and (UK), GIA,DA (Rural Manufacturing Company (UK), Burkard Rothamsted Research DJPR, CSIRO, NZ PFR, FWPA, CRDC,SARDI, Australia, Wine SRA, GRDC,AgriFutures Hort Innovation, PHA, Employment Business, Innovation and New Zealand Ministryof Heritage of Environment and Domain Trust, NSWOffice Royal BotanicGardens PHA, AHA DA DA Nutrifield PtyLtd surv Implementation ofamulti-target absence remote sensingfor presence or Innovative technologies project – spore trapcontents and nextgeneration sequencingon surveillance usingmetabarcoding Innovative plantpathogen northern region cropping systems Innovative crop weed control for ant eradication Innovative BioClayplatform for fire systems high break crop intensity farming Improving weed managementin Pacific Islands Improving plantbiosecurityinthe diseases incitrus biosecurity for graft-transmissible Improving diagnosticsand planning implementation ofbiosecurity Improving biosecurity quality andtransfer Improving AusPest using nextgenerationsequencing Improving access tonew germplasm cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus Improved managementoptions for demonstrating pestarea freedom Improve biosecuritycapabilities for Project title eillance system Check™ data CSIRO DJPR QDAF University ofSydney University ofQueensland SARDI Consultants Agrisystems Protection Fund, Biosecurityand Development Initiative, Crawford Pacific Agribusiness Research for Agricultural Market Access, Pacific Horticulturaland Consultancy, PacificNPPOs, Kalang Consulting, Magee Auscitrus Queensland, WA DPIRD, Innovation, University of for Agriculture andFood NSW DPI,QueenslandAlliance PHA PHA Technology DJPR, QueenslandUniversity of NT DPIR PHA Murdoch University research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Hort Innovation Funding sourceorbody DA Scholarship La Trobe University GRDC GRDC ACIAR, DA Hort Innovation DA DA Technology Queensland University of Hort Innovation, DJPR, DA Chevron (USA) Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) – microbiology National Diagnostic Protocols – entomology National Diagnostic Protocols community awareness Myrtle rustmasterclass – insecticide resistance risk management ofoutbreak and forecasting andadaptive Monitoring diamondbackmothfor national diseasesurveillance Molecular DiagnosticCentre – powdery mildews (PhD) market access intoAsian markets - pathogen herbariumtosupport specimens intheVictorianplant Molecular characterisationof for soil-borne diseasecontrol Manipulating plantroot exudation of regional focus paddocks and establishmentmonitoring coordination ofworkshop material northern grainsregion – Managing weeds intheGRDC biopesticide enhancing theefficacyofa Making Green Guard® greener – genera Australian endemicandexotic Lucid identificationkeys for in r Insecticide resistance management naiegasLM ltomNSW DPI Locally importantweeds Invasive grassLAMPplatform Australia –insects Invasion pathway analysis for Certification Assurance scheme Interstate tradereform –Interstate chemical sensitivities Project title ed-legged earthmiteand DJPR DJPR Box HillInstitute(TAFE) SARDI SARDI DJPR DJPR, LaTrobe University University ofTasmania Local Land Services of Adelaide University ofSydney, University DJPR Monash University GRDC PHA University ofMelbourne research Organisation undertakingthe WA DPIRD Multiple (continued) SARDI (SPHD) SARDI (SPHD) APBSF GRDC GRDC ARC GRDC ARC DA, DJPR Funding sourceorbody DA governments DA, stateandterritory GRDC Invasive SpeciesCouncil strategy implementationc National plantbiosecurityRD&E ln iscrt eerhIiitv Projects ledby individual RDCs Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative them where they doandhow tocontrol Pilot workshops –why weeds grow fungi inAustralia Phylogenomic classificationofrust PHA Pest andDiseaseImageLibrary plants asentrypathways for viruses Ornamental andAsianvegetable training andawareness resources Online planthealthsurveillance virus protection Novel tropical vegetable andcotton whiteflies protecting crops from aphidsand New horizonswithBioClay– virus andviroids New GeneSequencing–PEQ plant applications National working partyonpesticide – genotypeprediction toolbox National tree genomicsprogram host listandriskpathways National priorityplantpests–true Project title ommittee Planfarm PtyLtd University ofQueensland APBSF University ofQueensland HortInnovation PHA University ofQueensland University ofQueensland Technology Queensland University of PHA HortInnovation Western Sydney University QDAF PHA research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Funding sourceorbody GRDC Communities Population and Environment, Water, Sustainability, Department of Australian Government DA Innovation Technology and of Science Information Queensland Department DA SRA, AAAA Wine Australia,CRDC, CropLife Australia,GRDC, DA Australia, FWPA SRA, AgriFutures GRDC, Wine Australia, Hort Innovation, CRDC, DA state governments Australia, FWPA, PHA, SRA, AgriFutures Australia, Wine GRDC, MeatandLivestock CRDC, DairyAustralia, Hort Innovation, DJPR,

