Shops and Shopkeepers in the Istanbul Ihtisâb Register of 1092/1681
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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bilkent University Institutional Repository SHOPS AND SHOPKEEPERS IN THE ISTANBUL İHTİSÂB REGISTER OF 1092/1681 A Master’s Thesis by Mustafa İsmail Kaya THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2006 To my parents SHOPS AND SHOPKEEPERS IN THE ISTANBUL İHTİSAB REGISTER OF 1092/1681 The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by MUSTAFA İSMAİL KAYA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2006 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. Prof. Halil İnalcık Thesis Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. Prof. Özer Ergenç Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. Dr. Bülent Arı Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of the Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director iii ABSTRACT SHOPS AND SHOPKEEPERS IN THE ISTANBUL İHTİSAB REGISTER OF 1092/1681 Kaya, Mustafa İsmail M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Professor Halil İnalcık September 2006 The idea of the administration of economy in the Ottoman Empire was shaped by certain views with historical backgrounds. The Ottoman Sultans viewed their subjects as their dependents that should be protected, and rested on the Islamic principle of hisba in terms of market control and supervision. In this way, market control gained a religious aspect in addition to the fiscal. The official in charge with the market affairs, the İhtisâb ağası, collected taxes in return for his service. The main source and subject of this thesis, the İhtisâb-tax register of Istanbul dated 1092/1681, was prepared for the daily tax, which was collected mostly from victual shops. The register provides information about the kinds of trades, the owners of the shops, and the amount of tax paid daily. With this information, subjects like consumption habits and the ethnic and social identity of the shop-owning class could be understood better. Key Words: Istanbul, ihtisâb, esnaf, consumer culture, market supervision, provisioning, taxation, guilds, shopkeeper. iii ÖZET 1092/1681 TARİHLİ ISTANBUL İHTİSAB DEFTERİNDE DÜKKANLAR VE DÜKKAN SAHİPLERİ Kaya, Mustafa İsmail Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Eylül 2006 Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda ekonomi yönetimi, uzun bir geçmişe sahip çeşitli görüşlerle şekillendirilmiştir. Osmanlı sultanları, halklarını himaye edilmesi gereken bireyler olarak görmüş, ve çarşı ve pazar kontrolü ve gözetimi konusunda İslami prensipleri benimsemişlerdir. Bundan dolayı, Osmanlılarda çarşıların denetimi, mali yönüne ek olarak dini bir yöne de sahip olmuştur. Ticari hayattan mesul olan İhtisâb ağası, hizmetleri karşılığında bazı vergiler de toplamaktaydı. Bu tezin konusu ve ana kaynağı olan 1092/1681 tarihli Istanbul ihtisâb vergisi defteri de çoğunlukla gıda ve ihtiyaç malzemeleri satan dükkanlardan alınan bir tür günlük vergi için düzenlenmişti. Bu defterin, ticaret türleri, dükkan sahipleri ve ödenen vergiler konusunda sunduğu bilgiler sayesinde tüketim alışkanlıkları ve esnafın etnik ve sosyal menşei gibi konular daha da aydınlanacaktır. Key Words: Istanbul, ihtisâb, esnaf, tüketim kültürü, çarşı ve pazar denetimi, iaşe, vergi, loncalar, dükkan sahipleri. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was completed with the help of a number of individuals whom I would like to thank wholeheartedly. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Halil İnalcık for his guidance and for everything I learned from him. I am also grateful to Oktay Özel and Evgeni Radushev for spending their precious time for my study. I thank Nejdet Gök, Evgeni Kermeli, Paul Latimer and Stanford Shaw for their encouraging helps and supports during the last four years. I am also grateful to Özer Ergenç ad Bülent Arı for their valuable comments as jury members. I owe a lot to my friends for their friendship and support. My warm thanks go to Muhsin Soyudoğan, Veysel Şimşek, Elif Bayraktar and Birol Gündoğdu for their invaluable support and encouragement. I am also thankful to Mehmet Çelik, Yasir Yılmaz, and Bryce Anderson, who was kind enough to edit the thesis. My gratitude to Ekin Enacar for her companionship and encouragement is beyond words. I owe a lot to my relatives in Ankara for their support during these years. Needless to say, I owe the most to family, who have supported and encouraged me with great sacrifices all throughout my life. I am a truly blessed person with them in my life. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ................................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................v CHAPTER I .......................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................1 I.1. Primary Sources......................................................................................................4 I.2. The Ihtisâb Register of 1092....................................................................................7 CHAPTER II....................................................................................................................15 GUILDS AND THE GOVERNMENT IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.........................15 II.1. The History of the Craft Organizations in Islam..................................................15 II.1.1. The Earlier Islamic Guilds: The Carmathians...............................................15 II.1.2. The Fütüvvet..................................................................................................17 II.1.3. Fusion of Fütüvvet and Crafts: Ahîlik...........................................................20 II.2. The Ottoman Esnaf...............................................................................................25 II.2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................25 II.2.2. Historical Development of the Lonca System...............................................26 II.2.3. The Lonca: Organization and Functionaries .................................................31 II.3. The Ottoman Administration of Market and Economy........................................36 II.3.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................36 II.3.2. Protecting the reayâ: For the sake of the state and the ruler..........................37 vi II.4. The Islamic Institution of Hisba...........................................................................54 II.4.1. General ..........................................................................................................54 II.4.2. The Ottoman Ihtisâb Ağası............................................................................60 CHAPTER III ..................................................................................................................63 THE ESNAF OF ISTANBUL IN THE DEFTER OF 1092/1681....................................63 III.1. The Fifteen Sectors of intra mural Istanbul (Kollar)...........................................63 III.1.1. The Kol ........................................................................................................63 III.1.2. The Fifteen Sectors of Istanbul intra muros.................................................64 III.1.3. Overview......................................................................................................79 III.2. Trades and Shops ................................................................................................81 III.3. The Provisioning of Istanbul.............................................................................107 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................110 GLOSSARY...................................................................................................................113 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................115 APPENDIX....................................................................................................................125 vii LIST OF TABLES Table1. Trades in Tahte’l-kal’a…………………………………………………………67 Table 2. Trades in Eksik………………………………………………………………...69 Table 3. Trades in Tarakli……………………………………………………………...71 Table 4. Overview of Shops in Istanbul………………………………………………...78 Table 5. The Bakeries in Istanbul……………………………………………………....96 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This study is a basic attempt to understand and explain certain aspects of the urban trade in intramural Istanbul in the light of a tax survey of the shops in the intramural Istanbul in 1092 A.H. / 1681 A.D. Our