PERSPECTIVAS SOBRE LA CRISIS VENEZOLANA Daniel Bello Molina

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PERSPECTIVAS SOBRE LA CRISIS VENEZOLANA Daniel Bello Molina CANALES IDEOLOGIZADOS: PERSPECTIVAS SOBRE LA CRISIS VENEZOLANA Daniel Bello Molina Trabajo de Grado para optar por el título de Comunicador Social Campo profesional Periodismo Asesor: Mario Enrique Morales Rincón Bogotá, 2020 1 "La universidad no se hace responsable por los conceptos emitidos por sus alumnos en sus tesis de grado. Sólo velará porque no se publique nada contrario al dogma y moral católicos, y porque el trabajo no contenga ataques y polémicas puramente personales. Antes bien, se vea en ella el anhelo de buscar la verdad y la justicia" Reglamento de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Artículo 23 de la Resolución No. 13 de 1946 2 Bogotá, 27 de mayo de 2020 Doctora MARISOL CANO BUSQUETS Decana Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Facultad de Comunicación y Lenguaje Estimada Decana: Reciba un cordial saludo de mi parte. Por medio de la presente, me permito presentar el Trabajo de Grado titulado: Canales ideologizados: Perspectivas sobre la crisis venezolana, con el fin de optar por el título de Comunicador Social con énfasis en Periodismo. La presente investigación corresponde a un análisis de las coberturas periodísticas que realizaron NTN24 y Telesur, ambos medios informativos internacionales. Además, este trabajo está basado en la experiencia acumulada del Observatorio de Medios de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, y de mi asesor, Mario Morales. Además, parte desde los principios periodísticos y los estándares de calidad propuestos por diversos autores. Atentamente, DANIEL BELLO MOLINA Estudiante Comunicación Social Pontificia Universidad Javeriana 3 4 Agradezco a: A mi madre, mi viejo y mi tía por su apoyo y amor incondicional durante toda mi vida A Mario, cuya paciencia y guía me ayudaron a realizar este proyecto. A todos gracias. 5 Tabla de contenido 1. INTRODUCCIÓN.............................................................................................................. 9 2. PROBLEMA .................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 PREGUNTA PROBLEMA .......................................................................................... 15 3. ESTADO DEL ARTE ....................................................................................................... 16 3.1 TELESUR E IDEOLOGÍA ......................................................................................... 16 3.2 PRENSA INDEPENDIENTE Y CENSURA ................................................................. 19 3.3 NTN24 E IDEOLOGÍA ............................................................................................... 21 3.4 MEDIOS Y GENTES .................................................................................................. 23 3.5 AUDIENCIAS Y PERCEPCIÓN SOBRE LOS MEDIOS ............................................. 25 3.6 LA PRENSA CONTRAHEGEMÓNICA Y SU APORTE A LA DEMOCRACIA. ......... 27 3.7 POLITIZACIÓN EN MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN ............................................... 29 3.8 PANORAMA GENERAL ........................................................................................... 30 4. MARCO TEÓRICO ......................................................................................................... 32 4.1 MARCO HISTÓRICO ................................................................................................ 32 4.1.1 LOS PRIMEROS PASOS DE LA PRENSA EN VENEZUELA .............................. 32 4.1.2 BONANZA PETROLERA Y MIGRACIÓN COLOMBIANA ................................ 34 4.1.3 CRISIS VENEZOLANA DE LOS OCHENTA ....................................................... 35 4.1.4 EL ASOMO DEL CHAVISMO ............................................................................. 36 4.1.5 EL CHAVISMO LLEGA AL PODER ................................................................... 37 4.1.6 TELEINFORMATIVOS DENTRO Y FUERA DE VENEZUELA .......................... 38 4.1.7 LA OPOSICIÓN SE FORTALECE: CREACIÓN DE LA MUD ............................ 40 4.1.8 LA APARICIÓN DE LA CRISIS .......................................................................... 40 4.1.9 RELACIONES DE VENEZUELA CON COLOMBIA ........................................... 42 4.1.10 LOS DOS PRESIDENTES .................................................................................. 44 4.1.11 EL EFECTO DE LA CRISIS EN LOS MEDIOS.................................................. 46 4.2 MARCO CONCEPTUAL ........................................................................................... 47 4.2.1 IDEOLOGÍA, IDEOLOGIZACIÓN Y MILITANCIA ........................................... 47 4.2.2 NACIONALISMO ................................................................................................ 