How Covid-19 Has Changed the Face of American Activism
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CORONAVIRUS AND PROTEST: HOW COVID-19 HAS CHANGED THE FACE OF AMERICAN ACTIVISM ELLIOTT BRENNAN | MAY 2020 The United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney is a university-based research centre, dedicated to the rigorous analysis of American foreign policy, economics, politics and culture. The Centre is a national resource, that builds Australia’s awareness of the dynamics shaping America — and critically — their implications for Australia. UNITED STATES STUDIES CENTRE Institute Building (H03), City Rd The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia +61 2 9351 7249 [email protected] USSC.EDU.AU Research conclusions are derived independently and authors represent their own view, not those of the United States Studies Centre. Reports published by the United States Studies Centre are anonymously peer-reviewed by both internal and external experts. TABLE OF CONTENTS Key points 02 Months of lockdown after years of protest 03 Conservative protests 04 Progressive protests 11 COVID-19 could politically activate young Americans 15 Conclusion 17 Endnotes 18 About the author 22 This report may be cited as: Elliott Brennan, “Coronavirus and protest: How COVID-19 has changed the face of American activism,” United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney, May 2020. KEY POINTS › The COVID-19 pandemic coincides with an › At this point, only small numbers historic era of protest in the United States. of conservatives are protesting, yet movements of all stripes are taking the › The number of individual protests time to digitally re-tool and prepare to in the United States significantly mobilise when restrictions are lifted. diminished at the beginning of the lockdown, increased in mid-April › Prominent US progressive groups have and accelerated following President shifted their focus to recognise the Trump’s LIBERATE tweets on April 17. immediate challenges of household relief, health support for the most vulnerable › The biggest increase in protests has and gearing the economic recovery in been mostly in states that went to the direction of a Green New Deal. Donald Trump in the 2016 election, but have Democratic governors. › With younger generations of Americans bearing a heavy social, educational and › The pandemic and its economic fallout economic burden while facing the lowest have created new protest movements and health risk during the pandemic, this crisis stand to embolden already simmering could activate this otherwise famously progressive and conservative movements. politically lethargic demographic. › The lockdown policies across the United States set the conservative priority of individual liberty against the progressive priority of the common good, exacerbating an already entrenched partisan divide in the United States. ---- Protestors circle Philadelphia City Hall in vehicles to demand reopening of Pennsylvania, 8 May 2020 (Getty) UNITED STATES STUDIES CENTRE 2 CORONAVIRUS AND PROTEST: HOW COVID-19 HAS CHANGED THE FACE OF AMERICAN ACTIVISM MONTHS OF LOCKDOWN AFTER YEARS OF PROTEST Protest is a defining characteristic of American But now the loudest social movements in the society. The Boston Tea Party, the subsequent United States are pro-Trump and anti-lockdown. Revolutionary War and the splintering Civil Physical protest in the time of a pandemic is a War all bear the hallmarks of a national spirit dangerous and broken tool of civil resistance. of protest. The First Amendment of the United Experts, including those in the White House, States Constitution clearly enshrines freedom of acknowledge that restric- assembly, expression and the right to petition as tive measures will need to be three of the first five freedoms.1 maintained in some form for THIS REPORT CONSIDERS HOW The last half century has been punctuated by months to stop the spread of SUCH A DEVASTATING episodes of great American protest. These the coronavirus and to prevent ECONOMIC DOWNTURN mass acts of expression, assembly and peti- a “second wave” of cases.4 AND FAR REACHING tion emanate from the civil rights and anti-war USE OF GOVERNMENT This report places recent movements in the 1960s and 70s, continued POWER COULD EXPAND American protest movements through anti-nuclear and gay and lesbian rights THE SCALE, URGENCY, in historical perspective. It AND BOLDNESS campaigns in the 80s and 90s, came back to the outlines why conservatives OF CONSERVATIVE fore at the turn of the century with the anti-glo- are particularly aggrieved by AND PROGRESSIVE balisation “Battle of Seattle” and surged during MOVEMENTS BOTH the lockdowns in many states the Iraq War. In the 12 years since the Global DURING AND AFTER and examines the conservative Financial Crisis (GFC), protests in the United THE PANDEMIC. players agitating for the easing States again increased with the Tea Party and of COVID-19 restrictions, Occupy movements and accelerated in many including the president. By using state-level