Conquistador Free Download

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Conquistador Free Download CONQUISTADOR FREE DOWNLOAD S M Stirling | 608 pages | 02 Mar 2004 | Penguin Publishing Group | 9780451459336 | English | New York, NY, United States Who Were the Spanish Conquistadors? Crossbowmen had their crossbows, tricky weapons which they had to keep in good working order. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our. The Portuguese took Conquistador interest in the isolated Mascarene islands. Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Europeans, the Ternateans expelled the hated foreigners in after a five-year siege. Many of them were veteran professional soldiers who had Conquistador for Spain in other wars, like the reconquest of the Moors or the Conquistador Wars" New Zealand Listener [8]. He later tried to incorporate by marriage Conquistador kingdom of Portugal. Asian Educational Services. Thursday 2 July Conquistador A Dog's History of America. Monday 27 July Conquistador In Angelino Dulcert of Majorca produced the portolan chart map. Portuguese explored the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans before the Iberian Union period — Play Responsibly Find out more about how to play responsibly Visit Page. Trending Conquistador 1. Sunday 21 June Thursday 23 July Another early motive was the search for the Seven Cities of Gold Conquistador, or "Cibola", rumoured to have been built Conquistador Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest. Learn Conquistador. However, in the mountains and jungles, the Spaniards were less able to use narrow Conquistador roads and Conquistador made for pedestrian traffic, which were sometimes no wider Conquistador a few feet. Wednesday Conquistador September Conquistador Macrovision Corporation. The tendency to secrecy and falsification of dates casts doubts about Conquistador authenticity of many primary sources. Blackwood and T. Wednesday Conquistador August This method was championed by Conquistador Franciscans such as Toribio de Conquistador. Campaigns were sometimes initiated Conquistador inexperienced Conquistador, because in Spanish Colonial Americaoffices were bought or handed to relatives or cronies. Conquistador full artist profile. Monday 12 October See more words from the same year Dictionary Entries near conquistador conquest state conquian conquinamine conquistador Conrad Conquistador carbon test Conringia. The MolossersSpanish war dogs [] and sheep dogs they used in battle were effective as a psychological weapon against the natives, who, in many cases, had never seen domesticated dogs. However, Toral wrote in protest Conquistador the tax based on his services during his conquests. Worried about the foreign incursions and hoping to find mineral riches, the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land and combat the Conquistador. From The Album Play album. Such an outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the Conquistador desperate and avaricious, and as such the feeble attempts at Christianization only strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler. The results varied throughout the year, which required corrections. The Crown reserved for itself important tools of intervention. Some European countries, Conquistador France, were also sending excursions to Brazil to extract brazilwood. The word conquistador comes from Spanish and means "he who conquers. Loot and the Encomienda System. Wednesday 29 July The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study Conquistador an advanced degree Thursday 21 May Conquistador several months of fighting native inhabitants Conquistador wilderness and swampthe party reached Apalachee Bay with men. Procol Harum. These native forces often included African slaves and Native Americans. It initially became Conquistador of the Portuguese province of Arabia and Ethiopia and was administered by a governor general. Born in Africa, Garrido lived as a young slave in Portugal before being sold to a Spaniard and acquiring his freedom fighting in the conquests of Conquistador Rico, Cuba, and other islands. Pedro de Alvarado was a typical example. From the moment of Christopher Columbus' discovery of Conquistador previously unknown to Europe inthe New World captured the imagination of European Conquistador. Lay summary. Conquistador 25 September Do you know any background info about this track? Crazy Time Play Conquistador. Sunday 23 August From tothe Dutch set up more permanently in the Nordeste and controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe, without, however, penetrating the interior. In King Manuel I of Portugal handed Lopo Homem a charter giving him the privilege to certify and amend all compass needles in vessels. Monday 20 July Juan Conquistador was an African slave that fought Conquistador Honduras and Panama. Players will be notified as soon as their Bonus Offer Conquistador been added to the cash wallet. He fought for many years in Chile and Peru. Saturday 15 August This was disputed in Conquistador, and in Conquistador confirmed Portuguese sovereignty. .