259 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 260

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) using biocontrol agents European wasp, Vespula germanica , established pestsincluding the Re-evaluating managementof food-borne outbreak surveillance Real-time phylogenetics for vegetable leafminer eradication andpreparedness for RD&E program for control, biosecurity threats Rapid diagnosticsfor major table Putting new herbicidetargets onthe high-risk plantpests discrimination asgenerictoolfor biochemical geographic Pursuing sensitive limits of Island biosecurity allocation theorymodel–Barrow Provision ofarevised economic achie Plant health–amajorchallengeto shared responsibility for biosecurity Protecting Australia’s food future – Indian drywood termite Prevention andcontrol ofWest weeds with smartphasefarming maximising crops andminimising Post doctoralfellowship – DJPR Portable, in-field pathogendetection northern Australia Plant industryliaisonofficer for agriculture inMyanmar Project title ving sustainable'green' nvriyo ebun CBA DA University ofMelbourne(CEBRA) ARC University ofTechnology Sydney of Melbourne,PHA AUSVEG, cesar, NAQS, University DA SARDI, Macquarie University ARC University ofWestern Australia Technology Queensland University of University ofMelbourne University ofTasmania QDAF GRDC University ofWestern Australia PHA CABI (Malaysia) research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Hort Innovation APBSF Chevron (USA) Murdoch University, Funding sourceorbody ARC QDAF DA ACIAR DJPR implementation Reference collections strategy new modesofactionfor herbicides Structure based investigations into Smart surveillance tools detection retrieval for rapidplantdisease Single modelirregular region weeds Seed bankbiologyofemerging pathogens crop protection against fungal RNA vaccines for nextgeneration CSIRO Revision ofbristle flygenusRutilia Plant BiosecurityStrategy implementation oftheNational strategies tosupport Review anddevelopment ofnational Pacific Islands disease threats tohorticulture inthe Responding toemerging pestand Australian longhornbeetles Resolve thetaxonomy ofnative populations ofmyrtle rust genotypic diversity inAustralian and detectionofgenetic Resolution ofdiseaseepidemiology management inthewet tropics Research toinform yellow crazyant biosecurity (Indonesia) Regional masterclassesinplant Project title A nvriyo etr utai ARC University ofWestern Australia Griffith University University ofAdelaide University ofQueensland PHA ACIAR University ofQueensland CSIRO Agriculture andFood Innovation) (Queensland Alliance for University ofQueensland James Cook University Lovett Associates research Organisation undertakingthe DJPR Multiple (continued) griculture Victoria Funding sourceorbody Paper) Competitiveness White DA (Agricultural ARC GRDC Development Tourism Industry Department ofInnovation, Queensland Government Paper) Competitiveness White DA (Agricultural DA APBSF Authority Wet Tropics Management APBSF PHA (DA) DEE Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects(continued) cr Summer weed survey of WA Project title devastating plant diseases Uncovering how rustfungicause resistance new mode ofactiontoavert Towards herbicide cocktails witha (PhD) the biologyofinvasive pestthrips The role ofreproductive parasitesin importer compliance Testing incentive-based drivers for control agents selecting successful biological Testing aniterative approach to support cooperative management Tackling pestsusinggame theoryto biosecurity – implicationsfor conservation and associations ofAustralianpsyllids Systematics, biodiversity andhost insects Encyrtidae), parasitoidsoflerp Psyllaephagus (Hymenoptera: Systematics ofthechalcidwasp Indonesia andsub-tropical Australia solanaceous vegetable crops in improvements inAlliumand Sustainable productivity Surge capacity simulationmodel opping districts utainNtoa nvriyARC ARC Australian NationalUniversity La Trobe University Western Sydney University England CSIRO CEBRA, University ofNew University ofQueensland ARC University ofQueensland University ofAdelaide University ofAdelaide ACIAR University ofAdelaide University ofAdelaide GRDC QDAF Group) SPHD (Surge CapacityWorking AGRONOMO research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Funding sourceorbody University Western Sydney DA PHA (SPHD)

261 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Multiple (continued)

Upskilling Tasmanian growers and advisors to manage annual ryegrass through exposure to external Southern Farming Systems GRDC knowledge and peer-to-peer learning

Using mobile apps to identify pests DA DA

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E PLANT BIOSECURITY and diseases

Virtual fencing for better crop CSIRO GRDC integrated weed management CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: Goulburn Murray Water, Murrumbidgee Irrigation, Coleambally Irrigation, Goulburn Broken CMA, Wyong Shire, NSW Office Weed biocontrol DJPR of Environment and Heritage, Central Murray Council, NQ Dry Tropics, Murray Local Land Services, Murrumbidgee Landcare, PIRSA, GRDC

When are earwigs pests and when CSIRO GRDC are they beneficial?

When is hybridisation helpful or Monash University ARC harmful to invaders?

Wine Australia, Hort Innovation, Plant Xylella coordinator Wine Australia Biosecurity Research Initiative Other crops

Developing a foundation for the long-term management of basal University of Queensland ACIAR stem rot of oil palm in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands

262 Image caption 263 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E

Appendices Organisation contact details

Organisation Website Phone Organisation Website Phone AgriFutures Australia agrifutures.com.au +61 2 6923 6900 Australian Macadamia Society australianmacadamias.org +61 2 6622 4933 Almond Board of Australia australianalmonds.com.au +61 8 8584 7053 Australian Mango Industry Association industry.mangoes.net.au +61 7 3278 3755 Apple and Pear Australia apal.org.au +61 3 9329 3511 Australian Melon Association melonsaustralia.org.au +61 413 101 646 Atlas of Living Australia ala.org.au +61 2 6218 3431 Australian National University anu.edu.au +61 2 6125 5111 Australasian Plant Pathology Society appsnet.org +61 7 4632 0467 Australian Olive Association australianolives.com.au +61 478 606 145 Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Australian Banana Growers’ Council abgc.org.au +61 7 3278 4786 apbsf.org.au +61 419 992 914 Foundation Australian Blueberry Growers’ Association abga.com.au +61 490 092 273 Australian Processing Tomato Research aptrc.asn.au Australian Entomological Society austentsoc.org.au +61 3 9895 4462 Council

ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT ORGANISATION Australian Forest Products Association ausfpa.com.au +61 2 6285 3833 Australian Society for Microbiology theasm.org.au +61 1300 656 423 Australian Ginger Industry Association australianginger.org.au Australian Society of Agronomy agronomyaustralia.org Australian Government – Australian Centre aciar.gov.au +61 2 6217 0500 Australian Sweetpotato Growers aspg.com.au for International Agricultural Research

