DOCSLIB.ORG

Classroom Training

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Classroom Training Technical Service Training Classroom Training Student Reference Guide *FCS13387REF* FCS–13921–REF SEPTEMBER, 2003 COURSE CODE: 30N04T0 TABLE OF CONTENTS SVT OVERVIEW .....................................................................................................................1-1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1-2 SVT History..................................................................................................................................... 1-3 SVT Hallmarks ................................................................................................................................ 1-4 SVT LIGHTNING ....................................................................................................................2-1 Body Components ........................................................................................................................... 2-2 Exterior ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5 Interior .............................................................................................................................................. 2-6 Brakes .............................................................................................................................................. 2-8 Chassis ........................................................................................................................................... 2-10 4R100 Heavy Duty Transmission .................................................................................................. 2-14 Engine Performance ....................................................................................................................... 2-17 Technical Data ............................................................................................................................... 2-33 SVT FOCUS ...........................................................................................................................3-1 Body ................................................................................................................................................ 3-2 Interior .............................................................................................................................................. 3-7 Chassis ........................................................................................................................................... 3-10 Transaxle ........................................................................................................................................ 3-16 Powertrain ...................................................................................................................................... 3-20 Engine Performance ....................................................................................................................... 3-28 Technical Data ............................................................................................................................... 3-45 SVT COBRA ...........................................................................................................................4-1 Exterior ............................................................................................................................................ 4-2 Interior .............................................................................................................................................. 4-3 Electrical .......................................................................................................................................... 4-5 Climate Control ................................................................................................................................ 4-5 Steering and Suspension .................................................................................................................. 4-6 Independent Rear Suspension ........................................................................................................ 4-10 Brakes ............................................................................................................................................ 4-17 Transmission and Drivetrain........................................................................................................... 4-18 Powertrain ...................................................................................................................................... 4-22 Engine Performance ....................................................................................................................... 4-28 Technical Data ............................................................................................................................... 4-38 MODIFICATIONS ....................................................................................................................5-1 WORKSHEETS .................................................................................................................. WS-1 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................... A- SVT Classroom Course September, 2003 TOC-i TABLE OF CONTENTS TOC-ii September, 2003 SVT Classroom Course DAY ONE LESSON 1: SVT OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES CONTENTS z Describe the history of the Special Vehicle z History of the Special Vehicle Team (SVT) Team (SVT). z SVT hallmarks z Describe the SVT hallmarks. SVT Classroom Course September, 2003 1-1 LESSON 1: SVT INTRODUCTION DAY ONE INTRODUCTION SVT is more than a product—it represents a complete ownership experience. SVT customers are deeply interested in the history, services and resources available to them as owners and drivers. Many times, this interest depends on technician knowledge and enthusiasm for the program which “polishes the Blue Oval.” 1-2 September, 2003 SVT Classroom Course DAY ONE LESSON 1: SVT INTRODUCTION SVT HISTORY SVTI006-A The First Cobra (1993) The Ford Special Vehicle Team (SVT) was established in 1991 to "Polish the Ford Oval" by creating low-volume, factory-produced vehicles designed for those select few whose idea of driving is a high-powered, passionate experience — not just a means of getting from point A to point B. In a move to support this spirited enthusiasm, Ford Motor Company carefully integrated the wide array of talent in the company into a small, cross-functional group of engineers, product planners, and marketing people, housed