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1. Introduction AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics Raphael Manlay AgroParisTech GEEFT, Montpellier, France UMR Eco&Sol, Montpellier, France 14.12.2015 2 1. Introduction . Some terminology 3 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Bioclimatic approach Holdridge (1967, cited by House and Hall, 2001): extension area of tropical and subtropical dry forests and woodlands = No freezing Mean annual temperature > 17°C Mean annual rainfall (MAR): 250-2000 mm PET/MAR > 1 PET: potential evapotranspiration 4 Physiognomic approach of the Forest Resource Assessment (FAO, 2010) A forest area> 0.5 ha recovery of the canopy> 10% Height of mature population> 5m Other woodland = cover of the stratum by trees able to reach 5 m high: 5-10% or by all trees: > 10% 5 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Physiognomic approach A savanna (Frost et al. 1986, in House and Hall, 2001) tropical ecosystem with a more or less continuous grass cover a variable and discontinuous shrub or tree cover A tropical dry forest (Mooney et al., 1995, in Milne et al. 2006) Strong rainfall seasonality Several month-long annual drought 6 Physiognomic approach: a typology for Africa (Mayaux et al., 2004) Structural category Grass cover Shrub Tree Canopy (%) cover cover height (%) (%) (m) Grasslands sparse 1-5 none none open 5-15 none none open with sparse shrubs 15-40 <20 none closed > 40 <20 none Deciduous woodlands and shrublands shrublands > 15 1-5 shrublands with sparse trees > 15 5-15 1-5 open woodlands 15-40 > 40 1-5 Closed deciduous woodland 15-40 > 40 > 5 7 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 For more information: House J.I., D.O. Hall, 2001. Productivity of tropical savannas and grasslands. In: J. Roy, B. Saugier, H.A. Mooney (Eds.), Terrestrial Global Productivity, Academic Press, London, p. 363-400. Bourliere F. (Ed.), 1983. Tropical Savannas, Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 13. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 730 p. And many more ... 8 2. Global approach . Where are savannas and dry forests located in the world ? 9 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Potential range expansion Distribution of biomes with trees under tropical dry climate : biogeographical zoning of Olson et al. (2001) Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical savannas 10 Difference with potential Case of tropical dry forests: consideration of the state of vegetation cover by Miles et al. (2006) Olson et al., 2001 + MODIS 2000-2001 Olson et al. 2001 11 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Distribution of dry vegetation in sub-Saharan Africa Legend Grasslands with shrubs open closed Deciduous woodlands and shrublands shrublands shrublands with sparse trees open woodlands Closed deciduous woodland (Miombo) Croplands (> 50%) Croplands with open vegetation (Adapted from Mayaux et al., 2004) 12 Two + one regional case studies Legend Grasslands with shrubs open closed Deciduous woodlands and shrublands shrublands shrublands with sparse trees open woodlands Closed deciduous woodland (Miombo) Croplands (> 50%) Croplands with open vegetation (Adapted from Mayaux et al., 2004) 13 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Example 1: regional determinism of vegetation in West Africa 0-200 200-400 400-600 600-800 800-1000 1000-1200 1200-1400 Open grassy savanna with low shrub Croplands (> 50%) Croplands with open vegetation Shrublands with/without sparse trees Open woodlands (Adapted from Isohyets for the period 1969-1998 Mayaux et al., 2004; (Average annual rainfall in mm) Ardoin-Bardin, 2004) 14 Seasonal oscillations of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) June–August, Equinoxes November–February, sun over Tropic of Capricorn sun over Tropic of Cancer : winds converging at ITCZ (Shorrocks, 2007) 16 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Sahel - Dahra, Ferlo, Senegal (credit: J-M Harmand) 15 Tiger bush - Burkina Faso 16 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Sudano-sahelian region - Mali, road to Sikasso 17 Sudanian zone – Mandingue Monts region, Mali 18 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Sudano-guinean zone - Lamto station, Ivory Coast (credit J. Gignoux, CNRS) 19 Example 2: local determinism of vegetation in Northern Madagascar ~ 15 km (Mayaux et al., 2004) 20 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Forest diversity in northern Madagascar 10 km Montagne d’Ambre Ankarana Montagne des Français 11.6 km 21 Local climatic determinism of vegetation in Northern Madagascar Sea trade wind Ankarana NP Montagne d’Ambre NP Montagne des Français 11.6 km 22 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 What drives tree cover density? Africa Australia South America Pantropical (Hirota et Tree cover (%) cover Tree al., 2011) Annual rainfall (mm) 23 Example 3: local determinism of vegetation in the Rincon de la Vieja Volcano NP, Costa Rica Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Example 3: local determinism of vegetation in Costa Rica Rincon de la Vieja NP, Costa Rica. The forest zone 30 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 31 Rincon de la Vieja NP, Costa Rica. The savanna zone, onset of rainy season Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 33 Example 3: local determinism of vegetation in Costa Rica Sea trade wind (Credit: OVSICORI - Geoffroy Avrad 2014) Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 2. Ecosystem Approach . Some traits of highly stressed ecosystems 24 A spectacular soil constraint in Mali 25 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Another soil constraint in Burkina Faso 26 Which functional common features explain structural common features ? Regrowth of perennial Gapped bush grass after fire in Lamto in Niger (photo X. Leroux) (Lefever et al, 2004)27 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Functional interactions Tree Grass Environment 28 Role of the tree in the ecosystem "The tree of life", Tsavo East National Park, Kenya (Photo Y. Arthus-Bertrand)29 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Impact of the environment on the tree Tree Grass Environment 30 Spatial structuration of vegetation by the physical environment Example 1: Ankarana massif, Madagascar Aerial view, February 2009. Source CNES / Spot Images/ Google Earth 3600 m 31 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Example 1: Ankarana Massif, Madagascar Aerial view, February 2010. Source CNES / Spot Images / Google Earth 786 m 32 Ankarana massif, Madagascar. Ground view. Facies Facies Facies 33 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Facies : Calcimorphic soil on karst (Tsingy) Facies : Lateritic soil on basalt 34 The tiger bush: oblique view in Niger Slope 100 m Credit: Valentin, in Lefever et al, 2004 36 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Tiger bush near Batama-Beri, Niger Credit: Vincent Deblauwe 48 Tiger bush - Burkina Faso 38 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Herbaceous and Thicket of Senescent shrub mature trees vegetation vegetation (William et al. 2001) 39 Isotopic C13/ C14 signature of soil organic matter of a tiger bush Herbaceous (Guillaume et al., 2001) and shrub vegetation Bare soil Signature of of Signature C4 plants Soil depth Senescent Thicket of vegetation mature trees Signature of of Signature C3 plants 40 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 When the slope disappears, the tiger bush becomes ... … gapped bush (ex: Niger, in Barbier et al, 2006) 41 Impact of environment on the tree: water Deciduous forest near Chamela, Mexico. Dry season (Bullock et al., 1995) 43 Some features of tree ecosystems in the dry tropics - R. Manlay AgroParisTech - Formations GEEFT et BioGET 2015-2016 Impact of environment on the tree: water Deciduous forest near Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico (Bullock et al., 1995) Dry season Rainy season 44 Deciduousness in the Santa Josa national park, Costa Rica Source: The Dry Forest
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