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Analyses of Self-Resonant Bent Antennas

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Analyses of Self-Resonant Bent Antennas Analyses of Self-Resonant Bent Antennas by Mohammod Ali B.Sc. (Electrical & Electronic Engineering). Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology. Dhaka. 1987 M.A.Sc. (Electrical &: Computer Engineering). University of Victoria. 1994 -A. Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Electrical Computer Engineering We accept this dissertation as conforming to the required standard Dr. S.S. ^^chly. Supervisor (Dept, of Elec. &: Comp. Eng.) ________________________________________ Dr. .1. Bomemann. Departmental Member (Dept, of Elec. & Comp. Eng.) Dr. M. Okoniewski. Departmental Member (Dept, of Elec. &; Comp. Eng. Dr. S. Dost. Outside Member (Dept, of Mechanical Engineering) Dr. E.\'. .lull. External Member (Dept, of Elec. Eng.. University of British Columbia) (c)Mohammod .A.H. 1997 University of \'ictoria All rights reserved. Thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. 11 S upen’isor: Dr. S. S. Stuchly A bstract The primary' focus of this dissertation is on the analyses of self-resonant bent antennas. The need for the accurate characterization of such antennas due to their growing importance in present day wireless communications is the motivation for this work. To this end. several self-resonant bent antennas are analyzed which includes an inverted-L antenna (ILA). a meander-line dipole (MLD) antenna, a meander-line bow-tie (MLBT) antenna, a dual meander antenna, and a printed meander antenna. .A. simple analytical model, based on the induced EMF method, is presented to compute the input impedance of the ILA. First, a sinusoidal distribution of current on the antenna, with zero current at the end is assumed, and then an expression for the input impedance is derived using the near-fields of the antenna. The accuracy of the formulation is verified by comparing the results computed using it with that from NEC [l] computation. Unlike the analytical solutions available in the literature, our proposed solution is not restricted to antennas that are electrically small. In addition the new formulation can be extended to treat other antennas, such as the T-antenna. the folded unipole antenna, and the loop-loaded monopole antenna. The input impedance, radiation pattern, and gain of the MLD and MLBT anten­ nas are computed and correlated with their parameters. Input impedances of both antennas are computed using NEC. Simple analytical models are presented to com­ pute the radiation patterns of the MLD and the MLBT antennas. For each antenna, a sinusoidal distribution of current is assumed and closed-form expressions for the radiation fields are derived. The results computed using the analytical models are verified by comparing them with the results from the NEC computation. Since in each model the radiation pattern of an antenna is expressed in terms of ready to evaluate algebraic expressions, the computation of such pattern is fast and easy. The input impedance and radiation characteristics of a dual meander antenna Ill are computed using NEC. Similarly as before the input impedance, radiation pat­ tern, and gain of this antenna are also correlated with its parameters. The input impedance and radiation pattern of a planar printed meander antenna are investi­ gated using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) technique. The antenna is modeled on a dielectric substrate both in the presence and absence of a metallic ground plane. Characteristics of the antenna are examined as function of dielec­ tric constant, and substrate thickness. New results of input impedance, radiation pattern, and gain are presented which are vital for the design of such antennas. Several novel applications of self-resonant bent antennas are described. First, a wide-band dual meander-sleeve antenna is designed, manufactured, and measured for application in dual frequency vehicular personal communication. The antenna can operate simultaneously in the 824-894 MHz and 1850-1990 .MHz bands of the PCS system. Second, an MLBT dipole is introduced as a feed for plane sheet reflectors. Numerical results computed using NEC show that the feed when used in front of a plane sheet reflector, results in superior radiation characteristics than a conventional dipole feed, namely, it reduces the reflector dimension by 46% for the same front to back ratio, beamwidth and gain. Finally, a compact plane sheet reflector antenna is described that uses an MLBT monopole feed. Since the antenna uses a monopole, a balun is not rec^uired. This antenna has a gain and half-power beamwidth of 8.4 dBi and 94^. respectively. IV Examiners: Dr. S.S. Stuchly. Supervisor (Dept, of Elec. & Comp. Eng.) Dr. .1."Bomemann. Departmental Member (Dept, of Elec. &: Comp. Eng.) Dr. M. Okoniewski. Departmental Member (Dept, of Elec. & Comp. Eng.) Dr. S. Dost. Outside Member (Dept, of Mechanical Engineering) Dr. E.\'. .lull. External Member (Dept, of Elec. Eng. University of British Columbia) C on ten ts Abstract ii C ontents v List of Figures xvii List of Tables xviii Acknowledgements xix Dedication xx 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 C o n trib u tio n s ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3 O u tlin e ....................................................................................................................... 5 2 Definitions of Antenna Parameters and Literature Review 8 2.1 Definition of Param eters .................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Radiation Pattern ..................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Radiation Intensity .................................................................................. 10 2.1.3 Directivity ................................................................................................... 11 2.1.4 Input impedance ..................................................................................... 11 CONTENTS vi 2.1.5 Efficiency ................................................................................................... 11 2.1.6 Gain and Half-Power Beam w idth ....................................................... 12 2.1.7 Bandwidth ................................................................................................... 12 2.1.8 Field Regions ............................................................................................ 13 2.1.9 Polarization ................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Review of Literature ............................................................................................. 15 3 The Inverted-L Antenna 22 3.1 C urrent D is trib u tio n ..................................................................................................24 3.2 The Induced EMF M ethod ........................................................................................25 3.3 .A n a ly sis ..........................................................................................................................27 3.3.1 Results...............................................................................................................32 3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 38 4 The Meander-Line Dipole Antenna 42 4.1 Input Im p e d a n c e .........................................................................................................43 4.1.1 Computation Technique ..............................................................................43 4.1.2 Results...............................................................................................................44 4.2 Radiation Characteristics .......................................................................................... 49 4.2.1 Fundamentals ................................................................................................ 50 4.2.2 Current Distribution ...................................................................................52 4.2.3 Radiation Pattern ..........................................................................................53 4.2.4 G a i n ..................................................................................................................56 4.2.5 Results.............................................................................................................. 56 4.3 Discussion ......................................................................................................................62 5 The Meander-Line Bow-Tie Antenna 64 5.1 .Antenna C o n fig u ra tio n ............................................................................................. 66 5.2 Input Impedance ........................................................................................................67 5.3 Radiation Characteristics .......................................................................................... 71 CONTEXTS vii 5.3.1 Current Distribution ..................................................................................72 5.3.2 Radiation Pattern .........................................................................................74 5.3.3 Results............................................................................................................
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