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Patterns of Membership and Participation Among British Quakers, 1823 – 2012

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Patterns of Membership and Participation Among British Quakers, 1823 – 2012 Patterns of Membership and Participation Among British Quakers, 1823 – 2012 JAMES WILLIAM CROAN CHADKIRK A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY School of Theology, Philosophy and Religion Centre for Postgraduate Quaker Studies The University of Birmingham September 2014 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract During the 1850s there was rising concern in the Society of Friends about declining membership. From the 1840s attempts were made to obtain hard statistics on adherence and in the late 20th century another decline again reduced numbers to the level of the 1850s and 1860s. This thesis reviews and analyses data from the middle of the 19th century to 2012, illuminating variation in both membership and participation in church worship and governance. It presents new data on participation in meeting for worship and provides geographical and socio- metric data on the origins of enquiries about Quakerism, providing both a research tool for further work by bringing large volumes of information together and illuminating the ways in which the size and the social structure of the Society of Friends has varied with time. i Dedication This is really for my children - Matthew and Ralph - who cheerfully and sometimes helpfully put up with a Dad hidden behind a laptop or book, and Deirdre my wife without whose encouragement and toleration I would never have started - or finished! ii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to Ben Pink Dandelion who forbore with my slowly coming to a decision to undertake this piece of work and for Ben and Hugh McLeod supervising me with tolerance and generosity; Godalming Local Quaker Meeting, Surrey and Hampshire Border Area Quaker Meeting, Friends Higher Educational Awards Committee, Michael Booth of the Pollard and Dickenson Trust and others for supporting me. In particular I would like to thank the ever patient and extraordinarily knowledgeable staff of the Quaker Library in Friends House; the Friends distantly past who faithfully completed census and questionnaire returns and those who recorded and analysed them; and current Friends who have done the same and also responded with extraordinary generosity to my many requests for information. And, of course, Michael Gittins of Farnham Quaker Meeting who painstakingly proofread my thesis. Any remaining errors are entirely my responsibility. iii Contents Abstract ...................................................................................... i Dedication .................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................... iii List of Contents .......................................................................... iv List of Figures ........................................................................... viii List of Tables ............................................................................ xiii Glossary and abbreviations ................................................... xvii THESIS Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................... 1 Purpose and Scope ............................................................ 1 Related Findings and Research ......................................... 5 Structure ........................................................................... 19 Chapter Summary............................................................. 20 SECTION 1: MEMBERSHIP AND ATTENDERS Chapter 2: Tuke Statistics ........................................................ 23 Introduction ....................................................................... 23 Analysis of the York Monthly Meeting Survey ................... 26 Conclusions ...................................................................... 32 Chapter 3: Thurnham Statistics ............................................... 34 Introduction ....................................................................... 34 Analysis ............................................................................ 35 Conclusions ...................................................................... 45 Chapter 4: Tabular Statement .................................................. 47 Introduction ....................................................................... 47 Analysis ............................................................................ 57 Gender ratio among members .................................... 63 Recruitment Rates ...................................................... 65 iv Marriage and Death Rates .......................................... 68 Birth Rates and Children Associated with Meeting ..... 71 Conclusions ....................................................................... 76 Chapter 5: Present and Prevented 2006 - 2010: Members and Attenders ................................................................... 81 Introduction ....................................................................... 81 Methodology ...................................................................... 83 Analysis ............................................................................. 85 Size of Meeting .......................................................... 89 Adult Members ............................................................ 90 Attenders ..................................................................... 91 Meetings ..................................................................... 95 Conclusions .................................................................... 102 SECTION 2: ATTENDANCE AT MEETING Chapter 6: The Religious Census of 1851.............................. 104 Introduction ..................................................................... 104 Analysis ........................................................................... 108 Conclusions ..................................................................... 110 Chapter 7: The British Weekly Survey of 1886 ...................... 112 Introduction ..................................................................... 112 Analysis ........................................................................... 115 Conclusions ..................................................................... 119 Chapter 8: Mudie-Smith Survey of Religious Attendance in London 1902 to 1903 ............................................... 123 Introduction ..................................................................... 123 Analysis ....................................................................... 129 Conclusions ..................................................................... 134 Chapter 9: Surveys of 1904, 1909 and 1914 ........................... 136 Introduction ..................................................................... 136 Analysis ........................................................................... 138 Total Data Set: Descriptive Statistics ........................ 140 Aggregate Data ......................................................... 144 v Attendance at Mission Meetings ............................... 149 Attendance as a Proportion of Total Members and Attenders ............................................ 150 Conclusions .................................................................... 152 Chapter 10: Present and Prevented 2006 to 2010: Attendance at meeting .................................................................... 154 Introduction ..................................................................... 154 Analysis ......................................................................... 157 Meeting for Worship ................................................. 157 Children at Meeting for Worship ............................... 165 Business Meetings and Administration ..................... 168 Local Business Meetings .......................................... 169 Area Meetings .......................................................... 175 Conclusions .................................................................... 178 Chapter 11: Attenders and Enquirers: Heron’s and Rutherford’s Findings Re-Examined and Extended ...................... 183 Introduction ..................................................................... 183 Analysis .......................................................................... 184 Conclusions .................................................................... 209 Chapter 12: Final Conclusions ............................................... 213 Introduction ............................................................... 213 Members and Attenders ....................................... 215 Meeting for Worship ............................................. 219 Children at Meeting .............................................. 226 Business and Administration ................................ 227 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Levels of Membership
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