APPENDIX 1: APPENDIX 1: Australian Table Grape Association australiangrapes.com.au +61 3 5021 5718 Australian Government – Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines apvma.gov.au +61 2 6770 2300 Australian Tea Tree Industry Association teatree.org.au +61 2 4017 1336 Authority Australian Truffle Growers' Association trufflegrowers.com.au Australian Government – Australian arc.gov.au +61 2 6287 6600 Australian Walnut Industry Association walnut.net.au Research Council Australian Government – Department of AUSVEG ausveg.com.au +61 3 9882 0277 agriculture.gov.au +61 1800 900 090 Agriculture Avocados Australia avocado.org.au +61 7 3846 6566 Australian Government – Department of CANEGROWERS canegrowers.com.au +61 7 3864 6444 Agriculture, Australian Bureau of agriculture.gov.au/abares +61 1800 900 090 Agricultural and Resource Economics and Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia fgv.com.au Sciences Central Queensland University cqu.edu.au +61 13 27 86 Australian Government – Department of agriculture.gov.au/ Centre for Crop and Disease Management ccdm.com.au +61 8 9266 4818 Agriculture, Northern Australia Quarantine +61 1800 900 090 biosecurity/australia/naqs Strategy Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation fruitflyittc.edu.au Australian Government – Department of Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk agriculture.gov.au/ cebra.unimelb.edu.au +61 3 8344 4405 Agriculture, Trade and Market Access +61 1800 900 090 Analysis market-access-trade Division Charles Darwin University cdu.edu.au +61 8 8946 6666 Australian Government – Department of environment.gov.au +61 1800 803 772 Environment and Energy Charles Sturt University csu.edu.au +61 1800 275 278 Australian Government – Department of dfat.gov.au +61 2 6261 1111 Cherry Growers Australia cherrygrowers.org.au +61 3 6231 1229 Foreign Affairs and Trade Chestnuts Australia chestnutsaustralia.com.au +61 3 5751 1466 Australian Grape and Wine (previously Australian Vignerons and Winemakers' wfa.org.au +61 8 8133 4300 Citrus Australia citrusaustralia.com.au +61 3 5023 6333 Federation of Australia) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial csiro.au +61 1300 363 400 Australian Honey Bee Industry Council honeybee.org.au +61 402 467 780 Research Organisation Australian Lychee Growers' Association australianlychee.com.au +61 417 639 927 Cotton Australia cottonaustralia.com.au +61 2 9669 5222 266 Organisation Website Phone Organisation Website Phone Cotton Research and Development Monash University monash.edu +61 3 9902 6000 crdc.com.au +61 2 6792 4088 Corporation Murdoch University murdoch.edu.au +61 8 9360 6000 Council of Australasian Weed Societies caws.org.au +64 7 838 5275 CRC for Honey Bee Products crchoneybeeproducts.com +61 8 6488 8525 Onions Australia onionsaustralia.org.au +61 8 8725 8862 Deakin University deakin.edu.au +61 3 9244 6100 Passionfruit Australia passionfruitaustralia.org.au +61 427 833 281 Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, daf.qld.gov.au +61 7 3404 6999 Pistachio Growers' Association pgai.com.au +61 428 922 576 Queensland Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative pbri.com.au Department of Jobs, Precincts and djpr.vic.gov.au +61 3 9651 9999 Regions, Victoria sydney.edu.au/agriculture/ Plant Breeding Institute, University of our-research/research- +61 2 9351 8800

Department of Primary Industries and DETAILS CONTACT ORGANISATION dpird.wa.gov.au +61 1300 374 731 Sydney Regional Development, Western Australia facilities.html Department of Primary Industries and Plant Health Australia planthealthaustralia.com.au +61 2 6215 7700 pir.sa.gov.au +61 8 8226 0995 Regions, South Australia Plant Innovation Centre agriculture.gov.au +61 1800 900 090 Department of Primary Industries, New

dpi.nsw.gov.au +61 1800 808 095 APPENDIX 1: South Wales Queensland University of Technology qut.edu.au +61 7 3138 2000 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, dpipwe.tas.gov.au +61 1300 368 550 Raspberries and Blackberries Australia raba.com.au Water and Environment, Tasmania Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia rga.org.au +61 2 6953 0433 Department of Primary Industry and dpir.nt.gov.au +61 1800 084 881 Resources, Northern Territory strawberriesaustralia.com. Strawberries Australia +61 428 375 711 au Dried Fruits Australia driedfruitsaustralia.org.au +61 3 5023 5174 Sugar Research Australia sugarresearch.com.au +61 7 3331 3333 Edith Cowan University ecu.edu.au +61 13 43 28 Summerfruit Australia summerfruit.com.au +61 2 6059 0816 Flinders University flinders.edu.au +61 8 8201 3911 Transport Canberra and City Services, Forest and Wood Products Australia fwpa.com.au +61 3 9927 3200 tccs.act.gov.au +61 13 22 81 Australian Capital Territory Forestry Corporation of NSW forestrycorporation.com.au +61 2 9872 0111 University of Adelaide adelaide.edu.au +61 8 8313 4455 Grain Producers Australia grainproducers.com.au +61 448 493 386 University of Canberra canberra.edu.au +61 2 6201 5111 Grains Research and Development grdc.com.au +61 2 6166 4500 Corporation University of Melbourne unimelb.edu.au +61 13 63 52 Greenlife Industry Australia greenlifeindustry.com.au +61 2 8861 5100 University of New England une.edu.au +61 2 6773 3333 Griffith University griffith.edu.au +61 7 3735 7111 University of New South Wales unsw.edu.au +61 2 9385 1000 Growcom growcom.com.au +61 7 3620 3844 University of Queensland uq.edu.au +61 7 3365 1111 Hazelnut Growers of Australia hazelnuts.org.au +61 2 6379 1616 University of Sydney sydney.edu.au +61 286 278 111 Hort Innovation horticulture.com.au +61 2 8295 2300 University of Tasmania utas.edu.au +61 362 262 999 International Plant Protection Convention ippc.int University of Western Australia uwa.edu.au +61 8 6488 6000 James Cook University jcu.edu.au +61 1800 246 446 University of Western Sydney westernsydney.edu.au +61 2 9852 5222 La Trobe University latrobe.edu.au +61 1300 528 762 University of Wollongong uow.edu.au +61 2 4221 3555 Macquarie University mq.edu.au +61 2 9850 7111 Wine Australia wineaustralia.com +61 8 8228 2000 267 Glossary

Term Definition Term Definition The level of protection deemed appropriate by a country establishing a Diagnostic protocols for the official taxonomic identification of a pest in Appropriate Level of sanitary or phytosanitary measure to protect human, animal and plant a manner consistent with ISPM No. 27 – Diagnostic protocols for Protection National Diagnostic life or health within its territory. regulated pests. National Diagnostic Protocols include diagnostic Protocols GLOSSARY procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, Area freedom Absence of a specific pest in a specified location. detection and identification. The protection of the economy, environment and human health from Measures to address risks that are undertaken before goods arrive at Pre-border Biosecurity the negative impacts associated with entry, establishment or spread of the border. exotic pests.

APPENDIX 2: APPENDIX 2: Post-border Measures to address risks that are undertaken inside Australia's border. Biosecurity activities Activities undertaken to manage biosecurity risks. Any insects, mites, snails, nematodes, pathogens (diseases) and weeds Biosecurity The range of biosecurity activities and arrangements that are that have the potential to adversely affect food, fibre, ornamental continuum undertaken in pre-border, border and post-border locations. Pest crops, bees and stored products, as well as environmental flora and In relation to the biosecurity continuum: airports, seaports and land Border fauna. borders that represent the potential point of entry for a pest into Australia. An area in which a pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Australia, including its external territories. Pest Free Area evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained. Management plans that outline pest specific information for use in the Contingency plans event of an emergency response. Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to Phytosanitary Protocols that describe the procedures and methods for the prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit Diagnostic protocols measure identification of a pest to a defined level. the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests. Processes and standards associated with the accurate identification of The protection of plants or plant products from pests that may impact Diagnostics Plant biosecurity a pest. on production or market access. Post-harvest management measures focused on eliminating the The national contingency planning framework for the management of Disinfestation PLANTPLAN presence of pests on plants and plant products. plant pest emergencies in Australia.