49 4.2.3 POPULISMO ........................................................................................................... 50 4.2.4 PROPAGANDA POLÍTICA ................................................................................. 51 4.2.5 TEORÍA DEL CONFLICTO ................................................................................ 52 4.2.6 CRISIS ................................................................................................................. 53 4.2.7 MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN .......................................................................... 60 4.2.8 PERIODISMO ......................................................................................................... 61 4.2.9 ELEMENTOS DEL PERIODISMO ...................................................................... 62 4.2.10 CALIDAD PERIODÍSTICA................................................................................ 63 4.2.11 VALORES PERIODÍSTICOS ............................................................................. 66 4.2.12 VALOR AGREGADO PERIODÍSTICO ............................................................. 67 6 4.2.13 AGENDA SETTING ........................................................................................... 68 4.2.14 GATEKEEPING ................................................................................................ 69 4.2.14 FRAMING ......................................................................................................... 70 4.3 MARCO METODOLÓGICO ..................................................................................... 73 4.3.1 OBSERVATORIO DE MEDIOS ........................................................................... 73 4.3.2 MONITOREO DE MEDIOS ................................................................................. 74 4.3.3 ANÁLISIS DE CONTENIDO ............................................................................... 76 4.3.4 MUESTRA ........................................................................................................... 77 4.3.5 MATRIZ DE ANÁLISIS ....................................................................................... 78 5. ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS ..................................................................................... 80 5.1 ANÁLISIS DE HITOS ................................................................................................ 80 5.1.1 ELECCIONES MUNICIPALES ........................................................................... 81 5.1.2 JURAMENTACIÓN MADURO ............................................................................ 83 5.1.3 JURAMENTACIÓN GUAIDÓ ............................................................................. 85 5.1.4 CONCIERTOS FRONTERIZOS .......................................................................... 87 5.1.5 RESTABLECIMIENTO ELÉCTRICO ................................................................. 89 5.1.6 OPERACIÓN LIBERTAD .................................................................................... 91 5.1.7 INFORME BACHELET ....................................................................................... 95 5.1.8 FOTOS GUAIDÓ ................................................................................................. 96 5.1.9 CAPTURA DE AÍDA MERLANO ........................................................................ 99 5.1.10 RESPALDO TRUMP ........................................................................................ 100 5.2 ANÁLISIS DE LA COBERTURA ............................................................................. 103 5.2.1 UBICACIÓN DE LA NOTA ............................................................................... 103 5.2.2 AUTORÍA DE LA NOTA ................................................................................... 105 5.2.3 DURACIÓN DE LA NOTA ................................................................................ 107 5.2.4 ÉNFASIS DE LA COBERTURA ......................................................................... 109 5.2.4 ORIGEN Y ENFOQUE ...................................................................................... 111 5.3 PRECISIÓN DEL LENGUAJE ................................................................................. 114 5.3.1 EL CUMPLIMIENTO DE CÁNONES DIPLOMÁTICOS ................................... 115 5.3.2 CUMPLIMIENTO DEL SIGNIFICADO ............................................................. 117 5.4 QUIÉNES TIENEN LA PALABRA ........................................................................... 119 5.4.1 SOBRE FUENTES Y SU TRATAMIENTO ......................................................... 122 6. PERSPECTIVAS, ETIQUETAS Y RESPALDOS ........................................................ 125 6.1 IMPOSICIÓN DE PERSPECTIVA ..........................................................................
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