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Derevianko Shunkov Markin.Pdf RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SIBERIAN BRANCH INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY A.P. Derevianko, M.V. Shunkov, S.V. Markin THE DYNAMICS OF THE PALEOLITHIC INDUSTRIES IN AFRICA AND EURASIA IN THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND THE ISSUE OF THE HOMO SAPIENS ORIGIN Editor-in-chief corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Kh.A. Amirkhanov Novosibirsk Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS Press 2014 РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК СИБИРСКОЕ ОТДЕЛЕНИЕ ИНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГИИ И ЭТНОГРАФИИ А.П. Деревянко, М.В. Шуньков, C.В. Маркин ДИНАМИКА ПАЛЕОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ИНДУСТРИЙ В АФРИКЕ И ЕВРАЗИИ В ПОЗДНЕМ ПЛЕЙСТОЦЕНЕ И ПРОБЛЕМА ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ HOMO SAPIENS Ответственный редактор член-корреспондент РАН Х.А. Амирханов Новосибирск Издательство Института археологии и этнографии СО РАН 2014 УДК 903 ББК Т4(0)22 Д361 Рецензенты чл.-кор. РАН, доктор исторических наук А.П. Бужилова доктор исторических наук М.Б. Медникова Утверждено к печати Ученым советом Института археологии и этнографии СО РАН Работа выполнена в рамках проекта «Древнейшее заселение Сибири: формирование и динамика культур на территории Северной Азии» ФГБОУ ВПО «Алтайский государственный университет», поддержанного грантом № 2013-220-04-129 Министерства образования и науки РФ Деревянко, А.П. Д361 Динамика палеолитических индустрий в Африке и Евразии в позднем плей- стоцене и проблема формирования Homo sapiens / А.П. Деревянко, М.В. Шуньков, C.В. Маркин; Рос. акад. наук, Сиб. отд-ние, Ин-т археологии и этнографии. – Но- восибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2014. – 228 с. ISBN 978-5-7803-0239-1 В работе освещаются основные вопросы становления верхнего палеолита и формиро- вания человека современного физического типа. На основе результатов археологических, палеоантропологических и палеогенетических исследований материалов с территорий Аф- рики и Евразии рассматриваются новые точки зрения на процессы развития древнейших культурных традиций и эволюций рода Homo. Книга предназначена специалистам по древнейшей истории человечества. УДК 903 ББК T4(0)22 Derevianko, A.P. The Dynamics of the Paleolithic Industries in Africa and Eurasia in the Late Pleistocene and the Issue of the Homo sapiens Origin / A.P. Derevianko, M.V. Shunkov, S.V. Markin; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography. Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS Press. 228 p. ISBN 978-5-7803-0239-1 In this paper the main issues of Upper Paleolithic development and of evolvement of physically modern humans are reviewed. The comprehensive analysis of the results of archeological, anthropological and paleogenetic research in Africa and Eurasia allowed a new look at the processes of development of ancient cultural traditions and evolution of the Homo genus. The book is intended for specialists in the ancient history of humanity. ISBN 978-5-7803-0239-1 © Деревянко А.П., Шуньков М.В., Маркин С.В., 2014 © ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2014 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Проблемы происхождения жизни на земле, появления рода Homo, формиро- вания человека разумного являются наиболее сложными и увлекательными в ми- ровой науке. С их решением в той или иной мере связаны многие научные дис- циплины. На современном уровне научного знания у исследователей сложилось единое мнение о том, что все ныне существующие организмы формировались в ходе эволюционных преобразований, а становление рода Homo произошло в Афри- ке в процессе длительного развития австралопитековых и предшествующих форм надсемейства hominoidae. Найденные в Восточной Африке каменные орудия древ- ностью 2,5 млн лет знаменуют, по мнению антропологов и археологов, появление на планете нового рода Homo. Хотя нельзя исключать, что примитивные изделия из камня могли изготавливать и некоторые виды австралопитековых. В Восточной и Юго-Восточной Африке 2,5–1,7 млн л.н. установлено сущест- вование четырех основных видов Homo – H. rudolfensis, H. habilis, H. ergaster и H. erectus. Остаются дискуссионными следующие вопросы: 1. Когда первая глобальная миграционная волна покинула Африку? 2. Какой вид рода Homo первым начал осваивать бескрайние просторы Ев- разии? Начало проникновения человека в Евразию, исследователи относят к широ- кому хронологическому диапазону – 2–1 млн л.