Activities designed to prevent the movement and spread of pests Plant production Domestic quarantine All plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural and forestry sectors. within Australia. industries A pest that is included in Schedule 13 of the Emergency Plant Pest Emergency Plant Response Deed or which is determined by the Categorisation Group to The system of measures that are used to minimise risks associated Pest Quarantine meet one or more of the EPP criteria listed in Clause 1 of the EPPRD. with the entry or exit of pests. Emergency Plant Pest A pre-agreed cost sharing and response framework for dealing with an Research aimed at developing solutions for particular problems and RD&E Response Deed incursion of an Emergency Plant Pest. communication (extension) to users.

Emergency response The actions undertaken to eradicate an exotic pest after its detection. Pests contained within a geographic region due to specific quarantine Regionalised pests Established pests Non-endemic pests that have established in Australia. and/or management arrangements. An integrated plan for undertaking a response to an Emergency Plant Exotic pests Pests not currently present in Australia. Response Plan Pest incident. A pest that has been identified to have the greatest potential economic High Priority Pest impact to a particular plant industry and is listed in an industry The process of evaluating scientific and economic evidence to biosecurity plan or in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. Risk analysis determine the risk posed by a pest to Australia's environment, plant production industries and economy. International Standard An international standard adopted by the Commission on Phytosanitary Processes which collect and record data on pest occurrence or absence for Phytosanitary Measures, established under the International Plant Protection Surveillance Measures Convention. by survey, monitoring or other procedures.

268 GLOSSARY APPENDIX 2: APPENDIX 2:

269 Acronyms

Acronym Full name Acronym Full name ABARES Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences CRC Cooperative Research Centre ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics CRDC Cotton Research and Development Corporation ABGC Australian Banana Growers' Council CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ACRONYMS ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research DA Australian Government Department of Agriculture ACT Australian Capital Territory DAF Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland AGMIN Agriculture Ministers' Forum DPIRD Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western

APPENDIX 3: APPENDIX 3: AGSOC Agriculture Senior Officials' Committee Australia AHA Animal Health Australia DJPR Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Victoria AHB Australian Honey Bee DEE Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy AHBIC Australian Honey Bee Industry Council DFAT Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ALA Atlas of Living Australia DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, ALOP Appropriate Level of Protection Tasmania APBSF Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation EHB European honey bee APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation EIC Environment and Invasives Committee APPPC Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay APPD Australian Plant Pest Database EPP Emergency Plant Pest APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority EPPR Emergency Plant Pest Response ARC Australian Research Council EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations EPSDD Environment Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate, BAS Biosecurity and Agriculture Services Australian Capital Territory BBO Bee Biosecurity Officers ERA Excellence in Research for Australia BICON Biosecurity Import Conditions EXDOC Export Documentation System BIMS Biosecurity Incident Management System FAO Food and Agriculture Organization BIPIM Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual FPoE First Point of Entry BIRA Biosecurity Import Risk Analysis FWPA Forest and Wood Products Australia BMSB brown marmorated stink bug GIA Greenlife Industry Australia BOLT Biosecurity Online Training GPA Grain Producers Australia CCDM Centre for Crop and Disease Management GRDC Grains Research and Development Corporation CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point CEBRA Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis Hort Innovation Horticulture Innovation Australia CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ICA Interstate Certification Assurance CPDPC Citrus Pest and Disease Prevention Committee IGAB Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity

270 Acronym Full name Acronym Full name IPPC International Plant Protection Convention RDC research and development corporation IRA Import Risk Analysis SA South Australia ISPM International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute ACRONYMS LAMP loop mediated isothermal amplification SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access LVP local value of production SIT Sterile Insect Technology MICoR Manual of Importing Country Requirements SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance

NAQS Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics APPENDIX 3: NBC National Biosecurity Committee SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary NBCEN National Biosecurity Communication and Engagement Network SRA Sugar Research Australia NBRT National Biosecurity Response Team TCCS Transport Canberra and City Services NDP National Diagnostic Protocol WA Western Australia NEBRA National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement NMDS National Minimum Dataset Specifications NPBDN National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network NPPO National Plant Protection Organisations NPPP National Priority Plant Pests NSW New South Wales NSW DPI Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales NSW DP&E Department of Planning and Environment, New South Wales NT Northern Territory NT DPIR Department of Primary Industries and Resources, Northern Territory ORC Owner Reimbursement Costs PBCRC Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre PBRI Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative PHA Plant Health Australia PHC Plant Health Committee PIRSA Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia PPPO Pacific Plant Protection Organisation QDAF Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland RABA Raspberries and Blackberries Australia R&D research and development RD&E research, development and extension

