University of Huddersfield Repository

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

University of Huddersfield Repository University of Huddersfield Repository Robson, Susan Margaret An exploration of conflict handling among Quakers Original Citation Robson, Susan Margaret (2005) An exploration of conflict handling among Quakers. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/5945/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ AN EXPLORATION OF CONFLICT HANDLING AMONG QUAKERS SUSAN MARGARET ROBSON A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield May 2005 Abstract The Quaker community is committed to conflict resolution; it might be expected that the community itself is conflict free. This study explores this proposition and presents a counter narrative: conflict does exist among Quakers, with its roots in the culture of the organization. An ethnographic case study was undertaken in a context of observing participation, where the researcher was also actively responsible inside the organization. The project included: 39 semi-structured interviews with Key Informants, Grassroots Quakers and Edge Quakers; a collaborative inquiry workshop with 20 self-selected participants; recording of reflections over six months with a final workshop. The study finds a dominant community narrative telling how the Quaker task is to 'mend the world' and live in a'peaceable kingdom'. This is achieved by ignoring conflict within the organization, defensively following the maxim 'don't ask, don't tell, don't even think about it'. A distinctive pattern of conflict handling is revealed; aversion precedes avoidance, relationship is privileged above outcome, and moderation and restraint are required. Conflict which does surface and persists focuses on the interpretation of Quaker identity. The culture of aversion from conflict makes it difficult for Quakers to articulate conflict experience; they lack confidence and are hesitant. Counter narratives and personal narratives are not made public. Consequently there are very few collectively articulated stories about Quaker conflict handling. A constructivist narrative framework acknowledges the power in the internalised collective narrative. As proud individual nonconformists, Quakers minimise the coercive power of the collective narrative, which positions them as stultified in conflict, with their agency neutralized. It is argued that one way of creating radical change is to encourage the telling of more stories of Quaker conflict, providing new parts in the play. Acknowledgements In very many different ways this project has been a shared effort, and I record here my indebtedness to those who have helped me along the way. Firstly I thank all those Quakers who have participated in the research process. This ranges from those who have given a casual word of interest, to those who contributed interviews, to those who participated in two workshops and gave a commitment of time and themselves. This research is their product, even if they do not agree with the analysis. If that is the case, hopefully it will prove the starting point for further exploration. The combination of challenge and support at the Quaker Studies Research Summer School 2003 was invaluable. No less am I grateful to the members of my own Quaker meeting in Huddersfield and to those in Brighouse Monthly Meeting who have continued to treat me like myself rather than as a researcher, and made me feel I do belong even when I have doubted it. The interest and concern of all these people has kept me going. I would not have dared to stop before the end and fail to give their work back to them. Secondly I thank my supervisors : Vivien Burr, Trevor Butt and Graham Gibbs for their persistence in offering me three different ways of stimulating my thinking and for requiring coherent communication. Nancy Kelly, Christine Horrocks and Nigel Parton of Huddersfield University have helped with thoughtful questions and fruitful references. I In particular record the assistance of my Quaker support group - three diligent nameless survivors through the process. Ranked behind them are Beth Allen, Margaret Crompton, Alastair Heron, Helen Meads, Pam Lunn, who acted as critical reader (in part), Annette Leech, who showed the way, Niladri, who reminded me of the importance of story, Ben Pink Dandelion, who had no official role but accompanied the work from a distance, Victoria Kennedy and Chayley Collis, who acted as proof readers. The participants on 'Quaker-B' have continually reminded me that there are many others struggling to understand the Quaker community. Non-Quakers have also contributed to the project. Alistair McKay of the London Mennonite Centre has replied most patiently to my queries. Mark Chesterman has continued the pattern of 18 years by supplying the right reference at the right time, despite his profound reservations about Quakers. Without his contribution this thesis might have had a very different theoretical argument, but he is in no way responsible for what has resulted. Also I am grateful to the proprietors of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal and Benjamin Robson for providing the context for some of my best ideas. Matt Robson and Frances Robson also