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No Slide Title Biodiversity of Marine Invertebrates Dwelling in the Coral Reefs along the Gulf of Thailand Sumaitt PUTCHAKARN Institute of Marine Science, Burapha University, Bangsaen, Chonburi 20131 THAILAND E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] First ASIAHORCs Joint Symposium, July 18-21, 2009 The Gulf of Thailand - Contains a very high biodiversity of marine organisms - Provides many marine habitats - Biodiversity and habitats lost due to environmental impacts The Gulf of Thailand Estimated known species of invertebrates in Thailand World record Estimated species in Known species in Phylum species Thailand Thailand Porifera 7,000 700 160 Cnidaria 9,000 1,000 401 Ctenophora 90 10 ND Platyhelminthes 15,000 1,500 66 Nemertea 750 75 ND Aschelminthes 12,000 1,200 157 Entoprocta 60 10 ND Ectoprocta 3,300 330 ND Phoronida 15 2 ND Brachiopoda 250 25 1 Sipunculida 250 25 1 Echiurida 60 6 1 Mollusca 100,000 10,000 1,618 Annelida 12,000 1,200 84 Arthropoda 75,000 7,500 1,098 Echinodermata 7,000 700 385 Pogonophora 125 ND ND Chaetognatha 50 5 ND Hemichordata 80 8 ND Urochordata 1,600 160 20 Biodiversity of Marine Invertebrates Dwelling in the Coral Reefs along the Gulf of Thailand History: 3 episodes Episode I: The foreign Scientists Expedition to Siam Episode II: Thai Scientist explorations Episode III: Conclusion & Need for further Researches Episode I: The foreign Scientists Expedition to Siam - The first describe mollusc from Thailand is boring bivalve, Pholas siamensis by the Danish malacologist, Lorenz Spengler in 1788 - Three echinoids recorded from Siam in 1872 by A. Agassiz ?? Heterocentrotus mammillatus ?? Salmacis rarispina Temnopleurus toreumaticus Episode I: The foreign Scientists Expedition to Siam - The first describe marine sponge from Thailand is Prostylissa siamensis by the French zoologist, Dr. E. Topsent in 1925 TheThe first Danish station: Expedition to Koh Chang and Gulf of Siam, 1899–1900 The Danish Expedition to Koh Chang and Gulf of Siam, 1899–1900 Episode I: The foreign Scientists Expedition to Siam - The Danish Expedition to Siam, 1899–1900 provided many important marine biodiversity data for Thailand - Rudolph Bergh treated the tectibranch and nudibranch snails (23 species, 8 of which were new) - Herman Lynge reported 375 species of calms and mussels, 27 of which new - Mary Rathbun reported 103 species of crabs, 28 of which new - Th Mortensen covered 16 species of sea urchin, 12 of which new - R. Koehler reported 29 species of Ophiuroids in 1930 - S,G. Heding & A. Panning reported 6 species of phyllophorid holothurians, 4 of which new in 1954 Episode II: Thai Scientist exploration - L. Kasinasak reported 37 species of echinoderms from Gulf of Thailand in 1965 - S. Srithunya & et.al. reported the first biodiersity in the coral reefs in the Gulf of Thailand (Pattaya area), 55 species of scleractinian corals, 2 fire corals and more than 100 invertebrates species in 1980-1983 - L.M. Chou & et al. reported 50 species of scleractinian corals, 1 fire coral from Koh Nok in Pattaya area in 1991 - S. Putchakarn reported 56 species of echinoderms from Eastern Coast of Thailand in 1998 - S. Putchakarn reported 56 species of marine sponges from the Gulf of Thailand in 2006 Episode II: Thai Scientist exploration - S. Putchakarn & et.al. reported 428 species of 15 phyla of marine invertebrates associated in coral reefs along the coast of Chonburi Province including Porifera 54, Cnidaria 151, Ctenophora 1, Platyhelminth 8, Nemertea 2, Annelida 21, Siphuncula 1, Echiura 1, Entoprocta 1, Phoronida 1, Mollusca 63, Arthropoda 21, Ectoprocta 3, Echinodermata 71, and Chordata, Urochordata 32 Phylum Porifera, Class Demospongiae 51 species Coelocarteria singaporensis (Carter, 1883) Phylum Porifera, Class Calcarea 3 species Clathrina