271

Index Index

A Australian Plant Pest Database, 179 C Australian Research Council, 220, 228, 232–62t ABARES, 21, 25, 66, 212 avocados, 35t, 45t, 46–55t, 72, 130, 132–3t, 139–41t, Canberra Agreement, 129 acronyms, 274 209t, 240–4t canned fruits, 35t, 77 AgriBio, 176t, 226 Centre for Crop and Disease Management, 227, 233–8t Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee, see committees B Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, 228, 249t INDEX Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee Research and Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, 151, 228, Innovation Committee, see committees banana freckle, 30, 52, 74, 189, 191t 247–61t AgriFutures Australia, 219, 222, 225, 236–59t bananas, 35t, 45t, 46–55t, 74, 132t, 138t, 161t, 189, 191t, chemical control, 210, 215, 232t, 240t almonds, 35t, 68–9, 137, 139t, 155, 209t, 245-58t 209t, 210t, 240–4t cherries, 35t, 45t, 47–55t, 78, 131t, 137 138–41t, 155, 159t, see also nut industry bees, see honey bees 163t, 209, 240t, 243t amenities, see urban BICON, 129, 143, 147, 179, 212 chestnut blight, 48t, 79, 169t, 190 Animal Health Committee, see committees biological control, 28, 41, 46, 132–3t, 204, 210, 212–3, chestnuts, 35t, 79, 190t, 245t Annual Diagnosticians’ Workshop, 167 215, 234–62t see also nut industry apples, 35t, 45t, 47–55t, 60t, 70–1, 77, 131–3t, 138-41t, Biosecure HACCP, 106, 198 Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer, 25, 44, 56–7 155, 163t, 209t, 240–54t biosecurity awards, 186, 208 Chief Plant Protection Officer, 13, 25 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 129 biosecurity emergency response agreements, 23 citrus, 30, 33, 35t, 41t, 42t, 44, 45t, 46–55t, 58t, 80–1, 131t, Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission Standards see also Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 138–41t, 153–4, 159–65t, 169–71t, 191t, 193, 199, 207, Committee, see committees see also National Environmental Biosecurity 209, 240–8t, 258t Asian honey bee, 46t, 92, 93t, 155, 191t, 200t Response Agreement Citrus Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 80, 207 Atlas of Living Australia, 179 biosecurity extension and engagement programs, 206 citrus canker, 30, 33, 41t, 55t, 80–1, 159–65t, 169t, 191t, AUSPestCheckTM, 142, 179, 206, 256t, 258t biosecurity import risk analysis, 130 193, 241–2t Australian Capital Territory Biosecurity Incident Management System, 182, 184–5 National Citrus Biosecurity Program, 207 biosecurity services, 28 Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual, 186 Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, see committees legislation, 23t biosecurity manuals, 209, 209t committees, pest diagnostic services 173t biosecurity obligations, 127, 130, 204, 207 Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee, 21, 22f, 219 post-entry plant quarantine facilities 147t Biosecurity Online Training, 188 Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee Research and Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, biosecurity planning, 45–55 Innovation Committee, 22f 26, 137, 219, 232–62t biosecurity portal, 179 Animal Health Committee, 22f Australian Government blueberries, 35t, 45t, 48–55t, 66, 76, 139t, 155, 164t, 241t Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission diagnostic services, 172, 173–7t border biosecurity, 28, 56, 126, 143–7 Standards Committee, 129 Inspector-General of Biosecurity, 26 Botanic Gardens Biosecurity Network, 157 Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, 128 legislation, 23, 23t, 130, 135, 135t broadacre crops, 10, 36, 46, 183 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, research, development and extension, 218–25, diagnostics, 173t 22f, 79, 183 232–62t research, development and extension, 231f, Environment and Invasives Committee, 21, 22f, 44, 212 risk assessments, 130–1, 131–3t, 142–3, 147 232–9t Grains and Plant Products Export Industry Consultative role, 24–6 surveillance, 158f 160–5t Committee, 135 surveillance, 142, 151–7, 158t brown marmorated stink bug, 14, 26, 33t, 41–2t, 51t, Horticulture Export Industry Consultative Australian interstate quarantine, 197–8 60–1t, 71t, 78t, 90, 90t, 109t, 110, 110t, 117t, 119t, Committee, 135 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, 122t, 130, 133t,153, 159–60t, 162–5t, 186, 189, IPPC Implementation and Capacity Development 26, 210 191–2t, 257–8t Committee, 128 Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation, 228, building capacity in the Asia-Pacific region, 134 IPPC Strategic Planning Group, 128 232–62t IPPC Standards Committee, 128 National Biosecurity Committee, 21, 22f, 44, 142, 198