data directions following the election of President of the protests, this report maps the number and Donald Trump in 2016.2 trend of protests in the United States in response In 2019, American movements like March For to the pandemic restrictions. Our Lives, Black Lives Matter, #MeToo and the It also considers how such a devastating Women’s March, as well as the international economic downturn and far reaching use of School Strike For Climate, were important play- government power could expand the scale, ers in the global sweep of protests, although urgency, and boldness of conservative and they fell well short of scale and impact of the progressive movements both during and after Hong Kong protests and the government-break- the pandemic. ing movements that took place in countries like 3 Lebanon, Algeria, Bolivia, Iraq and Sudan. The United States is now an immensely divided nation tackling a high-stakes health crisis and headed towards a high-stakes presidential elec- tion. UNITED STATES STUDIES CENTRE CORONAVIRUS AND PROTEST: HOW COVID-19 HAS CHANGED THE FACE OF AMERICAN ACTIVISM 3 CONSERVATIVE PROTESTS What motivates conservative How is COVID-19 playing into this? protesters? The stay-at-home and lockdown measures In recent weeks, much attention has been paid enforced by many states do not sit well with to groups of conservative protesters demanding the primacy of individual liberty. During March that their states reopen and they be given the and April, all but five US states paused their local freedom to work. Personal freedom is a well- economies to varying degrees and issued stay- known value in American society. In a 2019 United at-home-orders.9 The most severe closed all States Studies Centre (USSC) survey of Ameri- schools and only kept businesses and opera- cans and Australians, 74 per cent of Australians tions open that were deemed absolutely essen- nominated it as a favourable aspect compared tial. Given the scepticism of government inter- with 87 per cent of Americans.5 The perception of vention in the United States, it is no surprise that the United States as the land of the state’s role in curtailing this liberty and the the free is a longstanding one ability to move about freely has provoked, among THESE PROTESTERS a small fraction of conservatives, a compulsion AND THEIR OFTEN- but is also one that is funda- FLAGRANT DISREGARD mentally disjointed with the to exercise their constitutional right to assem- FOR SOCIAL COVID-19 pandemic. bly. State governor’s residences and state capi- DISTANCING, AS WELL tols have been subject to groups of protesters AS A VISIBLE MINORITY The central role of liberty in demanding that the economy be opened. These PROUDLY CARRYING conservative American thought protesters and their often-flagrant disregard for HEAVY FIREARMS, extends to a perception of an social distancing, as well as a visible minority HAVE DOMINATED individual’s role in determin- PRESS COVERAGE. proudly carrying heavy firearms, have dominated ing their own success. This press coverage. is historical,6 but it continues to this day, albeit in a more politically charged manner. In the same USSC survey, 80 per cent The number of protests in the of Americans who voted for Donald Trump in United States has surged, but the the 2016 election said that “hard work and ability number of protesters hasn’t determine how well off a person becomes in It is possible to ascertain the broad impact the your country”. Only 43 per cent of those who lockdown has had on protests in the United voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016 said the same. States using data from the Global Database of This 37-point gap between progressive and Events, Language and Tone Project (GDELT), conservative-voting Americans provides a snap- an open-source academic resource providing shot of the deep partisan divide in the country.7 information on various “events” stretching back Similar partisan divisions were on display in a to 1979.10 It can be observed in Figure 1 that the variety of areas but were largest on issues of number of protests in the United States dimin- government intervention, where conservatives ished significantly in early March 2020, as the were considerably more sceptical of the govern- pandemic became apparent in the United States. ment’s involvement in questions of support for Protests began increasing in mid-March as many the unemployed, a minimum wage set above the states began to impose stay-at-home and lock- poverty line and universal healthcare.8 down orders and surged in mid-April. These data only represent the number of protest events and not the number of protesters, they show the UNITED STATES STUDIES CENTRE 4 CORONAVIRUS AND PROTEST: HOW COVID-19 HAS CHANGED THE FACE OF AMERICAN ACTIVISM Figure 1. The number of nation-wide protests in mid-April 2020 eclipsed all 2019 protest movements GDELT data showing the five-day rolling average of national protests between 1 Jan 2019 and 4 May 2020 Protests against the 300 detention of children in border camps and for gun control.