sp. Phylum Cnidaria, Class Hydrozoa 7 species Fire coral, Millepora platyphylla Phylum Cnidaria, Class Scyphozoa 4 species Jellyfish, Rhopilema rhopalophorum Phylum Cnidaria, Order Scleractinia 91 species Acropora formosa Phylum Cnidaria, Order Gorgonacea 15 species Melithaea sp. Phylum Cnidaria, Order Alcyonacea 8 species Dendronephthya sp. Phylum Cnidaria, Order pennatulacea 5 species Pteroeides sp. & Armina sp. Phylum Cnidaria, Order Actinaria 15 species Heteractis malu Phylum Cnidaria, Order Zoanthidea 6 species Palythoa tuberculosa Phylum Cnidaria, Order Coralimorphalia 6 species Pseudocorynactis sp. Phylum Cnidaria, Order Antipatharia 3 species Antipathes sp. Phylum Cnidaria, Order Ceriantharia 3 species Cerianthus sp. Phylum Ctenophora 1 species Bolinopsis sp. Phylum Platyhelminthes 8 species Acanthozoon sp. Phylum Nemertea 2 species Baseodiscus quinquelineatus Phylum Annelida 21 species Eunice sp. Phylum Annelida 1 species Siphonosoma sp. Phylum Echiura 1 species Bonellia sp. Phylum Entoprocta 1 species Loxosomella sp. Phylum Phoronida 1 species Phoronis australis Phylum Mollusca, Class Polyplacophora 1 species Acanthopleura sp. Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda 21 species Haliotis asinina Phylum Mollusca, Nudibranchia 20 species Risbecia tryoni Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia 17 species Pteria crocea Phylum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda 3 species Octopus sp. Phylum Arthropoda 21 species Eucrate alcocki Phylum Ectoprocta 3 species Zoobotryon verticillatum Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea 4 species Stephanometra spicata Phylum Echinodermata, Class Asteroidea 10 species Luidia maculata Phylum Echinodermata, Class Ophiuroidea 16 species Macrophiothrix variabilis Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echinoidea 17 species Toxopneustes pileolus Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea 24 species Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra Phylum Chordata, Class Urochordata 32 species Atriolum robustrum Inventory Review of Thai Echinoderms 381 species were recorded for Thailand from 28 articles and field observation by the author, including - Crinoidea (feather stars) 39 species - Asteroidea (sea stars) 69 species - Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) 112 species - Echinoidea (sea urchins) 67 species - Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) 94 species Distribution of echinoderms in Thailand Echinoderms Gulf of Thai Andaman Both Crinoidea 4 32 3 Asteroidea 16 39 14 Ophiuroidea 27 56 31 Echinoidea 14 25 25 Holothuroidea 26 39 30 Total 87 191 103 Conclusion - Dominant species of marine invertebrates dwelling in coral reefs along the Gulf of Thailand depended on environment habits, such as water turbidity, seasonal monsoon Ircinia mutans Iotrochota baculifera Conclusion - The more surveys, high opportunity to find out new species or new recorded marine invertebrates for Thai Waters Cliona patera Eucidaris metularia Melibe sp. Mycale (Naviculina ) sp. new Conclusion - Species lost due to environmental impacts Conclusion - Species lost due to environmental impacts: Global warming Needs for further Biodiversity researches I - Survey & Monitoring Needs for further Biodiversity researches II - Biology and ecology of marine invertebrate researches: - Life cycle and reproduction - Feeding behaviors Needs for further Biodiversity researches III - Biology and ecology of marine invertebrate researches: - Color variation - Associated animals etc… Acknowledgement - National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) - Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) - Nagoya University and organizer staffs for invitation as invited participant Thank you very much for your attention .
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