Note: f = figure, t = table 274 National Biosecurity Communication and D domestic quarantine, 197–9, 204, 239t Engagement Network, 22f, 186 see also Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Department of Agriculture, 21, 23–5, 37, 43–4, 56–7, National Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Market Access 128–30, 134–7, 143–7, 151, 153–5, 166, 179, Expert Group, 22f dried fruit, 35t, 83 185–7, 197, 199, 207–8, 212, 218–9, 222, 225, 228 National Fruit Fly Council, 21, 203 see also viticulture Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, 24, 80, National Fruit Fly Strategy Advisory Committee, 179 136, 142, 151, 154–5, 207, 240–60t INDEX National Management Group, 22f, 79, 183, 190t E biosecurity import risk analysis, 130 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy border activities, 143–7 Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, 19f, 22f, 23–4, 28, Implementation Committee, 22f, 219, 259t exports, 126, 135–6, 138–41t, 199 34, 36, 45, 66, 147, 182–4, 188–9, 190–3t non-EPPRD consultative committees, 22f imports, 126, 129–47, 182, 199, 212 categorisation of Emergency Plant Pests, 184 Northern Australia Biosecurity Reference Group, 21 legislation, 23t, 135 decision making under the EPPRD, 183 Pacific Plant Protection Organisation Executive market access, 24–5, 129, 135, 137, definition of an Emergency Plant Pest, 183 Committee, 129 138–41t, 142 Owner Reimbursement Costs, 184 Plant Health Committee, 21, 22f, 28, 41, 45, Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 19f, 46, PLANTPLAN, 34, 184 151, 167 143, 146, 153, 158t, 174–5t, 177t, 213 review and evaluation of EPPRD, 184 Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee, pest diagnostic services, 172, 173–7t transition to management, 184 21, 151 post-border activities, 150–221 Emergency Plant Pests, 22f, 24, 29, 34, 79, 183–4 Scientific Advisory Panel, 22f, 36, 183 pre-border activities, 127–42 emergency responses, 19f, 22f, 23, 28, 34, 36, 96, 98, Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market research, development and extension, 219–20, 167–8, 183–5, 187–9, 193, 231f Access, 22f, 197 232–62t Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual, 186 Subcommittee on National Plant Health surveillance, 142, 146–7, 149–65 National Biosecurity Response Team, 22f, 185–6 Surveillance, 22f, 151 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 26, 134, 219 National Biosecurity Communication and Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics, 22f, Asia-Pacific capacity, 134 Engagement Network, see committees 167–8, 168f, 172, 179, 241–61t research, development and extension, 251 national communication arrangements, 186 communication in an emergency plant pest response, 186 Department of Home Affairs, 26, 144 notifications and responses, 189, 190–1t, 192–3t community, 20, 25, 27–8, 37, 146, 150, 156–7, 186, 189, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, 219 reporting a plant pest or disease, 185 191t, 196, 204–8, 211, 213–4, 228, 232–62t Department of the Environment and Energy, 21, 23t, 26, training in biosecurity emergency responses, 187–8 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, 57, 219, 248–9t, 254–6t, 260t environment, 10, 12–3, 14–5f, 18, 19f, 21, 22f, 23, 25–34, see committees legislation, 23t 40–4, 56–7, 84, 130, 143, 145, 150–2, 154, 158f, 158t, Consultative Committee on Exotic Plant Incursions, research, development and extension, 219, 164t, 166, 173–7t, 179, 184, 186, 199, 204, 210–5, see committees 248–9t, 254–6t, 260t 218–9, 230, 231f, 232t, 243t, 251–3t, 258–9t, 262t contingency plans, 36, 45, 56, 58–62t, 179 detector dogs, 13, 25, 145, 215, 252t Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer, 25, 44, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of diagnostics, 166–79 56–7 Wild Fauna and Flora, 26 Annual Diagnosticians’ Workshop, 167 Department of the Environment and Energy, cooperative research centres, 228 Diagnostic Residential Program, 166 see Department of the Environment and Energy CRC for Honey Bee Products, 228, 253–4t, 257t National Diagnostic Protocols, 167–8, 169–71t, diagnostics, 166, 173–7t, 179 cotton, 35, 45t, 46t, 48t, 50–2t, 54–5t, 67f, 82, 135, 138t, 247t, 249t, 259t environmental biosecurity preparedness, 57 141t, 154, 158f, 159t, 161–2t, 170–1t, 173t, 187–8, National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, Environmental Risk Mitigation Plan for Australian 191t, 209t 166–7, 187 Acacia Species, 57 research, development and extension, 223, 231–2t, 259t National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Environmental Risk Mitigation Plan for Australian Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 35t, 187, Strategy, 166 Mangrove Species, 57 219, 223, 225, 232–59t services and laboratories, 172, 173–7t Environment and Invasives Committee, CSIRO, 21, 26, 35t, 151, 167, 172, 173–4t, 212, 218–20, see also Subcommittee on Plant Health see committees 222, 232–62t Diagnostics legislation, 23, 23t cultural and mechanical control, 210 National Environmental Biosecurity Response 275 Agreement, 19f, 23, 184 G Horticulture Export Industry Consultative Committee, research, development and extension, 218–30, see committees 231f, 232–62t general biosecurity obligation, 23, 30, 201t, 204 Hort Innovation, 31, 44, 46, 58t, 61t, 80, 95, 103, 123, review of environmental risk management, 56 general surveillance programs, 156, 158–65t 137, 151, 198, 203, 207, 209, 219, 224–5, 238–62t surveillance, 151, 152f, 158f, 158t, 164t ginger, 86, 132t, 248t, 251t weeds, see weeds glossary, 272 I INDEX Export Documentation System, 19f, 136 Grains and Plant Products Export Industry Consultative import risk analysis, 32, 130 exports, 10, 12, 19f, 23–4, 28, 68–123, 126, 129, Committee, see committees imports, 19f, 23–4, 26, 72, 90, 103–4, 111, 126, 129–31, 135–7, 138–41t, 199 Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 88, 153, 159t, 162t, 164–5t, 206, 235t 131–3t, 136, 142–3, 147 F grains, 10, 12, 35t, 42t, 45t, 46–55t, 58–62t, 126,131–2t, cut flower imports 136 134–5, 137, 140–1t, 176t, 191t, 209t grain imports, 134 farm biosecurity manuals, 209, 209t crop production summary, 67f, 88–9 import conditions database, 143, 147, 212 Farm Biosecurity Program, 208 National Grains Surveillance Strategy, 155 live import list, 26 first point of entry, 143 research, development and extension, 231f, 233–8t policy advice, 131t Forest and Wood Products Australia, 219, 223, 225, surveillance, 158f, 159–65t industry consultative committee, see committees 240–59t Grains Research and Development Corporation, 35t, 151, 215, industry profiles, 66–123 forestry, 67f, 84–5, 106, 154, 158f, 159t, 179, 183, 211, 219, 223, 225, 227, 233–62t industry representative bodies, 35t, 36, 68–123 219, 231f, 240–56t grapes, see viticulture industry surveillance strategies and programs, 154–5 crop production summary, 84–5 growers, 18, 31, 34, 36, 44–6, 74, 76, 78, 83, 86, 90, 94–5, Inspector-General of Biosecurity, 26 forestry surveillance strategy, 84, 154 98–9, 103, 106, 111, 114–6, 118, 122–3, 142, 156, 161t, Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity, 20, 45 research, development and extension, 219, 231f, 184, 186–9, 199, 203, 205–7, 209t, 210, 223–5, 227, Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity 240–56t 234–262t Implementation Taskforce, see committees fruit, see horticulture International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), 25, 128, fruit flies, 15f, 19f, 41t, 42, 46–55t, 58t, 71t, 73t, 74t, H 168, 199 78t, 81t, 83t, 94t, 97t, 98t, 101t, 110t, 115t, 119t, international plant health system, 134 123t, 139–41t, 142, 147, 151, 153, 158–65t, Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies, 178 International Plant Sentinel Network, 157 174–6t, 178–9, 189, 190t, 197–9, 199–202t, 203, hazelnuts, 35t, 90, 132t, 191t International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, 128, 205, 208, 228, 241t, 244t, 247–50t see also nut industry 142, 168 Australian Handbook for the Identification of High Priority Pests, 13, 44–5, 46–55t, 134, 146, 159t, 161t, international trade, 25–6, 126–30, 143, 210 Fruit Flies, 178 166, 207, 209 international trade agreements, 127–9 Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, honey bees, 92–3, 154–5, 188, 191t, 200t, 207, 228, 230 International Year of Plant Health, 13, 256t 228, 249t Asian honey bee, 46t, 92–3, 155, 191t, 200t interstate certification, 30, 198, 259t Goulburn Murray Valley Regional Fruit Fly CRC for Honey Bee Products, 228, 253–4t IPPC Implementation and Capacity Development Project, 205 diagnostics, 173t Committee, see committees National Exotic Fruit Fly Surveillance Program, National Bee Biosecurity Program, 92, 207, 254t IPPC Standards Committee, see committees 146–7, 158–65t National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 92, 153–5, IPPC Strategic Planning Group, see committees National Fruit Fly Council, 21, 203 158–65t, 253–4t research, development and extension, 228, research, development and extension, 244t, 253–5t J 232–62t surveillance, 158f, 158–65t surveillance, see surveillance, fruit flies training, 188 horticulture, 31–3, 36, 42, 44, 106, 123, 126, 135, 137, 183, K 205, 219, 224, 228 research, development and extension, 231f, 240–51t surveillance, 158f, 160t