deserve thanks, although I cannot provide a happy ending. Finally, I must commend my continuing partner in conflict, David Robson, who has always expected `outspoken comment within the family circle''. He has given support to this project and to me in innumerable ways. 1 This is a quotation from Extract 320 in Christian Faith and Practice in the Experience of the Society of Friends 1959, now supersededby Quaker Faith and Practice 1994. AN EXPLORATION OF CONFLICT HANDLING AMONG QUAKERS Abstract Acknowledgements Contents List of Figures and Tables Chapter 1 Introduction Background; structure of the thesis P1 Chapter 2 21st Century Quakers In the United Kingdom P14 Worship and decision making; organization and individual; peace and conflict. Chapter 3 Understanding Organizational Culture P33 Organizational Culture; change and conflict; images and stories Chapter 4 Understanding Conflict P47 Definitions; theoretical models; in organizations; in religious organizations; among Quakers Chapter 5 Methodology P70 Reflexivity; qualitative methodology; ethnography; collaborative action research. Chapter 6 The Key Informants: Restating the Paradox P89 Interview methods; findings; observing participation. Chapter 7 Grassroots Quakers: The Conscientious Core P105 Interview methods; findings Chapter 8 Edge Quakers: Mending the World P128 Interview methods; findings Chapter 9 Discussion : Tensions in the Peaceable Kingdom P141 Organizational culture; Quaker identity; utility of theory Chapter 10 Turning Inward: From the Collective to the Individual P164 Self; reflective practitioner, insidership Chapter 11 Collaborative Effort: Reflecting on Conflict Together P174 First workshop; findings Chapter 12 Pondering Alone: Constrained by Confidentiality P192 Reflective writing; looking outwards and inwards Chapter 13 Reflecting Together Again P206 Second Workshop; sharing experiences Chapter 14 Narrative, Story and Quaker Conflict P214 Story of the research; the narrative approach; Conclusion. over/ Glossary of Quaker terms References Appendices A Correspondence to set up the interviews. B Interview schedules for three sets of interviews C Publicity, programme and papers for the workshop. Follow up correspondence. D An example of pondering' writing. E ComputerAssisted Qualitative Data Analysis; an example AN EXPLORATION OF CONFLICT HANDLING AMONG QUAKERS List of Figures and Tables The Fat Cat Cartoon Page 1 Figure 1.Taxonomy of 5 Conflict Handling Modes Page 51 Table 1. Descriptions of the 5 Modes Page 52 Figure 2. Gattung's conflict triangle Page 54 Figure 3. 'Attributes' of Edge Quakers Page 130 Figure 4. Morgan's model for Quaker conflict Page 154 Figure 5. Age and gender distribution of workshop participants Page 177 Table 2. Workshop Programme: September 20 2003 Page 180 Figure 6. Locations for psychological phenomena Page 194 Figure 7. Written ponderings: number per person Page 196 Figure 8. Elements of positioning Page 226 Chapter 1: Introduction PA! CAJ vy Dau+rý IF %f coon A6l:,'-t ToALTloilo5 Tb 79 AM77A Mo06- SMALLw 'rugg To IW6 ft MACE Pj KWWOý Fat Cat, as Clerk of the Quaker Meeting, sits at the table and says 'If we cannot agree to alterations to the meeting house, shall we turn to ideas for peace in Kosovo?" This neatly expresses the puzzle which provoked this research: though Quakers are not good at resolving their own conflicts they feel it their duty to be involved in the more complex and difficult conflicts of other people in other parts
Recommended publications
  • Discover the Contemporary Quaker
    21 February 2014 £1.70 the DISCOVER THE CONTEMPORARYFriend QUAKER WAY the Friend INDEPENDENT QUAKER JOURNALISM SINCE 1843 CONTENTS VOL 172 NO 8 3 Thought for the Week: Signs of hope ‘Early Friends testified to the truth that Craig Barnett had changed them by living their lives on the basis of that truth. The reality 4 News of their life (and of human life) shone 5 Patterns and examples through in their lives because they were open to that reality and lived in harmony Jane Pearn with it. Lives lived in the truth would 6-7 Structures and spaces then resonate with how other people Janet Quilley lived their lives and, more specifically, with the deep sense within them that 8-9 Letters they were not living well, not living 10-11 Saving the Meeting house rightly. When Friends spoke honestly and truthfully to people, when they dealt Stanley Holland with them as they really were, without 12-13 Sustainability series: pretence or projection, when they met The Canterbury commitment violence with nonviolence and hatred with love, people knew at some level they Laurie Michaelis were being confronted with the truth, 14-15 Be a good person whether they liked it or not.’ Eva Tucker Rex Ambler 16 Poetry: John ap John in ‘The prophetic message of Elaine Miles early Friends (and how it can be interpreted for today)’ 17 Friends & Meetings Cover image: The firewatchers’ logbook from Bournville Meeting House. Photo: Ed Lee Photographer Limited. See pages 10-11. The Friend Subscriptions Advertising Editorial UK £76 per year by all payment Advertisement manager: Editor: types including annual direct debit; George Penaluna Ian Kirk-Smith monthly payment by direct debit [email protected] £6.50; online only £48 per year.