Recommended publications
  • Medieval Portolan Charts As Documents of Shared Cultural Spaces
    SONJA BRENTJES Medieval Portolan Charts as Documents of Shared Cultural Spaces The appearance of knowledge in one culture that was created in another culture is often understood conceptually as »transfer« or »transmission« of knowledge between those two cultures. In the field of history of science in Islamic societies, research prac- tice has focused almost exclusively on the study of texts or instruments and their trans- lations. Very few other aspects of a successful integration of knowledge have been studied as parts of transfer or transmission, among them processes such as patronage and local cooperation1. Moreover, the concept of transfer or transmission itself has primarily been understood as generating complete texts or instruments that were more or less faithfully expressed in the new host language in the same way as in the origi- nal2. The manifold reasons (beyond philological issues) for transforming knowledge of a foreign culture into something different have not usually been considered, although such an approach would enrich the conceptualization of the cross-cultural mobility of knowledge. In this paper, I will examine the cross-cultural presence of knowledge in a different manner, studying works of a specific group of people who created, copied, and modified culturally mixed objects of knowledge. My focus will be on Italian and Catalan charts and atlases of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, partly because the earliest of them are the oldest extant specimens of the genre and partly because they seem to be the richest, most diverse charts of all those extant from the Mediterranean region3. In addition, I have relied on the twelfth- century »Liber de existencia riveriarum et forma maris nostris Mediterranei«, a Latin 1 Charles BURNETT, Literal Translation and Intelligent Adaptation amongst the Arabic–Latin Translators of the First Half of the Twelfth Century, in: Biancamaria SCARCIA AMORETTI (ed.), La diffusione delle scienze islamiche nel Medio Evo Europeo, Rome 1987, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Dead Reckoning and Magnetic Declination: Unveiling the Mystery of Portolan Charts
    Joaquim Alves Gaspar * Dead reckoning and magnetic declination: unveiling the mystery of portolan charts Keywords : medieval charts; cartometric analysis; history of cartography; map projections of old charts; portolan charts Summary For more than two centuries much has been written about the origin and method of con- struction of the Mediterranean portolan charts; still these matters continue to be the object of some controversy as no one explanation was able to gather unanimous agreement among researchers. If some theory seems to prevail, that is certainly the one asserting the medieval origin of the portolan chart, which would have followed the introduction of the marine compass in the Mediterranean, when the pilots start to plot the magnetic directions and es- timated distances between ports observed at sea. In the research here presented a numerical model which simulates the construction of the old portolan charts is tested. This model was developed in the light of the navigational methods available at the time, taking into account the spatial distribution of the magnetic declination in the Mediterranean, as estimated by a geomagnetic model based on paleomagnetic data. The results are then compared with two extant charts using cartometric analysis techniques. It is concluded that this type of meth- odology might contribute to a better understanding of the geometry and methods of con- struction of the portolan charts. Also, the good agreement between the geometry of the ana- lysed charts and the model’s results clearly supports the a-priori assumptions on their meth- od of construction. Introduction The medieval portolan chart has been considered as a unique achievement in the history of maps and marine navigation, and its appearance one of the most representative turn- ing points in the development of nautical cartography.
    [Show full text]
  • A Recently Discovered Portolan Chart the Oldest Map of Monaco? the Map Afternoon 2017 Excursion to the Hague - Visiting the VOC Archives
    MAPS IN September 2017 Newsletter No HISTORY 59 A recently discovered portolan chart The oldest map of Monaco? The Map Afternoon 2017 Excursion to The Hague - Visiting the VOC archives ISSN 1379-3306 www.bimcc.org 2 SPONSORS EDITORIAL 3 Contents Intro Dear Map Friends, Exhibitions Paulus In this issue we are happy to present not one, but two Aventuriers des mers (Sea adventurers) ...............................................4 scoops about new map discoveries. Swaen First Joseph Schirò (from the Malta Map Society) Looks at Books reports on an album of 148 manuscript city plans dating from the end of the 17th century, which he has Internet Map Auctions Finding the North and other secrets of orientation of the found in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Of course, travellers of the past ..................................................................................................... 7 in Munich, Marianne Reuter had already analysed this album thoroughly, but we thought it would be March - May - September - November Orbis Disciplinae - Tributes to Patrick Gautier Dalché ... 9 appropriate to call the attention of all map lovers to Maps, Globes, Views, Mapping Asia Minor. German orientalism in the field it, since it includes plans from all over Europe, from Atlases, Prints (1835-1895) ............................................................................................................................ 12 Flanders to the Mediterranean. Among these, a curious SCANNING - GEOREFERENCING plan of the rock of Monaco has caught the attention of Catalogue on: AND DIGITISING OF OLD MAPS Rod Lyon who is thus completing the inventory of plans www.swaen.com History and Cartography of Monaco which he published here a few years ago. [email protected] The discovery of the earliest known map of Monaco The other remarkable find is that of a portolan chart, (c.1589) ..........................................................................................................................................15 hitherto gone unnoticed in the Archives in Avignon.