Note: f = figure, t = table 276 L National Fruit Fly Strategy Advisory Committee, surveillance programs,160t see committees nursery industry, 35t, 45t, 46–55t, 58–62t, 67f, 106–7, Landcare, 215, 252t, 256t, 262t National Management Group, see committees 132t, 138t, 140t, 147, 158f, 163t, 183, 189,190–1t, legislation, 20, 23–4, 23t, 28, 30, 32–3, 130, 135–6, national minimum dataset specifications, 142 198, 209t, 231f, 241t, 253t 152f, 185, 197, 203, 210, 211, 214 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, nut industry local government, 21, 27, 37, 204, 211, 213 166–7, 187 crop production summary,67f lychees, 35t, 45t, 46–55t, 94, 131–2t, 138–41t, 161t, INDEX National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 166 research, development and extension, 245–5t 240t, 242–3t National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 219 see also almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, M National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy Implementation macadamias, pistachios, walnuts Committee, see committees macadamias, 35t, 95, 138t, 140t, 245–6t national plant biosecurity response arrangements, 183–4 O see also nut industry National Plant Biosecurity Strategy, 20–1, 34, 45, 151, 207, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, 26 managing pests on-farm, 210 260t olives, 35t, 44, 45t, 47t, 55t, 99, 131t, 138t, 250t mangoes, 10, 30, 35t, 45t, 46–55t, 96–7, 131–2, National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 151, 166, on-farm biosecurity, 19f, 36, 205–10, 236t, 253t 138–41t, 154, 160–1t, 207, 209t, 240–3t, 254t 207 biosecurity manuals, 209, 209t market access, 19f, 20–1, 22f, 24–6, 28–33, 78, 106, National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System Framework, Farm Biosecurity Program, 208 110, 129, 135, 137, 138–41t, 142, 151, 153, 155, 151, 152f farm biosecurity programs for horticultural 159t, 164t, 172, 178, 197–8, 203, 205, 207, 231f, National Plant Health Surveillance Program, 153, 158–65t industries, 207 240–59t National Priority List of Exotic Environmental Pests, Weeds Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 88, 153, 159t, see also Subcommittee in Domestic Quarantine and Diseases, 44 162t, 164–5t, 206, 235t and Market Access National Priority Plant Pests, 41, 41t, 42t, 43–4, 153, 172, National Bee Biosecurity Program, 92, 207, 254t MICoR, 19f, 136, 179 257t, 259t National Citrus Biosecurity Program, 207 national reference collections, 172 Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity N national response plans, 24, 189 Program, 206 national action plans, 43–4 National Temperate Fruit Biosecurity Surveillance onions, 35t, 45t, 47–55t, 100, 139t, 160t, 209t, 247t National Bee Biosecurity Program, 92, 207, 254t Strategy, 155 online systems, 179 National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 92, 153–5, National Tropical Weeds Eradication Program, 214 online training in plant biosecurity, 188 158–65t, 253–4t New South Wales organisational contact details, 270 National Biosecurity Committee, see committees biosecurity services, 29 owner reimbursement costs, 184 National Biosecurity Communication and Engagement legislation, 23t Network, see committees pest diagnostic services, 173t P post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t National Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Expert Pacific Plant Protection Organisation, see committees Group, see committees regionalised pests, 199t surveillance programs, 159–60t Papua New Guinea, 70, 133t, 137, 146–7, 200t, 246–7t, National Biosecurity Response Team, 22f, 185–6 250–1t, 262t National Biosecurity Statement, 27 non-EPPRD consultative committees, see committees Northern Australia Biosecurity Reference Group, passionfruit, 35t, 45t, 47–55t, 66, 101, 242–59t National Border Surveillance Program, 146, 153, 158t pears, 70, 77, 131t, 140–1t, 155 National Citrus Biosecurity Program, 207 see committees Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 19f, 46, 143, 146, pesticide, 26, 36, 41, 129, 198, 210, 241t national committees, see committees Pest Information Document Database, 34, 56, 179 National Diagnostic Protocols, 167–8, 169–71t, 247t, 153, 158t, 174–5t, 177t, 213 northern coastline, 146, 215 pest management, 28, 129, 150, 162t, 166, 184, 203–4, 249t, 259t 208, 210, 218, 222, 231f, 232–53t National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement, Northern Territory biosecurity services, 30 pest risk analysis, 130, 133t 19, 23, 184 phytosanitary measures and standards, 24, 36, 127–9, National Forest Biosecurity Program, 154 legislation, 23t pest diagnostic services,174t 135–7, 139t, 142, 147, 168, 197 National Fruit Fly Council, see committees pineapples, 10, 45t, 48–54t, 102, 130, 131–3t, 243–4t National Fruit Fly Strategy, 179, 203 regionalised pests, 200t