under one roof with a common mission: to create vehicles specifically designed to meet the unique needs and desires of the knowledgeable driving enthusiast. The engineers of the Special Vehicle Team brought the first SVT vehicles to market in the 1993 model year. The SVT Mustang Cobra and SVT F-150 Lightning were unveiled at the Chicago Auto show on February 6, 1992. Although the Special Vehicle Team products are high-performance and limited-production vehicles, they are also affordable and well-balanced enough to be driven every day. SVT Classroom Course September, 2003 1-3 LESSON 1: SVT INTRODUCTION DAY ONE SVT HALLMARKS The SVT hallmarks were created to guide product development with these objectives in mind: z Performance z Substance z Exclusivity z Value 1-4 September, 2003 SVT Classroom Course DAY ONE LESSON 1: SVT INTRODUCTION Performance SVTI007-A 1999 Lightning SVT builds vehicles that compete in different performance segments, against both domestic and foreign competitors. SVT performance begins with more powerful engines which produce quick acceleration and high top speed. However, SVT also focuses attention on other performance aspects of the vehicle, including handling and braking. The objective is a balanced performance vehicle that can stop and turn as well as it goes. SVT is committed to a continuing evolution of performance improvement in its vehicles. Over the years, SVT vehicles have become faster, better handling and more refined. SVT Classroom Course September, 2003 1-5 LESSON 1: SVT INTRODUCTION DAY ONE Substance SVTI008-A Cobra Independent Rear Suspension Race track performance is not SVT’s objective. SVT builds vehicles which have the handling characteristics and road finesse necessary for day-to-day driving, as well as deliver impressive performance. For SVT, “Substance” means a “form follows function” design philosophy. All features and systems of SVT vehicles are built with the driver and maximized driving enjoyment in mind. A well-balanced performance vehicle should include a tuned performance suspension and larger, more effective brakes, in addition to improved engine performance. SVT vehicles feature design enhancements that contribute to improved performance. SVT vehicles do not feature “add-on” modifications that do not provide a functional benefit. 1-6 September, 2003 SVT Classroom Course DAY ONE LESSON 1: SVT INTRODUCTION Exclusivity SVTI009-A Cobra Convertible Simply stated, SVT creates niche vehicles. SVT does not compromise the product in an effort to sell more—the product is designed with the knowledgeable performance enthusiast in mind. SVT products are uncompromised, more expensive, and by definition, more exclusive. Periodically, SVT releases limited numbers of certain color and trim packages, which provide customers with a “one-of-a-kind” ownership experience.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DAF Truck Spare Parts and Accessories
    www.europart.net DAF Truck Spare parts and accessories Spare parts to fit: XF, CF, LF Technical equipment and accessories EUROPART – Europe's No. 1 for truck, trailer, van and bus spare parts. www.europart.net Exacting standards required. Impressive quality delivered. The EUROPART brand: Excellent products, based on manufacturer standards With EUROPART own-brand products, you Our strict and careful selection of suppliers benefi t from a competitively priced alternative. refl ects our high standards. These are products Whether you need vehicle parts such as brake that impress even under extreme conditions discs, linings, batteries and fi lters or workshop and are of a quality based on manufacturer materials such as chemical products, oils and standards. This you can depend on – always. tools – our constantly growing and technically advanced range of over 6,500 own-brand products provides the right solution for every situation and every customer requirement. EUROPART – Europe's No. 1 for truck, trailer, van and bus spare parts. Dear Customers, this catalogue offers you an overview of our top sellers that are suitable for DAF trucks. From our comprehensive range we have compiled about 1,500 items for you, that are suitable for the XF, CF and LF series from model years 1997 to 2016. The catalogue is clearly divided by series in the product areas: • engine • axles and steering • lighting and electrics • drive • braking system • bodywork • suspension and damping • compressed air • cab Series overview: Model series Model year Cab variants XF Euro
    [Show full text]
  • Phenomena of Perturbation in Electrical Systems
    Chapter 1 Phenomena of Perturbation in Electrical Systems 1.1. Electromagnetic perturbations in energy systems 1.1.1. Introduction Power electronic systems are increasingly being used in every field; initially, they were used in the industrial sector and then used increasingly in transportation, services and housing sectors. The flexibility in the control of electrical energy explains this evolution well. For the purposes of illustration, we estimate that the electrification of service or control functions in an aircraft offers the following gains1: – 10% on the mass; – 9% onCOPYRIGHTEDfuel consumption; MATERIAL – 13% on thrust from the engines; – 15% on maintenance costs; – 10% on the buying price. 1 According to SAFRAN company, symposium SPEC 2007. 2 Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Electronics The field of automobiles is also subject to this evolution: the development of hybrid vehicles over the last 10 years and, more recently, the re-emergence of the fully electric car (while waiting for fuel cells vehicles) are evidence of this. Already, a large number of services have been electrified in thermal engine automobiles because of the flexibility of controls (speed variation) and high yield of the electrical systems: power steering, anti-blocking system (ABS), various pumps, window winders, air conditioning (to come). The introduction of this technology, as a consequence, must take into consideration its implementation constraints; electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in particular. Indeed, static converters based on power electronics are important sources of electromagnetic perturbations that can occasionally cause malfunctions in their local or distant electronic environment: avionics, navigation systems, reception antennae, etc. Thus, it is important to understand the origin of these phenomena, their mode of propagation and the effects on their potential “victims” in order to optimize the essential reduction or protection devices necessary to conform to the standards of EMC.