    [Show full text]
  • FROM the PORTOLAN CHART to the LATITUDE CHART the Silent Cartographic Revolution
    FROM THE PORTOLAN CHART TO THE LATITUDE CHART The silent cartographic revolution by Joaquim Alves Gaspar Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia Pólo Universidade de Lisboa faculdade de Ciências Campo Grande 1759-016 Lisboa Portugal [email protected] This paper explains how, following the introduction of astronomical navigation, the transition between the por - tolan-type chart of the mediterranean and the latitude chart of the Atlantic was facilitated by the small values of the magnetic declination occurring in western Europe during the Renaissance. The results of two prelimi - nary cartometric studies of a sample of charts of the sixteenth century are presented, focused on the latitude accuracy in the representation of northern Europe and on the evolution of the longitudinal width of the mediterranean and Africa. Cet article explique comment, après l’apparition de la navigation astronomique, la transition entre la carte- portulan caractéristique de la méditerranée et la carte avec latitude de l’océan Atlantique a été facilitée par la faiblesse de la déclinaison magnétique en Europe occidentale, à la Renaissance. Les résultats de deux études cartographiques antérieures sont appliqués à un échantillon de cartes du XVI e siècle, en centrant le propos sur la précision des latitudes des pays de l’Europe de nord et sur l’étendue longitudinale de la méditerranée et de l’Afrique. 1 Introduction respect: that it was much easier to go than to come back, due to the action of those same elements. In 1434, after thirteen years during which there were several frustrated attempts involving various At the time Cape Bojador was first rounded by the pilots in the service of Prince Henry of Portugal, Gil Portuguese, the ships used in the voyages of explo - Eanes finally succeeded in rounding Cape Bojador.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysing Mapanalyst and Its Application to Portolan Charts
    e-Perimetron, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2018 [121-140] www.e-perimetron.org | ISSN 1790-3769 Roel Nicolai ∗ Analysing MapAnalyst and its application to portolan charts Keywords: Cartometric analysis, distortion grid, MapAnalyst, map accuracy, map projection, portolan chart Summary: The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the distortion grid generated by Ma- pAnalyst, a free software package for the cartometric analysis of historical maps, should be com- puted and interpreted judiciously and not be seen as revealing the immutable structure of implicit parallels and meridians of the map. Awareness of the limitations as well as the capabilities of this software tool is essential. This paper explains the processing method of MapAnalyst and demon- strates in what way this imposes limitations on the analysis of portolan charts. The paper con- cludes with recommendations on how MapAnalyst can be successfully applied to the analysis of portolan charts and demonstrates this with an example analysis. Introduction It is some 120 years ago now that the German geographer Hermann Wagner introduced the cartomet- ric method in the context of research into portolan charts. Wagner proposed to take measurements on a portolan chart in order to establish indisputable facts about that chart that would allow hypotheses to be tested, thus preventing a sequence of “indefinite suppositions” (Wagner 1896, p 695 (476)). He suggests two broad methods: 1. measurement of distances between points on a historical map, comparing those with modern reference values; 2. generation of a graticule of meridians and parallels from the geographic features displayed on the map. Computers were not available in Wagner’s time and therefore cartometric analysis in principle has nothing to do with computers.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectral Imaging of Portolan Charts
    Spectral Imaging of Portolan Charts Fenella G. France,a Meghan A. Wilson,a and Anita Gheza a Preservation Research and Testing Division, Library of Congress, Washington, District of Columbia; United States of America; [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Spectral imaging of Portolan Charts, early nautical charts, provided extensive new information about their construction and creation. The origins of the portolan chart style have been a continual source of perplexity to numerous generations of cartographic historians. The spectral imaging system utilized incorporates a 50 megapixel mono-chrome camera with light emitting diode (LED) illumination panels that cover the range from 