    [Show full text]
  • Being a Friend the Friend Independent Quaker Journalism Since 1843
    Quaker Week issue £2.00 theDISCOVER THE CONTEMPORARYFriend QUAKER WAY Being a Friend the Friend INDEPENDENT QUAKER JOURNALISM SINCE 1843 Contents VOL 176 NO 39 28 SEPTEMBER 2018 3 Thought for the Week: 14-15 A spiritual journey Being a Friend Terry Waite Ian Kirk-Smith 16 Poem: My Old Execrable 4 A quiet joy – or a turbulent delight? Gillian Allnutt Stevie Krayer 17 A matter of conscience 5 Room for more room Rebecca Hardy Ben Pink Dandelion 18-19 Voices of dissent 6-7 Staging a Meeting Kevin Booth Rowena Loverance 20 Truth to tell 8 Room for more Diana Sandy Roger Babington Hill 21 Books: Poacher’s Pilgrimage 9 Humility Ian Kirk-Smith Harvey Gillman 22-23 From the archive: 10-11 A helping hand Faithful lives Members of QARN Janet Scott 12 Rachel’s story 24 Friends & Meetings Rebecca Hardy Cover image: A detail from the ‘George Fox: Lichfield, 13 Sharing stories Pendle Hill’ panel of the Quaker Tapestry. Craig Barnett Photo: © Quaker Tapestry. Do your little bit of good where you are; it’s those little bits of good put together that overwhelm the world. Desmond Tutu The Friend Subscriptions Advertising Editorial UK £88 per year by all payment Advertisement manager: Editor: types including annual direct debit; George Penaluna Ian Kirk-Smith monthly payment by direct debit [email protected] £7.40; online only £71 per year. Articles, images, correspondence For details of other rates, Tel 01535 630230 should be emailed to contact Penny Dunn on 54a Main Street, Cononley [email protected] 020 7663 1178 or [email protected] Keighley BD20 8LL or sent to the address below.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Friends: Theology in the Age of Guilt …… Pp
    1 Table of Contents: Session 1: Introductions …… pp. 2 Session 2: Early Friends: Theology in the Age of Guilt …… pp. 6 Session 3: Quakers after Freud: emotional and physical signs of leadings …… pp. 8 Session 4: Leadings vs. Tradition …… pp. 10 Session 5: Conclusion: Toward a Symbol of Leadings…… pp. 9 Session 6: Story­time and celebration …… pp. 11 Course Title: Uh oh, Was That a Leading? ​ Description: The Quaker faith is based on the ideal of direct communication with the divine as ​ guidance for our thoughts and actions. It is a beautiful and uplifting ideal but a little sparse on details. What is a leading? How do we know when we're being led? And how can we know when we are definitely not being led? Although there are no simple answers to these questions, ​ ​ the very least we can do is put our heads together. This mini­course aims to first ground our understanding of leadings in the Early Friends and the ways they understood Scripture. Then we will tour the way Friends throughout history have answered this perennial Quaker question. But central to the whole course is the chance to share our experience of Spirit in our lives. Version 2 1 2 Session 1: Introductions …… pp. 2 ​ Session 1 Content Outline: Worship Introductions Topic Summary Goals and purpose of the course My goals: Sharing testimony Deepened faith Build community Deepened understanding of the symbol of leadings Ground rules Floor Duration Interrupting Spiritual background Confidentiality Kindness Time Additional considerations Movement of Spirit in our Lives Opening
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Membership and Participation Among British Quakers, 1823 – 2012
    Patterns of Membership and Participation Among British Quakers, 1823 – 2012 JAMES WILLIAM CROAN CHADKIRK A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY School of Theology, Philosophy and Religion Centre for Postgraduate Quaker Studies The University of Birmingham September 2014 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract During the 1850s there was rising concern in the Society of Friends about declining membership. From the 1840s attempts were made to obtain hard statistics on adherence and in the late 20th century another decline again reduced numbers to the level of the 1850s and 1860s. This thesis reviews and analyses data from the middle of the 19th century to 2012, illuminating variation in both membership and participation in church worship and governance. It presents new data on participation in meeting for worship and provides geographical and socio- metric data on the origins of enquiries about Quakerism, providing both a research tool for further work by bringing large volumes of information together and illuminating the ways in which the size and the social structure of the Society of Friends has varied with time.