    [Show full text]
  • WP7 Safety Assessment: Experimental Testing
    WORK PACKAGE 7 Safety Assessment: Experimental Testing – Ignition Potential WP7 SAFETY ASSESSMENT The Hy4Heat Safety Assessment has focused on assessing the safe use of hydrogen gas in certain types of domestic properties and buildings. The evidence collected is presented in the reports listed below, all of which have been reviewed by the HSE. The summary reports (the Precis and the Safety Assessment Conclusions Report) bring together all the findings of the work and should be looked to for context by all readers. The technical reports should be read in conjunction with the summary reports. While the summary reports are made as accessible as possible for general readers, the technical reports may be most accessible for readers with a degree of technical subject matter understanding. Safety Assessment: Safety Assessment: Precis Gas Dispersion Modelling Assessment An overview of the Safety Assessment work A modelling assessment of how natural gas and undertaken as part of the Hy4Heat programme. hydrogen gas disperses and accumulates within an enclosure (e.g. in the event of a gas leak in a building). Safety Assessment: Conclusions Report Safety Assessment: (incorporating Quantitative Risk Assessment) Gas Dispersion Data Analysis A comparative risk assessment of natural gas A review of experimental data focusing on how versus hydrogen gas, including a quantitative risk natural gas and hydrogen gas disperses and assessment; and identification of control measures accumulates within an enclosure (e.g. in the event of to reduce risk and manage hydrogen gas safety for a a gas leak in a building). community demonstration. Safety Assessment: Safety Assessment: Gas Escape Frequency and Magnitude Consequence Modelling Assessment Assessment A comparative modelling assessment of the An assessment of the diferent causes of existing consequences in the event of a gas leak and ignition natural gas leaks and the frequency of such events; event for natural gas and hydrogen gas.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 05 11 Web Disb
    City of Cedar Rapids Accounts Payable Expenditures for the Period ending May 11, 2021 Name Vendor Department Name Voucher Invoice Date Description Qty Unit Price Amount 2200 Buckingham LLC 0000017713 Leased Housing - HAP 00383977 V0046-4 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 545.00 2200 Buckingham LLC 0000017713 Leased Housing - HAP 00383997 V0079-11 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 337.00 2200 Buckingham LLC 0000017713 Leased Housing - HAP 00384187 V0486-9 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 371.00 2200 Buckingham LLC 0000017713 Leased Housing - HAP 00384448 V0993-7 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 465.00 2200 Buckingham LLC 0000017713 Leased Housing - HAP 00384477 V1046-2 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 368.00 2200 Buckingham LLC 0000017713 Leased Housing - HAP 00384817 V2139-3 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 292.00 2200 Buckingham LLC 0000017713 Leased Housing - HAP 00384899 V2604-7 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 727.00 29th Street Properties LLC 0000015983 Leased Housing - HAP 00383959 V0003-1 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 240.00 29th Street Properties LLC 0000015983 Leased Housing - HAP 00384035 V0163-9 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 359.00 29th Street Properties LLC 0000015983 Leased Housing - HAP 00384260 V0666-6 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 359.00 29th Street Properties LLC 0000015983 Leased Housing - HAP 00384275 V0685-8 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 58.00 29th Street Properties LLC 0000015983 Leased Housing - HAP 00384450 V0997-11 2021-05-01 Rental Assistance 0 0.00 348.00 29th Street
    [Show full text]
  • A Discrete Dimming Ballast for Linear Fluorescent Lamps