н. Из последних монографиче- ских изданий необходимо отметить фундаментальный труд Р. Деннелла [Dennel, 2003], в котором расселение древнейших популяций в Азии рассматривается на обширном фоне экологических изменений. Наиболее полный критический ана- лиз проблем, связанных с возможностью раннего выхода человека из Африки, сделан М. Лангброеком [Langbroek, 2004]. В раннем палеолите, как правило, выделяют две глобальные миграцион- ные волны из Африки, представленные олдованской и ашельской индустриями. В связи с открытием в Дманиси А. Люмлей и его коллеги выдвинули гипотезу о трех миграционных волнах из Африки в Европу [Lumley et al., 2005]. Первая волна – предолдованская – характеризуется небольшим количеством ретуширо- ванного инвентаря. Ее представляют местонахождения Дманиси (Кавказ) и Бар- ранко-Леон (Южная Европа). Вторая волна связана с олдованской индустрией, появившейся в Европе ок. 800 тыс. л.н. Ей соответствуют местонахождения Чеп- рано, Гран-Долина (ТД 6) в Атапуэрке и др. Третья волна представлена ашель- ской индустрией, которая распространилась в Европе чуть раньше 600 тыс. л.н. Существуют и другие точки зрения на эту проблему. 5 Следующий важный вопрос: с каким видом (или видами) Homo следует свя- зывать первую миграцию из Африки, повлекшую заселение человеком Евразии? Мы считаем, что 1,9–1,8 млн л.н. из Африки вышла первая миграционная волна Homo ergaster–erectus, который положил начало освоению Евразии человеком. О возможности столь раннего выхода человека из своей «колыбели» свидетель- ствуют находки с местонахождений Дманиси (Восточная Грузия, 1,8–1,6 млн л.н.), Айникаб и Рубас (Дагестан, Россия, 1,8–1,6 млн л.н.), Риват (Пакистан, 2 млн л.н.?), Лунгупо, Юаньмоу, Сихоуду и Мацзюаньгоу (Китай, 1,8–1,6 млн л.н.?), Санги- ран (Ява, 1,8–1,5 млн л.н.) и др. (рис. 1). Одной из важнейших проблем является установление филогенетических соотношений H. ergaster и H. erectus. Одни ученые относят их к разным видам, а другие считают H. ergaster более ранним таксоном, который в дальнейшем получил видовое наименование H. erectus. Роль H. erectus в родословной чело- века антропологами и археологами определяется по-разному. С нашей точки зрения, этот таксон сыграл главную стволообразующую роль в процессе антро- погенеза. Именно представители H. erectus были распространены в Восточной, Северо-Западной (Алжир и Марокко) и, вероятно, Южной Африке. Появление в Африке H. erectus датируют 1,8–1,6 млн л.н. (в зависимости от того, какие палеоантропологические находки относят к эректоидным формам (KNM-ER 733, 883, KNM-WT 15000 и др.). Возможно, в будущем на африканском кон- тиненте удастся обнаружить останки и более древних архантропов, которые будут причислены к H. erectus. Мы поддерживаем гипотезу, согласно которой первоначальное проникновение человека в Евразию было связано с H. erectus. Проверить ее, а также уточнить даты и видовые (или предвидовые) определе- ния уже известных находок помогут новые открытия. Несомненно одно: па- леоантропологические материалы H. erectus, наиболее многочисленные среди остатков архантропов, представлены на значительной территории Африки и Евразии. В связи с этим важно определить степень различий между азиатским и африканским H. erectus. Не вдаваясь в детали, обратим внимание на то, что проживание популяций на разных континентах с разными природно-климати- ческими условиями, определившими различия в адаптационных стратегиях, не могло не отразиться на физическом типе человека. Невозможно согласить- ся с учеными, которые признают различия между азиатскими и африканскими эректоидами на уровне видов. Изучение верхней челюсти, найденной в 2001 г. в формации Бапанг в Сан- гиране (Индонезия), показало, что по дентальным характеристикам таксоны, обитавшие на о-ве Ява, ближе к западным популяциям H. erectus, чем к выбор- ке Чжоукоудяня [Kaifu et al., 2005; Zaim et al., 2011]. Эти выводы не исключа- ют возможности распространения двух миграционных волн H. erectus с запада на восток [Ciochon, 2009, 2010]. Одна волна, с которой связана ранняя модель премоляр–моляр типа H. erectus/habilis, 1,8–1,6 млн л.н. двигалась по южному маршруту до Сангирана (о-в Ява). Другая, представленная производной моделью премоляр–моляр, позже перемещалась по северному маршруту по направлению к территории Китая. 6 Рис. 1. Направления движения первой миграционной волны (архантропы) из Африки в Евразию. 7 Большинство ученых связывают исход человека из Африки с H. erectus. Ран- него эректуса характеризуют более человекообразные пропорции тела, приспо- собленые к быстрой и длительной ходьбе конечности, крупный головной мозг и способность потреблять большое количество мясной пищи в местах, богатых фауной, что очень важно при увеличении энергозатрат. Нельзя исключить и нали- чие у ранних эректоидных форм зачатков речи. H. erectus отличался от H. habilis более совершенной морфологией и более высокой степенью сапиенизации. H. ha- bilis, видимо, не мог преодолевать большие расстояния. Как отмечали Б. Вуд и М. Коллард, структура кисти ОН 7 и размер руки ОН 62 из Олдовая позволяют сделать вывод о неполном бипедализме H. habilis [Wood, Collard, 1999]. Из этого следует, что единственным видом рода Homo, который проник в Евразию, был Homo erectus. С данным выводом связан и другой, не менее важный: древнейшей в Евразии не могла быть олдованская индустрия, созданная H. habilis. К олдованской в Евразии многие исследователи
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