    [Show full text]
  • Holt2019.Pdf
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. New light on the Inner Light: An assessment of how Rufus Jones attempted to synthesize Quakerism and modern thought in Social Law in the Spiritual World by Helen Holt Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2019 2 Abstract Concerned by the threat that psychology seemed to pose to Christian belief, Rufus Jones wrote Social Law in the Spiritual World in 1904 to show how this new science would actually lead to a deeper understanding of God. In particular, Jones, an American Quaker, discussed the relationship between humans and God in terms of the Quaker concept of the Inner Light. He argued that the traditional dualistic formulation, which saw the Inner Light as distinct from human nature, was psychologically flawed and that instead it should be understood as describing an inherent relationship between God and humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Views and Experiences from a Colonial Past to Their Unfamiliar New Surroundings
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Matthew David Smith Candidate for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________ Director Dr. Carla Gardina Pestana _____________________________________________ Reader Dr. Andrew R.L. Cayton _____________________________________________ Reader Dr. Mary Kupiec Cayton ____________________________________________ Reader Dr. Katharine Gillespie ____________________________________________ Dr. Peter Williams Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT "IN THE LAND OF CANAAN:" RELIGIOUS REVIVAL AND REPUBLICAN POLITICS IN EARLY KENTUCKY by Matthew Smith Against the tumult of the American Revolution, the first white settlers in the Ohio Valley imported their religious worldviews and experiences from a colonial past to their unfamiliar new surroundings. Within a generation, they witnessed the Great Revival (circa 1797-1805), a dramatic mass revelation of religion, converting thousands of worshipers to spiritual rebirth while transforming the region's cultural identity. This study focuses on the lives and careers of three prominent Kentucky settlers: Christian revivalists James McGready and Barton Warren Stone, and pioneering newspaper editor John Bradford. All three men occupy points on a religious spectrum, ranging from the secular public faith of civil religion, to the apocalyptic sectarianism of the Great Revival, yet they also overlap in unexpected ways. This study explores how the evangelicalism
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Scholarship in Quaker History Compiled in November 2017
    1 Recent Scholarship in Quaker History Compiled in November 2017 Aiken, Guy. "A Service of Love in War Time." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 84, no. 3 (Summer 2017): 386-391. This is a discussion of Rufus Jones's classic memoir about the American Friends Service Committee during World War I, A Service of Love in War Time. Aiken, Guy. "The American Friends Service Committee's Mission to the Gestapo." Peace & Change 42, no. 2 (April 2017): 209-231. The Night of Broken Glass (November 9–10, 1938) and its aftermath prompted the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), a Quaker organization, to send a three-man delegation to Berlin in December 1938 to intercede with the Nazi government on behalf of Germany's Jews. The delegation quickly learned from German Jewish leaders that emigration was more urgent than relief. It met with two of Reinhard Heydrich's lieutenants at the Gestapo on December 19 and proposed that the AFSC assume control of Jewish and non-Aryan emigration: The AFSC over the next three years would relieve Germany of every Jew who was fit to leave. Heydrich appeared to agree to the Quakers’ proposal. The leader of the AFSC's delegation, the pre-eminent American Quaker, Rufus Jones, thought the Quaker message of love and goodwill had momentarily triumphed over the Nazis’ hate. But evidence surrounding Adolf Eichmann's visit to the Gestapo a month later suggests otherwise. Albun, Zachary A. "Why we can't be Friends: Quakers, Hobby Lobby, and the Selective Protection of Free Exercise." Law & Inequality 34, no.