    A DISCRETE DIMMING BALLAST FOR LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS HAIYAN WANG Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics July, 1994 Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for degree MASTER OF SCIENCE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING at the I CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY December, 2003 CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OCopy-rightby ��AIYANWANG 2003 A CKNOWNLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Ana Stankovic for the support and encouragement she gave towards the development of the thesis. Special thanks to David Kachmarik, Dr. Louis Nerone, and Timothy Chen for guiding me throughout the thesis and my time at GE lighting. I would also like to thank Dr. F.E. Villaseca and Dr. Dan Simon for their valuable suggestions for my thesis. Finally, endless thanks to my family for supporting me to gain a higher education. DISCRETE DIMMING BALLAST FOR LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS HAIYAN WANG ABSTRACT A new discrete dimming ballast for the linear fluorescent lamps is proposed in this paper. The dimming control circuit is combined with a ballast module for multiple lamps to realize three discrete lighting levels control. Compared with conventional step dimming or odoff control methods, the proposed discrete dimming method has following advantages: (1) Digital signal is generated by the dimming control circuit to control the lamps on and off, which makes the system more reliable and integrated. (2) The proposed discrete dimming system replace the relays, which are necessary in conventional lamp on/off control, and decrease the system cost. (3) The proposed dimming ballast can be installed by keeping the original wiring system. This makes the upgrading lighting system more effective and efficient.
    [Show full text]
  • Gt500 Reborn As a Modern Thoroughbred
    GT500 REBORN AS A MODERN THOROUGHBRED: SHELBY, SVT CREATE MOST POWERFUL MUSTANG EVER "Mustang Dream Team" of Carroll Shelby and Ford SVT develop a worthy successor to the legendary Shelby GT500 of the late '60s Shelby Cobra GT500 has modern performance credentials: 450-plus-hp, supercharged V-8, 6-speed manual transmission, SVT-tuned suspension SVT functional features with Shelby design flare - LeMans racing stripes, aerodynamic enhancements and 19-inch wheels with cross-drilled brake rotors The driving zone - red leather seat and door trim, titanium-faced gauges SOUNDBITES: FORD SHELBY COBRA GT500 Click here to view the entire press kit. The most powerful factory-built Ford Mustang in history takes to the street next year, following a unique collaboration between performance car legend Carroll Shelby and the Ford Special Vehicle Team (SVT). Ford took the wraps off the 450-plus-horsepower Ford Shelby Cobra GT500 show car at the New York International Auto Show March 23. Designed in the unmistakable image of Shelby Mustangs of the 1960s, the Shelby Cobra GT500 melds SVT's modern engineering with the big-block performance that made the original GT500 the king of the road. "The all-new 2005 Ford Mustang is one of the hottest cars in many years," says Phil Martens, Ford group vice president, Product Creation. "Its chassis was engineered from the beginning to be the basis of a high-performance, world-class sports car from SVT, and the Shelby Cobra GT500 is it." Carroll Shelby lends his support to SVT, adapting his earlier role as a senior advisor on the "Dream Team" that was assembled to develop and build the 2005 Ford GT.
    [Show full text]
  • CO2 Mass Transfer in a Novel Photobioreactor
    CO 2 Mass Transfer in a Novel Photobioreactor A thesis presented to the faculty of the Russ College of Engineering and Technology of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Adam Mielnicki August 2011 © 2011 Adam Mielnicki. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled CO 2 Mass Transfer in a Novel Photobioreactor by ADAM MIELNICKI has been approved for the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Russ College of Engineering and Technology by David J. Bayless Loehr Professor of Mechanical Engineering Dennis Irwin Dean, Russ College of Engineering and Technology 3 Abstract MIELNICKI, ADAM, M.S., August 2011, Chemical Engineering CO 2 Mass Transfer in a Novel Photobioreactor Director of Thesis: David J. Bayless A novel carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology at the center of this investigation involves the biosequestration of CO 2 via cyanobacterial photosynthetic processes. A simulated flue gas stream introduces CO 2 into a temperature controlled photobioreactor where cyanobacteria are nourished with a flowing growth solution. Before the microorganism can fix carbon, CO 2 has to dissolve in the liquid growth solution. The absorption of CO 2 presents a potential limiting step in cyanobacterial growth and is therefore in need of quantification. In this study, the effects of growth solution flow rate on the liquid side mass transfer coefficient (k L) were observed and a model was selected for k L prediction. Both the model and experimental data showed that k L tends to increase with flow rate. Gaseous CO 2 concentration was manipulated as well and was shown to affect overall mass transfer but not k L.