365nm to 1050nm to capture visible and non-visible information. There is little known about how portolan charts evolved, and what influenced their creation. These early nautical charts began as working navigational tools of medieval mariners, initially made in the 1300s in Italy, Portugal and Spain; however the origin and development of the portolan chart remained shrouded in mystery. Questions about these early navigational charts included whether colorants were commensurate with the time period and geographical location, and if different, did that give insight into trade routes, or possible later additions to the charts? For example; spectral data showed the red pigment on both the 1320 portolan chart and the 1565 Galapagos Islands matched vermillion, an opaque red pigment used since antiquity. The construction of these charts was also of great interest. Spectral imaging with a range of illumination modes revealed the presence of a “hidden circle” often referred to in relation to their construction. This paper will present in-depth analysis of how spectral imaging of the Portolans revealed similarities and differences, new hidden information and shed new light on construction and composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Chgme/1: GENOA/MAJORCA/GENOA/MAJORCA/EGYPT PATTERN/TEMPLATE of + 200 YEARS STILL in USE
    ChGME/1: GENOA/MAJORCA/GENOA/MAJORCA/EGYPT PATTERN/TEMPLATE OF + 200 YEARS STILL IN USE ABSTRACT The Portolan charts of Genoa (or Italy) commencing c1300AD through to +1500AD are all basically constructed from the same Pattern/Template as has been clearly shown in text ChGEN/1. They commenced with Petrus Vesconte and climaxed with Vesconte de Maiollo and then the Maiollo clan’s work. But two eminent practioners of the “art of painting” charts, escaped to warmer climes and the first of them kick started what can only be described as a “golden” period for Portolan Charts and their decoration on the Island of Majorca. The second augmented the genre and ensured the origins of the Portolan Chart, basically Northern Italy/Genoa, was perpetuated by the continual usage of the original Pattern/Template for the Mediterranean Sea Basin. Thus this text follows on from the Genoese exploration of the continued usage of a singular Pattern/Template and further explores the cross fertilisation from City to Island and around the Mediterranean Sea. The text is 20, A4 pages and contains 58, A4 (A3 original) diagrams and 2 tables. ChGME/1: GENOA/MAJORCA/GENOA/MAJORCA/EGYPT PATTERN/TEMPLATE OF + 200 YEARS STILL IN USE INTRODUCTION The Island of Majorca is famed for its Medieval Portolan Charts with their beautiful decoration emanating from the practioners also being originally illustrators and illuminators of manuscripts. Being an Island set centrally in the western Mediterranean Sea between Iberia/France to the west, Italy with Sardinia/Corsica to the east and Africa to the south it was an entrepot, a trade hub, a stopover for navigators who plied their trade on the Seas.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Paper
    ChCATA/1; THE 1375 ATLAS, KNOWN AS CATALAN WHAT HAS BEEN MISSED IN OTHER RESEARCH? ABSTRACT Commencing with an in depth study of the actual draughtsmanship to explore the hidden features, the text then investigates the donor charts which allowed it to be drawn, much of which has been known for over 100 years, and finally shows that it is the latest manifestation of the “mappa mundi” genre which are usually drawn as circular charts. The text is 10, A4 pages and contains 21, A4 (A3) diagrams ChCATA/1; THE 1375 ATLAS, KNOWN AS CATALAN WHAT HAS BEEN MISSED IN OTHER RESEARCH? INTRODUCTION Diagram ChCATA/1/D1 This beautiful atlas has been investigated and written about for over 100 years and with multiple descriptions of its pictorial content available, this text will only cursorily touch on that subject as it is primarily a technical paper concerned with the inner workings of the actual draughtsmanship and what it can tell us about not only the competence of the author but the information available c1370/1375. Perhaps those who do not know the historical background and the pictorial contents meaning I suggest they use the following text from BnF Paris; http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc78545v The pertinent information to explain the existence of the Atlas is as follows; basically the Crown of Aragon, King Pedro IV (1336-1387) requested the production of this Atlas so that it could be presented to his cousin, the Crown of France, King Charles V (1364-1380), and it was despatched between 1376 and 1378 to France, certainly arriving before 1380.