    [Show full text]
  • The Australian Friend September 2016
    The Australian ISSUE 0916 SEPTEMBER 2016 ISSN 1326-0936 The Australian Friend is a web journal published on line at: AustralianFriend.org. This printable version does not include the full range of content available at AustralianFriend.org Visit AustralianFriend.org to: • Comment and read comments about articles in this issue • Browse or search back issues from 2011. Reflections on Yearly Meeting Journal of The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Australia Editorial t the Manchester Conference in 1895, William Charles Braithwaite made a suggestion that must have astonished many faithful Quakers – that it was possible that ‘in the fields of music, art and literature and in others, Friends may witness to the Glory of God and advance that Glory by their Aservice.’ Fast forward to Australian Yearly Meeting in 2016, and we find that reports of the meeting in Hobart are largely about the music, the art, the tapestries, visits to art galleries and museums – and even dancing! Our Quaker forebears, if they could have seen us through the mists of time, may have thought that we had gone ‘off message’. But perhaps we are just finding a new medium for the message. Early Quakers never agreed on matters of theology, but at least they had a common language in which to disagree. But modern Australian Quakers come from a variety of religious and secular backgrounds, and we lack a shared language. The society in which we live certainly lacks a common language for discussing those things which give the deepest meaning to our lives. We may be finding new means of communication ‘in the fields of music, art and literature.’ A continuing concern at our Yearly Meetings is how we are to relate to our indigenous peoples and appreciate their culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion Without God Free Download
    RELIGION WITHOUT GOD FREE DOWNLOAD Ronald M. Dworkin | 192 pages | 04 Jun 2014 | HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9780674726826 | English | Cambridge, Mass, United States Religion without God For example, Paul James and Peter Mandaville distinguish between religion and spiritualitybut provide a Religion without God of the term that avoids the usual reduction to "religions of the book":. Community Reviews. In fact, Religion without God should extend to any passionately held ethical conviction. The fall season shepherds in the beginning of a new school season, a time to begin or resume routines and learn new things. This standpoint would, theoretically, allow governments to mediate between the claims of different faith traditions fairly; Religion without God limiting the expression of faith when a Religion without God of safety or the public good arose. Globalization and Culture, Vol. Religion portal. Jun 18, Carl rated it it was ok Shelves: politics. Nontheistic religions are traditions of thought within a religious context —some otherwise aligned with theismothers not—in which nontheism informs religious beliefs or practices. Much of what people actually do in church — finding fellowship, celebrating birth and marriage, remembering those we have lost, affirming the values we Religion without God — can be accomplished with a sense of God as metaphor, as story, or even without any mention of God at all. Deism and pan-deism, Religion without God well as agnosticism and atheism, are all Non-Theisms. Retrieved 26 May Religion without God and lists. In addition to its intimacy, the book is striking in some of its strong philosophical assertions. A measured evaluation of Religion without God is then, some would say rather aptly, irresolvable and finally imponderable, and this leaves the reader with all the satisfaction of going toe-to-toe with Dworkin for three rounds of shadow boxing.
    [Show full text]
  • Living in the Light: Some Quaker Pioneers of the 20Th Century
    LIVING IN THE LIGHT SOME QUAKER PIONEERS OF THE 20th CENTURY Volume II - In the Wider World LEONARD S. KENWORTHY, Editor F'ruENns GENERAL CoNFERENCE and QUAKER PuJ3LICATIONS Box 726 Kennett Square, Pa. 19348 Copyright © 1985 Leonard S. Kenworthy Library of Congress Number: 85-081053 Table of Contents PAGES Introduction to Volumes I and II 1 1. Pierre Ceresole: Pick and Shovel Peacemaker, by Leonard S. Kenworthy 6 2. Arthur S. Eddington: "Our Most Distinguished Astrophysicist," by S. Jocelyn Burnell 22 3. Emilia Fogelklou: Swedish Mystic and Friend, by Howard T. Lutz . 36 4. Sok-Hon Ham: "A Wandering Albatross," by Yoon-Gu Lee . 52 5. Fred Haslam: "Mr. Canadian Friend," by Dorothy Muma 70 6. Henry T. Hodgkin: Statesman of the World Church, by John Ormerod Greenhood 85 7. John Somervell Hoyland: Joyful Giant, by L. Hugh Doncaster 100 8. Margarethe Lachmund: Radiant Friend and Reconciler, by Leonard S. Kenworthy 113 9. Kathleen Lonsdale: Eminent Scientist and Concerned Quaker, by Leonard S. Kenworthy . 129 10. Sigrid Lund: Portrait of a Norwegian Friend, by Margaret S. Gibbins 145 11. Thomas G. Lung'aho: East Africa Quaker Educator and Administrator, by Harold V. Smuck 160 12. Inazo Nitobe: A Bridge Across the Pacific, by Tadashi Yuasa .. 174 13. Philip Noel-Baker: Prophet of Peace and Disarmament, by Kenneth Lee 190 14. Heberto Sein: International Interpreter, by Suzanne Fehr Sein . 206 15. Suzanne Stephen: South African Friend of Prisoners, by W. Scarnell Lean 222 16. Will Warren: An Instrument of Peace, by John Lampcn 236 17. Margaret Watts: An Australian Friend in Action, by Eileen Barnard-Kettle 2.5.'3 Biographical Sketches of the Authors 269 iii Introduction to Volumes I and II The Background for These Books In the more than 300 years of its history, the Religious Society of Friends has helped to develop or has attracted an unusually large number of prominent people, many of them pioneers in one or more significant movements or causes.