    [Show full text]
  • Erres KY 159
    Erres KY 159 Foto: Piet Blaas The restoration of an uncommon radio set By Jacques Hermans & Paul Bolt Index: 1. The acquisition 2. To restore or not to restore 3. The circuit diagram 4. The casing 5. First-class demolition 6. Rejuvenating the chassis 7. Repairing the electrolytic capacitors 8. The tar capacitors 9. The build-up 10. Voltage, current, music 11. Summary 1. The acquisition It is the first Saturday of august, 2008 and I am browsing a familiar exhibition for old technology in the small town Hoenderloo. Aside from some parts I had not yet made any purchases and was about to head home, when I laid my eyes on a radio set that I did not immediately recognize. The Erres-buttons instantly caught my attention. The set had endured a lot and the back wall of the casing was missing. The nameplate indicated that this was the KY 159 (serial number 1161) made in 1936 and after some negotiating the device changed hands. At home, the radio set was more thoroughly inspected. This turned out to be a letdown... Picture 1.1 The casing looked a lot less flourishing than it looked on the sunny market stand. The damage to and stains on the casing would not give in to basic cleaning and scrubbing. In some occasions furniture oil can provide a great result, which would make stripping, coloring and varnishing not necessary. Unfortunately this was not the case (picture 1.1). A quick look at the interior did not make my heart skip a beat either.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the 2021 IEEE Thesaurus
    2021 IEEE Thesaurus Version 1.0 Created by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 2021 IEEE Thesaurus The IEEE Thesaurus is a controlled The IEEE Thesaurus also provides a vocabulary of almost 10,900 descriptive conceptual map through the use of engineering, technical and scientific terms, semantic relationships such as broader as well as IEEE-specific society terms terms (BT), narrower terms (NT), 'used for' [referred to as “descriptors” or “preferred relationships (USE/UF), and related terms terms”] .* Each descriptor included in the (RT). These semantic relationships identify thesaurus represents a single concept or theoretical connections between terms. unit of thought. The descriptors are Italic text denotes Non-preferred terms. considered the preferred terms for use in Bold text is used for preferred headings. describing IEEE content. The scope of descriptors is based on the material presented in IEEE journals, conference Abbreviations used in the Thesaurus: papers, standards, and/or IEEE organizational material. A controlled BT - Broader term vocabulary is a specific terminology used in NT - Narrower term a consistent and controlled fashion that RT - Related term results in better information searching and USE- Use preferred term retrieval. UF - Used for Thesaurus construction is based on the ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005(2010) standard, Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabulary. The Thesaurus vocabulary uses American-based spellings with cross references to British variant spellings. The scope and structure of the IEEE Thesaurus reflects the engineering and scientific disciplines that comprise the Societies, Councils, and Communities of the IEEE in *Refer to ANSI/NISO NISO Z39.19-2005 addition to the technologies IEEE serves.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legend of Ford and Carroll Shelby, Changing the Course of Automotive History
    The Legend of Ford and Carroll Shelby, Changing the Course of Automotive History In the early 1960s, the advent of the American muscle car era would mean high-power V8 engines, quicker-shifting four-on-the-floor transmissions, bigger tires and improved suspensions for faster elapsed times as drag strips popped up across the country. This fierce competition for bragging rights on the weekends would lead to an increase in vehicle sales on showroom floors come Monday. With Henry Ford II determined his company could compete with the best and fastest in the world, a boisterous young man from Texas with a reputation for building winning race chassis powered by Ford engines came to the attention of executives in Dearborn. Soon a collaboration formed between Carroll Shelby and his Shelby America and Ford Motor Company – one that would change the course of automotive history. 