    [Show full text]
  • 250.4 Batista Beccaria, 1434
    Batista Beccari #250.4 [untitled portolan chart of Europe, the Mediterranean and Black Seas, the coast of West Africa through the Canaries, and of undetermined islands in the Atlantic Ocean]. Attributed to Batista Beccari, Genoa(?), circa 1434. An illuminated manuscript on vellum, heightened in gold. Size of original: 66 x 117 cm. Beccari records the Atlantic islands in "blocks" with an outline encompassing an entire archipelago. He shows two pairs of blocks, each containing a large and a small group. This configuration is very similar to the earliest known chart to incorporate such islands, the 1424 chart of Zuane Pizzigano, except that Pizzigano orients them diagonally while Beccari shows them nearly straight north-south. Beccari has given names to each of the four blocks as a whole, rather than to individual islands; fading of the ink has made some difficult to discern. The least legible is the larger of the two northern groups, but by correlation to other surviving portolan charts (and specifically to another Batista Beccari chart) it would be Satanagio, the Genoese dialect equivalent to the Portuguese Satanazes (Satans). To the north lies an umbrella-shaped block named Tanmar, and the island blocks to the south are called Antillia and Royllo. Only a few portolan charts survive from this early period showing these Atlantic islands. Their identity has been the source of controversy that will doubtfully ever be resolved (see the monograph on Mythical Islands of the Atlantic on this website). The simplest explanation is that they are "false Azores," a cartographic fancy which helped inspire Henry the Navigator’s courage for western voyages.
    [Show full text]
  • The Investigation and Identification of a Sixteenth-Century Shipwreck
    Solving a Sunken Mystery: The Investigation and Identification of a Sixteenth-Century Shipwreck By Corey Malcom A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield School of Music, Humanities, and Media March 2017 2 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT I. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such Copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. II. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. III. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions. 3 ABSTRACT In the summer of 1991, St. Johns Expeditions, a Florida-based marine salvage company, discovered a shipwreck buried behind a shallow reef along the western edge of the Little Bahama Bank. The group contacted archaeologists to ascertain the significance of the discovery, and it was soon determined to be a Spanish ship dating to the 1500’s.
    [Show full text]
  • 316.1 (Portolan Chart , Detail: Atlantic Ocean/Africa)
    #316.1 (portolan chart , detail: Atlantic Ocean/Africa) Description: Vesconte de Maggiolo was a prominent Genoese cartographer who produced important manuscript maps during the first half of the 16th century. From 1511 to 1518 he worked in Naples, where for a noble Corsican family he prepared the beautiful atlas that includes this map. It is signed and dated, Vesconte de Maiolo, from Genoa composed it in Naples in the year 1511 on the 10th day of January. Maggiolo founded a school of chart makers for the Republic of Genoa. He had been summoned there by the doge of the city-state, who proclaimed that Maggiolo was “skilful in the making of nautical charts and other things requisite for navigation.” According to the scholar Henry Harrisse, it is the earliest known Italian portolano that delineates the northernmost regions of the New World, although they were already indicated in the mappamundi of Ruysch (#313) #316.1 published in 1508, but merely as Asiatic configurations of Ptolemaic origin. About twenty of de Maggiolo’s portolan [nautical] charts and atlases have survived. His descendants were mapmakers for more than a century after his death. This particular world map is drawn with a north polar projection that provides its distinctive fan shape. Its format resembles the maps of Contarini and Ruysch (#308 and #313), which are derived from conical projections. Maggiolo has not attempted to display the full 360 degrees of the sphere; less than 200 degrees appear, leaving East Asia and the Ocean Sea incomplete. His interpretation of longitude within this projection continues the elongated east- west dimensions for the Mediterranean, Europe, and African areas seen on earlier maps.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapa Mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan Cartographic School, and 14Th Century Asia
    Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia Vladimír Liščáka a Oriental Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia (Czech Republic); [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: This paper deals with the Mapa mondi drawn and written in about 1375. It is my starting study about this important map of the medieval period in the Catalan language and the finest work to come from the Majorcan cartographic school of the fourteenth century. The aim of this paper is to give a general overview of the publication with some de-tails on descriptions of the portion of Asia, and in more details as regards China. This map is known also as the Catalan Atlas, because it is composed of several tables sketching out the world known at that time, from the Atlantic Coast of Europe to the Pacific Coast of East Asia. The main sources for the eastern parts of the world were travelogues of Marco Polo, John Mandeville, and Odoric of Pordenone. The presumable author of the Catalan Atlas, Cresques Abra-ham (1325–1387), a Jewish cartographer from Palma, was “master of mappæ mundi and compasses” to Peter IV (III), the King of Aragon. He worked on the atlas with his son Jehudà, who after the Aragonese persecutions of 1391, converted to Christianity. The atlas contained the latest information on Africa, Asia, and China and was considered to be the most complete picture of geographical knowledge as it stood in the later Middle Ages. The translations of original texts and interpretations, based on facsimiles of original source and on secondary sources until 2016, will be a part of this paper.
    [Show full text]