    [Show full text]
  • Testimonies of George Fox
    Testimonies Of George Fox Georgie never susses any trivalent cocainising sinuately, is Blaine Gaulish and windless enough? Lamellicorn and lowered Maury singes his Brest trace unbutton permanently. Folksier Waverly never baksheesh so wingedly or patronise any Consett unboundedly. Letter to the important Court as Testimony Teaching. Can you moan a Quaker and only believe even God? Quaker Activism History Detectives PBS. Elizabeth Hooton was possibly the first eager to be convinced by George Fox and denote an outspoken and daring preacher during the earliest days of the. Glena Andrews a neuropsychologist who teaches at George Fox University in Newberg Oregon Andrews did a neuropsychological evaluation. Friends Peace Testimony Quakerorg. Dissertation on the Views of George Fox Concerning Christian Testimonies Front Cover Samuel Mcpherson Janney Friends' book ass'n 14 Society of. There for many similarities between Hutchinson's theology and nest of George Fox 16241691 the founder of the Quakers Both groups emphasized the. Unitarian Belief and Early Quakers Focus attack the Kingdom. As george fox did then from both public domain in his mighty convincement, george fox was not. Why did America leave England? 2009 Inventing a course Chapter 1 of Jesus Girls True Tales of honor Up wade and Evangelical Melanie Springer Mock George Fox University. Mapping the Religious Society of Friends Quaker Maps. Quaker Testimony for Peace Introduction Swarthmore. They offended religious leaders both religiously and politically by their contradiction of the ministers in the churches based on Fox's view that ministers bred at Oxford or Cambridge were not qualified to be spiritual leaders in the churches and weed their refusal to honour officials to take oaths or finally pay tithes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ivan Hutnik on What Galvanised Early Quakers 22 Feb 18/2/19 17:21 Page 1
    the22 February 2019 Friend | £2.00 ‘These people were willing to risk all for the Truth.’ Ivan Hutnik on what galvanised early Quakers 22 Feb 18/2/19 17:21 Page 1 New year... New look... New subscription! Join us every week For just £1.73 a week you can receive your own copy of the Friend delivered right to your door. Simply send a cheque for £88 (£120 outside the UK) payable to ‘The Friend’ with your name and address. If you prefer to pay by card call 020 7663 1178, or to pay by direct debit (UK only, £7.40 a month or £88 a year) email [email protected] to request a direct debit form. Thank you! Email: [email protected] Call: 020 7663 1178 Write: Penny Dunn, The Friend, 173 Euston Road, London NW1 2BJ Online: www.thefriend.org/subscribe the INDEPENDENTFriend QUAKER JOURNALISM SiNCE 1843 22 February 2019 | Volume 177, No 8 www.thefriend.org News 4 Friends holding on in Zimbabwe, and more Rebecca Hardy Letters 6 ‘These people were willing 8 to risk all for the Truth’ Ivan Hutnik Early Quakers expected the world to be transformed ‘Tent villages are moved every few days.’ 10 The situation for people seeking Anne M Jones refuge in France Thought for the week 13 Soul clap its hands and sing Rachel Britton It Keeps Me Seeking: The invitation 14 from science, philosophy and religion Reg Naulty A review Poetry 16 Birds Peter Daniels Friends & Meetings 17 Quakerism should not claim to be a religion of certainty, but a religion of uncertainty; it is this which gives us our special affinity to the world of science.
    [Show full text]