1965 Shelby GT350 Shelby GT350, the first high-performance Mustang While Ford engineers worked in secret to develop the revolutionary Mustang pony car, Shelby was already hard at work building Ford-powered cars to take on the world at Le Mans. As the very first 1965 Mustangs came off the line, several were quietly shipped to Shelby America in California for engineering of the first high-performance Mustang – the Shelby GT350. Less than a year after Mustang began production, Ford and Shelby pounced with the first high- performance model, Shelby GT350. Powered by a Shelby-modified Ford 289 high-performance V8 churning out 306 horsepower, the 1965 Mustang Shelby GT350 competition models were built and homologated for SCCA competition, quickly winning the first race on February 14, 1965.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013-Carlisle-Ford-Nationals
    OFFICIAL EVENT DIRECTORY OFFICIAL DIRECTORY PARTNER VISIT BUILDING T FOR YOUR EVENT SHIRTS AT THE CARLISLE STORE WELCOME KEN APPELL, EVENT MANAGER 1970 GRABBER ORANGE BOSS 302 — IT COMMANDS ATTENTION ’d like to personally welcome you to the 2013 edition elcome to the largest all-Ford event in the world. Iof the Carlisle Ford Nationals and want to thank each WFrom show-quality F-150s to Shelby GT350s, and every one of you for supporting us this year and from parts at the swap meet to complete cars for sale for many returning attendees. Like many of you here in the car corral, it’s all here this weekend. this weekend I’ve attended this event almost every year While the cars here represent a broad spectrum of since the early 2000s. I am particularly honored to be interests, including Lincoln/Mercury and European able to step into the role of Event Manager at a time Ford alongside First-gen Mustangs and F-series that the car market is ever-changing. trucks, everyone here shares the same passion for the Th roughout the weekend, I hope you take the time brand. And if you look back, I’m willing to bet you to to visit the unique displays and celebrations. First, can pinpoint the moment that sparked that passion for take a look at the 50th Anniversary of the HiPo 289 in you. Building G. Th ere are some really unique Mustangs, For me, that moment was in 2001, when a Grabber Fairlanes and a few other HiPo 289-powered vehicles Orange ’70 Boss 302 came into the small auto that are a real treat to see, including Milo Coleman’s repair shop where I worked.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Efficiency – HID Lighting
    PDHonline Course E423 (5 PDH) Energy Efficiency High Intensity Discharge Lighting Instructor: Lee Layton, P.E 2014 PDH Online | PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088 www.PDHonline.org www.PDHcenter.com An Approved Continuing Education Provider www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E423 www.PDHonline.org Energy Efficiency High Intensity Discharge Lighting Lee Layton, P.E Table of Contents Section Page Introduction ………………………………….….. 3 Chapter 1, Lighting Market ………………….….. 5 Chapter 2, Fundamentals of Lighting ………….... 16 Chapter 3, Characteristics of HID Lighting……... 28 Chapter 4, Types of HID Lighting……………..... 37 Summary ……………………………………..…. 66 © Lee Layton. Page 2 of 66 www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E423 www.PDHonline.org Introduction Gas-discharge lamps are light sources that generate light by sending an electrical discharge through an ionized gas. The character of the gas discharge depends on the pressure of the gas as well as the frequency of the current. High-intensity discharge (HID) lighting provides the highest efficacy and longest service life of any lighting type. It can save 75%-90% of lighting energy when it replaces incandescent lighting. Figure 1 shows a typical high-intensity discharge lamp. In a high-intensity discharge lamp, electricity arcs between two electrodes, creating an intensely bright light. Usually a gas of mercury, sodium, or metal halide acts as the conductor. HID lamps use an electric arc to produce intense light. Like fluorescent lamps, they require ballasts. They also take up to 10 minutes to produce light when first turned on because the ballast needs time to establish the electric arc.
    [Show full text]