277 pistachios, 35t, 103, 246t potatoes, 35t, 45t, 46–53t, 58t, 118, 120, 132–3t, 137, universities and private institutions, 226–8 see also nut industry 138–41t, 155, 163–4t, 175–6t, 206, 209t, 247t research funders and providers, 37, 219–62 Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, 228 National Potato Industry Biosecurity Surveillance restrictions on interstate travellers carrying produce, 197 plant biosecurity RD&E, 218–62 Strategy, 155 review of environmental risk management, 56 Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative, 37, 219, 225, 256t, Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity rice, 35t, 45t, 51–4t, 58–62t, 108, 239t 259t, 262t Program, 206 risk assessments, 127, 129–30, 134, 143–4, 147, 212 INDEX Plant biosecurity statutory levies, 24 pre-border and border biosecurity, 127–47 plant biosecurity system, 18–37 pre-border biosecurity, 127–42 S Plant Health Australia private sector, 36 Scientific Advisory Panel, see committees levy, 24 production nurseries, see nursery industry screening mail, 145 members, 35t protecting Australia’s plant resources, 40–62 screening passengers, 144 role, 34 processing tomatoes, see tomatoes (processing) simulation exercises, 185, 187–8 Plant Health Committee, see committees Exercise Blueprint, 187 Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee, Q Exercise Crown and Anchor, 185 see committees qualifications for biosecurity emergency responses, 187 Workshop Sugar Rush, 188 plant industry biosecurity preparedness, 45–56 quarantine South Australia plant industry peak bodies, 36 domestic quarantine, 197–9, 204, 239t biosecurity services, 31 plant industry profile, 66–123 post-entry quarantine facilities, 147t legislation, 23t Plant Innovation Centre, 220 see also Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy pest diagnostic services, 175t plant pests see also post-entry quarantine post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t definition, 10, 182 Queensland regionalised pests, 201t see also Emergency Plant Pests biosecurity services, 30 surveillance programs, 162–3t see also High Priority Pests legislation, 23t spotted wing drosophila, 41t, 42t, 50t, 71t, 76t, 78t, 83t, 109t, see also National Priority Plant Pests pest diagnostic services, 174–5t 110t, 115t, 123t, 132t, 170t, 241t, 249t plant pest surveillance, 151–65 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t SPS Agreement, 127, 128, 130 plant pest surveillance and diagnostics, 150–79 regionalised pests, 200–1t state and territory governments PLANTPLAN, 34, 184 surveillance programs, 161–2t biosecurity services, 28–33 plant production, 67f, 66–123 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, contingency plans, 58–62t Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific 226, 258t, 260t diagnostic services, 173–7t Region, 129 legislation, 23t Plant Quarantine Pest and Official Control National R post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t Policy, 199 regionalised pests, 199–202t pollinators, 92 red witchweed, 189, 214 regionalised pests, 197, 199, 199–202t research, development and extension, 226, research, development and extension, 231f, 253–5t 232–62t see also honey bees regional plant protection organisation, 129 reporting a plant pest or disease, 156, 185, 188 surveillance programs, 158–65t see also National Bee Biosecurity Program stone fruit, see summerfruit see also National Bee Pest Surveillance research, development and extension, 218–62, 232–62t Australian Government agencies, 219–20 strawberries, 35t, 45t, 52–5t 111, 133t, 139–41t, 155, 208, Program 241–4t post-border biosecurity, 150–215 collaborative research arrangements, 226 cooperative research centres, 228 Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access, controlling pests and weeds, 196–215 see committees eradicating new plant pests, 182–93 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 219 Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative, 225 Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance, plant pest surveillance and diagnostics, see committees 150–79 research and development corporations, 24, 222–5 research, development and extension projects, Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics, see committees post-entry plant quarantine, 19f, 24, 147, 147t, 162t, sugarcane industry, 10, 45t, 46–55t, 60–2t, 67f, 112–3, 154, 176t, 220 230–1f, 232–62t state and territory governments, 226 158f, 161–2t, 175t, 188, 200–1t, 209t, 224, 231f Note: f = figure, t = table 278 research, development and extension, 238–9t surveillance in northern Australia, 146 pest diagnostic services, 176–7t Sugar Research Australia, 35t, 175t, 188, 219, 224–5 weed surveillance, 213 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t summerfruit, 35t, 45t, 46–55t, 77, 110, 137, 138–41t, 151, sweetpotato, 35t, 45, 45t, 46–55t, 114, 246–7t regionalised pests, 202t 209t, 249t surveillance programs, 164t surveillance, 142, 146–7, 150–8, 152f, 158f, 158–65t T viticulture, 31, 45t, 47–55t, 175t, 209t Annual Surveillance Workshop, 152 contingency plans, 60t

table grapes, 35t, 115, 137, 138–41t, 244t INDEX biosecurity pathways and surveillance strategy see also viticulture crop production summary, 67f, 83, 115, 123 workshop, 156 targeted surveillance programs, 153, 158–65t research, development and extension, 244–5t citrus surveillance and pest triage workshop, 153 Tasmania forest pest surveillance, 154, 161t biosecurity services, 32 W fruit fly, 147, 158–65t legislation, 23t Waite Research Institute, 226 general surveillance programs, 156, 158–65t pest diagnostic services, 176t walnuts, 35t, 122, 137, 139–40t government surveillance programs, 153, 158f, post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t see also nut industry 158–65t surveillance programs, 163t weeds industry surveillance strategies and programs, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, 176t, 226, 243t Australia’s weed biosecurity system, 211–5 154–6 tea tree, 35t, 45, 45t, 46–55t, 106, 116, 250–1t coordination of weed management, 212 International Plant Sentinel Network, 157 Timor-Leste, 146 eradication and containment, 214 market access, 142 tomatoes (processing), 35t, 45t, 47–55t, 104, 131–3t, hawkweed, 214–5 National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 92, 154–5, 138–9t, 163–4t, 190t managing established weeds, 214–5 158–65t, 253–4t trade agreements, 127 National Red Witchweed Eradication Program, 214 National Border Surveillance Program, 146, training, 187–8 National Tropical Weeds Eradication Program, 214 153, 158t transition to management, 184, 190t preventing the entry of new weeds, 212–3 National Citrus Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 207 truffles, 117, 251t research, development and extension, 232–62t National Forest Biosecurity Program, 154 surveillance, 213 National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, U weed biocontrol, 213, 256t, 262t 84, 154 Western Australia National Grains Surveillance Strategy, 155 universities, 150, 166–7, 172, 173–7t 187, 218, 222, 226 biosecurity services, 33 national minimum dataset specifications, 142 research, development and extension, 232–62t legislation, 23t National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 151 urban, 12, 28, 57, 118, 152f, 153, 158f, 159t, 163–5t, pest diagnostic services, 177t National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System 205–7 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t Framework, 151, 152f research, development and extension, 213f, 243t, 255t regionalised pests, 202t National Plant Health Surveillance Program, 153 surveillance programs, 164–5t National Potato Industry Biosecurity Surveillance V Wine Australia, 35t, 44, 123, 219, 225, 232–62t Strategy, 155 vegetable leaf miner, 46, 51t, 98t, 100t, 104t, 119t, 120t, wine grapes, 123, 183, 225 National Temperate Fruit Biosecurity Surveillance 160t, 201t, 260t see also viticulture Strategy, 155 vegetables, 42t, 45t, 46, 46–55t, 106, 130, 133t, 135, World Trade Organization, 127, 197 National Tropical Plant Industries Biosecurity 137, 139t, 158f, 159–63t, 173–4t, 190–1t, 209t Surveillance Strategy, 155 contingency plans, 58–61t X Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 19, 46, 143, crop summary, 67f, 118–20 146, 153, 158t, 174–5t, 177t, 213 research, development and extension, 231f, Xylella, 41t, 42t, 43-4, 51t, 55t, 62t, 68t, 76t, 78t, 81t, 83t, Plant Health Surveillance Consultative 246–7t 95t, 99t, 107t, 110t, 115t, 123, 123t, 133t, 153, 160–5t, Committee, 151 vegetable and potato biosecurity program, 206 167, 169t, 249t, 262t plant pest surveillance programs, 158f, 158t–165 Victoria Y Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance, biosecurity services, 33 see committees legislation, 23t Z 279